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Telefone: (19) 4141 2199
www.teslaconcursos.com.br
Carta da terceira edição:

Prezados concursandos,

Nesta terceira edição zemos algumas correções e acréscimos tendo em vista os concursos recentes bem

como a experiência de nossas turmas presenciais e telepresenciais no sentido de melhorar o material didático.

Esperamos que nossos esforços sejam recompensados viabilizando aprendizado e revisão mais objetivos para

aumentar o aproveitamento de nossos alunos e usuários de material didático nos concursos.

Apesar de este material ser primariamente usado em nossos cursos presenciais e à distância, ele foi pensado para

que sirva como um guia de estudo resumido com os principais tópicos dos concursos que envolvem o assunto

desta disciplina
Sobre o autor: Coordenação:

Ana Lúcia Spínola Alysson Fernandes Mazoni

Docente de Gestão Ambiental na Faculdades Metro- Graduado em Engenharia de Controle e Automação

politanas Unidas (FMU), Campus Liberdade. Mes- pela Unicamp, mestrado em controle de vibrações

tre em Engenharia Hidráulica e Saneamento pela em estruturas exíveis e doutorando na mesma área.

USP(2009) e graduada em Licenciatura e Bacha- Trabalha com teoria e prática de sistemas dinâmi-

relado em Ciências Biológicas na UFSCar (2006). cos. Ministras as disciplinas em nível superior de

Trabalhou como coordenadora na ONG latino- Controle, Processamento de Sinais, Vibrações, Má-

americana Um Teto Para Meu País - Brasil, que com- quinas Elétricas e Projeto em Computador.

bate a extrema pobreza em 19 países. Trabalhou com

pesquisa nas áreas de microbiologia e saneamento.

Edição:

Filipo Pires Figueira

Graduando em Letras Licenciatura pela Universi-

dade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp).

Sumário

1 Understand Vocabulary from Context 3

1.1 Vocabulário Especíco e Expressões (Specic Vocabulary and Expressions) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Referências Numéricas e Estatísticas (Numerical References and Statistics) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.3 Exemplos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.4 Sociedade Fluminense de Energia LTDA. - 2009  SE  Economista Junior  12 e 13 . . . . . . . 12

1.5 Petrobras Biocombustível - 2010  Economista Junior  Nível Superior - 8 e 9 . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.6 Petrobras  2010  Conhecimentos Básicos  Nível Superior -36 e 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2 Modal Verbs 18

2.1 Habilidade (Ability)- Can/Could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.2 Permissão (Permission) - Can/May/Could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.3 Possibilidade (Possibility)- Can/May/Could/Might . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4 Obrigação (Obligation)- Must/Have to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.5 Sugestões/conselhos (Suggestions/adivice) - Should/ Ought to/Shall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3 Gramática: Conjunctions and Adverbs 24

3.1 Conjunções (Conjunctions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2 Advérbios de Conexão (Connecting Adverbs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 Gramática: Identicando Referências no Texto 33

4.1 Pronomes Pessoais (Subject and Object Pronouns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.2 Pronomes Reexivos (Reexive Pronouns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.3 Pronomes Relativos (Relative Pronouns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

1
 4.4 Pronomes Demonstrativos (Demonstrative Pronouns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.5 Quanticadores (Quantiers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

5 Questões do concurso da Aeronáutica 42

2
1 Understand Vocabulary from Context

• bell-shaped curve: curva do sino ou de Gauss

Tópicos • biofuel: biocombustível

• blended: combinada/misturada

1.1 Vocabulário Especíco e Ex- • cater: atender a demanda

pressões (Specic Vocabulary

• coal: carvão
and Expressions) . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Referências Numéricas e Esta-

• crude oil: petróleo bruto

tísticas (Numerical References • cuto: limite

and Statistics) . . . . . . . . . 6
• dams: danos
1.3 Exemplos . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.4 Sociedade Fluminense de Ener- • defective: defeituoso

gia LTDA. - 2009  SE  Eco-

• disrupt: interromper
nomista Junior  12 e 13 . . . 12

1.5 Petrobras Biocombustível - • downgrade: desvalorizar

2010  Economista Junior 

• drop: queda
Nível Superior - 8 e 9 . . . . . 14

1.6 Petrobras  2010  Conheci- • drilling: perfuração

mentos Básicos  Nível Superior

• fautless: perfeito
-36 e 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
• erce: violento

• foresseable: previsível

Teoria • fossil fuels: combustíveis fósseis

• fuel supply: abastecimento de combustível

• geothermal heat: calor geotermal

1.1 Vocabulário Especíco e

• greenhouse gas: gases do efeito estufa

Expressões (Specic Voca-

• goods: bens

bulary and Expressions)

• hazard: risco

• ash: cinzas • heating oil: oleo combustível

3
 • impending: iminente • switchgrass: grama

• is not peanuts: expressão não é pouca coisa • shelter: abrigo

• leaden: carregada
• stroke: baque, golpe

• misreported: divulgação falsa

• surpasses: superação

• mining: mineração
• shortage: escassez

• oil sands: tar sands reserva não-convencional

de petróleo constituída de água, argila e uma

• supplier: fornecedor

forma viscosa de petróleo

• sugar cane: cana-de-açúcar

• oil shale: argila rica em petróleo

• the sum: o conjunto

• oil spill: derramamento de petróleo

• tipping point: ponto crítico

• organic waste: resíduos orgânicos

• worldwide: mundialmente/mundial
• output: produção

• outstrip: superar

• onward: avanço cientíco

Exemplo
• oshore wells: poços marítimos
Petrobras - 2010  Engenheiro de Equipamen-
• overnight: expressão da noite para o dia tos Junior Mecânica  11

World Oil Reserves at "Tipping Point"

• period: expressão ponto nal

Science Daily (Mar. 26, 2010)  The world's ca-

• poplar trees: pinheiros

pacity to meet projected future oil demand is at a

• propelled: impulsionado
tipping point, according to research by the Smith

• pipeline: duto School of Enterprise and the Environment at Oxford

University.
• planks: alicerces

"There is a need to accelerate the development of

• peak: pico, ápice
alternative energy fuel resources in order to ensure

• protable: lucrativo energy security and reduce emissions, says a paper

just published in the journal Energy Policy. The

• plant matter: matéria vegetal
age of cheap oil has now ended as demand starts

• public domain: domínio público to outstrip supply as we head towards the middle

of the decade, says the report. It goes on to sug-

• renewable sources of energy: fontes de energia
gest that the current oil reserve estimates should be
renováveis
downgraded from between 1150-1350 billion barrels

• remains: restos to between 850-900 billion barrels, based on recent

4
research. But how can potential oil shortages be mi- ditional demand for oil could be met by non-

tigated? Dr Oliver Inderwildi, Head of the Low Car- conventional methods, such as the extraction of oil

bon Mobility centre at the Smith School, said: `The from Canada's tar sands. However, these methods

common belief that alternative fuels such as biofuels have a far higher carbon output than conventional

could mitigate oil supply shortages and eventually drilling, and have been described as having a double

replace fossil fuels is pie in the sky. There is not suf- impact on emissions owing to the emissions produced

cient land to cater for both food and fuel demand. during extraction as well as during usage."

Instead of relying on those silver bullet solutions, we

Available in: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases
have to make better use of the remaining resources
/2010/03/100324225511.htm.
by improving energy eciency. Alternatives such as
Access on April 6, 2010
a hydrogen economy and electric transportation are

not mature and will only play a major role in the 1. The author reports that world oil reserves are at

medium to long term.' a `tipping point' because oil:

Nick Owen, from the Smith School of Enterprise and a) Is already being replaced by alternative fuels in

the Environment, added: `Signicant oil supply chal- most uses of the fuel.

lenges will be compounded in the near future by ri- b) Is now in shortage and will not supply global

sing demand and strengthening environmental po- needs in the near future.

licy. Mitigating the oil crunch without using lower c) Has already been substituted by alternative

grade resources such as tar sands is the key to main- energy fuel resources worldwide.

taining energy stability and a low carbon future.' d) Has been misreported as non-abundant to satisfy

political interests of non-producing nations.

The Smith School paper also highlights that in the
e) Has reached a peak in o-shore wells and is now
past, political and nancial objectives have led to
abundantly extracted from tar sand reserves.
misreporting of oil reserves, which has led to contra-

dictory estimates of oil reserve data available in the

public domain. Solução:

a) Incorreta - O petróleo não está ainda sendo
Sir David King, Director of the Smith School, com-
substituído por fontes alternativas.
mented: `We have to face up to a future of oil un-
b) Correta - O petróleo entrou num período de
certainty much like the global economic uncertainty
escassez e a era do petróleo barato terminou.
we have faced during the past two years. This chal-
c) Incorreta - O petróleo não foi substituído por
lenge will have a longer term eect on our economies
fontes alternativas no mundo.
unless swift action is taken by governments and bu-
d) Incorreta - Não teve uma divulgação falsa de
siness. We all recognise that oil is a nite resource.
que o petróleo não está abundante para satisfazer
We need to look at other low carbon alternatives
interesses políticos de nações não-produtoras.
and make the necessary funding available for rese-
e) Incorreta - Não atingiu um pico de extração nos
arch, development and deployment today if we are
poços marítimos e agora está sendo extraído de
to mitigate the tipping point.'
outras fontes, como Tar Sands.

The report also raises the worrying issue that ad-

5
Resposta: B Ou com uma preposição:

Our business grew by 15% last year.

Sales have increased from 5 millions to 5,8 millions.

1.2 Referências Numéricas e Mudanças que ainda não atingiram o ponto nal são

-ing:
Estatísticas (Numerical Re-
expressas pelo suxo

Prots are fall ing. Unemployment has been ris ing.

ferences and Statistics)
Caso a mudança esteja completa, usamos o Perfect
Para descrever as circunstâncias, podemos usar ver- Tense:
bos de movimento:
The government has privatized the rail network.
Sales have increased and that has meant higher
Aumentar Diminuir
prots.
increase decrease

recover decline

improve drop

rise fall

Um movimento dramático pode ser expresso por:

Aumentar Diminuir
rocket dive

soar plummet

Um movimento suave pode ser indicado por:

Aumentar Diminuir
edge up edge down

dip

A quantidade de aumento também pode ser indicada,

usando os seguintes verbos:

• halve (1/2)

• double (x2)

• triple (x3)

• quadruple (x4)

• increase tenfold (x10)

6
In the... rst, second, month, quar- 1.3 Exemplos
Since the... etc. ter, year
• Needs 8 times the engine power to reach twice
short term, are
the speed: Precisa-se de 8 vezes mais energia
medium expecting
para atingir duas vezes a velocidade
Over the... term, a...there will

long term, be a... we'll • Will increase fourfold: Vai aumentar quatro ve-

next... see zes mais

months,
• With the square of speed: Com o quadrado da
next... years
velocidade
gradual
There was a
slight increase • With the cube of the velocity: Com o cubo da

There has slow recovery velocidade

been a steady upturn

• Would be almost halved: Iria ser quase a metade
There will unexpected growth

be a sudden decrease • Led with over 43.3 percent: Lidera com mais de

rapid downturn 43.3%

We expect a
huge
• To more than double production  from a 1.4%

Prots doubled.
share of European fuel supply in 2005 to 5.75%

have... tripled.
in 2010: Para mais que o dobro da produção - de

recovered.
uma fatia de 1.4% do suprimento de combustível

improved.
europeu em 2005, para 5.75% em 2010

rocketed.
• The tripling of oil prices over de last three ye-
increased by 25%
ars: O triplicamento dos preços do petróleo nos
risen by a third
últimos três anos
gone up threefold

jumped slightly • Had a 16 percent share: Teve uma fatia de 16

grown gradually %

decreased suddenly
• With a 14.7 percent share: Com uma fatia de
dropped etc
14.7 %
fallen

gone down • Had a 36.7 percent weighting dropping from 37.8

decline percent: Teve um peso de 36.7 %, caindo de 37.8

dipped %

stablished
• Jumped 46 percent to 10.4 billion liters: Saltou
levelled o
46 %, atingindo 10.4 bilhões de litros
Sales are increase,

expected/ etc. • Rose nearly 20 percent to 6.2 billion liters: Atin-

projected giu aproximadamente 20%, chegando a 6.2 bi-

to... lhões de litros

7
 • An average of 421,000 barrels per day: Uma me- country's so-called energy matrix  a combination

dia de 421.000 barris por dia of all sources of energy including fuels and electri-

city  while power dams were left behind with a 14.7

• Imports stood at 418,000 bpd: Importações es-
percent share.
tagnaram em 418.000 barris por dia

Oil and derivatives had a 36.7 percent weighting,

• Fell to 53.6 percent in the overall complex in
dropping from 37.8 percent in 2006. It's a historic
2007 from 55.1 percent in 2006: Caiu de 55.1%
year in that sense, it's an irreversible trend, EPE
em 2006 para 53.6 % em 2007, no geral
President Mauricio Tolmasquim told reporters. He

• Gained to a 46.4 percent weighting from 44.9 attributed the growing role of sugar cane to booming

percent: Ganhou um peso de 44.9% para 46.4 demand for ethanol as a motor fuel, but expected

% more cane and ethanol to be used for electricity ge-

neration as well.
• Surpasses the world's average of around 13 per-

Brazil is a world leader in biofuels with decades of va-

cent: Ultrapassou a media mundial em aproxi-

luable expertise in using ethanol in cars. In February

madamente 13%

2007, the consumption of ethanol surpassed that of

• Will reach 329,000 bbl/d in 2007 and 365,000

gasoline for the rst time in two decades. The trend

bbl/d in 2008: Vai alcançar 329.000 bbl por dia

is driven by a drop in ethanol prices and huge sales

em 2007 e 365.000 bbl por dia em 2008

of ex-fuel cars that can run on ethanol, gasoline or

any mix of two.

• Exported 29,600 bbl/d of ethanol to the U.S.,

quadruple the amount exported: Exportou Hydrous ethanol consumption jumped 46 percent

29.600 bbl por dia de etanol para o Estados Uni- last year to 10.4 billion litters, while the usage of

dos, quadruplicando a fração exportada anhydrous ethanol that is mostly blended into ga-

soline sold in Brazil rose nearly 20 percent to 6.2

billion litters, EPE said. At the same time, gasoline

consumption in the country dipped almost 4 percent

Exemplo to 18 billion litters.

Petrobras  2008  Engenheiro de Produção

Tolmasquim said it was important that Latin Ame-
Junior  18
rica's largest country was self-sucient in the three
Cane surpasses power dams in Brazil energy complex
main sources of energy, including oil. Brazil met its
Thu May 8, 2008 2:41 pm EDT
oil needs with domestic output for the rst time in
By Denise Luna
2006.

Sugar cane and cane- based ethanol became a more

It still needs to import some light crude to mix with
important energy source than hydroelectric power
heavy local crudes for rening, but it also exports
plants in Brazil's overall energy complex last year,
heavy oil. Last year's exports totalled an average of
topped only by petroleum and oil products.
421,000 barrels per day and imports stood at 418,000

The government's EPE energy planning agency said bpd.

on Thursday sugar cane had a 16 percent share in the

8
All non-renewable energy's share fell to 53.6 percent c) Incorreta - O Brasil não precisa percorrer um

in the overall complex in 2007 from 55.1 percent in longo caminho para alcançar os níveis mundiais de

2006, with coal gaining some ground on its increased uso de energia renovável.

use in steelmaking. Nuclear energy's share was just d) Incorreta - O Brasil utiliza mais etanol e biodiesel

1.4 percent. do que outras nações.

e) Incorreta - O Brasil compete e ganha da produção

Renewables, which include hydroelectricity, ethanol
internacional de eco-fuels.
and plant-based biodiesel, gained to a 46.4 percent

weighting from 44.9 percent. The use of renewable

energy sources in Brazil by far surpasses the world's Resposta: A

average of around 13 percent, EPE said.

(Writing by Andrei Khalip; Editing

by Christian Wiessner) Disponível em:
http://www.reuters.com/article/ Caiu no concurso!
businessNews/idUSN Petrobras  2008  Economista Junior  17
0838471920080508?feedType
In terms of reference, it is correct to arm that:
=RSS&feedName=busin
essNews a) 14.7 percent share refers to the energy genera-

ted by biofuels and hydro-energy.

The fragment The use of renewable energy sour-
b) 10.4 billion litters  refers to the consumption
ces in Brazil by far surpasses the world's average of
of hydrous ethanol in 2006.
around 13 percent, means that Brazil:
c) 4 percent refers to the increase in gasoline

a) Uses much more renewable energy than other consumption in 2007.

countries in the world. d) 418,000 bpd refers to amount of barrels of

b) Uses just 13 percent of the renewable energy gasoline produced per day in Brazil.

sources produced around the world. e) 44.9 percent refers to the percentage that

c) Still has to go a long way to reach the global renewable energy sources represented in 2006.

levels of renewable energy use.

d) Does not consume as much ethanol and plant-

Resposta: E
based biodiesel as other nations.

e) Cannot compete with the international produc-

tion of eco-friendly fuels.

Solução:
a) Correta - O Brasil ultrapassa em aproximada-

mente 13% o uso de fontes renováveis de energia em

relação ao resto do mundo.

b) Incorreta - O Brasil não utiliza apenas 13%, e

sim 13% a mais.

9
 years ago. Sweden has just announced that it wants

to be the rst nation in the world to eliminate oil

as an energy source in the next 15 years. It would

use ethanol for its cars, and geothermal heat and

Caiu no concurso! burning everything from agricultural by products to
Petrobras - 2006  Analista de Sistemas Pleno
trash would replace heating oil. "Our dependency
 Engenharia de Software  1
on oil should be broken by 2020,"said Mona Sahlin,

At the same time that President Bush is urging Ame- Sweden's minister of Sustainable Development. The

rica to free itself from its addiction to oil from uns- European Commission adopted in February 2006 an

table parts of the world, European leaders are cal- ambitious biofuels program to set o the production

ling for a more self-sucient energy policy that re- of ethanol and gas from crops and organic waste. The

lies less on oil and natural gas."Europe is becoming goal: to more than double production - from a 1.4%

ever more dependent on oil and gas imports from geo- share of the European fuel supply in 2005 to 5.75%

politically uncertain regions, "European Commission in 2010. Although Europe relies less on oil than the

President Jose Manuel Barroso alerted last month in USA, the tripling of oil prices over the last three

a speech."We have to do something about this, and years has been felt. Oil provides 40% of the USA's

we have to do it now."British Prime Minister Tony energy supply and about 36% of Europe's. Europe is

Blair and German Chancellor Angela Merkel said af- the largest producer of wind and solar power. Also,

ter a meeting in Berlin that Europe must develop biofuels can help give this continent a more diverse

an energy policy for the next 15 years that includes supply of energy. But it is unlikely that Europe can

more renewable sources of energy. The new emphasis replace fossil fuel entirely, as Sweden plans. "It's not

on energy security is a result of soaring energy prices a crisis,"says Claude Mandil, executive director of

and signs that supplies may not always be available. the International Energy Agency in Paris, of Europe

Oil prices tripled in the last three years, from about and the USA's energy situation. But, he remarks,

20abarrelto60. And Russia, which has become a ma- "Everybody is understanding that capacities are li-

jor supplier of oil and gas to Europe, raised concerns mited... and the problem will not be solved over-

when it cut o natural gas to Ukraine last month night."

during a dispute over prices. These developments By Jerey Stinson, USA Today, Feb. 20, 2006

have motivated a new debate on the continent about

4. When Claude Mandil said that ...the problem
nuclear energy and brought about ambitious biofuels
will not be solved overnight he meant that:
programs. Nuclear power, which with the exception

of France, was disappearing in Western Europe, has a) Such problematic situation will never be resolved.

re-emerged as a clean and reliable source of energy. b) There is no easy or quick solution for the problem.

Germany is reconsidering its plan to phase out nu- c) This dicult state of aairs emerged quite sud-

clear power generation by 2020. So, too, is Britain. denly.

With the exception of France, which gets more than d) The solution for this puzzle will be rather

70% of its power from nuclear sources, Europe has unexpected.

rejected nuclear generation as too costly or unsafe e) It may be sometime before the problem becomes

since the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine nearly 20 critical.

10
 could make fuel savings even larger.

Resposta: B Air resistance increases with the square of speed,

and therefore the power needed to push an object

through air increases with the cube of the velocity.

If a car cruising on the highway at 80 km/h requi-

res 30 kilowatts to overcome air drag, that same car

will require 240 kilowatts at a speed of 160 km/h.

Thus, a vehicle needs 8 times the engine power to

reach twice the speed. In principle, this means that

fuel consumption will increase fourfold (not eight-

fold, because the faster vehicle exerts the power only

over half the time).

Over a distance of 1,000 kilometres, the slow car

would consume 375 kilowatt-hours (12.5 hours mul-

tiplied by 30 kilowatts) and the fast car would con-

sume 1,500 kilowatt-hours (6.25 hours multiplied by

Caiu no concurso! 240 kilowatts).
Petrobras - 2010  Nível Superior  Todos os
Cargos  Conhecimentos Básicos  35 However, this extra fuel consumption can be dimi-

nished or even negated by, most importantly, more

The age of speed: how to reduce global fuel fuel ecient engines, lighter materials and better ae-

consumption by 75 percent rodynamics. Even though today's cars are faster

than those from decades ago, they consume a simi-

September 11, 2008
lar amount of fuel. This is the reason why almost
Low-tech Magazine
everybody is talking about energy eciency and ae-

rodynamics, and not about speed. But if you lower

Breaking speed records was an almost daily occur-
the speed, fuel consumption is decreased by the full
rence throughout the 20th century. Cars, ships, pla-
75 percent. More ecient technology cannot change
nes and trains became faster and faster, year after
that  unless in a positive way. If you combine a
year. Because the power needed to push an object
lower speed with more fuel ecient engines and bet-
through air increases with the cube of velocity, this
ter aerodynamics, fuel savings can become much lar-
race to ever higher speeds raises energy consumption
ger than 75 percent.
exponentially.

A decrease of 75 percent in fuel consumption is not

Engineers treat velocity as a non-variable, while in
peanuts. More than 60 percent of world oil produc-
fact it is the most powerful factor to save a really
tion is used for transportation, which means that to-
huge amount of energy - with just one stroke, at mi-
tal oil production would be almost halved (-45%).
nimal cost, and without the need for new technology.
In combination with more ecient engines, better
Lower speeds combined with more energy ecient
aerodynamics and lighter materials a 75 percent re-
engines, better aerodynamics and lighter materials

11
duction of oil production is not unrealistic. 1.4 Sociedade Fluminense de
Yet, when the International Energy Agency argues Energia LTDA. - 2009  SE
that the average car sold in 2030 would need to con-

sume 60 percent less fuel than the average car sold

 Economista Junior  12 e
in 2005, it claims: With current technologies, only 13
plug-in hybrids are capable of this.

This statement is wrong. We could lower the fuel

Beyond petroleum?
consumption of cars (and other vehicles) by at least

75 percent, we could do it today, and we can do it

Vernon Gibson is a chief chemist at an important
with present technology.
oil company. Below are extracts from his interview
to Nature on his new job and the company's energy

c Kris De Decker (edited by Vincent Grosjean)
policies.
http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2008/09/speed-

energy.html, access on April 6, 2010.

What does your role in the company involve?

My role as chief chemist is to look at research invol-

5. The fragment A decrease of 75 percent in fuel
ving chemistry and chemicals wherever they occur in
consumption is not peanuts. means that this reduc-
the company. I also maintain connections with aca-
tion is:
demic projects and industrial partners outside the
a) As small as a pea.
company.
b) Not insignicant.

c) Not really dangerous.

What do you say to critics, such as Jim
d) A simple calculation.
Hansen [the NASA scientist and environmen-
e) Considered unreachable.
talist], who criticize building new coal-red
power stations?

If we just stopped burning coal the lights would go

Resposta: B
out. Period. We're going to need coal for the fore-

seeable future, but we have to capture the carbon-

dioxide emissions. It's not as if it's dirty old coal,

it's new clean coal.

How do you see our energy use changing in

the future?

The International Energy Agency projected in 2007

that world energy demand would rise 45% by 2030 .

If you project forward the predicted growth in re-

newable energy, you only get to 17% of the energy

mix by 2030 coming from renewables. As I said, If

we just stopped burning coal the lights would go out.

Period.

12
So we're going to need a broad mix of conventional project to develop organic photovoltaics that can be

and alternative energy sources. There are substan- processed in solution, to provide exible plastic solar

tial global fossil resources. Then there are at least cells.

equivalent further reserves yet to nd, and unconven-

We made a statement that we will look `beyond pe-
tional harder-to-get sources  oil sands [tar sands],
troleum' and we are on track: so far we have invested
oil shale, shale gas  on top of that.
$3 billion in alternative energies and are on track to

In terms of clean energy, right now we need to get invest $8 billion by 2015 , as we said we were going

after energy eciency very hard, and develop nu- to.

clear, wind, biofuels and carbon capture and sto-

Richard Van Noorden.
rage (CCS)  these are the near-term technologies
Nature. Published online 7 July 2009.
that satisfy the criteria of scale and readiness for de-

ployment. Longer term solutions are using the sun's

energy to produce electricity or hydrogen; concen-

Caiu no concurso!
Sociedade Fluminense de Energia LTDA. -
trated solar thermal energy; geothermal energy, and
2009  SE  Economista Junior  12
working on improved power transmission and sto-

rage. We need to be working very hard on those Mark the only alternative that correctly expresses

now, but we shouldn't kid ourselves that we are re- what the statistics refer to:

ady for deployment on the scale that the others are

a) 45%  the rise of world energy demand in 2007.
ready for.
b) 17%  the increase of energetic demands predicted

Where is your company investing in clean for 2030.

energy? c) US$8 billion over 10 years  the sum of invest-

ments in coal-red power stations until 2015.

We are investing US$8 billion over 10 years to 2015.
d) 20 gigawatts  the energy that can be generated
Our four big planks are biofuels, solar, wind and
from wind power in 24 American states.
CCS. We hope to commercialise cellulosic biofuels
e) $3 billion  the amount of investments in conven-
in the next few years. We have plans to develop
tional energies until the present time.
20 gigawatts of wind capacity over 24 states in the

United States. Then in CCS, we have been running

a storage project since 2004 in Algeria. We are deve- Resposta: D

loping a 400-megawatt hydrogen energy plant with

carbon capture in Abu Dhabi.

Solar conversion is longer term: our projects here are

not expected to deliver on the ten-year horizon. We

are industrial partners with a team of researchers

at the California Institute of Technology, who are

using nanorods of silicon to capture sunlight and split

water.

At Imperial College, London, we are supporting a

13
 1.5 Petrobras Biocombustível -
2010  Economista Junior 
Nível Superior - 8 e 9
Caiu no concurso!
Sociedade Fluminense de Energia LTDA. -
Fossil Fuels
2009  SE  Economista Junior  13
The twentieth century has been called the hydrocar-
Gibson's statement If we just stopped burning coal
bon century due to the abundance of fossil fuels, and
the lights would go out. Period. means that:
their contribution to human development. Fossil fu-

a) Coal is not an ecient energy source to meet the els were formed over millions of years by the decom-

world's present needs. posing remains of plants and animals under immense

b) It is necessary to stop consuming so much heat and pressure. This process resulted in energy

electricity in the winter periods. laden fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which

c) The use of coal as an energy source should be together have generated most of the energy consu-

condemned in the near future. med globally for over a century, paving the way for

d) The world must continue producing coal-based continued advancement and new inventions.

energy to avoid the shortage of power.

Fossil fuels are currently the most economically avai-
e) The energy generated from dirty old coal will not
lable source of power for both personal and commer-
be useful to prevent blackout periods
cial uses. Petroleum fuels our cars and thirst for

plastics, while natural gas and coal heat and elec-

Resposta: D trify our homes. Mass transportation is also largely

propelled by fossil fuels. In 2005, more than 3/4 of

total world energy consumption was through the use

of fossil fuels. Petroleum led with over 43.4 percent

of the world's total energy consumption, followed by

natural gas (15.6 percent) and coal (8.3 percent).

North America is the largest consumer of fossil fuels,

utilizing nearly 25 percent of the world's resources.

Long thought to be inexhaustible, fossil fuels have

been used extensively since the Industrial Revolu-

tion. However, many believe that the world is using

fossil fuels at an unsustainable rate. Some experts

believe that the world has already reached its peak

for oil extraction and production, and that it is only

a matter of time before natural gas and coal follow

suit. These near-term concerns about oil supply have

led to increasing focus on, and exploration of, alter-

native sources of petroleum, such as in tar sands and

14
oil shale. To release their stored energy, fossil fuels b) ...over 43.4 percent... refers to the share that

must be burned. It is during this combustion process oil represents in the overall quantity of energy

that a variety of emissions and particulates, inclu- consumed globally.

ding ash, are released into the atmosphere. Primary c) 15.6 percent refers to the amount of natural gas

releases are sulphur, nitrogen, and carbon, which can resources annually consumed in North America.

be harmful to the environment. They can combine d) 8.3 percent refers to the share of coal used only

with water vapour in the air to form acidic com- for heating American homes.

pounds that create acid rain, and burning fossil fuels e) ...nearly 25 percent... indicates the percentage

releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that scien- of fossil fuels saved in North America.

tists believe is key factor in global climate change.

There are also environmental risks associated with Resposta: B

extracting, transporting, and utilizing fossil fuels.

Mining for coal and drilling for oil are especially ha-

zardous because the digging of massive mines and

wells can change the surrounding landscapes and

bring massive amounts of salt water to the surface

which can damage nearby ecosystems without pro-

per treatment and sequestration. Natural gas extrac-

tion is somewhat safer, but can also be hazardous.

While there are regulations in place that attempts

to minimize the risks, it is impossible to eliminate

them completely. However, regulation is not suci-

ent; there must be continued research in developing

new technologies for both fossil fuel and renewable

energy, in addition to increasing conservation mea-

sures. Caiu no concurso!

Petrobras Biocombustível - 2010  Econo-
Environmental Literacy Council
mista Junior  Nível Superior - 9
http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/21.html,
access on March 14th, 2010. Based on the meanings in the text, the option in

which the two words are synonymous is:

Caiu no concurso! a) ...largely... locally

Petrobras Biocombustível - 2010  Econo- b) ...inexhaustible,... nite

mista Junior  Nível Superior - 8 c) ...harmful... benecial

d) ...hazardous... dangerous
Concerning the gures relative to the year 2005, as

e) ...minimize... increase
mentioned in paragraph 2:

a) more than 3/4... refers to the quantity of fossil

Resposta: D
fuels reserves consumed along the year.

15
 through air increases with the cube of the velocity.

If a car cruising on the highway at 80 km/h requi-

res 30 kilowatts to overcome air drag, that same car

will require 240 kilowatts at a speed of 160 km/h.

Thus, a vehicle needs 8 times the engine power to

reach twice the speed. In principle, this means that

fuel consumption will increase fourfold (not eight-

fold, because the faster vehicle exerts the power only

over half the time).

Over a distance of 1,000 kilometres, the slow car

would consume 375 kilowatt-hours (12.5 hours mul-

tiplied by 30 kilowatts) and the fast car would con-

sume 1,500 kilowatt-hours (6.25 hours multiplied by

1.6 Petrobras  2010  Conhe- 240 kilowatts).

cimentos Básicos  Nível However, this extra fuel consumption can be dimi-

Superior -36 e 38 nished or even negated by, most importantly, more

fuel ecient engines, lighter materials and better ae-

The age of speed: how to reduce global fuel rodynamics. Even though today's cars are faster

consumption by 75 percent than those from decades ago, they consume a simi-

September 11, 2008 lar amount of fuel. This is the reason why almost

Low-tech Magazine everybody is talking about energy eciency and ae-

rodynamics, and not about speed.

Breaking speed records was an almost daily occur-

rence throughout the 20th century. Cars, ships, pla- But if you lower the speed, fuel consumption is de-

nes and trains became faster and faster, year after creased by the full 75 percent. More ecient techno-

year. Because the power needed to push an object logy cannot change that  unless in a positive way.

through air increases with the cube of velocity, this If you combine a lower speed with more fuel ecient

race to ever higher speeds raises energy consumption engines and better aerodynamics, fuel savings can

exponentially. become much larger than 75 percent. A decrease of

75 percent in fuel consumption is not peanuts. More

Engineers treat velocity as a non-variable, while in
than 60 percent of world oil production is used for
fact it is the most powerful factor to save a really
transportation, which means that total oil produc-
huge amount of energy - with just one stroke, at mi-
tion would be almost halved (-45%). In combination
nimal cost, and without the need for new technology.
with more ecient engines, better aerodynamics and
Lower speeds combined with more energy ecient
lighter materials a 75 percent reduction of oil produc-
engines, better aerodynamics and lighter materials
tion is not unrealistic.
could make fuel savings even larger.

Yet, when the International Energy Agency argues

Air resistance increases with the square of speed,
that the average car sold in 2030 would need to con-
and therefore the power needed to push an object

16
sume 60 percent less fuel than the average car sold

in 2005, it claims: With current technologies, only

plug-in hybrids are capable of this.

This statement is wrong. We could lower the fuel Caiu no concurso!

consumption of cars (and other vehicles) by at least Petrobras  2010  Conhecimentos Básicos 
75 percent, we could do it today, and we can do it Nível Superior -36
with present technology.
The calculation used by the author to support his

c Kris De Decker (edited by Vincent Grosjean) major view on fuel consumption is that:

http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2008/09/speed-
a) A car can save up to 75% of its oil consumption
energy.html, access on April 6, 2010.
if it has a hybrid fuel engine.

b) A car driven slowly needs only 25% the fuel it

Caiu no concurso! consumes when driven fast.
Petrobras  2010  Conhecimentos Básicos 
c) Current cars are faster and consume much less
Nível Superior -36
than those of the past.

In terms of numerical reference d) Today's vehicles can travel faster because they

are made to consume 8 times more over half the

a)  . . . 30 kilowatts. . .  refers to the amount of
time.
energy needed to run a car at 80 km/h.
e) Older cars would spend 4 times more fuel than
b) . . . 240 kilowatts. . .  refers to the energy consu-
modern cars because their engines were not energy
med by a car driving along a 160 km road.
ecient.
c) . . . 375 kilowatt-hours. . .  refers to the total

energy spent by any car on 12.5 hour trips.

d) 6.25. . .  refers to the number of hours needed to Resposta: B

consume 240 kilowatts.

e) -45% refers to the reduction in oil consumed in

transportation.

Resposta: A

17
2 Modal Verbs

Could you hear what she was saying?

Tópicos I couldn't drive when I was 10 years old.

Exemplo
2.1 Habilidade (Ability)- Can/Could 18 Petrobras 2011 - 13
2.2 Permissão (Permission) -
Volunteers will be at the highest risk, one panel
Can/May/Could . . . . . . . . 19
member, Paul Lioy of the University of Medicine &
2.3 Possibilidade (Possibility)-
Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University, sta-
Can/May/Could/Might . . . . 20
ted at the conference. He was referring largely to the
2.4 Obrigação (Obligation)-
17,000 U.S. National Guard members who are being
Must/Have to . . . . . . . . . 20
deployed to help with the clean-up eort.
2.5 Sugestões/conselhos (Suggesti-
ons/adivice) - Should/ Ought Many lack extensive training in the types of hazards

to/Shall . . . . . . . . . . . . 22  chemical and otherwise  that they'll be facing,

he said. That might even include the poisonous sna-

kes that inhabit coastal swamps, Lioy noted. Many

Teoria National Guard members are not professionally trai-

ned. They may be lawyers, accountants, your next-

door neighbour, he pointed out.

According to Dr. Paul Lioy, volunteers:

2.1 Habilidade (Ability)-
a) Have been recruited to replace the National
Can/Could Guard members.

b) Are subject to several risks in trying to aid in the

Usa-se can quando queremos dizer que alguém con-
recovery of the areas aected.
segue fazer algo ou pode fazer algo. No passado,
c) Could not be aected by chemical poisoning since
usa-se could.
this is a risk that only strikes oil workers.

Para expressar capacidade de forma negativa usa-se d) Can cooperate in cleaning the area only after

can't e couldn't. they undergo extensive professional training.

He can speak Russian.

Solução:
I can't nd my shoes.

18
a) Incorreta  Os voluntários são os membros da 1. you ask him if he's coming tomor-

Guarda Nacional e não que eles têm sido recrutados row?

para substituir os membros da Guarda Nacional. 2. Women vote until the beginning of

b) Correta  Estão sujeitos a uma série de riscos ao the 20th century.

ajudar na recuperação das áreas afetadas. 3. Please help me. I open the door!

c) Incorreta  Eles podem ser afetados também por 4. He play the piano when he was

envenenamento químico e não apenas os trabalha- four.

dores. 5. I only wear shorts because it was

d) Incorreta  O texto menciona que eles vão summer.

encarar a falta de treinamento extensivo em riscos 6. I have something to drink?

químicos e de outros tipos (Many lack extensive 7. I hear the teacher because there

training... that they'll be facing), mas não que eles was so much noisy in the class.

só conseguirão ajudar após passar por treinamento 8. I help you Sir?

prossional extenso. 9. I run fast because I am tired.

10. you lend me some money?

Resposta: B

Solução:
1. Pode-se utilizar tanto can quanto could, já que

a frase expressa um pedido que pode ser traduzido

em Você pode ou Você poderia perguntá-lo se ele

2.2 Permissão (Permission) - vem amanhã?

Can/May/Could 2. A resposta correta é couldn't já que se refere à

habilidade de poder fazer algo, porém no passado.

3. A impossibilidade de abrir a porta aqui é expressa

Pode-se utilizar can e could em outro sentido tam-
corretamente empregando-se o verbo modal can't.
bém.
4. Por se referir à capacidade no passado, could é a
Usa-se can e may quando se está dando permissão
resposta correta.

ou pedindo permissão para fazer algo. Could é mais 5. Com a presença do verbo was na frase (ser/ estar

formal que can. May é usado formalmente:

no passado) é correto utilizar could.
You can go home know. 6. A frase expressa uma pergunta sobre poder fazer

algo no presente, por isso deve-se utilizar can, na

May we use your oce for a few minutes? tradução Eu posso beber algo?.Na maneira formal

Could I use your phone? também é correto utilizar may.

7. A resposta correta é could, já que a frase

Exemplo expressa capacidade e verica-se a presença do

verbo was na frase (ser/ estar no passado).

Exemplo
8. A frase se refere a uma pergunta sobre poder

Complete the sentences with can, can't, could or

ajudar no presente, portanto deve-se utilizar o

coudn't.

19
modal can. Na maneira formal também é correto

utilizar may.
Solução:
9. Já que se verica aqui a incapacidade de correr
a) Incorreta  O verbo modal may não expressa
devido ao cansaço expresso no presente pelo verbo
habilidade.
ser/estar (I am), deve-se utilizar can't.
b) Incorreta  O verbo modal may não expressa
10. Pode-se utilizar tanto can quanto could, já que
conselho.
a frase expressa um pedido que pode ser traduzido
c) Incorreta  O verbo modal may não expressa
em Você pode ou Você poderia me emprestar
certeza.
algum dinheiro?
d) Incorreta  O verbo modal may não expressa

necessidade.

e) Correta  Nesse caso o verbo modal may indica a

possibilidade dos voluntários serem pessoas comuns.

2.3 Possibilidade (Possibility)-

Can/May/Could/Might Resposta: E

Usa-se can quando queremos dizer que algo é possí-

vel.

Usa-se may ou could quando queremos dizer que

2.4 Obrigação (Obligation)-
algo é possível, mas não temos certeza disso.
Must/Have to
Usa-se might quando se está sugerindo que algo po-
deria acontecer, mas estamos muito incertos disso: Usa-se must ou have to quando queremos dizer que
é necessário algo acontecer ou é o dever de alguém
You can go by bus from London to Liverpool.
fazer algo. Embora os dois possam ser usados para

You may nd him in his oce. He could be in his designar a mesma coisa em muitos casos, existem

oce. sutis diferenças.

He might be in his oce. Must é usado para obrigações pessoais, algo que a

pessoa julga necessário:

Exemplo It is late, Im must go.

Petrobras  2011 - 15
I must get my hair cut this weekend.
The word may in They may be lawyers, accoun-

tants, your next-door neighbour, expresses:

All passengers must wear seat belts.

a) Ability.
Have to é usado para indicar responsabilidades:

b) Advice. We have to get up early everyday.

c) Certainty.
She had to work hard yesterday.
d) Necessity.

e) Possibility. The doctor says I have to give up smoking.

20
Don't have to é usado para indicar que algo não é

exigido:

You don't have to arrive before 8am.

They didn't have to work so hard. Exemplo

Exemplo
Já mustn't é usado para expressar a idéia de que algo
Each of the sentences has a mistake. Find and x it
é proibido:
using must, have to, mustn't e don't have to. The

Tom, you mustn't play with re. rst one is done for you:

The children mustn't go into the street. 1. I mustn't work on Saturdays.

Importante: A forma passada de have to e must são I don't have to work on Saturdays.

expressas por had to. Must não existe no passado. 2. Do you must get up early on Saturdays?

Exemplo 3. Children don't have to play with re.

Exemplo
4. I must go to work every day. It is my job!
Use must, have to, mustn't and not have to in order

to complete the sentences.

5. I have to sleep, it is really late!

1. Jack go home early last night.

2. Does she go to work?

3. Children play with cleaning liquids. Solução:

4. We go, it is already midnight! 2. Do you have to get up early on Saturdays? 

5. When did you arrive for work last Indica uma pergunta sobre responsabilidade: Você

week? tem que levanter cedo aos Sábados?

3. Children mustn't play with re.  Indica

proibição: Crianças não devem brincar com fogo.

Solução:
4. I have to go to work every day.  Indica
1. A resposta correta é had to já que a frase
responsabilidade: Eu tenho que trabalhar todos os
expressa uma necessidade no passado.
dias.
2. Have to é a resposta já que indica uma respon-
5. I must sleep, it is really late!  Indica obrigação
sabilidade.
pessoal: Eu devo dormir, já está muito tarde!
3. Nessa sentença brincar com líquidos de limpeza

é proibido para as crianças, portanto a resposta

correta é mustn't.
4. A resposta correta é must, já que a frase indica

a necessidade pessoal de ir embora, pois já é tarde. Exemplo

5. Já que o auxiliar did indica que a pergunta está Petrobras  Prossional Junior  Engenharia
no passado, o correto é a utilização de have to. Civil  2011  19

21
In To release their stored energy, fossil fuels must be You should get the early ight if you want to be in
burned. the expression in bold type can be replaced good time.
by:
You ought to meet him; he's really nice.
a) Have to be.
Shall we leave?
b) Have been.

c) Would be.

d) Might be.
Exemplo
Exemplo
e) Shall be.

Choose the modal verb that best complete each

sentence and indicate what they represent (abi-

Solução:
lity, obligation, permission, possibility or sugges-
a) Correta  a expressão must be tem o mesmo
tion/advice):
sentido que a expressão have to be: é obrigatório,

tem que ser. 1. Can|Would|Ought Sally stay with us tonight?

b) Incorreta  Present Perfect: indica algo que

2. Will|Must|May I see your ticket, please?
começou no passado e vem acontecendo.

c) Incorreta  o verbo modal would be é usado 3. Youcould|would|ought ask your teacher for help.

para indicar algo que irá acontecer no futuro e

4. You shall|must|could have a ticket to travel on the
é dependente de alguma coisa que acontece no
train.
presente.
5. You shall|should|can not worry about your exams.
d) Incorreta  might be indica possibilidade remota.

e) Incorreta  shall be indica conselho ou sugestão. 6. Something must not|can't|ought to be done about

car pollution.

Resposta: A 7. Melanie left very late today. She can|may

have|must missed her train.

8. I could|can't|must understand why Julie does not

like me.

2.5 Sugestões/conselhos (Sug-

9. You couldn't|mightn't|mustn't smoke in this part

gestions/adivice) - Should/ of the building.

Ought to/Shall 10. Knock again - they should not|may not|cannot

have heard us.

Usa-se should e ought to quando queremos sugerir

11. The thieves must|might have|can't broken in th-
que alguém deveria fazer algo. No Inglês Britânico
rough the window.
usa-se Shall I/we. . . ?
Solução:
Should também pode expressar previsão de algo,
1. Can  Permission
como na frase em português Sua encomenda deve

chegar em 10 dias. 2. May  Permission

22
3. Could  Possibility conselho.

c) Incorreta  O verbo modal should expressa

4. Must.  Obligation
conselho.

5. Should  Advice d) Incorreta  O verbo modal should expressa

conselho.
6. Ought to  Suggestion
e) Correta  Nesse caso, a forma verbal should be
7. May have  Possibility
expressa previsão futura: in a few months. Assim

8. Can't  Ability como, o should be na frase do enunciado: by 2020.

9. Mustn't  Obligation

Resposta: E
10. May not  Possibility

11. Might have  Possibility

Resolução:

Exemplo
Petrobras  2006  Engenheiro de Equipa-
mento Júnior  Mecânica  16

Check the item in which should is used in the same

sense as in Our dependency on oil should be broken

by 2020.

a) America should reduce both petroleum fuel use

and emissions of greenhouse gases.

b) European governments should focus their eorts

on large-scale- fuel saving projects.

c) Developing countries should work to establish

policies to coordinate energy planning.

d) The European Commission should encourage all

countries to adopt a biofuels program.

e) The results of this research on biofuels should be

available to the public in a few months.

Solução:
a) Incorreta  O verbo modal should expressa

conselho.

b) Incorreta  O verbo modal should expressa

23
3 Gramática: Conjunctions and Adverbs

I went for a walk the sun was shining.

Tópicos (because, otherwise)

I went for a walk because the sun was shining.

Do you know the stores are open today?

3.1 Conjunções (Conjunctions) . . 24 (as if, whether)

3.2 Advérbios de Conexão (Connec- Do you know whether the stores are open today?

ting Adverbs) . . . . . . . . . 26
1. We recognized her at once, we had

not seen her for years. (although, in case)

2. He kept reading he fell asleep. (for,

Teoria until)

3. The moon will rise the sun sets. (as

soon as, than)

4. she got her degree, she became a

3.1 Conjunções (Conjunctions) teacher. (after, than)

5. We will not go skiing the weather is

Conjunções são usadas para conectar palavras, sen-
good. (as if, unless)
tenças e orações.
6. he left, he made sure he had his keys

with him. (before, for)

Conjunções mais comuns (Common Conjunctions)

7. I told the truth, you would not believe
Contraste (Contrast) although, though, even though, while,
Razão (Reason) because, since, as
me. (even if, So that)
Lugar (Place) where, wherever, everywhere,
Proposito (Purpose) so that, so, because + want
8. They have known her she was a child.
Resultado (Result) so that, so (. . . ) that, so, such (. . . ) that
Tempo (Time) when, before, after, since, while, as, as soon as, (until, since)
by the time, until
Condição (Conditional) if, unless, provided (that), as long as, or else 9. you read this book, you would be sure

to enjoy it. (if, until)

10. The door was open, we could hear

Exemplo everything. (in case, so)

Exemplo 11. he is very busy, he is seldom at

home. (Or else, because)

Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences,
12. We must hurry, we will be late. (so
ll in the blanks with the correct subordinate con-
that, or else)
junctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs

given in brackets. For example:

24
Solução:
1. Although  Expressa contraste, signicando

embora.
Exemplo
Petrobras  2008  Engenheiro(a) de Produ-
2. Until  A frase aqui pede uma conjução que
ção Júnior  14
indique tempo, onde until tem o signicado de
Cane surpasses power dams in Brazil energy complex
até, enquanto for signica para.
Thu May 8, 2008 2:41 pm EDT
3. As soon as  É necessária aqui uma conjução que
By Denise Luna
indique tempo como as soon as, signicado assim

que. RIO DE JANEIRO (Reuters) - Sugar cane and

4. After  Também expressa tempo: Depois de se cane- based ethanol became a more important energy

formar, ela se tornou professora. source than hydroelectric power plants in Brazil's

5. Unless  A sentença pede uma conjunção de overall energy complex last year, topped only by pe-

condição, como é o caso de unless que signica a troleum and oil products.

não ser que, enquanto as if indica exemplo, como

The government's EPE energy planning agency said
se.
on Thursday sugar cane had a 16 percent share in the
6. Before  É necessária uma conjunção de tempo:
country's so-called energy matrix  a combination
Antes de sair ele se certicou que estava com as
of all sources of energy including fuels and electricity
chaves.
 while power dams were left behind with a 14.7
7. Even if  A sentença pede uma conjunção de
percent share.
condição, que é o caso de even if que signica

mesmo que, enquanto so that signica de modo Oil and derivatives had a 36.7 percent weighting,

que. dropping from 37.8 percent in 2006. It's a historic

8. Since  É necessário nesse caso uma conjunção year in that sense, it's an irreversible trend, EPE

de tempo como since que representa na tradução President Mauricio Tolmasquim told reporters. He

desde que, e não until, que embora também attributed the growing role of sugar cane to booming

indique tempo tem como signicado até. demand for ethanol as a motor fuel, but expected

9. If  Como visto if indica condição, se, sendo more cane and ethanol to be used for electricity ge-

portanto a resposta correta. neration as well.

10. So  A conjunção aqui representa resultado: A

Brazil is a world leader in biofuels with decades of va-
porta estava aberta, portanto nós podíamos ouvir
luable expertise in using ethanol in cars. In February
tudo.
2007, the consumption of ethanol surpassed that of
11. Because  É correto utilizar essa conjunção,
gasoline for the rst time in two decades. The trend
pois completa o sentido da frase com uma razão,
is driven by a drop in ethanol prices and huge sales
porque.
of ex-fuel cars that can run on ethanol, gasoline or
12. Or else  A conjunção or else signica ou
any mix of two.
então, e indica aqui condição.

Hydrous ethanol consumption jumped 46 percent

last year to 10.4 billion litters, while the usage of

anhydrous ethanol that is mostly blended into ga-

25
soline sold in Brazil rose nearly 20 percent to 6.2 d) Expresses a contrast.

billion litters, EPE said. At the same time, gasoline e) Introduces a reason.

consumption in the country dipped almost 4 percent

to 18 billion litters.
Solução:
Tolmasquim said it was important that Latin Ame- a) Incorreta  A conjunção não antecipa uma con-

rica's largest country was self-sucient in the three clusão, pois a frase anterior menciona um assunto

main sources of energy, including oil. Brazil met its distinto (porcentagem que a energia da cana de

oil needs with domestic output for the rst time in açúcar contribui para a matriz energética) daquele

2006. mencionado após a conjunção while (porcentagem

que a energia da cana de açúcar contribui nos danos

It still needs to import some light crude to mix with
energéticos totais).
heavy local crudes for rening, but it also exports
b) Incorreta  A conjunção não apresenta um
heavy oil. Last year's exports totalled an average of
exemplo de quanto que a energia da cana de açúcar
421,000 barrels per day and imports stood at 418,000
contribui para a matriz energética.
bpd.
c) Incorreta  A conjunção não impõe uma condição

All non-renewable energy's share fell to 53.6 percent da frase anterior sobre a frase posterior.

in the overall complex in 2007 from 55.1 percent in d) Correta  A conjunção while, nesse caso, expressa

2006, with coal gaining some ground on its increased o contraste entre a contribuição e os danos da

use in steelmaking. Nuclear energy's share was just energia da cana de açúcar.

1.4 percent. e) Incorreta - A conjunção não introduz a razão pela

qual a energia da cana de açúcar contribui para a

Renewables, which include hydroelectricity, ethanol
matriz energética.
and plant-based biodiesel, gained to a 46.4 percent

weighting from 44.9 percent. The use of renewable

energy sources in Brazil by far surpasses the world's Resposta: D

average of around 13 percent, EPE said.

(Writing by Andrei Khalip; Editing

by Christian Wiessner) Disponível em:

<http://www.reuters.com/article
3.2 Advérbios de Conexão
/businessNews/idU SN (Connecting Adverbs)
0838471920080508

?feedType=RSS&feedName=bu Advérbios de conexão são geralmente usados para

sinessNews> mostrar a relação entre idéias expressas em uma ora-

ção, sentença ou parágrafo anterior:

In the sentence ...while power dams were left behind

with a 14.7 percent share, the word 
a) Anticipates a conclusion.
b) Presents an example.
c) Imposes a condition.
while: I wanted to study, however, I was too tired.
We knew what to expect. Therefore, we were not
surprised at what happened.
No primeiro exemplo, o advérbio de conexão mostra

26
que há um conito entre a idéia expressa na oração Advérbios e Exemplos
I was too tired e a idéia expressa na oração anterior Signicados
I wanted to study.
however: but We wanted to arrive on

time; however, we were de-

No segundo exemplo, o advérbio de conexão mostra

layed by trac.
que há uma relação causa e efeito entre a idéia ex-

pressa na sentença We knew what to expect e a

likewise: in ad- The region is beautiful. Li-

dition kewise, the climate is excel-

oração We were not surprised at what happened.

lent.

moreover: in She is very intelligent; mo-

addition reover, she is very ambiti-

ous.

nevertheless: They are proud. Neverthe-

but less, I like them.

nonetheless: The ascent was dangerous.

but Nonetheless, he decided to

attempt it.

otherwise: if We should consult them;

not, or else otherwise, they may be up-

set.

Advérbios e Exemplos
Signicados
Advérbios e Exemplos
still: but It is a long way to the be-
Signicados
ach. Still, it is a ne day to
accordingly: so He was very persuasive; ac-
go swimming.
cordingly, I did what he as-
then: 1. next, We went shopping, then we
ked.
afterwards had lunch.
also: in addition She is my neighbour; she is
2. so If you are sure, then I must
also my best friend.
believe you.
besides: in addi- I like the job. Besides, I
therefore: for I was nervous; therefore, I
tion need the money.
that reason could not do my best.
consequently: She had a fever; consequen-
thus: so, in this He travelled as quickly as
so tly, she stayed at home.
way possible. Thus, he reached
furthermore: in You should stop smoking.
Boston the next day.
addition Furthermore, you should do

it at once!
Muitos advérbios de conexão tem signicado similar
hence: for that He is a good friend. Hence,
às conjunções: and, but ou so :
reason I was not embarrassed to

ask him for help.

27
 Similar a and Similar a but Similar a so 6. They left. (quietly, this morning).

also however accordingly

besides nevertheless consequently

7. She wins rst prize. (always, furthermore).

furthermore nonetheless hence

likewise still therefore

8. He nished. (late, often).
moreover thus

9. We reached the station. (quickly, consequently).

Exemplo
10. You speak. (loudly, never).
Exemplo

For each of the following sentences, place the adverbs

11. We would have gone to the beach. (otherwise,
given in brackets in their most usual positions in the
yesterday).
sentence. Place connecting adverbs in the beginning

position, place adverbs of frequency in the middle

position, and place adverbs of manner and adverbs of 12. They worked. (quickly, today).

time in the end position. Adverbs of manner should

precede adverbs of time. For example:

13. I want to analyse the book. (carefully, some-

They left. (early, usually) time).

They usually left early.

14. We arrive. (early, sometimes).
We proceeded. (cautiously, therefore)

Therefore, we proceeded cautiously.

Solução:
We will review our options. (tomorrow, carefully)
1. We usually pick the owers carefully.

We will review our options carefully tomorrow. 2. She rarely answers correctly.

3. However, he is seldom wrong.

1. We pick the owers. (carefully, usually).
4. Therefore, we will attend the concert tonight.

5. Nevertheless, we found the hotel easily.

2. She answers. (correctly, rarely). 6. They left quietly this morning.

7. Furthermore, she always wins rst prize.

8. He often nishes late.

3. He is wrong. (however, seldom).
9. Consequently, we reached the station quickly.

10. You never speak loudly.

4. We will attend the concert. (therefore, tonight). 11. Otherwise, we would have gone to the beach

yesterday.

12. They worked quickly today.

5. We found the hotel. (easily, nevertheless).
13. I want to analyse the book carefully sometime.

28
14. We sometimes arrive early. exible commodity, even a small decit in oil pro-

duction can lead to a major price surge.

Finally, the R/P ratio does not acknowledge that

production costs increase over the time; the rst oil

Exemplo elds to be developed were logically the easy ones

Petrobras  2010  43 and so the most protable. It is well recognized

Text II that remaining oil elds consist of poor quality oil

Peak Oil for Dummies or remotely located elds which need high technolo-

by Tom Rogue - August 09, 2009 gies and expensive investments. Therefore , relying

on the R/P ratio gives a false impression of security

Over the past decade, a erce debate has emerged
while the actual situation is critical.
amongst energy experts about whether global oil pro-

duction was about to reach a peak, followed by an Oil is a strategic resource; therefore having oil is a

irreversible decline. This event, commonly known as key political and economical advantage for a state.

Peak Oil far outreaches the sole discipline of ge- This is why politics interfere in the evaluation of oil

ology. From transportation to modern agriculture, reserves, especially in countries with poor accounta-

petrochemicals and even the pharmaceutical indus- bility records; that is, the majority of OPEC coun-

try all of them rely on one commodity: cheap and tries. In fact, OPEC oil reserves have dramatically

abundant oil. In order to sustain the needs of an increased during the 1980s and 1990s. However, they

even globalized world, oil demand should double by have not discovered major oil elds after the 1970s.

2050. At this conjuncture, the question of what lays behind

these uctuations needs to be asked.

Nonetheless , geological limitations will disrupt this

improbable scenario. In fact, a growing proportion The geologist Dr. Colin Campbell, founder of the As-

of energy experts argue that Peak Oil is impending sociation for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO),

and warn about the extraordinary scale of the crisis. explains the hidden reasons that led to these chan-

ges: In 1985, Kuwait, added 50% to its reserve. At

According to the 2009 BP Statistical Review, the
that time, the OPEC quota was based on the repor-
world has precisely 42 years of oil left. Those num-
ted reserves; the more you reported, the more you
bers come from a very simple formula, the R/P ratio,
could produce.
which consists of dividing the ocial number of glo-

bal oil reserves by the level of today's production. Fellow OPEC members who were unwilling to see the

Nevertheless , this methodology is dangerously de- inuence of Kuwait growing, simply raised their re-

fective on several key points as it ignores geological serves soon after. Moreover , OPEC countries con-

realities. Oil production does not consist of a plan tinue to present their reserves as at despite having

level of production that brutally ends one day; it fol- extracted huge amounts of oil during the past twenty

lows a bell-shaped curve. years.

Indeed, the important day occurs when production At this point, we should not forget that oil reserves

starts to decline, not when it ends. As it is a non- reported by these countries are not audited by inde-

pendent experts. In 2006, the notorious Petroleum

29
Intelligence Weekly said it had access to condential
Kuwaiti reports which stated that reserves were half
the ocial numbers.
The question of oil reserves is most relevant.
oil exporting countries have less oil in their ground,
Peak Oil will arrive faster. Oil optimists who argue
Peak Oil is still decades away rely on these same er-
roneous data.
In addition, if importing countries assume oil reser-
ves are abundant as they do, the crisis will be unex-
pected, unprepared and misunderstood; in one word:
overwhelming. Similarly, once oil shortages occur,
oil importing countries may assume that exporting
countries are deliberately reducing their oil exports
to harm their national interests.
Such a awed assumption from oil importing coun-
tries is likely to have serious repercussions, and even-
tually lead to new oil wars.
http://seekingalpha.com/article/154901-peak-oil-
for-dummies, access on March 14, 2010.
The boldfaced marker is synonymous with the ex-
pression in parentheses in:
a)  In order to sustain the needs of an even
globalized world... (So as to)
b)  Nonetheless, geological limitations will disrupt
this improbable scenario. (Moreover)
c)  Nevertheless, this methodology is dangerously
defective on several key points. . .  (Consequently)
d)  Therefore, relying on the R/P ratio gives a
false impression of security. . .  (Yet)
e)  Moreover, OPEC countries continue to present
their reserves as at. . .  (However)
Solução:
a) Correta  A expressão In order to introduz
um resultado e signica para, a m de, sendo
30
equivalente a expressão So as to.
b) Incorreta  Nonetheless expressa contraste,
enquanto Moreover expressa adição.
c) Incorreta  Nevertheless expressa contraste,
As
enquanto Consequentely expressa resultado.
d) Incorreta  Therefore expressa adição, enquanto
Yet expressa continuidade.
e) Incorreta  Moreover expressa adição, enquanto
However expressa contraste.
Resposta: A
Exemplo
Petrobras  2008  Prossional Junior  16
Money Doesn't Grow on Trees, But Gasoline Might.
Researchers make breakthrough in creating gasoline
from plant matter, with almost no carbon footprint.
April, 7, 2008 National Science Foundation
Researchers have made a breakthrough in the de-
velopment of green gasoline, a liquid identical to
standard gasoline yet created from sustainable bio-
mass sources like switchgrass and poplar trees. Re-
porting in the cover article of the April 7, 2008, issue
of Chemistry & Sustainability, Energy & Materials,
chemical engineer and National Science Foundation
(NSF) researcher George Huber of the University of
Massachusetts-Amherst and his graduate students
announced the rst direct conversion of plant cel-
lulose into gasoline components.
Even though it may be 5 to 10 years before green
gasoline arrives at the pump or nds its way into a
jet airplane, these breakthroughs have bypassed sig- including fuels, textiles and plastics to be made from

nicant diculties to bringing green gasoline biofuels either crude oil or biomass and the military com-

to market. It is likely that the future consumer will munity has shown strong interest in making jet fuel

not even know that they are putting biofuels into and diesel from the same sources. Huber's new pro-

their car, said Huber. cess for the direct conversion of cellulose to gasoline

aromatics is at the leading edge of the new `Green

Biofuels in the future will most likely be similar in
Gasoline' alternate energy paradigm that NSF, along
chemical composition to gasoline and diesel fuel used
with other federal agencies, is helping to promote,
today. The challenge for chemical engineers is to
states Regalbuto.
eciently produce liquid fuels from biomass while

tting into existing infrastructure today. Mark the sentence in which the idea introduced by

the word in bold type is correctly described.

For their new approach, the UMass researchers rapi-

dly heated cellulose in the presence of solid catalysts, a)  Even though it may be 5 to 10 years before

materials that speed up reactions without sacricing green gasoline arrives at the pump or nds its way

themselves in the process. They then rapidly cooed into a jet airplane,  comparison

the products to create a liquid that contains many b) ... while tting into the existing infrastructure

of the compounds found in gasoline. The entire pro- today.  consequence

cess was completed in less than two minutes using c) ... then rapidly cooled the products to create a

relatively moderate amounts of heat. liquid that contains many of the compounds found

in gasoline.  contrast
Green gasoline is an attractive alternative to bio-
d) Green gasoline is an attractive alternative to bio
ethanol since it can be used in existing engines and
ethanol since it can be used in existing engines....
does not incur the 30 percent gas mileage penalty of
 reason
ethanol-based ex fuel, said Jonh Regalbuto, who
e) Making it from cellulose sources such as swit-
directs the Catalysis and Biocatalysis Program at
chgrass or poplar trees grown as energy crops,
NSF and supported this research.
addiction

In theory it requires much less energy to make than

ethanol, giving it a smaller carbon footprint and ma-

Solução:
king it cheaper to produce, Regalbuto said. Making
a) Incorreta  A expressão even though signica
it from cellulose sources such as switchgrass or po-
apesar de, sendo portanto uma conjunção de
plar trees grown as energy crops, or forest or agri-
contraste.
cultural residues such as wood chips or corn stover,
b) Incorreta  While também expressa contraste.
solves the lifecycle greenhouse gas problem that has
c) Incorreta  Then introduz aqui a idéia de conclu-
recently surfaced with corn ethanol and soy biodie-
são, signicando então
sel.
d) Correta  Since expressa na frase a idéia de razão

Beyond academic laboratories, both small busines- e signica já.

ses and petroleum reners are pursuing green ga- e) Incorreta  Such as introduz um exemplo, e não

soline. Companies are designing ways to hybridize pode, portanto, expressar adição.

their existing reneries to enable petroleum products

31
Resposta: D

32
4 Gramática: Identicando Referências no Texto

I ME

Tópicos YOU YOU

HE HIM

SHE HER

IT IT
4.1 Pronomes Pessoais (Subject
WE US
and Object Pronouns) . . . . . 33
YOU YOU

4.2 Pronomes Reexivos (Reexive THEY THEM

Pronouns) . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.3 Pronomes Relativos (Relative

Pronouns) . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exemplo
Exemplo
4.4 Pronomes Demonstrativos (De-
Fill in the blanks with the correct subject or object
monstrative Pronouns) . . . . 38
pronoun.

4.5 Quanticadores (Quantiers) . 38 1. love ice-cream.

2. Shelly and want to travel to Cuba.

3. I know ! She's Mark's sister.

4. Carla and Regina are in my class, but I never see

Teoria .

5. Where was John yesterday? I didn't see

all day.

6. Kate and Mark never get to class on time!

are hopeless.

7. Where's Claire? and Ann can help us.

4.1 Pronomes Pessoais (Sub- 8. Give that book. I need it now.

ject and Object Pronouns)

9. Please, get your bike and give to Paul.

He needs .

10. Who are those people? Do you know ?

Os pronomes pessoais são utilizados, em Inglês, para 11. Where's your car? I need .

substituir numa frase a pessoa que está fazendo ou 12. Here are my books. Take with you.

recebendo uma ação. 13. and Sara are going to England tomor-

33
row.

Cane surpasses power dams in Brazil energy complex

14. - What do you think of this dress?

Thu May 8, 2008 2:41 pm EDT

- is beautiful.

By Denise Luna
15. Mary, Joanne and decided to stay here

a few more days.

RIO DE JANEIRO (Reuters) - Sugar cane and
16. I tried to contact , but I don't know
cane-based ethanol became a more important energy
where are!
source than hydroelectric power plants in Brazil's
17. - Laura wants this book.
overall energy complex last year, topped only by pe-
- Here, I'll give to
troleum and oil products.
18. Can you please lend your car today?

We need to visit a friend. The government's EPE energy planning agency said

on Thursday sugar cane had a 16 percent share in the

country's so-called energy matrix  a combination

Solução:
of all sources of energy including fuels and electri-
1. I
city  while power dams were left behind with a 14.7
2. I
percent share.
3. Her

4. Them Oil and derivatives had a 36.7 percent weighting,

5. Him dropping from 37.8 percent in 2006. It's a historic

6. They year in that sense, it's an irreversible trend, EPE

7. She President Mauricio Tolmasquim told reporters. He

8. Me attributed the growing role of sugar cane to booming

9. It, it demand for ethanol as a motor fuel, but expected

10. Them more cane and ethanol to be used for electricity ge-

11. It neration as well.

12. Them
Brazil is a world leader in biofuels with decades of va-
13. He
luable expertise in using ethanol in cars. In February
14. It
2007, the consumption of ethanol surpassed that of
15. I
gasoline for the rst time in two decades. The trend
16. Them, they
is driven by a drop in ethanol prices and huge sales
17. It, her
of ex-fuel cars that can run on ethanol, gasoline or
18. us
any mix of two.

Hydrous ethanol consumption jumped 46 percent

last year to 10.4 billion litters, while the usage of

anhydrous ethanol that is mostly blended into gaso-

Exemplo line sold in Brazil rose nearly 20 percent to 6.2 billion

Petrobras  Engenheiro de Produção Junior litters, EPE said. At the same time, gasoline con-

2008  16 sumption in the country dipped almost 4 percent

to 18 billion litters.

34
Tolmasquim said it was important that Latin Ame-

rica's largest country was self-sucient in the three

Solução:
main sources of energy, including oil. Brazil met its
a) Correta  O substantivo the country refere-se ao
oil needs with domestic output for the rst time in
Brasil.
2006.
b) Incorreta  O pronome pessoal it refere-se ao que

It still needs to import some light crude to mix Tolmasquim falou e não ao Brasil.

with heavy local crudes for rening, but it also ex- c) Correta  O pronome possesivo its refere-se à

ports heavy oil. Last year's exports totalled an ave- necessidade de óleo do Brasil.

rage of 421,000 barrels per day and imports stood at d) Correta  O pronome pessoal it refere-se à

418,000 bpd. All non-renewable energy's share fell necessidade de importação de óleo cru do Brasil.

to 53.6 percent in the overall complex in 2007 from e) Correta  O pronome pessoal it refere-se à

55.1 percent in 2006, with coal gaining some ground exportação de óleo do Brasil.

on its increased use in steelmaking. Nuclear energy's

share was just 1.4 percent.

Resposta: B

Renewables, which include hydroelectricity, ethanol

and plant-based biodiesel, gained to a 46.4 percent

weighting from 44.9 percent. The use of renewable

energy sources in Brazil by far surpasses the world's

4.2 Pronomes Reexivos (Re-
average of around 13 percent, EPE said.

exive Pronouns)
(Writing by Andrei Khalip; Editing

by Christian Wiessner) Disponível em:

Os pronomes reexivos são utilizados quando a pes-
http://www.reuters.com/article
soa que recebe a ação é a mesma pessoa que faz a
/businessNews/idUS
ação.
N0838471920080508

?feedType=RSS&feedName=bu

sinessNews MYSELF

YOURSELF
All the boldfaced items refer to Brazil, EXCEPT:
HIMSELF

a) Gasoline consumption in the country dipped HERSELF

almost 4 percent to 18 billion litters. ITSELF

b) Tolmasquim said it was important that Latin OURSELVES

America's largest country was self-sucient in the YOURSELVES

three main sources of energy, THEMSELVES

c) Brazil met its oil needs with domestic output for

the rst time in 2006.

d)  It still needs to import some light crude to mix

with heavy local crudes. . .  Exemplo

e) but it also exports heavy oil. Petrobras  2008  Prossional Junior  14

35
For their new approach, the USMass researchers ra- 4.3 Pronomes Relativos (Rela-
pidly heated cellulose in the presence of solid ca-

talysts, materials that speed up reactions without

tive Pronouns)
sacricing themselves in the process. They then
Os pronomes relativos são utilizados para ligar duas
rapidly cooed the products to create a liquid that
orações:
contains many of the compounds founding gasoline.

The entire process was completed in less than two

minutes using relatively moderate amounts of heat. WHO / WHOM Que, o qual, a qual

Utilizado para fazer refe-

The item themselves refers to:
rência a pessoas
a) Researchers.
WHICH Que, o qual, a qual
b) Materials.
Utilizado para fazer refe-
c) Reactions.
rência a coisas ou animais
d) Compounds.
THAT Que, o qual, a qual
e) Amounts.
Pode ser utilizado para

pessoas, coisas ou animais

Solução: WHERE Onde, em que, no qual, na

a) Incorreta  O pronome reexivo themselves não qual

se refere aos pesquisadores, os quais executam a WHEN Quando, em que, no qual,

reação. na qual

b) Correta - O pronome reexivo themselves WHAT O que

refere-se aos catalizadores que são materiais que WHOSE Cujo

aumentam a velocidade das reações sem danicarem

a si próprios no processo.

c) Incorreta - O pronome reexivo themselves não

se refere às reações. Exemplo

d) Incorreta - O pronome reexivo themselves não
se refere aos compostos constituintes da gasolina.
e) Incorreta - O pronome reexivo themselves não
se refere às quantidades de compostos envolvidas na
reação.
Petrobras - 2006  Engenheiro de Equipamen-
tos Junior Mecânica  15
At the same time that President Bush is urging Ame-
rica to free itself from its addiction to oil from unsta-
ble parts of the world. European leaders are calling

for a more self-sucient energy policy that relies less

Resposta: B on oil and natural gas.

Europe is becoming ever more dependent on oil and

gas imports from geopolitically uncertain regions,

European Commission President Jose Manuel Brroso

alerted last month in a speech. We have to do so-

mething about this , and we have to do it now.

36
British Prime Minister Tony Blair and German  from a 1.4% share of European fuel supply in 2005

Chancellor Ângela Merkel said after a meeting in to 5.75% in 2010.

Berlin that Europe must develop an energy policy

Although Europe relies less on oil tha USA, the tri-
for the next 15 years that includes more renewable
pling of oil prices over the last three years has been
sources of energy.
felt. Oil provides 40% of the USA's energy supply

The new emphasis on energy security is a result of and about 36% of Europe's.

soaring energy prices and signs that supplies may

Europe is the largest producer of wind and solar
not always be available. Oil prices tripled in the last
power. Also, biofuels can help give this continent
three years, from about $20 a barrel to $60. And
a more diverse supply of energy. But it is unlikely
Russia, which has become a major supplier of oil
that Europe can replace fossil fuel entirely, as Swe-
and gas to Europe, raised concerns when it cut o
den plans.
natural gas to Ukraine last month during a dispute

over prices. Its not a crisis, says Claude Mandil, executive di-

rector of the International Energy Agency in Paris,

These developments have motivated a new debate
of Europe and the USA's energy situation. But, He
on the continent about nuclear energy and brought
remarks, Everybody is understanding that capaci-
about ambitious biofuels programs.
ties are limited... and the problem will not be solved

Nuclear power, which with the exception of France, overnight.

was disappearing in Western Europe, has re-emerged

By Jerey Stinson, USA Today, Feb. 20, 2006
as a clean and reliable source of energy. Germany

is reconsidering its plan to phase out nuclear power In Sweden has just announced that it wants to be

generation by 2020. So, too is Britain. With the the rst nation in the world..., the pronoun it re-

exception of France, which gets more than 70% of fers to Sweden. Check the other pronoun that also

its power from nuclear sources, Europe has rejected refers to the name of a country.

nuclear generation as to costly or unsafe since the

a) This (line 10).
Chernobyl accident in Ukraine nearly 20 years ago.
b) It (line 10).

Sweden has just announced that it wants to be the c) Which (line 25).

rst nation in the world to eliminate oil as an energy d) Its (line 30).

source in the next 15 years. It would use etha- e) It (line 54).

nol for its cars, and geothermal heat and burning

everything from agricultural by products to trash

Solução:
would replace heating oil. Our dependency on oil
a) Incorreta  O pronome demonstrativo This refere-
should be broken by 2020, said Mona Sahlin, Swe-
se à dependência da Europa quanto à importação de
den's minister of Sustainable Development.
óleo e gás natural.

The European Commission adopted in February b) Incorreta- O pronome pessoal It refere-se a ne-

2006 an ambitious biofuels program to set o the cessidade de se fazer algo expressa pelo Presidente.

production of ethanol and gas from crops and orga- c) Incorreta  O pronome relativo Wich refere-se à

nic waste. The goal: to more than double production energia nuclear.

37
d) Correta  O pronome possessivo Its refere-se aos ago.

carros da Suécia. c) Articial decomposition of plants, animals and

e) Incorreta  O pronome pessoal It refere-se ao natural gas.

continente Europa. d) Disintegration of plants and animals under

extremely cold conditions.

e) Deterioration of the remains of living beings

Resposta: D
caused by heat and pressure.

Solução:
4.4 Pronomes Demonstrativos a) Incorreta  O texto não fala da diminuição de

(Demonstrative Pronouns) energia produzida por combustíveis fósseis, e sim da

produção de energia a partir de combustíveis fosseis.

b) Incorreta  O texto não menciona a descoberta

Os pronomes demonstrativos são usados para se re-

recursos naturais, e sim o processo de formação de

ferir ao lugar onde os objetos se encontram.

combustíveis fósseis que pode levar milhões de anos.

THIS Este, esta, isto c) Incorreta  A decomposição é feita naturalmente

THESE Estes, estas e não articialmente.

THAT Aquele, aquela, aquilo d) Incorreta  A desintegração e feita em condições

THOSE Aqueles, aquelas de calor extremo e não de frio extremo.

e) Correta  O processo de formação de combustíveis

fósseis e decorrente da deterioração de restos de

Exemplo formas vivas, causados por calor e pressão extrema.

Petrobras - 2010  Prossional Junior Enge-

nharia Civil  13 Resposta: E

The twentieth century has been called the hydrocar-

bon century due to the abundance of fossil fuels, and

their contribution to human development. Fossil fu-

els were formed over millions of years by the decom-

posing remains of plants and animals under immense

heat and pressure. This process resulted in energy

laden fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which

4.5 Quanticadores (Quanti-
together have generated most of the energy consu-

med globally for over a century, paving the way for ers)
continued advancement and new inventions.

This process... refers to the

Os quanticadores ( quantiers ) são usados para dar
a) Decrease of the energy produced by fossil fuels. informação sobre o número de algo: How much ou

b) Discovery of natural resources millions of year How many.

38
 EACH cada um/cada uma ave their suits at home. And in the US, a little over

EVERY a todos/a todas/a cada half of all oce works are allowed to dress down on

A FEW alguns/algumas Fridays. One third of US companies make the stan-

MANY muitos/muitas dard business suit optional  allowing casual clothes

A COUPLE OF uns/umas/alguns/algumas every day.

A NUMBER OF vários/uma série de

There is a great deal of interest in a casual dress code
A MAJORITY OF maior parte de
because of its attraction to new employees.
BOTH ambos/ambas
However, some critics complain that casual dress in
SEVERAL vários/várias
the oce causes a lot of problems, among them, less
A LITTLE um pouco
productivity. Each manager needs to decide if bu-

siness casual is right for his or her company. A few

experts in the fashion industry claim that the trend

MUCH muito
toward casual oce dress is one way out. But a re-
LESS menos
cent survey found that a majority of employees say
NOT AS MUCH não tanto
their company dress code is at least as casual or more
A GREAT DEAL OF muito/bastante
casual than it was two years ago.
SOME/ANY uns/umas/alguns/algumas

A LOT OF/LOTS OF muito/muita/muitos/muitas Solução:

PLENTY OF bastante 1. Most

MOST a maioria de/mais 2. Many

ALL todo/completamente 3. Several

MORE mais 4. A number of

5. All

6. One third of

7. Every
Exemplo 8. A great deal of
Exemplo
9. Some

Read the text, notice the use of quantiers and high- 10. A lot of

light them: 11. Less

12. Each
Most professionals around the world wear formal bu-
13. A few
siness attire to work in company oces. In many
14. A majority
countries, there is an unwritten dress code making it

mandatory for a man to wear a dark suit and tie and

for a woman wear a skirted suit. But in several coun-

tries, more companies are experimenting with casual

business dress during hours. Exemplo

Petrobras  2011  16
In Australia, during the hotter summer months, a

number of companies are allowing employees to le-

39
 Many lack extensive training in the types of hazards

Experts Try to Gauge Health Eects of Gulf Oil Spill

 chemical and otherwise  that they'll be facing,

he said. That might even include the poisonous sna-

Wednesday, June 23, 2010

kes that inhabit coastal swamps, Lioy noted. Many

National Guard members are not professionally trai-

This Tuesday and Wednesday, a high-ranking group
ned. They may be lawyers, accountants, your next-
of expert government advisors is meeting to outline
door neighbour, he pointed out. Seamen and rescue
and anticipate potential health risks from the Gulf
workers, residents living in close proximity to the di-
oil spill - and nd ways to minimize them .
saster, people eating sh and seafood, tourists and

The workshop, convened by the Institute of Medicine beach-goers will also face some risk going forward,

(IOM) at the request of the U.S. Department of He- Dr. Nalini Sathiakumar, an occupational epidemio-

alth and Human Services, will not issue any formal logist and pediatrician at the University of Alabama

recommendations, but is intended to spur debate on at Birmingham, added during the conference.

the ongoing spill.

Many of the ailments, including nausea, heada-

We know that there are several contaminations. We che and dizziness, are already evident, especially in

know that there are several groups of people  wor- clean-up workers, some of whom have had to be

kers, volunteers, people living in the area, said Dr. hospitalized.

Maureen Lichtveld, a panel member and professor

Petroleum has inherent hazards and I would say the
and chair of the department of environmental health
people at greatest risk are the ones actively working
sciences at Tulane University School of Public Health
in the region right now, added Dr. Je Kalina, asso-
and Tropical Medicine in New Orleans. We're going
ciate medical director of the emergency department
to discuss what the opportunities are for exposure
at The Methodist Hospital in Houston. If petro-
and what the potential short- and long-term health
leum gets into the lungs, it can cause quite a bit
eects are. That's the essence of the workshop, to
of damage to the lungs [including] pneumonitis, or
look at what we know and what are the gaps in sci-
inammation of the lungs. There are concerns for
ence, Lichtveld explained.
workers near the source. They do have protective

High on the agenda: discussions of who is most at equipment on but do they need respirators? added

risk from the oil spill, which started when BP's De- Robert Emery, vice president for safety, health, envi-

epwater Horizon rig exploded and sank in the Gulf of ronment and risk management at the University Of

Mexico on April 20, killing 11 workers. The spill has Texas Health Science Center at Houston.

already greatly outdistanced the 1989 Exxon Valdez

Physical contact with volatile organic compounds
spill in magnitude.
(VOCs) and with solvents can cause skin problems

Volunteers will be at the highest risk, one panel as well as eye irritation, said Sathiakumar, who no-

member, Paul Lioy of the University of Medicine & ted that VOCs can also cause neurological symptoms

Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University, sta- such as confusion and weakness of the extremities.

ted at the conference. He was referring largely to the

Some of the risks are quite apparent and some we
17,000 U.S. National Guard members who are being
don't know about yet, said Kalina. We don't know
deployed to help with the clean-up eort.

40
what's going to happen six months or a year from

now.

Copyright (c) 2010 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullsto

ry_100305.html,

Retrieved on September 9th, 2010.

In terms of reference:

a) ...them. (line 5) refers to ...advisors... (line 3).

b) which... (line 24) refers to discussions... (line

23).

c) Many... (line 35) refers to ...members... (line

33).

d) They... (line 40) refers to ...hazards (line 36).

e) ...whom... (line 51) refers to ...ailments, (line

49).

Solução:
a) Incorreta  O pronome pessoal Them refere-se

aos riscos a saúde.

b) Correta- O pronome relativo Wich refere-se às

discussões.

c) Incorreta  O quanticador Many refere-se à falta

de treinamento.

d) Incorreta  O pronome pessoal They refere-se aos

voluntários.

e) Incorreta- O pronome relativo Whom refere-se

aos trabalhadores.

Resposta: B

41
5 Questões do concurso da Aeronáutica

size of the two hottest developing markets, India

and China, combined.

Exemplo
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 16
NEWSWEEK, September 2009. Adaptado)

Leia o texto e responda às questões de números 16

a 18. A idéia principal do texto é como

(A) as mulheres estão nalmente prontas para salvar

Women & Leadership
a economia mundial.
The Real Emerging Market
(B) atualmente a Índia e a China juntas formam os

dois maiores mercados em desenvolvimento.

By Hana Forohar And Susan H. Greenberg
(C) um novo mercado emergente salvou a economia

mundial de se atolar numa recessão.

(01) It hasn't been easy to nd a bright spot in the (D) o aumento de renda das mulheres poderá

global economy for a couple of years now. But in the auxiliar muito a economia mundial.

last few months, economists, consultants, and other (E) o verdadeiro mercado emergente é representado

business types have begun to track the rise of a new por quem tem alta renda per capita.

emerging market, one that may end up being the

largest and most powerful of all: women. According

Solução:
to a new study by the Boston Consulting Group,
No primeiro parágrafo, o autor escreve que de acordo
women are now ready to drive the post-recession
com um novo estudo do Bonston Consulting Group,
world economy, thanks to an estimated $5 trillion
as mulheres estão prontas para impulsionar a eco-
in new female-earned income that will be coming on
nomia mundia pós-recessão, devido um aumento da
line over the next ve years.
rendo feminina. No segundo parágrafo, escreve tam-
(02) Worldwide, total income for men ($23.4
bém que os economistas esperam que as mulheres se-
trillion) is still more than double that for women
rão aquelas responsáveis por conduzir a recuperação
($10.5 trillion), but the gap is expected to shrink
econômica. Logo, a alternativa correta é a alterna-
signicantly because the vast majority of new
tiva (D).
income growth over the next few years will go to

women. That means women will be the ones driving Resposta: D

the shopping - and, economists hope, the recovery.

That growth represents the biggest emerging market

in the history of the planet - more than twice the

42
 Resposta: C

Exemplo
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 17

O verbo presente no texto que signica to become

smaller in size é Exemplo
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 19
(A) shrink.

(B) track. Leia o texto e responda às questões de números 19

(C) end up. a 22.
(D) hope.

(E) drive. New Airline-Ticket Tax to Aid the Developing

World
Solução:
A pergunta refere-se ao verbo que signica "tornar-se

menor". A alternativa que apresenta um sinônimo é

a alternativa (A) - shrink, que signica "encolher".

Resposta: A

Exemplo A passenger holds her ticket and waits in line at a

Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 18
Cathay Pacic Airlines counter
In -That means women will be the ones driving the
shopping - (second paragraph) the auxiliary verb will By Peter Gumbel/Paris Friday, Sep. 18, 2009

denotes

(A) oer. (01) Starting next January, whenever you buy an

(B) promise. airline ticket at a travel agency or online, there'll

(C) prediction. be a new question to answer before you hand over

(D) intention. your credit card: Would you be willing to donate $2

(E) ability. to help ght HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis

in Africa? It sounds like a small step, and many

airline travelers, already irritated by compulsory

Solução:
surcharges for fuel, baggage and wider seats, may
O verbo auxiliar " will "é empregado no tempo ver-
simply ignore it. But behind this call for a voluntary
bal do futuro. Logo, dentre as alternativas, aquela
contribution is an unprecedented worldwide eort
que expressa a idéia de futuro é a alternativa (C) -
to make up a shortfall in ocial government aid to
prediction (predição, previsão, em português).
poor countries - a shortfall exacerbated by the world

43
nancial crisis.

(02) The initiative is the brainchild of

Philippe Douste-Blazy. He runs an agency called

Exemplo
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 20
UNITAID that is attached to the World Health

Organization and already channels funds to ght Com base nas informações do texto, analise as

disease in poor countries. UNITAID was founded armativas e assinale a alternativa correta.

in 2006. Its $400 million annual budget is funded

by Britain, France, Norway, Brazil, and Chile. I. Os $2 fornecidos pelos passageiros poderão

Douste-Blazy is now trying to turbo-charge those ajudar a reduzir as taxas de mortalidade infantil em

eorts by bringing in private donations. He's set up países da África.

a foundation linked to UNITAID that will collect II. Alguns passageiros, embora irritados por terem

the voluntary airline-ticket levy and distribute it que pagar taxas adicionais, farão a contribuição de

to key players in the eld of medical assistance in $2.

Africa and elsewhere. Recipients will include the III. Os $2 incluídos no preço da passagem salvarão

U.N. children's agency UNICEF and the Clinton também países que sofreram prejuízos em razão da

foundation. As well as targeting HIV/AIDS, tuber- última crise nanceira mundial.

culosis and malaria, the money will also be spent IV. A iniciativa desta nova contribuição partiu de

on improving maternal health and reducing child Philippe Douste-Blazy, que comanda a Organização

mortality. Mundial da Saúde.

V. A UNICEF também poderá se beneciar das do-

(www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1924470,00.html. Adap- ações advindas de uma fundação ligada à UNITAID.

tado)

Estão corretas apenas as alternativas

A adição de $2 às passagens aéreas será

(A) II, IV e V.

(A) obrigatória. (B) III e IV.

(B) voluntária. (C) I e III.

(C) perniciosa. (D) IV e V.

(D) contraditória. (E) I e V.

(E) compulsória.

Solução:
Solução: Analisando cada uma das alternativas, temos que:

A adição de $2 às passagens aéreas será voluntária,

como pode ser evidenciado em " But behind this call I. Correto.

for a voluntary contribution is an unprecedented ...". II. Errado. Alguns passageiros, irritados por terem

que pagar taxas adicionais, simplesmente irão

Resposta: B
ignorar a doação.

III. Errado. O texto cita a crise nanceira mas não

enuncia que a iniciativa foi feita para auxiliar os

44
países que sofreram prejuízes em função desta crise. Solução:
IV. Errado. Philippe dirige uma agência chamada São os esforços mencionados no nal do primeiro pa-

UNITAID que está ligada à OMS apenas, mas não rágrafo, para combater doenças em países pobres.

controla a organização.
Resposta: C
V. Correto.

Resposta: E

Exemplo
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 23
Exemplo Leia o texto e responda às questões de números 23
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 21
a 25.
Em - a shortfall exacerbated by the world nancial
crisis. - (primeiro parágrafo), exacerbated é uma pa- Join us in shaping the future!
lavra cognata que signica

(A) complementada. (B) culpada. (C) perturbada.

(D) agravada. (E) responsabilizada. Located right at the heart of the Port of Hamburg:

the Central Terminal Steinwerder (CTS). Hamburg

Solução:
Port Authority (HPA) is currently planning to res-
A tradução para exacerbated é "agravada".
tructure this 125 hectare site and to select a future

Resposta: D operator in a competitive procedure.

The rst step in this unique infrastructure pro-

ject: a market consultation process inspired by the

ideas and suggestions of a broad, international circle

of experts and market participants. This procedure

Exemplo
will enable us to determine requirements and design
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 22
the new terminal accordingly.

Em - Douste-Blazy is now trying to turbo-charge Our target: to use the site more eciently while

those eorts by bringing in private donations. - (se- taking environmental considerations and future sus-

gundo parágrafo), those eorts refere-se a esforços tainability into account. We aim to place particular

para focus on enhancing synergies in waterside cargo han-

dling, creating skilled jobs and ensuring an attractive

(A) se obterem mais recursos de empresários.
mix of industries that consolidate Hamburg's posi-
(B) auxiliar sua fundação a crescer cada vez mais.
tion as a universal port.
(C) combater doenças em países pobres.

(D) ajudar alguns países latino-americanos.

(E) erradicar a AIDS, a tuberculose e a malária.

The Economist, August 2009)

(

45
What does this procedure in - This procedure will
enable us to determine requirements . . . (second pa-
ragraph) - refer to?
Exemplo
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 25
(A) Enable CTS to design the new terminal.
Choose the alternative that correctly completes the
(B) Restructure the 125 hectare site.
question below.
(C) Determine infrastructure requirements.

(D) Be in a market consultation process.

- What do the abbreviations CTS and HPA
(E) Inspire international and market participants.
?
- Central Terminal Steinwerder and Hamburg Port
Solução: Authority.
O procedimento mencionado se refere a um processo
(A) use up
de consulta ao mercado inspirado pelas idéias e su-
(B) focus on
gestões de especialistas.
(C) aim at

Resposta: D
(D) live by

(E) stand for

Solução:
Exemplo Uma das traduções para a expressão " stand for "é
Aeronáutica - 2009 - Tecnologista Júnior - 24 "signicar", que se adequa bem à pergunta: "O que

as abreviações CTS e HPA signicam".

According to the text, Hamburg Port Authority is

also concerned about Resposta: E

(A) using biodegradable products.

(B) being eco-friendly.

(C) not handling waterside cargo.

(D) exploiting marine life.

(E) not increasing global warming.

Solução:
No terceiro parágrafo, o autor deixa claro que para

cumprimento de sua meta, leva em conta conside-

rações ambientais e de sustentabilidade. Portanto,

pode-se considerar que o porto também se preocupa

em ser ambientalmente correto (ou eco-friendly ).

Resposta: B

46