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1
Exemplo 1.
Granito, RQD=90
Sistema Q - Tabelas Q=10 (Fair/good)
...
Table 6. Parameter SRF
..... σc – Resistência a compressão
(b) Competent rock, rock stress problems σc/σ1 σt/σ1 SRF uniaxial.
H. Low sress, near surface >200 >13 2.5 σt – Resistência a tração.
J. Medium stresses 200-10 13-0.66 1.0
σ1 – Maior tensão in-situ
K. High stress, very tight structure (usually 10-5 0.66- 0.5-2
favourable to sbalility, may be 0.33
unfavourable for wall stability)
L. Mild Rock Burst (massive rock) 5-2.5 0.33-.16 5-10
M. Heavy rock burst (massive rock) <2.5 <0.16 10-20
Note: (ii) ...
Exemplo 2. Exemplo 3.
Granito, RQD=70 Granito, RQD=0
Q=9.2 Fair Q=0.009 Exceptionally poor
2
Sistema RMR – Ajustes e estimativas do
Sistema RMR- Tabela tempo de estabilidade, coesão e ângulo de atrito
Rating adjustment for joint orientations
. RMR Very Very
Param eter Ranges of Values Strike abd dip orientations of joints Favourable Fair unfavourable
Strength For this low range
favourable Unfavourable
of intact Point- Load strength Uniaxial Tunnels 0 -2 -5 -10 -12
rock index
> 8 MPa 4-8 MPa 2-4 MPa 1 –2 MPa
compressive test Ratings Foundatios ... .... ...... ..... ...
material is preferred
1 Uniaxial 10-
Slopes
50-100 3-10 1-3
compressive > 200 Mpa 100- 200 MPa 25-50 MPa 25
MPa MPa
MPa MPa
strength
Rating 15 12 7 4 2 1 0
Drill core quality
C. Classes determinadas
90%-100% 75%-90% 50%-75% 25%-50% <25%
2 RQD
Rating 20 17 13 8 3 Rating 100-81 80-61 60-41 40-21 <20
Spacing of joints > 3m 1-3 m 0,3-1m 50-300 m m <50m m
3 Class I II III IV V
Rating 30 25 20 10 5
Slickensided Description Very good rock Good rock Fair rock Poor rock Very poor rock
Very rough Slightly rough
surfaces OR
surfaces. surfaces. Slightly rough Soft gouge> 5mm
Conditions of Gouge<5mm
Not continuous. Separetion < surfaces. thick OR
thick OR
4 joints No separation. 1mm Separation < 1 mm
Joints open 1-5
Joints open > 5mm.
Hard joint wall Hard joint wall Soft joint wall rock.
mm.
Continuous joints. D.Significado das classes
rock. rock.
Continuous joints.
Rating 25 20 12 6 0
Class I II III IV V
Inflow per 10m Average stand –up
tunnel length
None .. ...
...
10 years for 5m ... ... ... 10 minutes for
time span 0.5 span
Groun Ratio joint water
5 pessure/ major 0 ... ... ... Cohesion of the >300 KPa 200-300 KPa 150-200 KPa .... ...
d water
principal stress rock mass
General W ater under Severe water Friction angle of >45° 40 -45° 35-40° .... ....
Completely Dry Moist only
conditions moderate pressure problems the rock mass
Rating 10 7 4 0
• RMR = 9.ln Q + 44
3
Estimativa de suportes utilizando Estimativa de suportes utilizando
o sistema Q o sistema Q
¾ Um total de 200 casos foram analisados
com o intuito de encontrar o tipo e a ¾ Fornece 38 categorias de suportes.
quantidade de suporte que deve ser
utilizado num determinado local. ¾ Utiliza como suportes o concreto
¾ Utiliza os valores de Q, RQD/JN, Jr/Ja, e projetado, chumbadores (passivos),
SPAN/ESR, sendo SPAN a maior tirantes (tensionados), telas soldadas,
dimensão da escavação e ESR função do malha de dupla torção, arcos de concreto
tipo de escavação (exemplo: mina simples e armado.
temporária ESR=3-5 e Túneis em
estradas ESR=1.0).
Sistema-Q
Estimativa de suportes Suportes para Q entre 1-10
Suportes para Maciços rochosos de "Fair" e "Poor" qualidade
Para Q entre 10 -1
Categorias
de Fatores
suportes
SPAN/ES
RQD/Jn Jr/Ja Tipo de suporte Notas
R
Chumbadores passivos em locais
>30 - - claramente definidos. I
17
≥10 e ≤30 - - Chumbadores passivos.1-1.5 m I
Chumbadores passivos.1-1.5 m
<10 - ≥6m +2-3cm de concreto projetado I
<10 - <6m Concreto projetado 2-3 cm I
Tirantes ativos 1-1.5m +tela dupla
>5 - ≥10m torção. I,III
Chumbadores passivos 1-1.5m
>5 - <10m +tela dupla torção. I
18 Tirantes ativos 1-1.5m + 2-3cm de
≤5 - ≥10m concreto projetado. I,III
Chumbadores passivos 1-1.5m +
≤5 - <10m concreto projetado de 2-3 cm. I
Tirantes ativos 1-2m + 10-15cm de
- - ≥20m concreto projetado com malha I,II e III
eletro solda.
19 Tirantes ativos 1-1.5m + 5-10cm de
- - <20m concreto projetado com malha I,II e III
eletrosoldada.
Continua...
..
4
Aplicação de concreto projetado primário,
chumbadores, tela soldada e malha dupla
torção Sistema- RMi
¾ Desenvolvido 1995 o RMi expressa a
resistência a compressão uniaxial do
maciço rochoso.
RMi RMi
Joint Alteration Factor jA
Joint wall character Condition W all contact
Healed or
Filling of quartz, epidote, etc. 0.75
welded joints
INPUT PARAMETERS TO THE RMi Fresh joint
No coating or filling, except stainig(rust) 1
Contact Clean joints: walls
Uniaxial Compressive strength, σc of intact rock Value (in MPa)
Between Altered joint -one grade higher alteration than the rock 2
Block Volume, Vb Value (in m³) joint walls walls - two grades higher ateration than the rock 4
Joint Condition Factor, jC jC =jR.jL/jA Friction
Joint Roughness Factor (jR) Sand, silt calcite, etc. W ithout content of clay 3
Coating or thin materials
Large scale waviness of joint plane filling of: Cohesive
Clay, chlorite,talk, etc.. 4
materials
Slighty Strongly Stepped or
Planar Undulating Partly wall
No wall
undulating undulating interlocking contact.
Filling of: Type contact.
Small Very rough 2 3 4 6 1 Thin filling <5
Thick filling
scale Rough 1.5 2 3 4.5 2 mm
Partly or no Friction
smoothnes Smooth 1 1.5 2 3 4 wall contact materials
Sand, silt calcite, etc. 4 8
s of joint Polished or ... ... ...
surface 0.5 1 1.5 2 3
slickensided .... ... ...
Swelling clay
For filled joints jR = 1 For irregular joints a rating of jR = 5 is suggested. materials
Filling material.... 8-12 13-20
The Joint Size Factor
Continuous Discont.
Type Length Size
joints Joints
Bedding or
foliation
partings ... ... .... .. ... ...
Joints
5
Sistema-RMi Sistema – RMi
Fatores utilizados o cálculo de suporte Tabela de suportes
Rock Support Adjustament Factors
Stress Approx. Rating NUmber of Rating Rating
Number of joint sets
Level overburden SL joint sets Nj Nj
Very low <10 0.1 One set 3 Three sets 1
One set +
Low 10-35 0.5 2 Three sets + random 0.85
random
Moderate 35-350 1 Two sets 1.5 Four sets 0.75
Two sets +
High <350 1.5 1.2 Four sets + random 0.65
randow
Orientation of joints Inclination of Roof or walls Rating
C
In wall In roof Rating Horizontal roof 1
For For Co and Co
For all Term
strike strike 30 inclination 1.5
strikes
> 30 <30
... ... ... ... 1 45 ...
.. ... ... ... 1.5 ... ...
6
Vista do ombro do talude e do Tratamento do talude em fase
bombeamento do concreto projetado inicial-colocação de chumbadores