Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Fonte Externa
Difuso
{Condio de Dirichlet
u ( a ) = u a , u (b ) = ub
dx
du ( a )
+ a u ( a ) = ra ou
dx
- k (b )
du (b)
+ a u (b ) = rb
dx
{Condio de Robin
u(a) = ua , u(b) = ub
{Condio de Dirichlet
du ( x )
-k
= g ( x )dx + C1 {Primeira Integrao
dx
1
424
3
G1 ( x ) Primitiva
-k
du( x)
dx = G1( x)dx + C1 dx ou
dx
2
2
dx
( Dx )
( Dx) 2
1 -2
-k
-k
2
A(n-1)(n-1) U = F, onde A =
[U1 - 2U 2 + U 3 ] = g
2
2
O
(
D
x
)
(Dx)
-k
3
[
U
2
U
+
U
]
=
g
2
3
4
(Dx) 2
k
1
g
+
U0
U1
LLLLLLLLLLLLL
(Dx) 2
U
2
g
2
-k
n-1
[
U
2
U
+
U
]
=
g
3
U = U 3 ,
F=
n- 2
n-1
n
2
g
(Dx)
M
M
U 0 = ua , U n = ub {2 C. C.
k
n -1
U n -1
O O
1 -2 1
1 - 2
+
U n
2
(Dx )
d 2 e( x )
-k
=
E
(
x
)
"
x
]
a
,
b
[
L
dx 2
(1) Aplicando o MDF A ( n -1)( n -1) E G = - E L ( 2)
e( a ) = 0, e(b ) = 0
4
1
2 d u ( x)
J que E L ( x) -k 12 (Dx) dx4 , ento o erro global pode ser
2
1
2
d 2u(b) d 2u(a)
1
2 d u( x)
2 d u(a)
e( x) -k - (Dx)
+ (Dx)
+ x
2
2
2
2
dx
12
dx
12
dx
dx
2
e
(
x
)
C
(
x
)(
D
x
)
Ou seja,
u(0) = 0, u(1) = 1
{Condio de Dirichlet
d 2 e( x )
-k
=
E
(
x
)
"
x
]
a
,
b
[
L
dx 2
e ( a ) = 0, e ( b ) = 0
4
1
d
u
(
x
)
E L ( x) - k (Dx)2
dx 4
12
d ( x)
como
= 0 E L ( x) = 0
dx 4
- ke ( x ) = C1 x + C 2
{e ( x ) = 0
e
(
a
)
=
0
,
e
(
b
)
=
0
e( x) = 0 "x [0,1]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
E x ata
DFC
-0 . 2
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6
0.7
0.8
0.9
n=5
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
E x ata
DFC
0.2
0.1
0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
n=20
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6
0.7
0.8
0.9
= {
dx
dx Fonte Externa
144
42444
3
Difuso
{Condio de Dirichlet
{Condio de Neumann
du(0)
= 1, u(1) = 2
dx
xi = a + iDx, Dx =
(b - a )
,
n
i = 0,1,L , n
d 2e( x )
=
E
(
x
)
"
x
]
0
,
1
[
L
e( xi ) = U i - u ( xi )
dx 2
de ( 0 )
= 0, e (1) = 0
e ( x ) = C1 x + C 2
dx
{e ( x ) = 0
de ( 0 )
4
1
d
u
(
x
)
=
0
,
e
(
1
)
=
0
dx
E L ( x ) - (D x )2
4
dx
12
4
d ( x)
Novamente o erro global zero! (Interpolante)
como
=
0
E
(
x
)
=
0
L
dx 4
=1
dx
Dx
Dx
(i=0)
Dx -Dx
U
0
1 -2 1
(i =1)
U
1
2
1
-1
AnnU = F, onde A =
U = U2 , F =
O O O
(Dx)2
1 -2 1
n -1
U n -1
g +
(i=n-1)
1 -2
k
Un
(Dx)2
1
g1
du( x0 ) 1
d
u
(
x
)
d
u ( x0 )
1
2
2
0
(
D
x
)
+
(
D
x
)
+
O
((
D
x
)
)
1
=
D
x
+ O(Dx)
2
2
dx
2
dx
2
dx
1
( E L )0 =
Dx
=1
dx
2Dx
3
- 2 Dx 2Dx
-2
1
-1
1
Ann U = F, onde A =
2
(Dx)
(i =n -1)
U0
U2 , F =
n -1
U
1
g +
n -1
- Dx
(i = 0)
1
(i =1)
-2
1
O O O
1 -2 1
1 -2
g1
k
U
n
(Dx)2
du( x0 ) 2
1
3 d u( x0 )
3
2 d u( x0 )
2
2
(
D
x
)
+
(
D
x
)
+
O
((
D
x
)
)
1
=
(
D
x
)
+
O
((
D
x
)
)
3
3
dx
3
dx
3
dx
1
( EL ) 0 =
2Dx
u (b ) = ub . de Dirichlet
d
du( x)
du( x)
k
(
x
)
+
w
= {
g( x) "x ]a, b[ (EDO)
dx
dx 1
dx3 Fonte Externa
144
42444
3 424
Difuso
Adveo
d 2u( x)
du( x)
-k
+w
= g( x) "x ]a, b[
2
dx
dx
u(a) = ua , u(b) = ub
dx
2 Dx
2Dx
2Dx
d 2u ( xi )
u ( xi + Dx) - 2u ( xi ) + u ( xi - Dx) U i +1 - 2U i + U i -1
2
D
(
u
(
x
))
=
i
2
2
dx
( Dx )
( Dx) 2
advectivos desprezveis) a
soluo do PVC deve ser muito pr xima da solu o do problema
puramente difusivo.
r
=
r
usado para def inir este parmetro
w Pe , onde h tem
d 2u( x) du( x)
-e
d u( x)
du( x)
+
= g ( x) "x ]a, b[
2
-k
+
w
=
g
(
x
)
"
x
]
a
,
b
[
dx
dx
2
dx
dx
g
(
x
)
u(a) = u , u(b) = u onde g ( x)
u(a) = ua , u(b) = ub
a
b
w
r
Note que se w >> k Pe >> 1 e << 1 ( adveco dominante ) e para
r
a difuso dominante temos w << k Pe << 1 e >> 1.
r
Quando w << k Pe << 1 e >> 1 ( difuso dominante ) a soluo
2
d 2 u ( x ) du ( x )
du ( x )
-e
+
=
g
(
x
)
"
x
]
a
,
b
[
= g ( x )" x ]a , b[
2
dx
dx
dx
C
=
u
,
C
=
( b-a )
( b -a )
a
2
1
e
u (a ) = u a ,
u (b ) = u b
[e
- 1]
[ e e - 1]
2
( x -a )
a = 0, b = 1, u a = 1, u b = 3 . Logo
u ( x ) = C1 + C 2 e
u ( x ) = C1 + C 2 e e
[u - u ]
[u - u ]
2
2
C1 = u a - ( bb-a ) a , C 2 = ( bb-a ) a C1 = 1 - 1
, C2 = 1
[ e e - 1]
[e e - 1]
[ e e - 1]
[e e - 1]
( x -a )
ou u( x) = 1-
2
2
x/ e
+
e
e1/e -1 e1/e -1
ex/e -1
= 1+ 2 1/e
e -1
1
0 .5
e = 0 .1
0.01
0.001
0
0 .0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6
0 .7
0 .8
0 .9
1 .0
1 .1
Espessura da
camada l imite
externa da
ordem de O(e )
quando e 0 .
u
(
x
)
=
C
+
C
e
d u ( x) du( x)
1
2
+
= 0 "x ]a, b[
-e
2
ub - ua ]
ub - ua ]
[
[
dx
dx
u (a) = u , u(b) = u
C2 = e(b -a )/e - 1 , C1 = ua - e(b- a )/e - 1
a
b
(b - a )
xi = a + iDx, Dx =
,
i = 0,1,L , n
n
E aproximamos as deri vadas por
du ( xi )
u ( xi + Dx) - u ( xi - Dx) ui +1 - ui -1 U i +1 - U i -1
D0 (u ( xi )) =
=
dx
2 Dx
2Dx
2Dx
d 2u ( xi )
u ( xi + Dx) - 2u ( xi ) + u ( xi - Dx) U i +1 - 2U i + U i -1
2
D
(
u
(
x
))
=
i
2
2
dx
( Dx )
( Dx) 2
( Dx)
DIFUSO
2Dx
ADVECO
U 0 = ua , U n = ub {2 C. C.
ua
eua
+
U1
(Dx) 2 2Dx
U
0
2
M
M
U n-1
eub - ub
2
(Dx) 2Dx
- 2 1
1 -2 1
1 -2 1
-e
ADifusivo =
O O O
(Dx)2
1 -2 1
1 - 2
0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
1
AAdvectivo =
O O O
2Dx
-1 0 1
-1 0
2.5
2.5
1.5
e = 0.5, n = 10,
E x ata
DF C
e = 1, n = 10,
h = 0.1, Pe = 0.2
h = 0.1, Pe = 0.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.5
1
Exata
DFC
0.5
0.7
0.8
h = 0.1, Pe = 1
Exata
DFC
e = 0.1, n = 10,
2.5
1.5
0.9
1 0
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
4
Exata
DFC
2.5
Exata
DFC
1.5
-2
-4
e = 0.01, n = 10,
0.5
h = 0.1, Pe = 10
-0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
e r =
w Pe
0.5
0.6
e = 0.001, n = 10,
-6
0.8
e Pe =
0.9
hw
k
-10
e =1,L, 0.001
h = 0.1, Pe = 100
-8
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
e = 1, n = 20,
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
e = 0.5, n = 20,
E x ata
DF C
h = 0.05, Pe = 0.1
0.6
0.7
1.5
1
Exata
DFC
0.5
0.8
0.9
h = 0.05, Pe = 0.5
0.5
e = 0.1, n = 20,
2.5
Exata
DFC
h = 0.05, Pe = 0.05
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
3
Exata
DFC
2.5
1.5
h = 0.05, Pe = 5
1.5
e = 0.01, n = 20,
Exata
DFC
2.5
0.5
0
e = 0.001, n = 20,
-0.5
-1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
e r =
w Pe
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
e Pe =
0.9
hw
k
-2
e =1,L, 0.001
h = 0.05, Pe = 50
-1.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
e = 1, n = 40,
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
e = 0.5, n = 40,
E x ata
DFC
2 .5
h = 0.025, Pe = 0.05
0.6
0.7
1
E x ata
DFC
0.5
0.8
h = 0.025, Pe = 0.25
1 .5
0.5
e = 0.1, n = 40,
Exata
DFC
h = 0.025, Pe = 0.025
0
0.9
0 .5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 .1
0.2
0.3
0 .4
0 .5
0.6
0 .7
0 .8
0.9
3
Exata
DFC
Exata
DFC
2.5
2.5
2
e = 0.01, n = 40,
1.5
h = 0.025, Pe = 2.5
1.5
1
0.5
e = 0.001, n = 40,
1
0
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
e r =
w Pe
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
e Pe =
0.9
hw
k
-1
e =1,L, 0.001
h = 0.025, Pe = 25
-0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
D x = h permita
obter Pe =
hw
k
<< 1 e >> 1.
u (b ) = ub . de Dirichlet
d du( x)
du( x)
+ su( x) = {
g ( x) "x ]a, b[ EDO
- k
+w
1
2
3
dx
dx 1
dx3 Reao FonteExterna
14
4244
3 424
Difuso
Adveco
1
2
3
dx
dx 1
dx3 Reao FonteExterna
14
4244
3 424
Adveco
Difuso
Frase do Dia
Although to penetrate i nto the intimate
mysteries of nature and thence to l earn the
true causes of phenomena i s not allowed to
us, nevertheless it can happen that a certai n
fictive hypothes is may suffice for explaining
many phenomena.
Leonhard Euler (A mesma das Aula 9, 11, 12,13)