Unidade 3 Aula 02 Retocado Passo A Passo

Geometria Analı́tica – 08111-6
Unidade 3 – Aula 2
Slides cedidos pelo Prof. Tomas E. Barros
Slides cedidos pelo Prof. Tomas E. Barros Geometria Analı́tica – 08111-6 Unidade 3 – Aula 2 1 / 38
Retas e planos
Estudo do plano
Um plano π fica completamente determinado se conhecermos um
ponto A ∈ π e dois vetores ~u, ~v não paralelos e coplanares com π
Retas e planos
Estudo do plano
Um plano π fica completamente determinado se conhecermos um
ponto A ∈ π e dois vetores ~u, ~v não paralelos e coplanares com π
Retas e planos
Equação vetorial do plano

−−→
X ∈ π ⇔ AX ∥ π ⇔
Retas e planos

−−→
X ∈ π ⇔ AX ∥ π ⇔
−−→
⇔ Existem λ, µ ∈ R tais que, AX = λ~u + µ~v
Retas e planos

−−→
X ∈ π ⇔ AX ∥ π ⇔
−−→
⇔ X − A = λ~u + µ~v para certos λ, µ ∈ R
⇔ X = A + λ~u + µ~v para certos λ, µ ∈ R
Retas e planos

−−→
X ∈ π ⇔ AX ∥ π ⇔
−−→
⇔ X − A = λ~u + µ~v para certos λ, µ ∈ R
⇔ X = A + λ~u + µ~v para certos λ, µ ∈ R
Retas e planos
Equação do plano
Dados um ponto A = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) e vetores não paralelos
~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ), ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) uma equação vetorial do plano π,
que passa por A e é paralelo aos vetores ~u, ~v é dada por,
π : X = A + λ~u + µ~v λ, µ ∈ R
π : (x , y , z ) = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) + λ(u1 , u2 , u3 ) + µ(v1 , v2 , v3 ) λ, µ ∈ R
As equações paramétricas do plano π são dadas por




x = a1 + u1 λ + v1 µ
π: y = a2 + u2 λ + v2 µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = a3 + u3 λ + v3 µ


Os vetores ~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) e ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) são chamados vetores

diretores do plano π.
Os escalares λ e µ são os parâmetros da equação vetorial.
Retas e planos
π : X = A + λ~u + µ~v λ, µ ∈ R




x = a1 + u1 λ + v1 µ
π: y = a2 + u2 λ + v2 µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = a3 + u3 λ + v3 µ



Retas e planos
π : X = A + λ~u + µ~v λ, µ ∈ R




x = a1 + u1 λ + v1 µ
π: y = a2 + u2 λ + v2 µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = a3 + u3 λ + v3 µ



Retas e planos
π : X = A + λ~u + µ~v λ, µ ∈ R




x = a1 + u1 λ + v1 µ
π: y = a2 + u2 λ + v2 µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = a3 + u3 λ + v3 µ



Retas e planos
π : X = A + λ~u + µ~v λ, µ ∈ R




x = a1 + u1 λ + v1 µ
π: y = a2 + u2 λ + v2 µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = a3 + u3 λ + v3 µ



Retas e planos
π : X = A + λ~u + µ~v λ, µ ∈ R




x = a1 + u1 λ + v1 µ
π: y = a2 + u2 λ + v2 µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = a3 + u3 λ + v3 µ



Retas e planos
Equação Geral do plano

Dados um ponto A = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) e um vetor não nulo ~η = (a , b , c )
existe um único plano π que passa por A e é ortogonal ao vetor ~η.
−−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ ~η ⇔ (x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) ⊥ (a , b , c ) ⇔
⇔ (x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) · (a , b , c ) = 0 ⇔
⇔ (x − x0 ) · a + (y − y0 ) · b + (z − z0 ) · c = 0 ⇔
⇔ ax + by + cz = d (sendo d = ax0 + by0 + cz0 )
π : ax + by + cz = d é a equação geral do plano π
Retas e planos

−−→
⇔ (x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) · (a , b , c ) = 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x − x0 ) · a + ( y − y0 ) · b + ( z − z0 ) · c = 0 ⇔
Retas e planos

−−→
⇔ (x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) · (a , b , c ) = 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x − x0 ) · a + ( y − y0 ) · b + ( z − z0 ) · c = 0 ⇔
Retas e planos

−−→
⇔ (x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) · (a , b , c ) = 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x − x0 ) · a + ( y − y0 ) · b + ( z − z0 ) · c = 0 ⇔
Retas e planos

−−→
⇔ (x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) · (a , b , c ) = 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x − x0 ) · a + ( y − y0 ) · b + ( z − z0 ) · c = 0 ⇔
Retas e planos

−−→
⇔ (x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) · (a , b , c ) = 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x − x0 ) · a + ( y − y0 ) · b + ( z − z0 ) · c = 0 ⇔
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine equações para o plano π que passa pelos pontos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
Equação vetorial do plano π.
−−→ −−→
π : X = A + λAB + µAC λ, µ ∈ R
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
 ões paramétricas do plano π.
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : (x , y , z ) = (1, 2, 3) + λ(1, −3, −4) + µ(0, −3, −2) λ, µ ∈ R
Equaç
x = 1 + λ



π: y = 2 − 3λ − 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 3 − 4λ − 2µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
Equação geral do plano π.
−−→ −−→
~η = AB × AC = (−6, 2, −3) é vetor normal ao plano π.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
Como A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π devemos ter, −6 · 1 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 3 = d.
Assim, chegamos à equação geral de π.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Exemplos
A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, −1, −1) e C = (1, −1, 1)
Resolução:
−−→
AB = B − A = (2 − 1, −1 − 2, −1 − 3) = (1, −3, −4)
−−→
AC = C − A = (1 − 1, −1 − 2, 1 − 3) = (0, −3, −2)
A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π
−−→ −−→
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = d.
π : −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
Retas e planos
Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
AB = (1, −3, −4) e AC = (0, −3, −2) são vetores diretores de π.
−−→ −−→
~η = AB × AC é vetor normal ao plano π.
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos

A = (1, 2, 3) ∈ π.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→
X = (x , y , z ) ∈ π ⇔ AX ⊥ (AB × AC )
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
⇔ AX · (AB × AC ) = 0 ⇔ (AX , AB , AC ) = 0
x −1 y −2 z−3
⇔ 1 −3 −4 = 0 ⇔ −6(x − 1) + 2(y − 2) − 3(z − 3) = 0
0 −3 −2
⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z + 11 = 0 ⇔ −6x + 2y − 3z = −11
(0, 2, 5) ∈ π?
−6 · 0 + 2 · 2 − 3 · 5 = 4 − 15 = −11. Portanto, (0, 2, 5) ∈ π.
(2, −4, 3) ∈ π?
−6 · 2 + 2 · (−4) − 3 · 3 = −29 , −11. Portanto (2, −4, 3) < π.
Retas e planos
Observações
Se π : ax + by + cz = d é equação geral de um plano π, então:
O vetor (a , b , c ) é um vetor normal ao plano π, ou seja, (a , b , c ) é
ortogonal à todo vetor paralelo ao plano π;
Se e ∈ R e e , 0 então, π : (ea )x + (eb )y + (ec )z = (ed )
Se todas as coordenadas do vetor normal (a , b , c ) são diferentes de
zero e se d também é diferente de zero então, a equação
segmentária de π é dada por:
x y z
π: !+ !+ ! =1
d d d
a b c
d d d
Note que, se p = , q = e r = então o plano π intercepta,
a b c
o eixo x (das abscissas) em (p , 0, 0);
o eixo y (das ordenadas) em (0, q, 0);
o eixo z (das cotas) em (0, 0, r ).
Retas e planos
Observações
x y z
π: !+ !+ ! =1
d d d
a b c
d d d
a b c
Retas e planos
Observações
x y z
π: !+ !+ ! =1
d d d
a b c
d d d
a b c
Retas e planos
Observações
x y z
π: !+ !+ ! =1
d d d
a b c
d d d
a b c
Retas e planos
Observações
x y z
π: !+ !+ ! =1
d d d
a b c
d d d
a b c
Retas e planos
Observações
x y z
π: !+ !+ ! =1
d d d
a b c
d d d
a b c
Retas e planos
Observações
x y z
π: !+ !+ ! =1
d d d
a b c
d d d
a b c
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine
 uma equação geral do plano π.
x = 2 − λ + 2µ



π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 1:
Observamos que, A = (2, 4, 0) ∈ π,
~u = (−1, 0, 3), ~v = (2, 1, −1) são vetores diretores de π.
Portanto, uma equação geral de π é dada por
x −2 y −4 z
−1 0 3 = 0.
2 1 −1
ou seja, π : −3x + 5y − z = 14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine
x = 2 − λ + 2µ



π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 1:
x −2 y −4 z
−1 0 3 = 0.
2 1 −1
ou seja, π : −3x + 5y − z = 14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine
x = 2 − λ + 2µ



π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 1:
x −2 y −4 z
−1 0 3 = 0.
2 1 −1
ou seja, π : −3x + 5y − z = 14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine
x = 2 − λ + 2µ



π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 1:
x −2 y −4 z
−1 0 3 = 0.
2 1 −1
ou seja, π : −3x + 5y − z = 14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine
x = 2 − λ + 2µ



π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 1:
x −2 y −4 z
−1 0 3 = 0.
2 1 −1
ou seja, π : −3x + 5y − z = 14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine



x = 2 − λ + 2µ
π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 2:
µ=y −4
y z 4
3λ = µ + z ⇒ 3λ = y − 4 + z ⇒ λ = + −
3 3 3
Substituindo estes µ e λ na primeira equação paramétrica de π
obtemos !
y z 4 5 1 14
x =2− + − + 2 (y − 4), ou seja, x = y − z − .
3 3 3 3 3 3
E temos a equação geral de π:
π : 3x − 5y + x = −14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine



x = 2 − λ + 2µ
π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 2:
µ=y −4
y z 4
3λ = µ + z ⇒ 3λ = y − 4 + z ⇒ λ = + −
3 3 3
obtemos !
y z 4 5 1 14
x =2− + − + 2 (y − 4), ou seja, x = y − z − .
3 3 3 3 3 3
π : 3x − 5y + x = −14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine



x = 2 − λ + 2µ
π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 2:
µ=y −4
y z 4
3λ = µ + z ⇒ 3λ = y − 4 + z ⇒ λ = + −
3 3 3
obtemos !
y z 4 5 1 14
x =2− + − + 2 (y − 4), ou seja, x = y − z − .
3 3 3 3 3 3
π : 3x − 5y + x = −14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine



x = 2 − λ + 2µ
π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 2:
µ=y −4
y z 4
3λ = µ + z ⇒ 3λ = y − 4 + z ⇒ λ = + −
3 3 3
obtemos !
y z 4 5 1 14
x =2− + − + 2 (y − 4), ou seja, x = y − z − .
3 3 3 3 3 3
π : 3x − 5y + x = −14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine



x = 2 − λ + 2µ
π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 2:
µ=y −4
y z 4
3λ = µ + z ⇒ 3λ = y − 4 + z ⇒ λ = + −
3 3 3
obtemos !
y z 4 5 1 14
x =2− + − + 2 (y − 4), ou seja, x = y − z − .
3 3 3 3 3 3
π : 3x − 5y + x = −14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine



x = 2 − λ + 2µ
π: y =4+µ (λ, µ ∈ R) ,




z = 3λ − µ


Solução 2:
µ=y −4
y z 4
3λ = µ + z ⇒ 3λ = y − 4 + z ⇒ λ = + −
3 3 3
obtemos !
y z 4 5 1 14
x =2− + − + 2 (y − 4), ou seja, x = y − z − .
3 3 3 3 3 3
π : 3x − 5y + x = −14.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine equações paramétricas para os planos,
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7;
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6;
π3 : 2x = 7.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7
Resolução:

2 , 0, 0 , B = (0, −7, 0) e C = 0, 0, 73 pertencem ao
7
Os pontos A =
plano π1 .
−−→ −−→
Logo, AB = − 72 , −7, 0 e AC = − 27 , 0, 73 são vetores diretores do
plano π1 .




 x = − 27 λ − 72 µ
Assim, π1 :  y = −7 − 7λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 7 µ


3
Resolução alternativa:
Chamemos x = λ e z = µ. Então,




 x=λ
π1 :  y = −7 + 2λ + 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7
Resolução:

2 , 0, 0 , B = (0, −7, 0) e C = 0, 0, 73 pertencem ao
7
Os pontos A =
plano π1 .
−−→ −−→
plano π1 .




 x = − 27 λ − 72 µ
Assim, π1 :  y = −7 − 7λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 7 µ


3




 x=λ
π1 :  y = −7 + 2λ + 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7
Resolução:

2 , 0, 0 , B = (0, −7, 0) e C = 0, 0, 73 pertencem ao
7
Os pontos A =
plano π1 .
−−→ −−→
plano π1 .




 x = − 27 λ − 72 µ
Assim, π1 :  y = −7 − 7λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 7 µ


3




 x=λ
π1 :  y = −7 + 2λ + 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7
Resolução:

2 , 0, 0 , B = (0, −7, 0) e C = 0, 0, 73 pertencem ao
7
Os pontos A =
plano π1 .
−−→ −−→
plano π1 .




 x = − 27 λ − 72 µ
Assim, π1 :  y = −7 − 7λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 7 µ


3




 x=λ
π1 :  y = −7 + 2λ + 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7
Resolução:

2 , 0, 0 , B = (0, −7, 0) e C = 0, 0, 73 pertencem ao
7
Os pontos A =
plano π1 .
−−→ −−→
plano π1 .




 x = − 27 λ − 72 µ
Assim, π1 :  y = −7 − 7λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 7 µ


3




 x=λ
π1 :  y = −7 + 2λ + 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7
Resolução:

2 , 0, 0 , B = (0, −7, 0) e C = 0, 0, 73 pertencem ao
7
Os pontos A =
plano π1 .
−−→ −−→
plano π1 .




 x = − 27 λ − 72 µ
Assim, π1 :  y = −7 − 7λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 7 µ


3




 x=λ
π1 :  y = −7 + 2λ + 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π1 : 2x − y + 3z = 7
Resolução:

2 , 0, 0 , B = (0, −7, 0) e C = 0, 0, 73 pertencem ao
7
Os pontos A =
plano π1 .
−−→ −−→
plano π1 .




 x = − 27 λ − 72 µ
Assim, π1 :  y = −7 − 7λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 7 µ


3




 x=λ
π1 :  y = −7 + 2λ + 3µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6
Resolução:
Os pontos A = (0, 0, 2) , B = (3, 0, 0) e C = (3, 1, 0) pertencem ao
plano π2 .
−−→ −−→
Logo, AB = (3, 0, −2) e AC = (3, 1, −2) são vetores diretores do
plano π2 .




 x = 3λ + 3µ
Assim, π2 :  y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2λ − 2µ


Chamemos x = λ e y = µ. Então,




 x=λ
π2 :  y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2 λ


3
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6
Resolução:
plano π2 .
−−→ −−→
plano π2 .




 x = 3λ + 3µ




z = 2 − 2λ − 2µ






 x=λ
π2 :  y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2 λ


3
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6
Resolução:
plano π2 .
−−→ −−→
plano π2 .




 x = 3λ + 3µ




z = 2 − 2λ − 2µ






 x=λ
π2 :  y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2 λ


3
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6
Resolução:
plano π2 .
−−→ −−→
plano π2 .




 x = 3λ + 3µ




z = 2 − 2λ − 2µ






 x=λ
π2 :  y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2 λ


3
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6
Resolução:
plano π2 .
−−→ −−→
plano π2 .




 x = 3λ + 3µ




z = 2 − 2λ − 2µ






x=λ
π2 : y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2 λ


3
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6
Resolução:
plano π2 .
−−→ −−→
plano π2 .




 x = 3λ + 3µ




z = 2 − 2λ − 2µ






 x=λ
π2 :  y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2 λ


3
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π2 : 2x + 3z = 6
Resolução:
plano π2 .
−−→ −−→
plano π2 .




 x = 3λ + 3µ




z = 2 − 2λ − 2µ






 x=λ
π2 :  y=µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = 2 − 2 λ


3
Retas e planos
Exemplos
π3 : 2x = 7
Resolução:

2 , 1, 0 ,B = 2 , 0, 1 2 , 2, 1
7 7 7
Os pontos A = eC = pertencem ao
plano π3 .
−−→ −−→
Logo, AB = (0, −1, 1) e AC = (0, 1, 1) são vetores diretores do plano
π3 .




 x = 72
Assim, π3 :  y =1−λ+µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = λ + µ


y = λ e z = µ. Então,




 x = 72
π3 :  y=λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π3 : 2x = 7
Resolução:

2 , 1, 0 ,B = 2 , 0, 1 2 , 2, 1
7 7 7
plano π3 .
−−→ −−→
π3 .




 x = 72
Assim, π3 :  y =1−λ+µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = λ + µ






 x = 72
π3 :  y=λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π3 : 2x = 7
Resolução:

2 , 1, 0 ,B = 2 , 0, 1 2 , 2, 1
7 7 7
plano π3 .
−−→ −−→
π3 .




 x = 72
Assim, π3 :  y =1−λ+µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = λ + µ






 x = 72
π3 :  y=λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π3 : 2x = 7
Resolução:

2 , 1, 0 ,B = 2 , 0, 1 2 , 2, 1
7 7 7
plano π3 .
−−→ −−→
π3 .




 x = 27
Assim, π3 :  y =1−λ+µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = λ + µ






 x = 72
π3 :  y=λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π3 : 2x = 7
Resolução:

2 , 1, 0 ,B = 2 , 0, 1 2 , 2, 1
7 7 7
plano π3 .
−−→ −−→
π3 .




 x = 27
Assim, π3 :  y =1−λ+µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = λ + µ






 x = 72
π3 :  y=λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π3 : 2x = 7
Resolução:

2 , 1, 0 ,B = 2 , 0, 1 2 , 2, 1
7 7 7
plano π3 .
−−→ −−→
π3 .




 x = 27
Assim, π3 :  y =1−λ+µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = λ + µ






 x = 72
π3 :  y=λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
π3 : 2x = 7
Resolução:

2 , 1, 0 ,B = 2 , 0, 1 2 , 2, 1
7 7 7
plano π3 .
−−→ −−→
π3 .




 x = 27
Assim, π3 :  y =1−λ+µ λ, µ ∈ R




z = λ + µ






 x = 72
π3 :  y=λ λ, µ ∈ R




z = µ


Retas e planos
Medida do ângulo entre dois planos

Sejam
π1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
π2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
dois planos dados.
A medida do ângulo entre os planos π1 e π2 é definida como sendo
a medida do ângulo entre duas retas r1 e r2 sendo, r1 perpendicular a
π1 e r2 perpendicular a π2 .
^(π1 , π2 ) = ^(r1 , r2 ) sendo, r1 ⊥ π1 e r2 ⊥ π2
~η1 = (a1 , b1 , c1 ) é vetor diretor da reta r1
~η2 = (a2 , b2 , c2 ) é vetor diretor da reta r2 .
|~η1 · ~η2 |
cos(^(π1 , π2 )) =
||~η1 || · ||~η2 ||
Retas e planos

Sejam
π1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
π2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
dois planos dados.
^(π1 , π2 ) = ^(r1 , r2 ) sendo, r1 ⊥ π1 e r2 ⊥ π2
|~η1 · ~η2 |
cos(^(π1 , π2 )) =
||~η1 || · ||~η2 ||
Retas e planos

Sejam
π1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
π2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
dois planos dados.
^(π1 , π2 ) = ^(r1 , r2 ) sendo, r1 ⊥ π1 e r2 ⊥ π2
|~η1 · ~η2 |
cos(^(π1 , π2 )) =
||~η1 || · ||~η2 ||
Retas e planos

Sejam
π1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
π2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
dois planos dados.
^(π1 , π2 ) = ^(r1 , r2 ) sendo, r1 ⊥ π1 e r2 ⊥ π2
|~η1 · ~η2 |
cos(^(π1 , π2 )) =
||~η1 || · ||~η2 ||
Retas e planos
Retas e planos
Planos perpendiculares e paralelos

π1 ⊥ π2 ⇔ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 90◦ ⇔ ~η1 ⊥ ~η2 ⇔ ~η1 · ~η2 = 0
π1 = π2 ou π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0◦ ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 ⇔ ~η1 = λ~η2
Retas e planos
Planos perpendiculares e paralelos

π1 ⊥ π2 ⇔ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 90◦ ⇔ ~η1 ⊥ ~η2 ⇔ ~η1 · ~η2 = 0
π1 = π2 ou π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0◦ ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 ⇔ ~η1 = λ~η2
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine a medida do ângulo ^(π1 , π2 ), entre os planos π1 e π2 .




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ


b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


 x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h

e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
Retas e planos
Exemplos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ


b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h

e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
Retas e planos
Exemplos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ


b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


 x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h

e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
Retas e planos
Exemplos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ


b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h

e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
Retas e planos
Exemplos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ


b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h

e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
Retas e planos
Exemplos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ


b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h

e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
Retas e planos
Resolução do item a)




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ


~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~i ~j ~k
~η1 = ~u1 × ~v1 = 3 −1 −1 = (−2, 1, −7) é vetor normal a π1 .
−7 0 2
~η2 = (2, −1, 7) é vetor normal ao plano π2 .
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ



~i ~j ~k
−7 0 2
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ



~i ~j ~k
−7 0 2
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ



~i ~j ~k
−7 0 2
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ



~i ~j ~k
−7 0 2
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ



~i ~j ~k
−7 0 2
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ



~i ~j ~k
−7 0 2
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos




 x = 1 + 3λ − 7µ
a) π1 :  y =9−λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 : 2x − y + 7z = 3.




z = 1 − λ + 2 µ



~i ~j ~k
−7 0 2
~η1 · ~η2 = (−2, 1, −7) · (2, −1, 7) = −4 − 1 − 49 = −54.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−2)2 + 12 + (−7)2 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 22 + (−1)2 + 72 = 4 + 1 + 49 = 54.
p
|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = = 1 ⇒ ^(π1 , π2 ) = 0
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 54 54 54
Retas e planos
Resolução do item b)
b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
~η1 = (2, 1, 7) é um vetor normal ao plano π1 .
~u2 = (2, 1, 7) e ~v2 = (4, 2, 8) são vetores diretores do plano π2 .
~i ~j ~k
~η2 = ~u2 × ~v2 = 2 1 7 = (−6, 12, 0) é vetor normal ao plano π2 .
4 2 8
~η1 · ~η2 = (2, 1, 7) · (−6, 12, 0) = −12 + 12 + 0 = 0.
Logo, os vetores ~η1 e ~η2 são ortogonais.
Portanto, π1 e π2 são planos perpendiculares.
Retas e planos
b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
~i ~j ~k
4 2 8
~η1 · ~η2 = (2, 1, 7) · (−6, 12, 0) = −12 + 12 + 0 = 0.
Retas e planos
b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
~i ~j ~k
4 2 8
~η1 · ~η2 = (2, 1, 7) · (−6, 12, 0) = −12 + 12 + 0 = 0.
Retas e planos
b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
~i ~j ~k
4 2 8
~η1 · ~η2 = (2, 1, 7) · (−6, 12, 0) = −12 + 12 + 0 = 0.
Retas e planos
b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
~i ~j ~k
4 2 8
~η1 · ~η2 = (2, 1, 7) · (−6, 12, 0) = −12 + 12 + 0 = 0.
Retas e planos
b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
~i ~j ~k
4 2 8
~η1 · ~η2 = (2, 1, 7) · (−6, 12, 0) = −12 + 12 + 0 = 0.
Retas e planos
b) π1 : 2x + y + 7z = 2;
π2 : (x , y , z ) = (−1, 1, 1) + λ(2, 1, 7) + µ(4, 2, 8)
~i ~j ~k
4 2 8
~η1 · ~η2 = (2, 1, 7) · (−6, 12, 0) = −12 + 12 + 0 = 0.
Retas e planos
Resolução do item c)
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 = (−1, 1, −2) é um vetor normal ao plano π1 .
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
c) π1 : −x + y − 2z = 4; π2 : 2x + y + z = 4
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 1, −2) · (2, 1, 1) = −2 + 1 − 2 = −3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
p
√ √ √
||~η2 || = 22 + 12 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.
| − 3| 3 1
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = = .
6 6 6 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 60◦ .
3
Retas e planos
Resolução do item d)
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u2 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v2 = (1, 0, 0) são vetores diretores de π2 .
~η1 = ~u1 × ~v1 = (−1, 2, −1) é vetor normal ao plano π1 .
~η2 = ~u2 × ~v2 = (0, 1, −1) é vetor normal ao plano π2 .
~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
 



 x =1+λ+µ 


x =1+h+t
d) π1 :  y = −1 + λ λ, µ ∈ R ; π2 :  h, t ∈ R
 
y =1+h
 

 

z = 1 + λ − µ

 
z = 1 + h


~η1 · ~η2 = (−1, 2, −1) · (0, 1, −1) = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
√ √
||~η1 || = (−1)2 + 22 + (−1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
p
√ √
||~η2 || = 02 + 12 + (−1)2 = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2.
p
√
|3| 3 3
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = √ √ = √ √ √ = .
6 2 3 2 2 2
π
Portanto, ^(π1 , π2 ) = = 30◦ .
6
Retas e planos
Resolução do item e)
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 = (3, 1, 1) é vetor normal ao plano π1 .
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
e) π1 : 3x + y + z = 17; π2 : x + y + 2z = −28
~η1 · ~η2 = (3, 1, 1) · (1, 1, 2) = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6.
√ √
||~η1 || = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11.
√ √
||~η2 || = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6.
|~η1 · ~η2 |
r
6 6
Assim, cos(^(π1 , π2 )) = = √ √ = ≈ 0.73855.
||~η1 || · ||~η2 || 11 6 11
Portanto, r 
 6 
^(π1 , π2 ) = arccos   ≈ 0.739881 ≈ 42.392◦ ≈ 42◦ 230 3100 .
11
Retas e planos
Posição relativa entre reta e plano

Dados um plano π e uma reta r podemos ter:
r ∩ π = ∅ ⇔ A reta r é paralela ao plano π. Notação: r ∥ π.
r ∩ π = {P } ⇔ A reta r é transversal ao plano π. Notação: r t π.
r ∩ π = r ⇔ A reta r está contida no plano π. Notação: r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos

Retas e planos

Retas e planos

Retas e planos

Sejam,
r : X = A + λ~v , λ ∈ R
π : ax + by + cz = d , ~η = (a , b , c ) então:
r ∥ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A < π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A < π
r t π ⇔ ~v · ~η , 0
r ⊂ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A ∈ π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A ∈ π
r ⊥ π ⇔ r é perpendicular ao plano π ⇔ r t π e ~v ∥ ~η
Retas e planos

Sejam,
r : X = A + λ~v , λ ∈ R
r ∥ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A < π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A < π
r t π ⇔ ~v · ~η , 0
r ⊂ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A ∈ π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A ∈ π
Retas e planos

Sejam,
r : X = A + λ~v , λ ∈ R
r ∥ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A < π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A < π
r t π ⇔ ~v · ~η , 0
r ⊂ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A ∈ π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A ∈ π
Retas e planos

Sejam,
r : X = A + λ~v , λ ∈ R
r ∥ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A < π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A < π
r t π ⇔ ~v · ~η , 0
r ⊂ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A ∈ π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A ∈ π
Retas e planos

Sejam,
r : X = A + λ~v , λ ∈ R
r ∥ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A < π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A < π
r t π ⇔ ~v · ~η , 0
r ⊂ π ⇔ ~v ⊥ ~η e A ∈ π ⇔ ~v · ~η = 0 e A ∈ π
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Determine a posição relativa entre a reta r e o plano π.




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u = (−1, 2, 5) é vetor diretor de r
~η = (1, −2, −5) é vetor normal ao plano π
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Além disso, como ~u = −~η temos que, ~u ∥ ~η.
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos




x =1−λ
y = 3 + 2λ λ ∈ R; π : x − 2y − 5z = 23

a) r : 



z = 5λ


Resolução:
~u · ~η = (−1, 2, 5) · (1, −2, −5) = −1 − 4 − 25 = −30 , 0.
Portanto, r t π .
Logo, r ⊥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v = (1, 1, −2) é vetor diretor de r.
~η = (1, 1, 1) é vetor normal ao plano π.
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
Logo, r ⊆ π ou r ∥ π.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
b) (x , y , z ) = (0, 1, −1) + λ(1, 1, −2) λ ∈ R; π : x + y + z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (1, 1, −2) · (1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0.
A = (0, 1, −1) ∈ r e A < π pois, 0 + 1 − 1 = 0 , 4.
Portanto r ∥ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v = (3, 0, 1) é vetor diretor de r.
~η = (1, 7, −3) é vetor normal ao plano π.
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
Logo, r ⊂ π ou r ∥ π.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Exemplos
c) (x , y , z ) = (4, 3, 7) + λ(3, 0, 1) λ ∈ R; π : x + 7y − 3z = 4.
Resolução:
~v · ~η = (3, 0, 1) · (1, 7, −3) = 3 + 0 − 3 = 0.
A = (4, 3, 7) ∈ r e A ∈ π pois, 4 + 7 · 3 − 3 · 7 = 4.
Portanto r ⊂ π.
Retas e planos
Posição relativa entre dois planos

Sejam, π1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 e π2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
~η1 = (a1 , b1 , c1 ) é vetor normal ao plano π1 .
Supondo que A ∈ π1 temos que
π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = uma reta r com vetor diretor ~v ⇔
⇔ ~η1 não é paralelo ao ~η2 e ~v ∥ (~η1 × ~η2 ).
Com isso temos
π1 = π2 ⇔ Existe λ , 0 tal que (a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ) = λ(a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 )
π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ Existe λ , 0 tal que (a2 , b2 , c2 ) = λ(a1 , b1 , c1 )
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos

π1 ∩ π2 = ∅ ⇔ π1 ∥ π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A < π2 .
π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 ⇔ ~η1 ∥ ~η2 e A ∈ π2 .
Com isso temos
mas, d2 , λd1 .
Retas e planos
Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) é vetor normal ao plano π2 .
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .
π1 ∩ π4 é uma reta de equação

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
~η4 = (4, 3, −2) é vetor normal
ao plano π4 . Temos ~η1 e ~η4 não
paralelos. A = 11 , − 11 , 0 ∈ π1 ∩ π4 foi obtido tomando-se z = 0.
14 15
Assim, ~v = ~η1 × ~η4 = (−8, 18, 11) é vetor diretor da reta r = π1 ∩ π4 .

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
Observamos que
π1 ∥ π2 pois
~η2 = (−2, 4, −8) = (−2) · (1, −2, 4) = (−2) · ~η1 e 8 , (−2) · 4.

π1 = π3 pois, (1, −2, 4, 4) = 4 · 14 , − 21 , 1, 1 .

r : (x , y , z ) = 11
14
, − 15
11 , 0 + λ(−8, 18, 11), λ ∈ R, pois
14 15

Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
π1 ∩ π4 é uma reta pois
~η4 = (4, 3, −2) é vetor normal ao plano π4 . Temos ~η1 ~η4 .
Podemos determinar a equação de r = π1 ∩ π4 resolvendo o sistema
x − 2y + 4z = 4


linear  que tem como solução
4x + 3y − 2z = 1

11 z , 11 z ,
14 8
x= 11 − y = − 15
11 +
18
z ∈ R.
Assim, r tem equações paramétricas

11 − 11 λ
x = 14

 8


11 + 11 λ

y = − 15 18




z = λ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
x − 2y + 4z = 4


4x + 3y − 2z = 1

11 z , 11 z ,
14 8
x= 11 − y = − 15
11 +
18
z ∈ R.

11 − 11 λ
x = 14

 8


11 + 11 λ

y = − 15 18




z = λ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
x − 2y + 4z = 4


4x + 3y − 2z = 1

11 z , 11 z ,
14 8
x= 11 − y = − 15
11 +
18
z ∈ R.

11 − 11 λ
x = 14

 8


11 + 11 λ

y = − 15 18




z = λ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
x − 2y + 4z = 4


4x + 3y − 2z = 1

11 z , 11 z ,
14 8
x= 11 − y = − 15
11 +
18
z ∈ R.

11 − 11 λ
x = 14

 8


11 + 11 λ

y = − 15 18




z = λ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
x − 2y + 4z = 4


4x + 3y − 2z = 1

11 z , 11 z ,
14 8
x= 11 − y = − 15
11 +
18
z ∈ R.

11 − 11 λ
x = 14

 8


11 + 11 λ

y = − 15 18




z = λ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
x − 2y + 4z = 4


4x + 3y − 2z = 1

11 z , 11 z ,
14 8
x= 11 − y = − 15
11 +
18
z ∈ R.

11 − 11 λ
x = 14

 8


11 + 11 λ

y = − 15 18




z = λ


Retas e planos
Exemplos
Sejam π1 : x − 2y + 4z = 4, π2 : −2x + 4y − 8z = 8,
π3 : x4 + −y2 + 1z = 1, π4 : 4x + 3y − 2z = 1.
x − 2y + 4z = 4


4x + 3y − 2z = 1

11 z , 11 z ,
14 8
x= 11 − y = − 15
11 +
18
z ∈ R.

11 − 11 λ
x = 14

 8


11 + 11 λ

y = − 15 18




z = λ


Retas e planos
Posição relativa de planos e sistemas lineares

Para justificar o que vimos acima sobre a posição relativa entre dois
planos π1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 e π2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 basta
analisar as possı́veis soluções do sistema linear,

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1


R: 
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2

Se S é impossı́vel então, π1 ∥ π2 .
Se S é possı́vel então R é indeterminado pois o número de equações
(igual a 2) é menor do que o número de incógnitas (igual a 3).
Assim, o grau de liberdade de S é 1 ou 2.
Se o grau de liberdade de S é 1 então π1 ∩ π2 é uma reta.
Se o grau de liberdade de S é 2 então π1 ∩ π2 = π1 = π2 .
Retas e planos


a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1


R: 
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2

Retas e planos


a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1


R: 
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2

Retas e planos


a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1


R: 
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2

Retas e planos


a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1


R: 
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2

Retas e planos


a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1


R: 
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2

Retas e planos
Dados uma reta r, com vetor diretor ~v e um plano π com vetor normal ~η
definimos a medida do ângulo entre a reta r e o plano π como sendo o
número θ = ^(r , π) entre 0 e 90◦ (ou entre 0 e 2π radianos) tal que
|~η · ~v |
sen(θ) =
||~η|| · ||~v ||
θ = ^(r , π)
s⊥π
~η = vetor normal ao plano π
~v = vetor diretor da reta r
α = ^(r , s )
|~η · ~v |
= cos α
||~η|| · ||~v ||
= cos(90◦ − θ)
= sen θ

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Geometria Analı́tica – 08111-6

Slides cedidos pelo Prof. Tomas E. Barros

Equação vetorial do plano

Equação vetorial do plano

Equação vetorial do plano

Equação vetorial do plano

Os vetores ~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) e ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) são chamados vetores

Os vetores ~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) e ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) são chamados vetores

Os vetores ~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) e ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) são chamados vetores

Os vetores ~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) e ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) são chamados vetores

Os vetores ~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) e ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) são chamados vetores

Os vetores ~u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) e ~v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) são chamados vetores

Equação Geral do plano

Equação Geral do plano

Equação Geral do plano

Equação Geral do plano

Equação Geral do plano

Equação Geral do plano

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Outra forma de obter uma equação geral de π.

Medida do ângulo entre dois planos

Medida do ângulo entre dois planos

Medida do ângulo entre dois planos

Medida do ângulo entre dois planos

Planos perpendiculares e paralelos

Planos perpendiculares e paralelos

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (3, −1, −1) e ~v1 = (−7, 0, 2) são vetores diretores de π1 .

|~η1 · ~η2 | | − 54| 54

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

~u1 = (1, 1, 1) e ~v1 = (1, 0, −1) são vetores diretores de π1 .

Posição relativa entre reta e plano

Posição relativa entre reta e plano

Posição relativa entre reta e plano