Indicadores econômicos e sociais

Desigualdade, pobreza e
estratificação socioeconômica

Dominik Hartmann
 Sumário

1. Dinâmicas da desigualdade no mundo e no Brasil

2. Medições de desigualdade, desenvolvimento humano e pobreza
multidimensional
3. O espaço setorial-ocupacional do Brasil
4. Relações entre desenvolvimento econômico, pobreza e
desigualdade

D. Hartmann
Fonte: OurWorldInData.org D. Hartmann
D. Hartmann
% pessoas em extrema pobreza em
2017, <1,90 dólares por dia (PPP preços de
2011)

Em 2018, as 26
pessoas mais ricas
tinham a mesma
riqueza que a
metade da
população mundial,
o equivalente a 3.8
bilhões de pessoas.
(Oxfam, 2019)
D. Hartmann
Diferentes dinâmicas de
renda dos mais altos
(topo) percentis aos
médios e baixos (piso)
• Topo: crescimento do
prêmio para carreiras
qualificadas (Autor, ...;
Piketty, etc.)
• Piso: muitas pessoas
em países em
desenvolvimento
entraram na classe
média (mas ainda não
chegaram ao topo)
(Milanovic, WID, ...)
• Meio: classe média em
economias
desenvolvidas perdeu
parcelas de renda
relativa
D. Hartmann
Brasil é um dos países mais desiguais do mundo

D. Hartmann
Milanovic, 2012, PRWB 6259, p.21
Mundos a parte: Paraisópolis e Morumbi
Grandes diferenças de salários entre ocupações no Brasil
Distribuição de frequência de salários no setor formal

A grande maioria dos empregos totais no Brasil em 2006 e 2013 eram remunerados com menos
de 1000 BRL, só 5.7% dos empregos ganham mais que 5000 BRL,
D. Hartmann
Hartmann, D., Jara Figueroa, C., Kaltenberg, M., & Gala, P. (2019)
 Grandes diferenças entre regiões do Brasil,
em renda, estruturas produtivas e desenvolvimento humano
Distribuição de renda
 Coeficiente de Gini
• O coeficiente de Gini é um dos principais
índices de desigualdade; ele consiste em
um número entre 0 e 1, onde 0
corresponde à completa igualdade de
renda (onde todos têm a mesma renda) e
1 corresponde à completa desigualdade
(onde uma pessoa tem toda a renda e as
demais nada têm).
• A construção do coeficiente de Gini é
baseado na “Curva de Lorenz” – curva que
mostra como a proporção acumulada da
renda (f) varia em função da proporção
acumulada da população (r), estando os
indivíduos ordenados pelos valores
crescentes da renda.
• Gini = a / (a + b)

D. Hartmann
 Outras medições de desigualdade
• Várias razões matemáticas
• Top 1% / 99%,
• top 10% / 40% (=Palma-Ratio)
• top 20% / 80%
• Medições de desigualdade baseadas em entropias que permitem
a decomposição das fontes de desigualdade
• Atkinson
• Theil
• ...

D. Hartmann
Desenvolvimento humano e pobreza
multidimensional
 O índice de desenvolvimento humano

• Desenvolvido por Mahbub ul Haq e UNDP (1990), leva em consideração as

necessidades básicas de um indivíduo (STREETEN et al., 1981) e é compatível com a
abordagem de capacidades humanas (SEN, 1999).
• O IDH foi criado para enfatizar as capacidades humanas como principal critério na
avaliação de desenvolvimento de um país (em detrimento do critério único de
crescimento econômico)
• O IDH é uma medida resumida da realização média em dimensões-chave do
desenvolvimento humano: uma vida longa e saudável, acesso a educação e possuir um
padrão mínimo de vida.
• O IDH é uma média geométrica de índices normalizados para cada uma das três
dimensões. D. Hartmann
 Índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM)
• O IPM vai além da renda para entender como Dimensão Indicadores
a pobreza se manifesta na vida das pessoas Saúde • Mortalidade
de múltiplas e simultâneas formas. infantil
• Nutrição
• O IPM identifica como as necessidades das
pessoas estão sendo negligenciadas, Educação • Anos de escola
considerando três dimensões: saúde, • Frequência escolar
educação e padrão mínimo de vida. Com isso,
forma-se 10 indicadores.
• As pessoas que passam por privação em pelos Padrão de • Gás de cozinha
menos um terço desses indicadores faz parte vida • Esgotamento
de uma categoria de pobreza multidimensional. sanitário
• Água potável
• Eletricidade
• Casa
• Bens
D. Hartmann
 A pobreza multidimensional em Santa Catarina,
(da Mata Moraes, Marin, & de Almeida Vieira, 2018)
• Aplicação do método Alkire-Foster (2009) para os municípios de
Santa Catarina nos anos de 2000 e 2010.
• Resultados revelam que a pobreza multidimensional tem
diminuído no estado. A incidência de pobreza multidimensional
diminuiu de 26,66% em 2000 para 15,07% em 2010.
• Mas ainda tem vários polos de pobreza

Incidência ajustada de
pobreza em 2000 e 2010,
Fonte: da Mata Moraes et
al. 2018

D. Hartmann
 Análise por envoltória de dados (DEA) para revelar o
desenvolvimento humano e eficiência social no Brasil em 2010
(Ferraz, Mariano, Rebellatto, and Hartmann, 2019)

DEA eficiência social =

DEA-IDH eficiência de traduzir produção e gastos em IDH
 Análise por envoltória de dados para revelar eficiência social.
Campinas Met SP Campinas Met SP

Quais regiões brasileiras mostram uma maior responsabilidade

Piracicaba South Coast Paulista
Met Curitiba
Piracicaba South Coast Paulista
Met Curitiba

financeira para o desenvolvimento humano?

Gr Florianópolis
South Catarinense
Gr Florianópolis
South Catarinense

Ranking IDH à DEA Capability

Ranking Index
Eficiência (DCI)
Social Social Efficiency Index (SEI)

Met Belém Met Belém

Met Fortaleza Met Fortaleza

Met Recife Met Recife

Met Salvador Met Salvador

Campinas Met SP Campinas Met SP

Piracicaba Piracicaba South Coast Paulista

South Coast Paulista
Met Curitiba Met Curitiba
Gr Florianópolis Gr Florianópolis
South Catarinense South Catarinense

Capability Index Adjusted by Social Deprivation and Financial Responsibility

Efficiency (CIASE) based Prioritization Index (DFRP)

Fonte: Ferraz, Mariano, Rebelatto, Hartmann, 2019

 Estratificação social e
grupos setoriais-ocupacionais no Brasil
O espaço setorial-ocupacional revela a
segmentação socioeconômica do Brasil
Dominik Hartmann,
Cristian Jara-Figueroa,
Mary Kaltenberg,
Paulo Gala
Analisamos dados da RAIS para entender a fragmentação da
estrutura econômica e a desigualdade de renda

D. Hartmann
Desigualdade econômica e estratificação social:
A perspectiva dos economistas

Estratos da renda
• Perspectiva mais frequente de economistas
• Ex. Estratos de Renda Domiciliar A-E (IBGE, 2015)

Estilo de consumo
• e.g. número de empregados domésticos, banheiros e
carros (Mazzon and Kamakura, 2016; Veblen, 1899)
D. Hartmann
ABEP classificação
de classe social.
Considera educação e
serviços públicos, mais
foca principalmente em
padrões de consumo.
ABEP distribuição de classe social em 2016.
 Qual o papel das ocupações?
A perspectiva dos sociólogos

• Ocupações indicam o prestígio e

posicionamento social (ex. Max
Weber, Grusky, Bartoncelo)

• Grusky: Microclasses e
condicionamento social associado
à ocupações

• Bourdieu: Capital social, cultural e

simbólico
D. Hartmann
 E o papel dos setores econômicos?

• Ocupações são relacionadas à setores econômicos

• Pessoas da mesma indústria ou industrias similares
compartilham um espaço social físico e conhecimento em
comum ( ex. indústria de carros, setor educacional ou pescaria)
• Existe uma heterogeneidade estrutural entre setores de alta
produtividade e setores mais simples
• A desigualdade e instituições são associadas a setores
econômicos (Engerman and Sokoloff, 1997; Hartmann et al.,
2017, 2019) : Ex.: Setores e estruturas de trabalho colonial
(Freire, 1933; Furtado, 1959)
D. Hartmann
Estruturas de produção colonial baseadas na exploração de recursos naturais
e de trabalhadores (e.g. Freire, 1933, Furtado, 1959)

D. Hartmann
O mundo complexo da indústria automobilística:
técnicos, engenheiros, gestores, ...

D. Hartmann
 O mundo de TI e do co-working space de programadores,
start-ups, desenhadores e serviços de altos conhecimentos

D. Hartmann
 Como a sociedade brasileira é
aglomerada em diferentes grupos
setoriais-ocupacionais?

Manufacturing
Services

Agriculture

Mining

D. Hartmann
 Estimando as interligações entre ocupações e setores.
Quantas vezes co - aparecem ocupações em indústrias diferentes?

𝑿𝒊𝒐
∑𝒐% 𝑿𝒊𝒐% 𝟎, 𝑹𝑪𝑨𝒊𝒐 < 𝟏
𝑹𝑪𝑨𝒊𝒐 = ,∑ 𝑿 𝑴𝒊𝒐 = 0
𝒊% 𝒊%𝒐
𝟏, 𝑹𝑪𝑨𝒊𝒐 ≥ 𝟏
∑𝒊%𝒐% 𝑿𝒊%𝒐%

𝑅𝐶𝐴!" : Vantagem comparativa revelada RCAio da ocupação o

no setor i:
𝑋!" : número de pessoas trabalhando na ocupação o no setor i: i.
𝑀!" a matriz de adjacência da rede que liga ocupações e
setores quando tem., 𝑅𝐶𝐴!" ≥ 1

D. Hartmann
 O espaço setorial-ocupacional de Brasil
Pharmacuetical
Machinery
Horticulture
Operators
Technicians

28
Legislators Health and Pharmacuetical Agricultural
Environmental Production Researchers
Ammunition Workers Supervisors
Manufacturing Biomedical
Workers Heads of Non-Profit Labor Inspectors
Equipment Biotechnologist

Biotech
Security Guards
Government Biology
Organization Repairmen
Directors Medical Lab Researchers
Potters Assistants
Politicians Pharmacy Biological
Technicians Biotechnical Technicians
Construction Social Economic
Funeral Service Technicians
Public Service

comunidades
Workers Workers Biologists

Health
Ceramic Leaders
Manufacturing Elementary

Education
Workers VocationalSchool Teachers Health Science
Humanities Architecture
Teachers
Health Services Researchers
Train Operators Construction MiddleProfessors
School and Engineering
Equipment Math Professors
Professors Social WorkersWorkers Pharmacists Clinical
Teachers Health Service
Operators Plasterers High SchoolEducation
Economics Nursing Pathology
Directors
Professors
Language EarlyProfessors
Teachers Childhood Assistants
Biomedical Technicians
Subway Cartographers General Primary Vocational Dental
Professors Teachers Special Scientists
Clinicians
Mechanics and Surveyers School Teachers Middle School
Elementary Technicians Radiologists Astrologists
Education FixedDoctors in
School Teachers
Teachers Nurses
Floor Finishers Health Science Orthopedic
Diagnostics and

de network
Art Professors
VocationalTeachers Dentists Orthopedic

Construction
Professors Education Technicians Taxidermists
Therapy
Other Teachers Prostheses
Maintenance Sports Referees DirectorsSchool
Specialized Audiologists TechniciansSurgeons
Supervisors Geographic Concrete Elementary Inspectors Physiotherapists Chefs
Technicians Coaters School Teachers Cooks
Caregivers Psychologists
Concrete Science Physical Nutritionists
Infrastructure Machine Professors
Construction Vocational TherapistsParanormal Beauty Workers
Technicians Operators
COOs Instructors Gym Teachers Specialists Gambling
Postal Workers Free Course Professional Collectors
Civil Other Educators
Reinforced Instructors Athletes
ConstructionEngineering
Supervisors Assistants Concrete Bookbinders
Refrigeration Roofers Actors Library
Assemblers High Risk Care
Musicians Technicians
Workers
Masonry Workers Religious
Recruiters
Social Sciences
Interviewers and Leaders

Social Science
MuseumCensus Takers Researchers Philosophers
Workers
Plumbers Photo Lab Technicians Other Dancers
Refrigeration Construction Technicians Musicians
Announcers
Installers Workers Anthropologists
Dancers
HVAC Handmade
Scenographers
Editors Religious Geographers Astronomists
Maintenance Paper Product
Workers Workers Professionals
Scenography Producers Garbagemen

Housing Services
Paper andPaper Pulp Photographers Technicians Doormen

Identificado pelo
Railway Manufacturing
Cardboard Tour Guides Public Transit
Maintenance Workers Restaurant Other Building Driver
Manufacturing
Sports Workers Paper Machinery
Workers Writers Cinematography Presenters Workers
Building Maintenance Aircraft
Technicians Public Transit
Equipment Management Workers AmusementTourism and Air Transport Assemblers

Paper & Media

Operators Attendants
Optometrists Repairmen Aircraft Radio Station Park Event Technicians

Transport &
Mechanics Interior Painters Technicians MaintenanceOrganizers Public
Paper Butlers and Other Food Firefighters and
Bakers Workers Transporation
Manufacturing Office Maids Service Workers Lifeguards
Camera Hospitality Technicians
Salt Workers Insulation Supervisors Equipment Other Service
Operators

algoritmo de
Supervisors

Hospitality
Jewelry Typographers Technicians Craft Food
Car Mechanics Vehicle Electrical Workers Specialty Chefs Workers Train Workers
Supervisors Preservation Security
Security Guards
Workers
Bodywork Architects and Workers Craft Dairy Supervisors
Print Finishers Housekeepers Craft Tobacoo
Mechanics Basic Vehicle Building Planners
Couriers Pasteurization
Workers

Vehicles Vendors
Mechanics Workers
Jewelers Construction Hospitality
Technicians Kiosk and Stall Pastry Managers
Printers Vendors
Vendors Manufacturing
Butchers Dairy
Vehicle Civil Engineers Transportation Other Funeral Workers
Precious Stone Pastuerization

comunidade de
Notaries and Car Mechanics
Maintenance Workers
Artisans Security Workers
Registrars Supervisors Construction Social Services
Marine Managers Graphic Directors Non-Bank Food Production
Telecom Production Journalists Street Vendors Technicians Coffee and Tea
Ornamental Equipment Financial COOs Trade Managers
Tellers
Equipment Vehicle Supervisors Workers

Telecom
Stone Workers Maintenance Food Engineers Welfare
Repairmen Maintenance Graphic

Law&Order
Construction Domestic Inspectors
Communication Electricians Designers Linguists Food Salt Processing
Heavy Service Workers Food Tasters Workers
Musical
Line Repairmen Designers Manufacturing

Food
Machinery
Instrument Supervisors Food

Louvain e Peixoto
Telecom Assemblers Directors Prepress Archivists
Restoration Engine Fitters Storage and Judicial ClerksPublic Defenders
Technicians Graphics Mathematicians Beverage Preservation Attorneys

Admin
Workers Home Appliance Security System Construction Transport COOs
Workers Manufacturing Workers
Technicians Technicians Design Planners
Door-to-Door Secretarial Workers
Photonics Technical Interior FinancialIndependent Grains
Salesmen Public Ministry State and

Manager
Telecom Technicians
Technicians Product Designers CEOs ManagersSalesmen Financial Secretaries
Human Alternative
Processing Coroners
Equipment Other Directors Hospitality COOs Municipal Tax
Camera Designers Analysts
Resource Lawyers Workers

Agriculture
Assemblers Interior Designer Supply Managers Executives
IT Managers Therapy Magistrates Collectors
Repairmen Accounting
Sales Specialist Administrative
AdministratorsLibrarians
Directors
Sales and Technicians Police and Civil

Metal
Glassblowers Assistants and Financial
Administrative Receptionists
Coastal Marketing Marketing IT Managers Computer Police Chiefs Guards
Glassware and Robotic Metal Accountants Public Relations
Officers
Supervisors Billing Collectors Circus Artists
Fishermen Wire Rope Foreign Trade
Directors Economists Accounting Service Public
Managers Service
Officers
Wood Series Ceramic Furnace Operators
Straightening Projectionists R&D Directors
Workers Analysts
Transportation
Project Managers Financial Sales TechniciansAdministrative Supervisors
Machinery Workers Operators
Glass Workers ElectricalMetal Steel Structural Visual Artists Insurance BankBank Assistants Investigative
Boiler Workers Managers Supervisors Information
Assistants Stockbrokers
Operators Processing Metal ForgingEquipmentEquipment Transport
R&D Managers Supervisors Trade COOs Computer Technicians Technicians Technicians
Veternary Wood Plate Metal Reheating Erection Human Analysts
Other Fisherman Oil and Gas Workers Laminating Workers AssemblersPainters Logistics Resource Technicians Financial Federal Revenue
Service Workers Production Pressing Operators
OtherOperators
Wood CNC Machinists PrecisionWorkers Buyers Human
Plastics and Metal FormingMetal Polishers Mechanical Electronical Technicians Institution InspectorsIntelligenceIntelligence
Operators Machining Instrument Managers
Resources
Equipment Other Tobacco Rubber Carpentry Machine Design Planners
Audio Mining ManagersInsurance
WoodBuilding Machine
Metal Machining
AssemblersDesigners Industrial
Stockmen Technicians Agents
Flower Farmers Operators Workers ProductionSupervisors
CNC
Operators Metal Heat Metal Material Science
Video and Technicians
Film Industrial
Professionals Telemarketers Marketing AgentsAuctioneers
Midsize Animal Rubber and
Machinists Material Operators
Thermochemical Processing Operators
Supervisors
Mechanical TechnicalProduction
Planning
Production Packing and
Machinery

significativamente
Treatment Steel Engineers Editors Instrumentation Consutants
Fibrous Plant Livestock Liquid and Gas Supervisors
Plastics Machine
Recycling Supervisors
Metal Steel
WorkersProduction Assembly
Design Line
Supervisors
Industrial
PlannersUtility DesignersDesignersManagers
Mechanical
Technicians
Trainers Labeling
Maintenance System Computer Realtors
Gums and Freshwater Plastic and Technicians
Workers Technicians
Farmers Poultry BreedersWorkers Extraction Operators Metal Smelting
Collectors Supervisors
Indiginous EquipmentMachine Electronics Engineers Electricians and Production
Workers Administrators
Oil Plant Workers
Resins Fishermen Rubber GlassWorkers Toolmakers OtherElectromachanical
Electromechanical Supervisors Engineers

Electromechanical
Fishing Support Workers Metal Molding Assemblers Assemblers
Technicians Electrical
Machinery Engineers
Electromechanical
Extraction Midsize Workers Technicians Manufacturing Workers Leaders Metal Tool Technicians Mechanical
Finishing Engineers Industrial Cargo
Technicians
Electrical Engineers
Copyright
Teleprocessing
Poultry Workers Metallurgy Electrical Instrument Technicians Maintenance
Workers Livestock Operators Technical Landscapers
Operators Fitters
Manufacturing Production
Machine Equipment Specialists
Technicians
Horticulture
Fruit Farmers Mining Technicians Engineering Engineers Assembly Supervisors
Operators Statisticians
Public Managers
Wild Food Fertilizer BreedersFlower Geology Workers Glass Glass and Support in Pump andUtility Control Work
Maintenance Safety Mining and
Farmers Geologists Technicians Researchers Supervisors
Supervisors
Cultivators Farmers Culivators Technicians Ceramic Research and MotorSupervisorsMechatronic
Technicians Technicians
Workers
Electrical Industrial
Quarrying COOs
Sugar General Fish Breeders Measuring Technicians Production LinePacking and
Fruit Farm Supervisors Development Mechanics
Tax Agents ElectricalLabeling
Processing Fertilizer
Other FarmersAgricultural Mining Solid Mineral Instrument
Maintenance
Feeders Administrative Scribes

diferente da
Workers General Maintenance
Workers Landscapers Workers Workers Medicinal Engineers Extraction Repairmen
Workers
Mechanical
Steam Utility
Supervisors
Supervisors Technicians
Agricultural
Other Livestock Workers Physicists
Horticulture Spice Plant Species Mineral Metrologist WorkersTechnicians Data Entry
Plant WorkersBreeders
Fibrous Workers
Farm Workers
Large Animal
Cultivation Extraction
Elevator Metal Welders Chemists
Specialists
Animal Trainers Livestock Forest Technicians

Minerals
Workers Larger Livestock Supervisors Bioengineer Water Industrial Lab
Oil Plant Farmers Agricultural Workers Mechanization Environmental Telephone
Grass Farmers
Irrigation and
Breeders Technicians Treatment Operators
Industrial Lab Colorists
Supervisors Workers Crane Operators Engineers Operators
OtherDrainage Mechanical Lumberjacks Vehicle
Maintenance
Coke Equipment Technicians
Chemical ChemicalChemical
Technicians
Agricultural General Forest Mineral Lubricators
Agricultural
Workers Operators OfficersTechnicians Production Processing Textile
Spice Farmers Extraction Electronics
Support Workers Workers Supervisors
Insect Workers Agricultural Ore WorkersMachinery Maintenance Chemical Workers Supervisors

classificação CBO & Cargo

Workers Heavy Supervisors Grinding and
Agricultural
Technicians Forestry and Operators
Machinery Sewage Workers Engineers Mixing Machine Glass Manufactured Leather
Animal-Drawn Aquaculture Operators Preparation General Artisans
Engineers
Agricultural Livestock Mechanics Sinter Operators
Vehicle
Insect Breeders Supervisors Generic Operators Textile Fabrics Upholstery

Textile
Conductors ProductionTechnicians Chemical Supervisors Workers
Technicians
Chemical Weavers and Machine
Managers Leather

Chemical &
Fiber, Wax, and Equipment
Treatment
Aquafarmers ClothingKnittersOperators
Oil Extraction WorkersOperators
Veterinarians Preparation

Wood & Furniture

Agricultural Excavators Commercial Workers Wood
Workers Textile Dyers
COOs Passenger Pilots Models Textile Preparation
Other Clothing

(baixo índice ARI)

Foresters Cigar Workers Natural Science Tissue Makers Leather Product
Clothing Carpenters
Vehicle Drivers General Cargo Gas Utility Inspectors
Manufacturing Finishers Workers
Researchers Manufacturing

Utilities
Drivers Road Workers General Textile
Workers
LaunderersWorkers Embroidery
Supervisors Furniture
Customs Brokers Movers Maintenance Product Design
Machine
Loom Operators Assemblers
Customs Brokes Workers Planners
Operators
Stitching Clothing Leather
Road Transport Pilots Dry Cleaners
Technicians Coal Workers Machine Technicians Wool and Fiber
Manufacturing Glaziers
Seaport Distilling
Gas Technicians Other Leather Workers Workers Wood Finishers
Operators Land Vehicle
Operations Equipment Product Workers
Naval Carpenters Operators Textile Wiring Leather Finishers Carpenters
MaritimeTechnicians Laundry Cabinetmakers
Workers
Officials Supervisors Tanning
Waterway Leather and Fur Musical Wood Cutting Car Assembly
Underwater Workers Supervisors Footwear Product Instrument Machine Line Workers
Filtration
Workers Other Power Workers Assemblers
Installers Operators
Submarine Marine Workers
Operators Engineers Distribution Cobbler Leather
Maritime Workers Supervisors Preparation
Technicians
Fishermen Workers
Electricity Footwear
Distrubution Furniture
Finishers
Workers Technicians
Footwear
Water Utility Assemblers
Footwear
Workers Other Footwear
Preparation

D. Hartmann
Manufacturing
Workers
Workers
Other Leather

Leather & Footwear

Treatment
Workers

Leather Tanners
Vários grupos socioeconômicos na periferia do BIOS:
agricultura, minério e têxteis

Hartmann, Jara-Figueroa,
Kaltenberg, Gala, 2019 D. Hartmann
Os setores de educação e saúde do Brasil são bastante
desconectados da produção industrial
existem muito mais vínculos entre educação superior, ciência,
e indústria nos EUA e Alemanha

Hartmann, Jara-Figueroa,
Kaltenberg, Gala, 2019 D. Hartmann
 Distribuição Salarial no Espaço Setorial-Ocupacional
O salário médio tende a ser mais alto em partes mais densamente populosas do
BIOS e mais baixo na periferia, mas ainda existe alguns “reis locais” na periferia
 A percepção da justiça de renda é relativa
Estar a par com os vizinhos, e peixe grande em lago pequeno

e.g. sales supervisors,

electromechanical technicians and
visual artists

e.g. textile and agricultural

supervisors

D. Hartmann
Ocupações mais pobres dentro de grupos

D. Hartmann
 Pessoas que trabalham na administração (privada e pública), políticos,
professores, CEO e diretores de empresas são quem mais contribuem para a
desigualdade do Brasil
Parcela
Grupo de Alfabetização Índice % Theil Contribuição para a
Descrição Nº pessoas Sal. Méd. Theil Inter do Sal.
Rede Méd. de Blau Mulheres Intra desigualdade de Theil total
Total
Diretores - Administração, Organização e
24 10915315 3507 7,75 0,45 0,46 0,53 0,67 0,07 0,08
Planejamento
20 Engenheiros – Eletromecânicos 3057213 3306 7,24 0,50 0,09 0,48 0,62 0,02 0,02
23 Técnicos – Serv. Públicos e Químicos 4050396 2579 6,45 0,56 0,13 0,44 0,37 0,02 0,01
19 Professores, Artistas, Políticos – Educação 38338024 2231 7,98 0,54 0,64 0,34 0,22 0,14 0,08
27 Gerentes de departamento e operacionais 11889974 2139 6,77 0,54 0,26 0,53 0,18 0,05 0,03
8 Pesquisadores – Ciências Sociais 1235316 2123 7,51 0,57 0,33 0,25 0,17 0,00 0,00
18 Profissionais da Saúde 21974921 2049 7,29 0,55 0,72 0,38 0,14 0,08 0,04
17 Técnicos – Administração 62531536 2048 7,30 0,52 0,59 0,50 0,14 0,21 0,13
4 Técnicos – Meios de Comunicação e Papel 3222690 2040 7,05 0,51 0,28 0,38 0,13 0,01 0,01
11 Técnicos – Materiais 783327 2038 6,40 0,53 0,18 0,34 0,13 0,00 0,00
6 Biotecnologia– Diversas profissões 1214688 1999 7,07 0,58 0,72 0,69 0,11 0,00 0,00
0 Serviços (Alimentação, Hospitalidade, Direito) 16067781 1999 6,23 0,56 0,45 0,72 0,11 0,06 0,05
14 Coque e Sínter – Diversas profissões 211625 1827 6,49 0,57 0,11 0,18 0,02 0,00 0,00
25 Técnicos e Operários – Metalurgia e Mecânica 7501011 1782 6,24 0,53 0,13 0,22 0,00 0,02 0,00
26 Técnicos e Operários – Eletromecânicos 14737683 1779 6,30 0,54 0,22 0,33 0,00 0,05 0,01
16 Técnicos- Telecomunicações 1523113 1773 6,67 0,57 0,06 0,21 -0,01 0,00 0,00
21 Operários – Metalurgia e Materiais 3311716 1592 5,92 0,50 0,11 0,17 -0,12 0,01 0,00
13 Transportes e Turismo 5481346 1569 6,01 0,56 0,16 0,16 -0,13 0,01 0,00
9 Operários – Recursos Naturais 20895860 1519 5,66 0,59 0,08 0,26 -0,16 0,05 0,01
5 Operários e Técnicos – Veículos e Joalheria 3193939 1517 5,96 0,55 0,04 0,20 -0,16 0,01 0,00
1 Construção– Diversas profissões 18694148 1493 5,27 0,62 0,05 0,35 -0,18 0,05 0,01
3 Operários – Madeira e Mobiliário 2708294 1255 5,94 0,54 0,07 0,16 -0,35 0,01 0,00
15 Operários – Vidro 111962 1207 6,04 0,54 0,17 0,10 -0,39 0,00 0,00
7 Agricultura – Diversas Profissões 12489903 1187 4,42 0,60 0,13 0,28 -0,41 0,02 0,00
10 Operários - Ambulantes 32343269 1066 6,62 0,54 0,54 0,19 -0,52 0,06 -0,02
12 Operários – Segurança/\Manutenção Predial 27290282 914 5,32 0,61 0,43 0,10 -0,67 0,04 -0,02
22 Supervisores – Vestuário 5937401 903 5,90 0,50 0,70 0,10 -0,68 0,01 0,00
2 Operários – Vestuário 3391853 877 5,52 0,52 0,53 0,08 -0,71 0,00 0,00
 O espaço setorial-ocupacional ajuda a...
…… identificar como a sociedade se divide em diferentes
grupos industriais-ocupacionais
… entender comparações seletivas e relativas de renda
dentro da sociedade
… revelar a pobreza e desigualdade relativa

… entender os muitos mundos diferentes, a fragmentação e

a estabilidade da desigualdade estrutural no Brasil

D. Hartmann
 Múltiplas razoes da desigualdade no Brasil
Freire, 1933; Engerman and Sokoloff 1997; Bourguignon et al., 2007; Tavares e Menezes-Filho, 2011;
Lustig et al., 2012; Rodriguez-Castelán et al., 2016; Fujiwara et al., 2017; ...)

• Diferenças em educação e capital humano

• Sistema de impostos regressivos
• Discriminação racial
• Diferentes acessos à previdência
• Corrupção
• História colonial e estruturas produtivas exploradoras

• Mas, precisa-se entender também esses muitos mundos diferentes dentro

do Brasil e criar empatia entre os grupos
D. Hartmann
 Porcentagem de mulheres nas ocupações do BIOS.
Azul indica maior porcentagem de homens, amarelo maior porcentagem de mulheres.
Pharmacuetical
Machinery
Horticulture
Operators
Technicians

Legislators Health and Pharmacuetical Agricultural

Environmental Production Researchers
Ammunition Workers Supervisors
Manufacturing Biomedical
Workers Heads of Non-Profit Labor Inspectors
Equipment Biotechnologist
Security Guards
Government Biology
Organization Repairmen
Directors Medical Lab Researchers
Potters Assistants
Politicians Pharmacy Biological
Technicians Biotechnical Technicians
Construction Social Economic
Funeral Service Technicians
Public Service
Ceramic Workers Workers Biologists
Leaders
Manufacturing Elementary
Workers VocationalSchool Teachers Health Science
Humanities Architecture
Teachers
Health Services Researchers
Train Operators Construction MiddleProfessors
School and Engineering
Equipment Math Professors
Professors Social WorkersWorkers Pharmacists Clinical
Teachers Health Service
Operators Plasterers High SchoolEducation
Economics Nursing Pathology
Directors
Professors
Language EarlyProfessors
Teachers Childhood Assistants
Biomedical Technicians
Subway Cartographers General Primary Vocational Dental
Professors Teachers Special Scientists
Clinicians
Mechanics and Surveyers School Teachers Middle
Elementary School Technicians Radiologists Astrologists
Education FixedDoctors in
School Teachers
Teachers Nurses
Floor Finishers Health Science
Art Professors
VocationalTeachers Dentists Orthopedic
Orthopedic Diagnostics and
Professors Education Technicians Taxidermists
Therapy
Other Teachers Prostheses
Maintenance Sports Referees DirectorsSchool
Specialized Audiologists TechniciansSurgeons
Supervisors Geographic Concrete Elementary Inspectors Physiotherapists Chefs
Technicians Coaters School Teachers Cooks
Caregivers Psychologists
Concrete Science Physical Nutritionists
Infrastructure Machine Professors
Construction Vocational TherapistsParanormal
Technicians Beauty Workers
COOs Operators Instructors Gym Teachers Specialists Gambling
Postal Workers Free Course Professional Collectors
Civil Other Educators
Reinforced Instructors Athletes
ConstructionEngineering
Supervisors Assistants Concrete Bookbinders
Refrigeration Roofers Actors Library
Assemblers High Risk Care
Musicians Technicians
Workers
Masonry Workers Religious
Recruiters
Social Sciences
Interviewers and Leaders Researchers Philosophers
Workers MuseumCensus Takers
Plumbers Photo Lab Technicians Other Dancers
Refrigeration Construction Technicians Musicians
Announcers
Installers Workers Anthropologists
Dancers
HVAC Handmade
Scenographers
Editors Religious Geographers Astronomists
Maintenance Paper Product
Workers Workers Professionals
Scenography Producers Garbagemen
Paper andPaper Pulp Photographers Technicians Doormen
Railway Manufacturing
Cardboard Tour Guides Public Transit
Maintenance Workers Restaurant Other Building Driver
Manufacturing
Sports Workers Paper Machinery
Workers Writers Cinematography Presenters Workers
Building
Maintenance Aircraft
Technicians Workers Public Transit
Equipment Operators Management AmusementTourism and Air Transport Assemblers
Attendants
Optometrists Repairmen Aircraft Radio Station Park Event Technicians
Mechanics Interior Painters Technicians MaintenanceOrganizers Public
Paper Butlers and Other Food Firefighters and
Bakers Workers Transporation
Manufacturing Office Maids Service Workers Lifeguards
Camera Hospitality Technicians
Salt Workers Insulation Supervisors Equipment Other Service
Jewelry Operators Supervisors
Electrical Workers Typographers Technicians Craft Food Specialty Chefs Workers
Supervisors Car Mechanics Vehicle Train Workers
Workers Preservation Security
Security Guards
Bodywork Architects and Workers Craft Dairy Supervisors
Print Finishers Housekeepers Craft Tobacoo
Mechanics Basic Vehicle Building Planners
Couriers Pasteurization
Mechanics Workers
Workers
Jewelers Construction Hospitality
Technicians Kiosk and Stall Pastry Managers
Printers Vendors
Vendors Manufacturing
Butchers Dairy
Vehicle Civil Engineers Transportation Other Funeral Workers
Notaries and Precious Stone Pastuerization
Car Mechanics
Maintenance Security Workers
Registrars Artisans Construction Social Services Workers
Supervisors
Marine Managers Graphic Directors Non-Bank Food Production
Telecom Production Journalists Street Vendors Technicians Coffee and Tea
Ornamental Equipment Financial COOs Trade Managers Tellers
Equipment Vehicle Supervisors Workers
Stone Workers Maintenance Food Engineers Welfare
Repairmen Maintenance Graphic
Communication Construction Domestic Inspectors
Electricians
Heavy Designers Linguists Food Salt Processing
Musical
Line Repairmen Designers Service Workers Food Tasters Workers
Machinery Manufacturing
Instrument Supervisors Food
Telecom Assemblers Directors Prepress Archivists
Restoration Engine Fitters Storage and Judicial ClerksPublic Defenders
Technicians Graphics Mathematicians Beverage Preservation Attorneys
Workers Home Appliance Security System Construction Transport COOs
Workers Manufacturing Workers
Technicians Technicians Design Planners
Door-to-Door Secretarial Workers
Photonics Technical Interior FinancialIndependent Grains
Telecom Salesmen Technicians Public Ministry State and
Technicians Product Designers CEOs ManagersSalesmen Financial Secretaries
Human Alternative
Processing Coroners
Equipment Other Directors Hospitality COOs Municipal Tax
Camera Designers Analysts
Executives Resource Lawyers Workers
Assemblers Interior Designer Supply Managers IT Managers Administrative Therapy Magistrates Collectors
Repairmen Accounting
Sales Specialist Administrators
Directors Librarians Police and Civil
Sales and and Financial Technicians
Coastal Glassblowers Assistants IT ManagersAdministrative Receptionists Guards
Marketing
Accountants Marketing
Public Relations
Officers Computer Police Chiefs
Glassware and Robotic Metal Foreign Trade Supervisors Billing Collectors Circus Artists
Fishermen Wire Rope Directors Economists Accounting Service Public
Managers Service
Officers
Wood Series Ceramic Furnace Operators Projectionists R&D Directors
Workers Straightening
Operators Project Analysts
Transportation
Managers Financial Sales Technicians AdministrativeSupervisors Insurance
Machinery Workers Glass Workers ElectricalMetal Steel Structural Visual Artists Managers Information BankBank Assistants Investigative
Boiler Workers Supervisors
Supervisors Assistants Stockbrokers
Operators Processing Metal Forging Equipment
Equipment Erection Transport
R&D Managers Trade COOs Computer Technicians Technicians Technicians
Veternary Oil and Gas Wood Plate Metal Reheating Human Analysts
Other Fisherman Workers Laminating Workers AssemblersPainters Workers Logistics Technicians Financial Federal Revenue
Service Workers Pressing Operators
OtherOperators
Wood CNC Machinists Precision Buyers Resource
Human
Production Plastics and Metal Polishers Mechanical
Metal Forming Electronical Technicians Managers Institution InspectorsIntelligenceIntelligence
Operators Machining Instrument Resources
Equipment Other Tobacco Rubber Carpentry Machine Design Planners
Audio Mining ManagersInsurance
WoodBuilding Machine
Metal Machining Designers
Assemblers Industrial
Stockmen Technicians Agents
Flower Farmers Operators Workers ProductionSupervisors
CNC
Operators Metal Heat Metal Material Science
Video and Technical
Film Industrial
Professionals Telemarketers Marketing AgentsAuctioneers
Midsize Animal Rubber andMachinists Material Operators
Thermochemical Processing
Steel
Operators
Supervisors
Mechanical
Technicians
Production
Engineers Editors Instrumentation
Planning
Production Packing and
Machinery Consutants
Supervisors
Plastics Machine Treatment Assembly Industrial DesignersManagersTechnicians
Fibrous Plant
Gums and
Livestock
Freshwater
Liquid and Gas
Plastic and
Recycling Supervisors
Metal Steel
WorkersProduction
Technicians
Workers Design Line
Supervisors Utility Designers
Planners Mechanical Technicians Trainers
MaintenanceLabeling System Computer Realtors
Farmers Poultry Breeders
Workers Extraction Operators Metal Smelting
Collectors Equipment Machine
Electronics Electricians and Production Administrators
Oil Plant Workers Rubber Supervisors
Indiginous
Toolmakers Engineers
OtherElectromachanical
Electromechanical Workers
Supervisors Engineers
Resins Fishermen
Fishing Support GlassWorkers
Metal Molding Assemblers Assemblers Electrical
Machinery Engineers
Workers Technicians Electromechanical
Extraction Midsize Workers Technicians Manufacturing Workers Leaders Metal Tool Technicians
Finishing Mechanical Engineers Industrial Cargo
Technicians
Electrical Engineers
Copyright
Teleprocessing
Poultry Workers Metallurgy Electrical Instrument Technicians Maintenance
Workers Livestock Operators Technical Landscapers
Operators Fitters
Manufacturing Production
Machine Equipment Specialists
Technicians
Horticulture
Fruit Farmers Mining Technicians Engineering Engineers Assembly Supervisors
Operators Statisticians
Public Managers
Wild Food Fertilizer BreedersFlower Geology Workers Glass Glass and Support in Pump andUtility Control Work
Maintenance Safety Mining and
Farmers Geologists Technicians Researchers Supervisors
Supervisors
Cultivators Farmers Culivators Technicians Ceramic Research and MotorSupervisorsMechatronic
Technicians Technicians
Workers
Electrical Industrial
Quarrying COOs
Sugar General Fish Breeders Measuring Technicians Production LinePacking and
Fruit Farm Solid Mineral Supervisors Tax Development
Agents Mechanics Maintenance ElectricalLabeling
Processing Fertilizer Agricultural Mining Instrument Feeders Administrative Scribes
WorkersOther Farmers General Extraction Workers Maintenance
Supervisors
Workers Landscapers Workers Workers Medicinal Engineers Repairmen Mechanical
Steam Utility Supervisors Technicians
Agricultural
Other Livestock Workers Physicists
Horticulture Spice Plant Species Mineral Metrologist WorkersTechnicians Data Entry
Plant WorkersBreeders
Fibrous Workers
Farm Workers
Large Animal
Cultivation Extraction
Elevator Metal Welders Chemists
Specialists
Animal Trainers Livestock Forest Technicians Water Industrial Lab
Oil Plant Farmers Workers Larger Livestock Supervisors Bioengineer
Agricultural Workers Mechanization Environmental Telephone
Grass Farmers
Irrigation and
Breeders Technicians Treatment Operators
Industrial Lab Colorists
Supervisors Mechanical Workers Crane Operators Engineers
Chemical Operators
OtherDrainage Lumberjacks Coke Maintenance
Equipment Technicians
Chemical
Technicians Chemical
Mineral Lubricators Vehicle
Agricultural Agricultural General Forest Operators Officers Technicians Production Processing
Spice Farmers Workers Extraction Electronics Textile
Support Workers Workers Supervisors Workers
Insect Workers Agricultural Ore WorkersMachinery Maintenance Chemical Supervisors
Workers Heavy Supervisors Grinding and
Technicians Operators Engineers
Agricultural Forestry and Machinery Sewage Workers Mixing Machine Glass Manufactured Leather
Animal-Drawn Aquaculture Operators Preparation General Artisans
Engineers
Agricultural Livestock Mechanics Sinter Operators
Vehicle
Insect Breeders Supervisors Generic Operators Textile Fabrics Upholstery
Conductors ProductionTechnicians Chemical Supervisors Workers
Technicians
Chemical Weavers and Machine
Managers Equipment Leather
Fiber, Wax, and Treatment ClothingKnittersOperators
Aquafarmers Operators
Veterinarians Oil Extraction Workers Preparation
Agricultural Excavators Commercial Workers Wood
COOs WorkersTextile Dyers
Passenger Pilots Models Textile
Other Clothing Preparation
Foresters Cigar Workers Natural Science Tissue Makers Leather Product
Clothing Carpenters
Vehicle Drivers General Cargo Gas Utility Inspectors
Manufacturing Finishers Workers
Drivers Road Researchers Workers General Textile Manufacturing
Workers
Embroidery
Customs Brokers Movers Maintenance LaunderersWorkers Supervisors
Product Design Furniture
Machine
Loom Operators Assemblers
Customs Brokes Workers Planners
Operators
Stitching Clothing Leather
Road Transport Pilots Dry Cleaners
Technicians Coal Workers Machine TechniciansWool and Fiber Manufacturing Glaziers
Seaport Distilling
Gas Technicians Other Leather Workers Workers Wood Finishers
Operators Land Vehicle
Operations Equipment Product Workers
Naval Carpenters Operators Textile Wiring Leather Finishers Carpenters
MaritimeTechnicians Laundry Cabinetmakers
Workers
Officials Supervisors Tanning Leather and Fur
Waterway Musical Wood Cutting Car Assembly
Underwater Workers Supervisors Footwear Product Instrument Machine Line Workers
Filtration
Workers Workers InstallersAssemblers Operators
Submarine Marine Workers Other Power
Operators Engineers Distribution Cobbler Leather
Maritime Workers Supervisors Preparation
Technicians
Fishermen Workers
Electricity Footwear
Distrubution Furniture

D. Hartmann
Finishers
Workers Technicians
Footwear
Water Utility Assemblers
Footwear
Workers Other Footwear
Preparation
Manufacturing
Workers
Workers
Other Leather
Treatment
Workers

Leather Tanners
Índice Blau de Diversidade. Azul escuro indica baixo nível de diversidade racial. Amarelo indica
alto nível de diversidade racial. Valores calculados com R package Diverse (Guevara et al., 2016).
Pharmacuetical
Machinery
Horticulture
Operators
Technicians

Legislators Health and Pharmacuetical Agricultural

Environmental Production Researchers
Ammunition Workers Supervisors
Manufacturing Biomedical
Workers Heads of Non-Profit Labor Inspectors
Equipment Biotechnologist
Security Guards
Government Biology
Organization Repairmen
Directors Medical Lab Researchers
Potters Assistants
Politicians Pharmacy Biological
Technicians Biotechnical Technicians
Construction Social Economic
Funeral Service Technicians
Public Service
Ceramic Workers Workers Biologists
Leaders
Manufacturing Elementary
Workers VocationalSchool Teachers Health Science
Humanities Architecture
Teachers
Health Services Researchers
Train Operators Construction MiddleProfessors
School and Engineering
Equipment Math Professors
Professors Social WorkersWorkers Pharmacists Clinical
Teachers Health Service
Operators Plasterers High SchoolEducation
Economics Nursing Pathology
Directors
Professors
Language EarlyProfessors
Teachers Childhood Assistants
Biomedical Technicians
Subway Cartographers General Primary Vocational Dental
Professors Teachers Special Scientists
Clinicians
Mechanics and Surveyers School Teachers Middle School
Elementary Technicians Radiologists Astrologists
Education FixedDoctors in
School Teachers
Teachers Nurses
Floor Finishers Health Science
Art Professors
VocationalTeachers Dentists Orthopedic
Orthopedic Diagnostics and
Professors Education Technicians Taxidermists
Therapy
Other Teachers Prostheses
Maintenance Sports Referees DirectorsSchool
Specialized Audiologists TechniciansSurgeons
Supervisors Geographic Concrete Elementary Inspectors Physiotherapists Chefs
Technicians Coaters School Teachers Cooks
Caregivers Psychologists
Concrete Science Physical Nutritionists
Infrastructure Machine Professors
Construction Vocational TherapistsParanormal Beauty Workers
Technicians Operators
COOs Instructors Gym Teachers Specialists Gambling
Postal Workers Free Course Professional Collectors
Civil Other Educators
Reinforced Instructors Athletes
ConstructionEngineering
Supervisors Assistants Concrete Bookbinders
Refrigeration Roofers Actors Library
Assemblers High Risk Care
Musicians Technicians
Workers
Masonry Workers Religious
Recruiters
Social Sciences
Interviewers and Leaders Researchers Philosophers
Workers MuseumCensus Takers
Plumbers Photo Lab Technicians Other Dancers
Refrigeration Construction Technicians Musicians
Announcers
Installers Workers Anthropologists
Dancers
HVAC Handmade
Scenographers
Editors Religious Geographers Astronomists
Maintenance Paper Product
Workers Workers Professionals
Scenography Producers Garbagemen
Paper andPaper Pulp Photographers Technicians Doormen
Railway Manufacturing
Cardboard Tour Guides Public Transit
Maintenance Workers Restaurant Other Building Driver
Manufacturing
Sports Workers Paper Machinery
Workers Writers Cinematography Presenters Workers
Building Maintenance Aircraft
Technicians Public Transit
Equipment Operators Management Workers AmusementTourism and
Attendants Air Transport Assemblers
Optometrists Repairmen Aircraft Radio Station Park Event Technicians
Mechanics Interior Painters Technicians MaintenanceOrganizers Public
Paper Butlers and Other Food Firefighters and
Bakers Workers Transporation
Manufacturing Office Maids Service Workers Lifeguards
Camera Hospitality Technicians
Salt Workers Insulation Supervisors Equipment Other Service
Jewelry Operators Supervisors
Electrical Workers Typographers Technicians Craft Food Specialty Chefs Workers
Supervisors Car Mechanics Vehicle Train Workers
Workers Preservation Security
Security Guards
Bodywork Architects and Workers Craft Dairy Supervisors
Print Finishers Housekeepers Craft Tobacoo
Mechanics Basic Vehicle Building Planners
Couriers Pasteurization
Mechanics Workers
Workers
Jewelers Construction Hospitality
Technicians Kiosk and Stall Pastry Managers
Printers Vendors
Vendors Manufacturing
Butchers Dairy
Vehicle Civil Engineers Transportation Other Funeral Workers
Notaries and Precious Stone Pastuerization
Car Mechanics
Maintenance Security Workers
Registrars Artisans Construction Social Services Workers
Supervisors
Marine Managers Graphic Directors Non-Bank Food Production
Telecom Production Journalists Street Vendors Technicians Coffee and Tea
Ornamental Equipment Financial COOs Trade Managers
Tellers
Equipment Vehicle Supervisors Workers
Stone Workers Maintenance Food Engineers Welfare
Repairmen Maintenance Graphic
Communication Construction Domestic Inspectors
Electricians
Heavy Designers Linguists Food Salt Processing
Musical
Line Repairmen Designers Service Workers Food Tasters Workers
Machinery Manufacturing
Instrument Supervisors Food
Telecom Assemblers Directors Prepress Archivists
Restoration Engine Fitters Storage and Judicial ClerksPublic Defenders
Technicians Graphics Mathematicians Beverage Preservation Attorneys
Workers Home Appliance Security System Construction Transport COOs
Workers Manufacturing Workers
Technicians Technicians Design Planners
Door-to-Door Secretarial Workers
Photonics Technical Interior FinancialIndependent Grains
Telecom Salesmen Technicians Public Ministry State and
Technicians Product Designers CEOs ManagersSalesmen Financial Secretaries
Human Alternative
Processing Coroners
Equipment Other Directors Hospitality COOs Municipal Tax
Camera Designers Analysts
Executives Resource Lawyers Workers
Assemblers Interior Designer Supply Managers IT Managers Administrative Therapy Magistrates Collectors
Repairmen Accounting
Sales Specialist AdministratorsLibrarians
Directors Police and Civil
Sales and and Financial Technicians
Coastal Glassblowers Assistants IT ManagersAdministrative Receptionists Guards
Marketing Marketing
Accountants Public Relations Officers Computer Police Chiefs
Glassware and Robotic Metal Foreign Trade Supervisors Billing Collectors Circus Artists
Fishermen Wire Rope Directors Economists
Managers Accounting Service Public Service
Officers
Wood Series Ceramic Furnace Operators Projectionists R&D Directors
Workers Straightening
Operators Project Analysts
Transportation
Managers Financial
Sales Technicians AdministrativeSupervisors Insurance
Machinery Workers Glass Workers ElectricalMetal Steel Structural Visual Artists Managers Information BankBank Assistants Investigative
Boiler Workers Supervisors
Supervisors Assistants Stockbrokers
Operators Processing Metal ForgingEquipment
Equipment Erection Transport
R&D Managers Trade COOs Computer Technicians Technicians Technicians
Veternary Oil and Gas Wood Plate Metal Reheating Human Analysts
Other Fisherman Workers Laminating Workers AssemblersPainters Workers Logistics Resource Technicians Financial Federal Revenue
Service Workers Pressing Other Wood OperatorsCNC Machinists Precision Buyers Human
Production Plastics and Operators Metal Polishers Mechanical
Metal Forming Electronical Technicians Managers Institution InspectorsIntelligenceIntelligence
Operators Machining Instrument Resources
Equipment Other Tobacco Rubber Carpentry Machine Design Planners
Audio Mining ManagersInsurance
WoodBuilding Machine
Metal Machining Designers
Assemblers Industrial
Stockmen Technicians Agents
Flower Farmers Operators Workers ProductionSupervisors
CNC
Operators Metal Heat Metal Material Science
Video and Technical
Film Industrial
Professionals Telemarketers Marketing AgentsAuctioneers
Midsize Animal Rubber and
Machinists Material Operators
Thermochemical Processing
Steel
Operators
Supervisors
Mechanical
Technicians
Production
Engineers Editors Instrumentation
Planning
Production Packing and
Machinery Consutants
Supervisors
Plastics Machine Treatment Assembly Industrial DesignersManagers
Technicians
Fibrous Plant
Gums and
Livestock
Freshwater
Liquid and Gas
Plastic and
Recycling Supervisors
Metal Steel
WorkersProduction Design Line
Supervisors
Technicians
Workers
Utility Designers
Planners Mechanical Technicians Trainers
MaintenanceLabeling System Computer Realtors
Farmers Poultry Breeders
Workers Extraction Operators Metal Smelting
Collectors Supervisors
Indiginous EquipmentMachine Electronics Engineers Electricians and Production
Electromachanical Workers
Supervisors Administrators
Other
Electromechanical Engineers
Oil Plant Workers
Resins Fishermen
Fishing Support Workers
Rubber Metal Molding Toolmakers
GlassWorkers Assemblers Assemblers
Technicians Electrical
Machinery Engineers
Electromechanical
Extraction Midsize Workers Technicians Manufacturing Workers Leaders Metal Tool Technicians
Finishing Mechanical Engineers Industrial
Technicians
Electrical Engineers
Cargo Copyright
Teleprocessing
Poultry Workers Metallurgy Electrical Instrument Technicians Maintenance
Workers Livestock Operators Technical Landscapers
Operators Fitters
Manufacturing Production
Machine Equipment Specialists
Technicians
Horticulture
Fruit Farmers Mining Technicians Engineering Engineers Assembly Supervisors
Operators Statisticians
Public Managers
Wild Food Fertilizer BreedersFlower Geology Workers Glass Glass and Support in Pump andUtility Control Work
Maintenance Safety Mining and
Farmers Geologists Technicians Researchers Supervisors
Supervisors
Cultivators Farmers Culivators Technicians Ceramic Research and MotorSupervisorsMechatronic
Technicians Technicians
Workers
Electrical Industrial
Quarrying COOs
Sugar General Fish Breeders Measuring Technicians Production LinePacking and
Fruit Farm Supervisors Development Mechanics
Tax Agents ElectricalLabeling
Processing Fertilizer
Other FarmersAgricultural Mining Solid Mineral Instrument
Maintenance
Feeders
Maintenance Administrative Scribes
Workers Workers General Extraction Workers Supervisors
Workers Landscapers Workers Medicinal Engineers Repairmen Mechanical
Steam Utility Technicians
Agricultural
Other Livestock Workers Supervisors Physicists
Horticulture Spice Plant Species Mineral Metrologist WorkersTechnicians Data Entry
Plant WorkersBreeders
Fibrous Workers
Farm Workers
Large Animal
Cultivation Extraction
Elevator Metal Welders Chemists
Specialists
Animal Trainers Livestock Forest Technicians Water Industrial Lab
Oil Plant Farmers Workers Larger Livestock Supervisors Bioengineer
Agricultural Workers Mechanization Environmental Telephone
Grass Farmers
Irrigation and
Breeders Technicians Treatment Operators
Industrial Lab Colorists
Supervisors Workers Crane Operators Engineers Operators
OtherDrainage Mechanical Lumberjacks Vehicle
Maintenance
Coke Equipment Technicians
Chemical Chemical
Technicians Chemical
Agricultural General Forest Mineral Lubricators
Agricultural
Workers Operators OfficersTechnicians Production Processing Textile
Spice Farmers Extraction Electronics
Support Workers Workers Supervisors
Insect Workers Agricultural Ore WorkersMachinery Maintenance Chemical Workers Supervisors
Workers Heavy Supervisors Grinding and
Technicians Forestry and Operators Sewage Workers Engineers Glass
Agricultural Machinery Mixing Machine Manufactured Leather
Animal-Drawn Aquaculture Operators Preparation General Artisans
Engineers
Agricultural Livestock Mechanics Sinter Operators
Vehicle
Insect Breeders Supervisors Generic Operators Textile Fabrics Upholstery
Conductors ProductionTechnicians Chemical Supervisors Workers
Technicians
Chemical Weavers and Machine
Managers Equipment Leather
Fiber, Wax, and Treatment ClothingKnittersOperators
Aquafarmers Operators
Veterinarians Oil Extraction Workers Preparation
Agricultural Excavators Commercial Workers Wood
COOs WorkersTextile Dyers
Passenger Pilots Models Textile
Other Clothing Preparation
Foresters Cigar Workers Natural Science Tissue Makers Leather Product
Clothing Carpenters
Vehicle Drivers General Cargo Gas Utility Inspectors
Manufacturing Finishers Workers
Drivers Road Researchers Workers General Textile Manufacturing
Workers
Embroidery
Customs Brokers Movers Maintenance LaunderersWorkers Supervisors
Product Design Furniture
Machine
Loom Operators Assemblers
Customs Brokes Workers Planners
Operators
Stitching Clothing Leather
Road Transport Pilots Dry Cleaners
Technicians Coal Workers Machine TechniciansWool and FiberManufacturing Glaziers
Seaport Distilling
Gas Technicians Other Leather Workers Workers Wood Finishers
Operators Land Vehicle
Operations Equipment Product Workers
Naval Carpenters Operators Textile Wiring Leather Finishers Carpenters
MaritimeTechnicians Laundry Cabinetmakers
Workers
Officials Supervisors Tanning Leather and Fur
Waterway Musical Wood Cutting Car Assembly
Underwater Workers Supervisors Footwear Product Instrument Machine Line Workers
Filtration
Workers Workers InstallersAssemblers Operators
Submarine Marine Workers Other Power
Operators Engineers Distribution Cobbler Leather
Maritime Workers Supervisors Preparation
Technicians
Fishermen Workers
Electricity Footwear
Distrubution Furniture
Finishers
Workers Technicians
Footwear

D. Hartmann
Water Utility Assemblers
Footwear
Workers Other Footwear
Preparation
Manufacturing
Workers
Workers
Other Leather
Treatment
Workers

Leather Tanners
Alfabetização média. Azul escuro indica valores mais altos, pontos mais claros
indicam menores níveis de alfabetização.

D. Hartmann
 Conclusões gerais

Políticas mais focalizadas serão necessárias para responder às

complexas desigualdades do Brasil

Novos métodos de complexidade econômica e sociologia

quantitativa-computacional podem ajudar nessas tarefas

Uma tarefa tão difícil como essencial é criar pontes para a

iteração e empatia entre diferentes grupos socioeconômicos

D. Hartmann