4.3.

Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

Atividade inicial 3 g ( x ) − g (0) x2 + 2x − 0

3.3. g ′ (0) = = lim =
Pág. 66 x−0 x→0 x
C ( x ) = 0,1x + 20 x + 1000
2
x ( x + 2)
= lim = lim ( x + 2 ) = 2
1. C (100 ) = 0,1 × 100 2 + 20 × 100 + 1000 = 4000 x →0 x x→0

g ( x ) − g (1) x 2 + 2 x − (1 + 2 )
O custo de produção de 100 peças é 4000 €. 3.4. g ′ (1) = lim = lim =
C (100 ) 4000
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1
2. = = 40 0
100 100  
x2 + 2x − 3  0 
= lim = 1 2 –3
Cada peça custou, em média, 40 €. x →1 x −1
3. C (150 ) = 0,1 × 1502 + 20 × 150 + 1000 = 6250 ( x − 1)( x + 3)
1 1 3
= lim = 1 3 0
O custo de produção de 150 peças é 6250 €. x →1 x −1
C (150 ) 6250 = lim ( x + 3) = 4
4. = ≈ 41,67 € x →1
150 150
5. C (150 ) − C (100 ) = 6250 − 4000 = 2250 Pág. 70
O custo de produzir 50 peças quando já foram produzidas 2
4. f ( x) =
100 é de 2250 €. x
C (150 ) − C (100 ) 2250 2 0
6. = = 45 f ( x ) − f (1) − 2  0 
150 − 100 50 4.1. f ′ (1) = lim = lim x =
x →1 x −1 x →1 x − 1
O custo médio de cada uma das 50 peças produzidas depois
2 − 2x
de produzir 100 é de 45 €. −2 ( x − 1) −2
= lim x = lim = lim = −2
7. Custo médio de cada peça produzida acima de 100 quando x →1 x − 1 x →1 x ( x − 1) x →1 x

foram produzidas 150 peças.

2
f ( x ) − f ( −1) − ( −2 )
4.2. f ′ ( −1) = lim = lim x =
x →−1 x +1 x →−1 x −1
Pág. 67 2 + 2x
1. f ( −2 ) = f ( 4 ) = 5 ; f ( 2 ) = f ( 6 ) = 2 2 ( x + 1) 2
= lim x = lim = lim = −2
x →−1 x + 1 x →−1 x ( x + 1)
f ( 6 ) − f ( −2 ) = 2 − 5 = −3
x →−1 x
1.1.
f ( 2 ) − f ( −2 ) 2−5 3 5. g ( x) = x + 1 −1
1.2. a) = =−
2 − ( −2 ) 4 4 0
g ( x ) − g ( 0)
 
x +1 −1− 0  0
f ( 4) − f ( 2) 5−2 3 5.1. g ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim =
b) = =
x →0 x−0 x →0 x
4−2
f ( 6) − f ( 2)2−2
2 2
= lim
( x +1 −1 )( x +1 +1 ) = lim ( x + 1) − 1 =
c)
6−2
=
4
=0 x →0
x ( x +1 +1 ) x →0
x ( x +1 +1)
f (8) − f ( 4 ) 1 f (8) − 5 1 x 1 1
1.3. =− ⇔ =− ⇔ = lim = =
8−4 2 4 2 x →0
x ( x +1 +1 ) 1 +1 2
⇔ f ( 8 ) − 5 = −2 ⇔ f ( 8 ) = −2 + 5 ⇔ f ( 8 ) = 3
g ( 3 + h ) − g ( 3) 3 + h + 1 − 1 − ( 2 − 1)
5.2. g ′ ( 3) = lim = lim =
h→0 h h→0 h
Pág. 68
( )( )=
0
2. A ( −4 , 3) ; f ( −4 ) = 3 4 + h − 2 0
 
4+h −2 4+h +2
= lim = lim
mAB =
3 3
= − e mCD =
4 h→0 h h →0
h ( 4+h +2 )
−4 4 3 4+h−4 1 1
= lim = lim =
2.1. t.m.v.( f , − 4, b ) = mAB = −
3
4
h→0
h ( 4+h +2 ) h→0
4+h +2 4

4
2.2. t.m.v.( f , c , d ) = mCD =
3 Pág. 71
6. f ( x ) = −2 x 2 + 8 x − 4, D f = R
Pág. 69 g ( x ) = x + 1, Dg = [ −1 , + ∞[
f ( x ) − f ( 0) −3 x + 1 − x −3 x
3.1. f ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim = lim = −3 6.1. f ( 3) = −2 × 32 + 8 × 3 − 4 = 2
x →0 x−0 x→0 x x →0 x

g ( 3) = 3 + 1 = 2
f ( x ) − f (1) −3 x + 1 − ( −3 + 1)
3.2. f ′ (1) = lim = lim =
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 Logo, o ponto A(3 , 2) pertence ao gráfico de f e ao gráfico
−3 x + 3 −3 ( x − 1) de g .
= lim = lim = −3
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1

1
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

6.2. y = mx + b g ( x ) − g (0) x2 + x − 0
ms = g ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim =
f ( x ) − f ( 3) x →0 x−0 x →0 x
m = f ′ ( 3) = lim =
x →3 x −3 –2 8 –6 x ( x + 1)
= lim =1
−2 x 2 + 8 x − 4 − 2 3 –6 6 x →0 x
= lim = –2 2 0
x →3 x −3 Como mr × ms = −1 , as retas r e s são perpendiculares.
 0

= lim
−2 x 2 + 8 x − 6
= lim
( x − 3)( −2 x + 2 ) = −4
 
 0 8.2. Reta r:
x →3 x−3 x → 3
( x − 3) Ponto de tangência: (0 , 0)
mr = –1
Ponto de tangência: A(3 , 2)
r : y − 0 = −1( x − 0 ) ⇔ y = − x
r : y − 2 = −4 ( x − 3) ⇔ y = −4 x + 12 + 2 ⇔ y = −4 x + 14
Reta s:
6.3. y = mx + b
0
Ponto de tangência: (0 , 0)
g ( x ) − g ( 3)
 
x +1 − 2 0 ms = 1
m = g ′ ( 3) = lim = lim =
x →3 x −3 x →3 x−3 s : y − 0 = 1( x − 0 ) ⇔ y = x

= lim
( x +1 − 2 )( x +1 + 2 ) = lim x +1− 4
=
x →3
( x − 3) ( x +1 + 2 ) x →3
( x − 3) ( x +1 + 2 ) Pág. 75
9. P ( t ) = 12 + 4t − t 2
( x − 3) 1 1 P ( t ) = 0 ⇔ 12 + 4t − t 2 = 0 ⇔ −t 2 + 4t + 12 = 0 ⇔
= lim = = 9.1.
x →3
( x − 3) ( x + 1 + 2 ) 4+2 4
−4 ± 16 + 48 −4 ± 8
⇔t = ⇔t= ⇔
Ponto de tangência: A(3 , 2) −2 −2
1 1 3
t : y − 2 = ( x − 3) ⇔ y = x − + 2 ⇔ y = x +
1 5 ⇔ t = −2 ∨ t = 6
4 4 4 4 4 Nos instantes t = –2 s e t = 6 s.
1
6.4. mr × ms = −4 × = −1 . Logo, as retas r e s são P ( 2 ) − P (1) (12 + 8 − 4 ) − (12 − 4 − 1) 16 − 7
9.2. = = =3
4 2 − ( −1) 3 3
perpendiculares.
A velocidade média de P entre t = –1 s e t = 2 s é 3 cm/s.
P (t ) − P ( 0)
Pág. 72 9.3. v ( 0 ) = P′ ( 0 ) = lim =
t →0 t −0
3
 se x ≥ 1
7. f ( x) =  x
 x + 2 x se x < 1
2 t (4 − t)
 = lim =4
t →0 t
Ponto de tangência: A(1 , 3) pois f (1) = 3
v ( 0 ) = 4 cm/s
Declive:
f ( x ) − f (1)
m = f ′ (1) = lim Pág. 76
x →1 x −1
0 1 2 –3 10. g ( x ) = −3 x + 1
 
x2 + 2x − 3  0 
f ′ (1 ) = lim−
− 1 1 3
= 0
g ( x) − g (a) −3 x + 1 − ( −3a − 1)  0 
1 3 0  
x →1 x −1
g ′ ( a ) = lim = lim =
( x − 1)( x + 3) = lim x + 3 = 4 x→a x−a x →a x−a
= lim− ( )
x →1 ( x − 1) x →1−
−3 x + 3 x −3 ( x − a )
= lim = lim = −3
3  0 3 − 3x x →a x−a x →a x−a
− 3  0 
f ′ (1 ) = lim+
+ x = lim+ x = ∀a ∈ R, g ′ ( a ) = −3
x →1 x − 1 x →1 x −1
11. f ( x ) = x2
−3 ( x − 1)
= lim+ = −3
x →1 x ( x − 1)
0
f ( x) − f (a)
 
x2 − a2  0 
f ′ ( a ) = lim = lim =
f ( x ) − f (1) x →a x−a x →a x − a
Não existe lim dado que os limites laterais
x −1
x →1
( x − a) ( x + a)
neste ponto são diferentes. Logo, não existe f ′ (1) pelo que = lim = a + a = 2a
x →a
( x − a)
não existe tangente ao gráfico de f no ponto de abcissa 1.
∀a ∈ R, f ′ ( a ) = 2a
8. f ( x ) = x2 − x ; g ( x ) = x2 + x
f ( x ) − f (0) x2 − x − 0
8.1. mr = f ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim = Pág. 77
x →0 x−0 x →0 x 2
x ( x − 1) 12. f ( x) = ; D f = R \ {1}
= lim =1 1− x
x →0 x

2
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

2
−
2 0 Como f ′ ( −1) ≠ f ′ (1+ ) , então não existe f ′ (1) pelo que f
f ( x) − f (a)
 
− − a =
0
f ′ ( a ) = lim = lim 1 x 1
não é diferenciável no ponto x = 1.
x →a x−a x → a x−a
2 (1 − a ) − 2 (1 − a ) 15. g ( x ) = 3 x 2 , Dg = R
(1 − x )(1 − a ) = lim 2 − 2a − 2 + 2 x = 2
= lim
x → a (1 − x )(1 − a )( x − a )
15.1. g ( x ) = 3 x 2 = x 3
x→a x−a
g é contínua em R porque toda a função polinomial é
2 x − 2a 2( x − a)
= lim = lim = contínua em R e uma potência de expoente racional de uma
x → a (1 − x )(1 − a )( x − a ) x → a (1 − x )(1 − a )( x − a )
função contínua é uma função contínua.
2 2 2
= lim = = 0
g ( x ) − g ( 0)
 
(1 − x )(1 − a ) (1 − a )(1 − a ) (1 − a )2 x2 − 0  0 
3
15.2. g ′ ( 0 ) = lim
x→a
= lim =
x →0 x−0 x→0 x
2
f ′( a ) = , ∀a ∈ R \ {1} 3 2
x2
(1 − a ) x 1
2
= lim = lim 3 = lim 3
x →0 3
x 3 x→0 x3 x→0 x
13. f ( x ) = 2 x − 1 ; D f = [1 , + ∞[
1 3 1 1 1
0 lim = − = −∞ e lim+ 3 = 3 + = +∞
3
f ( x) − f (a)
  x → 0−
2 x −1 − 2 a −1 0 x 0 x→0 x 0
13.1. f ′ ( a ) = lim = lim =
x→a x−a x →a x−a Logo, não existe g ′ ( 0 ) pelo que g não é diferenciável no

= 2lim
( x −1 − a −1 )( x −1 + a −1 )= ponto x = 0.
x →a
( x − a)( x −1 + a −1 ) Pág. 81
( x − 1) − ( a − 1)
= 2lim = 16.1. f ( x ) = 5 x − 7 ; f ′ ( x ) = ( 5 x − 7 )′ = 5
x →a
( x − a ) ( x − 1 + a − 1)
16.2. g ( x ) = 1 − 7 x ; g ′ ( x ) = (1 − 7 x )′ = −7
( x − a)
= 2lim =
x →a
( x − a)( x −1 + a −1 ) x  x ′
16.3. h ( x ) = − + 1 ; h′ ( x ) =  − + 1 = −
1
1 2 1
2  2  2
= 2× = =
a −1 + a −1 2 a −1 a −1
1 Pág. 82
f ′( a ) = , ∀a ∈ ]1 , + ∞[ 17.1. f ( x ) = x 2 + x
a −1
13.2. Ponto de tangência: f ′ ( x ) = ( x 2 + x )′ = ( x 2 )′ + x′ = 2 x + 1
( 5 , 4 ) , pois f ( 5) = 2 5 − 1 = 2 × 2 = 4 Df ′ = R
f ′ (1) = 2 × 1 + 1 = 3
Declive:
1 1
m = f ′ ( 5) = = , pois 17.2. g ( x ) = −2 (1 − 2 x ) + x
5 −1 2
1 ′
f (a) = para a > 1. g ′ ( x ) =  −2 (1 − 2 x ) + x  =
a −1
= −2 (1 − 2 x )′ +
1
Equação da reta tangente: =
1 1 5 1 3 2 x
y − 4 = ( x − 5) ⇔ y = x − + 4 ⇔ y = x + 1
2 2 2 2 2 = −2 × ( −2 ) + =
2 x
Pág. 79 1
=4+
 x − 1 se x ≥ 1 2 x
14. f ( x) = x −1 =  Dg ′ = R+
 − ( x − 1) se x < 1
lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( x − 1) = 1 − 1 = 0 g ′ (1) = 4 +
1
=
9
x →1 x →1 2
2 1
lim f ( x ) = lim+ −
 ( x − 1)  = − (1 − 1) = 0 = f (1) 17.3. h ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 + x + 1
x →1+ x →1

Como lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (1) existe lim f ( x ) e,

x →1 x →1 x →1 h′ ( x ) = ( x3 − x 2 + x + 1)′ =
portanto, f é contínua no ponto x = 1.
f ( x ) − f (1) x −1 − 0 = ( x3 )′ − ( x 2 )′ + ( x + 1)′ =
f ′ (1) = lim = lim
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1
f ( x ) − f (1) − ( x − 1) Dh′ = R
f ′ (1− ) = lim− = lim− = −1 h′ (1) = 3 × 12 − 2 × 1 + 1 = 2
x →1 x −1 ( x − 1)
x →1

f ( x ) − f (1) ( x − 1)
f ′ (1+ ) = lim+ = lim =1
x →1 x −1 x →1 ( x − 1)
+

3
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

′
18.3. h ( x ) = ( x 2 + 1) ( + x − 3)  =
 1 
17.4. j ( x ) = 3  x − 
 3 x

  1  ′  1 ′ 
 1 ′
 = ( x 2 + 1)′ ( x − 3) + ( x 2 + 1) ( x − 3)′ =
j′ ( x ) = 3  x −   = 3  x −  = 3  x′ −    =
  3x    3x    3x  
=  ( x 2 )′ + 1′  ( x − 3) + ( x 2 + 1) × 1 =
   
 1 1 ′  
   1  1 
= 3 1 −  −   = 3 1 −  − 2   = = 2 x ( x − 3) + x 2 + 1 = 2 x 2 − 6 x + x 2 + 1 =
 3 x    3  x 
  = 3x 2 − 6 x + 1
3 1 
′
1
= 3− − 2  = 3+ 2  1 
3 x  x 18.4. j ( x ) =  1 +  (1 − 3 x )  =
 x 
ou
 1 ′  1
  1  ′  1 ′ = 1 +  (1 − 3 x ) +  1 +  (1 − 3 x )′ =
j ′ ( x ) = 3  x −   =  3 x −  =  x  x
  3x   x

1′ 
 1
 1 ′  1  = 1′ +    (1 − 3 x ) +  1 +  × ( −3) =
= ( 3 x )′ −   = 3 −  − 2  = 3 + 2
1
  
x   x
 x  x  x  
D j ′ = R \ {0}  1  3
=  0 − 2  (1 − 3 x ) − 3 − =
1  x  x
j ′ (1) = 3 + =4 1 3 3 1
12 = − 2 + − 3 − = −3 − 2
4 x x x x
17.5. p ( x ) = +2 x
x 19. g ( x ) = ( x3 + 1) x

′  4 ′
4 ′
p′ ( x ) =  + 2 x  =   + 2 x = ( ) 19.1. g ′ ( x ) = ( x 3 + 1)′ x + ( x3 + 1) ( x )′ =
x   x
=  ( x 3 )′ + 1′  x + ( x3 + 1) ×
  1
 1 ′ =
= 4  + 2
 x
( )x
′  1 
= 4 − 2  + 2 ×
 x 
1
2 x
=   2 x
x3 + 1 x3 + 1
4 1 = ( 3x 2 + 0 ) x + = 3x 2 x + =
=− 2 + 2 x 2 x
x x
6 x 2 x x + x3 + 1 6 x 2 × x + x 3 + 1 7 x 3 + 1
D p′ = R = = = =
2 x 2 x 2 x
(7x + 1) x (7 x + 1) x
4 1
p′ (1) = − + = −4 + 1 = −3 3 3
12 1 = =
2 x x 2x
3x 2
17.6. q ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 19.2. Ponto de tangência: P(1 , 2) dado que g (1) = (13 + 1) 1 = 2
2
 3 x 2 ′ 3 ′  3 2 ′ ( 7 ×1 3
+ 1) 1
 = (4x ) −  x  =
8
q′ ( x ) =  4 x3 − Declive: m = g ′ (1) = = =4
 2  2  2 ×1 2
Equação: y − 2 = 4 ( x − 1) ⇔ y = 4 x − 4 + 2 ⇔ y = 4 x − 2
= 4 ( x3 )′ − ( x 2 )′ = 4 × 3x 2 − × 2 x =
3 3
2 2
= 12 x 2 − 3 x Pág. 84
Dq ′ = R
 x ′ x′ ( x + 1) − x ( x + 1)′
q′ (1) = 12 × 12 − 3 × 1 = 12 − 3 = 9 20.1. f ′ ( x ) =   = =
 x +1 ( x + 1)
2

1 × ( x + 1) − x × 1 x +1− x 1
Pág. 83 = = =
( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2 2

18.1. f ′ ( x ) =  x ( 2 x + 1) ′ = x′ ( 2 x + 1) + x ( 2 x + 1)′ = ′

 x + 1 ′ ( x + 1) ( x + 1) − ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
′ 2 2

= 1( 2 x + 1) + x × 2 = 2 x + 1 + 2 x = 4 x + 1 20.2. g ′ ( x ) =  2  = =
 x +1 ( x 2 + 1)
2

( ′
)
18.2. g ′ ( x ) = 3 x x = ( 3 x )′ x + 3 x ( x )′ =
1 × ( x 2 + 1) − ( x + 1) ( x 2 )′ + 1′
 
1 3x
=  =
= 3 x + 3x × =3 x + =
( )
2
2 x 2 x x 2
+ 1
3 x × 2 x + 3x 6 x + 3x x 2 + 1 − ( x + 1)( 2 x + 0 ) x 2 + 1 − ( x + 1) 2 x
= = = = = =
2 x 2 x
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2 2

9x 9 x x 9
= = × = x x2 + 1 − 2x2 − 2x − x2 − 2x + 1
2 x 2 x 2 = =
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2 2

4
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

 2 ′  2 ′
20.3. h′ ( x ) =  x + 2  = x′ +  2  = Pág. 86
 x  x 
1
f ( x ) = , D f = R \ {0}
2′ × x 2 − 2 × ( x 2 )′
22.
0 × x2 − 2 × 2x 4 x
=1+ = 1+ =1− 3
x4 x4 x g(a) = 2 e g ′ ( a ) = −8
′
 x ′ x′ ( x − 1) − x ( x − 1)
1
f ′( x) = −
2 2

20.4. j ′ ( x ) =  2  = = x2
 x −1 ( x 2 − 1)
2

22.1. (f g )′ ( a ) = g ′ ( a ) × f ′ ( g ( a ) ) = −8 × f ′ ( 2 ) =
1( x − 1) − x ( x 2 )′ − 1′
 2 
 =  1 
= = −8 ×  − 2  = 2
( x − 1)  2 
2 2

x2 − 1 − x ( 2x − 0) x2 − 1 − 2x2
22.2. ( fg )′ ( a ) = 0 ⇔ f ′ ( a ) × g ( a ) + f ( a ) × g ′ ( a ) = 0 ⇔
= = =
(x − 1) (x − 1)
1 1
× 2 + × ( −8 ) = 0 ⇔
2 2
⇔−
2 2

a2 a
− x2 − 1 x2 + 1 −2 − 8a
= =− 2 8
⇔− 2 − =0⇔ =0⇔
(x − 1) (x − 1)
2 2 2 2
a a a2
2 1
2 ′
 −2 ′ ( −2 ) (1 + x ) − ( −2 ) (1 + x )
′ 2 ⇔ −2 − 8a = 0 ∧ a 2 ≠ 0 ⇔ a = − ⇔ a = −
20.5. p′ ( x ) =  2 
= = 8 4
1+ x  (1 + x 2 )
2
1
23. f ( x ) = 3x e g ( x ) =
1 + x2
0 × (1 + x ) + 2 1′ + ( x 2 )′ 
 2
 = 0 + 2(0 + 2x) = ( f g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = f 
1  3
=  2 
=
1+ x  1+ x
2

(1 + x )
2 2
(1 + x 2 )
2

( g f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = g ( 3x ) =
1 1
=
1 + ( 3x )
4x 2
+ 9x2
= 1
(1 + x 2 )
2

f ′ ( x ) = ( 3 x )′ = 3
 2 − x ′
20.6. q′ ( x ) = ( 2 + x 2 )
2
2 ′
 =  1 ′ 1′ (1 + x ) − 1(1 + x )
2
 2− x  g′( x) =  = =
2 
1+ x  (1 + x 2 )
2

2 − x2  2 − x 2 ′
= ( 2 + x 2 )′ = ( 2 + x2 )   = 0 − (0 + 2x)
2− x  2− x  = =−
2x
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2
2 2

= (0 + 2x)
2− x
+ ( 2 + x2 )
2
×
( 2 − x )′ ( 2 − x ) − ( 2 − x ) ( 2 − x )′ =
2 2

2− x (2 − x)
2
23.1. (g f )′ ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) × g ′ ( f ( x ) ) =
2x ( 2 − x2 ) ( 0 − 2 x )( 2 − x ) − ( 2 − x 2 ) × ( −1)  2 × ( 3x ) 
= + ( 2 + x2 ) × = = 3 × g ′ ( 3x ) = 3 ×  − 2 =−
18 x
2− x (2 − x)  1 + ( 3 x )2   (1 + 9 x 2 )
2 2
   
2x ( 2 − x2 ) −4 x + 2 x 2 + 2 − x 2
= + ( 2 + x2 ) × = ou
2− x (2 − x)
2
2 ′
 1 ′ 1′ (1 + 9 x ) − 1(1 + 9 x )
2 2

( ′
)( ) 
= = =
4 x − 2 x 3 ( 2 + x )( x − 4 x + 2 )
g f x 2 
(1 + 9 x 2 )
2 2
 1 + 9x 
2
= + =
2−x ( 2 − x)
2
( 2− x ) 0 − (0 + 9 × 2x) 18 x
= =−
=
(4x − 2x ) ( 2 − x) + 2x
3 2
− 8x + 4 + x − 4 x + 2 x 4 3 2

= (1 + 9 x ) 2
2
(1 + 9 x ) 2
2

(2 − x)
2

23.2. (f g )′ ( x ) = g ′ ( x ) × f ′ ( g ( x ) ) =
8x − 4x − 4x + 2x + x − 4x + 4x − 8x + 4
2 3 4 4 3 2
= = 2x  1 
( x − 2) =− × f ′ =
2
2 

3x 4 − 8 x3 + 4
(1 + x ) 2 2 1+ x 
= 2x 6x
( x − 2) =− ×3= −
2

Pág. 85
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2

ou
21. f ′ ( x) = x2 x ( )′ = ( x )′ 2
x + x2 ( x )′ = 2 ′
 3 ′ 3′ (1 + x ) − 3 (1 + x )
2

2x x × 2 x + x 2 (f g )′ ( x ) =  2 
= =
(1 + x 2 )
1
= 2x x + x2 = = 1+ x 
2

2 x 2 x
4x × x + x2 4x2 + x2 5x2 x 5 f ( x ) 0 − 3( 0 + 2x ) 6x
= = = = = =−
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2
2 2
2 x 2 x 2 x x 2x

5
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

(f f )′ ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) × f ′ ( f ( x ) ) = 3 × 3 = 9 ′
26.3. h′ ( x ) = ( 3 − 2 x ) (1 + 2 x )  =
3
23.3.
 
ou 3 ′
= ( 3 − 2 x )  (1 + 2 x ) + ( 3 − 2 x ) (1 + 2 x )′ =
3
′
(f f )′ ( x ) =  f ( f ( x ) )  =  f ( 3 x ) ′ = ( 3 × 3 x )′ = ( 9 x )′ = 9  
= 3 ( 3 − 2 x ) ( 3 − 2 x )′ (1 + 2 x ) + ( 3 − 2 x ) × 2 =
2 3

= 3 ( 3 − 2 x ) × ( −2 )(1 + 2 x ) + 2 ( 3 − 2 x ) =
2 3
Pág. 87

24.1. f ′ ( x ) = ( 2 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 5 x 2 − x + 1)′ = = ( 3 − 2 x ) −
 6 (1 + 2 x ) + 2 ( 3 − 2 x )  =
2

= ( 2 x 4 )′ − ( 4 x3 )′ + ( 5 x 2 )′ + ( − x + 1)′ = = ( 2 x − 3) ( −6 − 12 x + 6 + 4 x ) =
2

= −16 x ( 2 x − 3)
2

= 2 ( x 4 )′ − 4 ( x 3 )′ + 5 ( x 2 )′ + ( −1) =
( 2 x + 1)′
= 2 × 4 x3 − 4 × 3x 2 + 5 × 2 x − 1 = 26.4. j′ ( x ) = ( ′
2x + 1 = ) =
2
2 2x + 1
=
1
2x + 1
= 8 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 10 x − 1 2 ( 2 x + 1)
1

 x3 x 2 ′ ( 2 x + 1)′
24.2. g ′ ( x ) =  − +
 3 2
+ x + 3 =

26.5. p′ ( x ) = ( 3 ′
2x + 1 = ) =
2
3 3 ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1)
2 2
3
3
 x 3 ′  x 2 ′
=  −  +   + ( x + 3)′ = 2 ′
26.6. q′ ( x ) = ( x 3 + x )  = 2 ( x 3 + x ) ( x 3 + x )′ =
1

 3  2   

= − ( x 3 )′ + ( x 2 )′ + 1 =
1 1 = 2 ( x3 + x )( 3x 2 + 1)
3 2
2 ′
 x ′ x′ ( x − 1) − x ( x − 1) 
2
1 1
= − × 3x + × 2 x + 1 = − x 2 + x + 1
2
26.7. r ( x ) = 
′ 2 = =
 ( x − 1) 
3 2 2
( x − 1) 2 
24.3. h′ ( x ) = (1 − 2 x 5 − x 4 )′ = 1′ − ( 2 x 5 )′ − ( x 4 )′ =  
( x − 1) − x × 2 ( x − 1) × ( x − 1)′
2

= 0 − 2 ( x )′ − 4 x3 = −2 × 5 x 4 − 4 x 3 =
5 = =
( x − 1)
4

= −10 x 4 − 4 x 3
( x − 1) − 2 x ( x − 1) × 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) − 2 x 
2

= = =
24.4. j′ ( x ) = ( x −5 − 3 x −3 )′ = ( x −5 )′ − ( 3 x −3 )′ = ( x − 1)
4
( x − 1)
4

−x −1
= −5 x −5 −1 − 3 ( x −3 )′ = −5 x −6 − 3 × ( −3) x −3 −1 = =
( x − 1)
3
−6 −4
= −5 x + 9 x
′
24.5. p′ ( x ) = ( x 2 + x −2 )′ = ( x 2 )′ + ( x −2 )′ = 2 x − 2 x −3 26.8. s′ ( x ) =  x 2 + 1 ( x + 1)  =
 

Pág. 88
= ( x2 + 1 )′ ( x + 1) + x 2 + 1 ( x + 1)′ =

(
25.1. f ′ ( x ) = x + 4 x )′ = x′ + ( x )′ = 1 + 4 1x
4
(x 2
+ 1)′
4 3 = ( x + 1) + x2 + 1 ×1 =
2 x2 + 1
1
2 x ( x + 1)
 1 ′ 1′ × x − 1 ×
25.2. g ′ ( x ) =  3  =
3
( x )′ = 0 − 3
3
3
x2 = = + x2 + 1 =
2 x2 + 1
( )
2
 x 3
x
3
x 2

( )
2

1 11 x2 + x + x2 + 1
=− =− =− 3 = =
33 x2 3 x 2
x ×x
3 3
3 x x x2 + 1
x + x + x2 + 1 2x2 + x + 1
( ′
) ( x )′ − 2 ( x )′ = 3 1x
2
2
25.3. h′ ( x ) = 3
x − 25 x = 3 5
− = =
3 2
5 5 x4 x2 + 1 x2 + 1

Pág. 90 
26.9. u ′ ( x ) =  2
x ′ x′ x + 2 − x x + 2
=
2 2
( )′ =

 x +2
( )
2

′  13 ′ x2 + 2
(x +x ) 
′  1
− 1 − 1 −1 1 1 −1
26.1. f ′ ( x ) = = x  +  x  = − x 3 + x3 =
1 1
− 3
3 3
    3 3
(x 2
+ 2 )′ 2x
1 −4 1 −2 x2 + 2 − x x2 + 2 − x ×
=− x 3 + x 3 2 x +2 = 2
2 x2 + 2
3 3 = =
x +22
x +22

3 ′
26.2. g ′ ( x ) = ( 2 x + 1)  = 3 ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1)′ =
2
 
= 3 ( 2 x + 1) × 2 = 6 ( 2 x + 1)
2 2

6
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

( )
2
28.2. A bissetriz dos quadrantes pares (y = –x) tem declive –1.
x2 + 2 − x2
Uma reta perpendicular a esta tem declive igual a 1. Portanto,
x2 + 2 x2 + 2 − x2 vamos determinar x tal que f ′ ( x ) = 1
= = =
x2 + 2 (x 2
+ 2) x2 + 2 1
f ′( x) = 1 ⇔ = 1 ∧ x > −2 ⇔
=
2 2 x+2
(x 2
+ 2) x2 + 2
⇔
1
− 1 = 0 ∧ x > −2 ⇔
2 x+2
Pág. 91 1− 2 x + 2
⇔ = 0 ∧ x > −2 ⇔
27. x ( t ) = 0,1t − 3t + 20
2 2 x+2

27.1. x ( 0 ) = 0,1 × 02 − 3 × 0 + 20 = 20 ⇔ 1 − 2 x + 2 = 0 ∧ x > −2 ⇔

⇔ 2 x + 2 = 1 ∧ x > −2 ⇔
x ( 0 ) = 20 m ; 20 m da origem no sentido positivo.
⇒ 4 ( x + 2 ) = 1 ∧ x > −2 ⇔
27.2. x ( 5 ) = 0,1 × 52 − 3 × 5 + 20 = 7,5
7
⇔ 4 x + 8 = 1 ∧ x > −2 ⇔ x = −
x ( 5) − x ( 0 ) 7,5 − 20 12,5 4
= =− = −2,5
5−0 5 5  7 1 1 1
Verificação: f ′  −  = = = =1
A velocidade média do ponto nos cinco primeiros segundos é  4 7 1 2× 1
2 − +2 2
igual a –2,5 m/s. 4 4 2
Declive: m = 1
27.3. v ( t ) = x′ ( t ) = 0, 2t − 3 Ponto de tangência:
v ( 5 ) = 0, 2 × 5 − 3 = −2  7 1  7 7 1 1
P  − ,  dado que f  −  = − + 2 = =
v ( 5 ) = −2 m/s  4 2   4  4 4 2
Equação da reta tangente:
27.4. x ( t ) = 0 ⇔ 0,1t 2 − 3t + 20 = 0 ⇔
1  7 7 1 9
y − = 1 x +  ⇔ y = x + + ⇔ y = x +
2  4 4 2 4
3± 9−8
⇔t = ⇔ 28.3. r é tangente ao gráfico de f no ponto de abcissa 2.
2 × 0,1
Ponto de tangência:
3 −1 3 +1
⇔t = ∨t = ⇔ t = 10 ∨ t = 20 P ( 2 , 2 ) dado que f ( 2 ) = 2 + 2 = 2
0, 2 0, 2
1 1
v (10 ) = 0, 2 × 10 × 3 = −1 Declive: m = f ′ ( 2 ) = =
2 2+2 4
v ( 20 ) = 0, 2 × 20 − 3 = 1 1 1 2 1 3
r : y − 2 = ( x − 2) ⇔ y = x − + 2 ⇔ y = x +
O ponto passa na origem nos instantes t = 10 s e t = 20 s 4 4 4 4 2
com as velocidades de –1 m/s e 1 m/s, respetivamente. Sabemos que r é tangente ao gráfico de g no mesmo ponto.
1
Portanto, temos g ( 2 ) = 2 e g ′ ( 2 ) = .
4
Pág. 92 g ( 2 ) = a × 2 2 + b = 4a + b
f ( x ) = x + 2 , D f = [ −2 , + ∞[
g ′ ( x ) = ( ax 2 + b )′ = 2ax
28.
g ( x ) = ax + b , Dg = R
2

g ′ ( 2 ) = 2 a × 2 = 4a
( x + 2)
28.1. f ′ ( x ) = ( x+2 =) ′
2 x+2
=
1
2 x+2  g ( 2) = 2  4a + b = 2
 1
4 × 16 + b = 2
 
 1⇔ 1 ⇔ ⇔
g′( 2) = 4a =
Declive:
 a = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1  4 4 
m = f ′  = = = = = 16
4 1 9 9 2× 3 3  1  7
+2 2
b = 2 − 4 b = 4
2 2
4 4 4 2
⇔ ⇔
Ponto de tangência a = 1 a = 1
1 3 1 1 9 3  16  16
P  ,  dado que f   = +2 = =
 4 2   
4 4 4 2
a=
1
, b=
7
e r: y= x+
1 3
Equação da reta tangente: 16 4 4 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
y− = x− ⇔ y = x− + ⇔
2 3 4 3 12 2 Pág. 93
1 17 29. Se f é uma função ímpar, então:
⇔ y = x+
3 12 ∀x ∈ D f , − x ∈ D f ∧ f ( − x ) = − f ( x )
Como f é diferenciável vem D f ′ = D f pelo que
∀x ∈ D f ′ , − x ∈ D f ′

7
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

Por outro lado: Portanto B(0 , 3) , D(4 , 3)

f (−x) = − f ( x) ⇒ f ( 2) − f ( 0) 2 − 3 1
t.m.v.( f , 0, 2) = = =−
2−0 2 2
⇒  f ( − x ) ′ =  − f ( x ) ′ ⇒ Regra da derivada da 32.1. f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 3
função composta
⇒ ( − x )′ f ′ ( x ) = − f ′ ( x ) ⇒ f ( x ) − f (1)
f ′ (1) = lim = | f(1) = 0
⇒ − f ′( − x) = − f ′( x) ⇒ f ′( − x) = f ′( x) x →1 x −1
x2 − 4 x + 3 − 0
Portanto: = lim =
∀x ∈ D f ′ , − x ∈ D f ′ ∧ f ′ ( − x ) = f ′ ( x ) , ou seja, f ′ é uma
x →1 x −1
( x − 1) ( x − 3) 1 2 –3
função par. = lim = 1 1 3
x →1
( x − 1) 1 3 0
Pág. 95 = 1 − 3 = −2
Atividades complementares f ( x ) − f ( 2)
f ′ ( 2 ) = lim =
30. h ( t ) = 3
60t x→2 x−2
π x 2 − 4 x + 3 − ( −1)
= lim =
600 × 5 x →2 x−2
−0
h ( 5) − h ( 0 )
5

30.1. a) t.m.v.( h , 0, 5) = = π ≈ 0,91 x2 − 4x + 4 ( x − 2) =

2

5−0 5 = lim = lim

x →2 ( x − 2) x→2 x−2
0,91 dm = 9,1 cm
t.m.v.( h , 0, 5) ≈ 9,1 cm/min = lim ( x − 2 ) = 0
x →2

h ( 25 ) − h ( 20 ) 32.2. f ( x ) =
3
b) t.m.v.( h , 20, 25) = = x−2
25 − 20
f ( x ) − f ( 3)
60 × 25
−3
60 × 20 f ′ ( 3) = lim = | f(3) = 3
x−3
3
x →3
= π π ≈ 0,11 3 3 − 3x + 6
5 −3
0,11 dm = 1,1 cm = lim x − 2 = lim x − 2 =
x →3 x−3 x →3 x−3
t.m.v.( h , 20, 25) ≈ 1,1 cm/min
9 − 3x − ( x − 3)
h ( 50 ) − h ( 45 ) = lim = lim = −3
c) t.m.v.( h , 45, 50 ) = = x →3 ( x − 2 )( x − 3) x → 3
( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)
50 − 45
60 × 50 60 × 45 f ( x ) − f ( −1)
3 −3 f ′ ( −1) = lim = | f(–1) = –1
π π x →−1 x +1
= ≈ 0,07
5 3
+1
0,07 dm = 0,7 cm = lim x − 2 =
t.m.v.( h , 45, 50 ) ≈ 0,7 cm/min
x →−1 x +1
3+ x −2
30.2. Nos primeiros 5 min após a abertura da torneira, a altura da ( x + 1)
= lim x − 2 = lim
1 1
= =−
água no depósito aumentou, em média, 9,1 cm/min. Entre os x →−1 x +1 x →−1
( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) −3 3
instantes correspondentes a 20 min e a 25 min após a
32.3. h ( x ) = 2 x + 1 + 1
abertura da torneira, a altura da água aumentou, em média,
h ( x ) − h ( 0) 2x + 1 + 1 − 2
1,1 cm/min e entre os instantes 45 min e 50 min essa altura h′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim =
aumentou, em média 0,7 cm/min. Atendendo à forma do x→0 x−0 x→0 x
depósito a taxa de variação da altura diminui com o tempo.
= lim
( 2x + 1 − 1 )( 2x + 1 + 1 )=
31. A(–2 , 0) , B(0 , b) , C(2 , 2) , D(4 , b) e E(a , f (a))
31.1. t.m.v.( f , 4, a ) = declive de DE =
x →0
x ( 2x + 1 + 1 )
2x + 1 − 1 2 2
2−0 = lim = lim = =1
( )
1
= declive de AC = = x→0
2x + 1 + 1 x→0 2x + 1 + 1 2
2 − ( −2 ) 2
x

f ( 4) − f ( 0) b−b h ( x ) − h ( 4) 2x + 1 + 1 − 4
31.2. t.m.v.( f , 0, 4) = = =0 h′ ( 4 ) = lim = lim =
4 4 x→4 x−4 x→4 x−4
31.3. Reta r:
= lim
( 2x + 1 − 3 )( 2x + 1 + 3 )=
mr = mAC =
1 x →4
( x − 4) ( 2x + 1 + 3 )
2
1 1 2x + 1 − 9 2( x − 4)
Como C ( 2 , 2 ) ∈ r : r : y − 2 = ( x − 2) ⇔ y = x + 1 = lim = lim =
2 2 x→4
( x − 4) ( 2x + 1 + 3 ) x→4
( x − 4)( 2x + 1 + 3 )
O ponto D(4 , b) pertence a r . Então: 2 2 1
1 = = =
b = × 4 +1 ⇔ b = 3 3+ 3 6 3
2
8
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

1 34.2. m = f ′ (1) = −2
32.4. p ( x ) = x +
x
Ponto de tangência: (1 , 2) pois, f(1) = 2
1
p ( x ) − p ( −1) x+ − ( −2 ) y − 2 = −2 ( x − 1) ⇔ y = −2 x + 2 + 2 ⇔ y = −2 x + 4
p′ ( −1) = lim = lim x =
x →−1 x +1 x →−1 x +1 35. p ( t ) = 8t − t 2
x + 2x + 1 35.1. p ( 0 ) = 0 . O ponto está na origem.
2

( x + 1) = lim x + 1 = 0
2

p ( 3) − p (1)
= lim x = lim 15 − 7
x →−1 x +1 ( ) x →−1 x
x →−1 x x + 1
35.2. a) t.m.v.( p , 1, 3) = = =4
3 −1 2
1 5
p ( x ) − p ( 2) x+ − t.m.v.( p , 1, 3) = 4 m/s
p′ ( 2 ) = lim = lim x 2=
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2 p ( 7 ) − p ( 5) 7 − 15
b) t.m.v.( p , 5, 7 ) = = = −4
2x2 − 5x + 2 7−5 2
2x 2x2 − 5x + 2 t.m.v.( p , 5, 7 ) = −4 m/s
= lim = lim =
x→2 x−2 x→2 x ( x − 2)
p (t ) − p ( 2) 8t − t 2 − 12
35.3. p′ ( 2 ) = lim = lim =
( x − 2 ) ( 2 x − 1) 3 t→2 t−2 t→2 t−2
= lim = 2 –5 2
x→2
2x ( x − 2) 4 2 4 –2
= lim
( 2 )( −t + 6 )
t −
=4
–1 8 –12
2 –2 12
2 –1 0 t→2 (t − 2 ) –1 6 0
33. f ( x) = x − 9x
3
p ( 2 ) = 12
f ( x ) − f ( −1) x3 − 9 x − 8 No instante t = 2 s , a velocidade do ponto é 4 m/s e a
33.1. f ′ ( −1) = lim = lim =
x →−1 x +1 x →−1 x +1 distância à origem é igual a 12 m.
( x + 1) ( x 2 − x − 8) 1 0 –9 –8 p (t ) − p ( 6) 8t − t 2 − 12
p′ ( 6 ) = lim = lim =
= lim = –1 –1 1 8 t →6 t −6 t →6 t −6
x →−1
( x + 1) 1 –1 –8 0
( t − 6 ) ( −t + 2 ) –1 8 –12
= 1 + 1 − 8 = −6 = lim = −4 6 –6 12

33.2. mr = f ′ ( −1) = −6
t →6
(t − 6) –1 2 0

p(6) = 12
Ponto de tangência: A(–1 , 8) porque f(–1) = 8
r : y − 8 = −6 ( x + 1) ⇔ y = −6 x − 6 + 8 ⇔ y = −6 x + 2 No instante t = 6 s, a velocidade do ponto é –4 m/s e a
distância à origem é igual a 12 m.
33.3. f ( x ) = −6 x + 2 ⇔ x 3 − 9 x = −6 x + 2 ⇔ x 3 − 3 x − 2 = 0
Sabemos que –1 é uma das soluções: Pág. 96
x3 − 3x − 2 = 0 ⇔ 1 0 –3 –2 1
36.1. g ( x ) = 1 −
⇔ ( x + 1) ( x 2 − x − 2 ) = 0 ⇔ –1 –1 1 2 2x
1 –1 –2 0
⇔ x + 1 = 0 ∨ x2 − x − 2 = 0 ⇔ 1  1 
1− − 1 − 
g ( x) − g (a) 2 x  2a 
1± 1+ 8 g ′ ( a ) = lim = lim =
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = ⇔ x→a x−a x→a x−a
2
−1 1 −a + x
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = −1 ∨ x = 2 ⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 2 +
f ( 2 ) = 23 − 9 × 2 = −10 = lim 2 x 2a = lim 2ax =
x→a x−a x →a x − a

x−a 1 1
As coordenadas do ponto são: (2 , –10) = lim = lim = , ∀a ∈ R \ {0}
3 − x 2 se x < 1 (
x → a 2 ax x − a
) x → a 2ax 2a 2
34. f ( x ) = 
6 − 4 x se x ≥ 1 36.2. a) mr = g ′ ( −1) =
1
=
1
(faz-se a = –1)
2 × ( −1)
2
f ( x ) − f (1) f ( x) − 2 2
34.1. f ′ (1) = lim = lim
x →1 x −1 → x −1  3 1 3
Ponto de tangência: A  −1 ,  ; g ( −1) = 1 −
x 1
=
3 − x2 − 2 1 − x2  2 −2 2
f ′ (1 ) = lim−
−
= lim− =
x →1 x −1 x →1 x − 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
r : y − = ( x + 1) ⇔ y = x + + ⇔ y = x + 2
− ( x − 1) ( x + 1) 2 2 2 2 2 2
= lim− = −2 1
x →1
( x − 1) b) s : y = x + 2
2
6−4 x −2 4−4 x
f ′ (1+ ) = lim+ = lim+ = Ponto de tangência. É um ponto de abcissa a tal que:
x →1 x −1 → x −1 1
g′(a) =
x 1

= lim+
(
4 1− x 1+ x)( ) = lim 4 (1 − x ) = 2

( x − 1) (1 + x ) − (1 − x ) (1 + x )
1 1 1
x →1 x →1+ g ′ ( a ) = ⇔ 2 = ⇔ a 2 = 1 ⇔ a = −1 ∨ a = 1
2 2a 2
4 Como a reta s é estritamente paralelas à reta r,
= = −2
−2 temos a = 1.
Logo, f ′ (1) = −2 .

9
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

 1 3 ′
38.7. l ′ ( x ) = (1 − 2 x )  = 3 (1 − 2 x ) (1 − 2 x )′ =
1
Logo, o ponto de tangência é  1 ,  , pois g (1) = .
2

 2  2  
= 3 (1 − 2 x ) × ( −2 ) = −6 (1 − 2 x )
2 2
1 1 1 1
s: y − = x−  ⇔ y = x
2 2 2
 x 2 − 2 ′
2
 x − 1 se x < 1
2
38.8. m′ ( x ) =   =
37. f ( x) =   ( x − 1) 2 
 
 x − 1 se x ≥ 1
2 ′
lim f ( x ) = lim− ( x 2 − 1) = 12 − 1 = 0 (x − 2 )′ ( x − 1) − ( x 2 − 2 ) ( x − 1) 
2 2

x →1− x →1
=   =
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x − 1 = 0 = 0 = f (1) ( x − 1)
4

x →1 x →1

Como, lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (1) , existe lim f ( x ) . 2 x ( x − 1) − ( x 2 − 2 ) × 2 ( x − 1)( x − 1)′

2

x →1 x →1 x →1
= =
( x − 1)
4
Logo, f é contínua no ponto x = 1.
f ( x ) − f (1) f ( x) − 0 f ( x) ( x − 1)  2 x ( x − 1) − 2 ( x2 − 2 )
f ′ (1) = lim = lim = lim
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 x →1 x − 1 = =
( x − 1)
4

x2 − 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
f ′ (1− ) = lim− = lim− =2 2x2 − 2x − 2x2 + 4 −2 x + 4
x →1 x −1 →
( x − 1) = =
( x − 1) ( x − 1)
x 1 3 3

x −1 x −1 x −1
f ′ (1+ ) = lim+ = lim+ = 3 ′
38.9. n′ ( x ) = ( 3 x + 1)( 3 x − 1) 
x →1 x −1 x →1
( x − 1) x − 1  
x −1 3 ′
= ( 3 x + 1)′ ( 3 x − 1) + ( 3 x + 1) ( 3 x − 1)  =
1 1 3
= lim+ = lim+ = + = +∞  
x →1
( x − 1) x − 1 x →1 x −1 0
Como não existe f ′ (1) , f não é diferenciável no ponto x = 1. = 3 ( 3 x − 1) + ( 3x + 1) × 3 ( 3 x − 1) × ( 3 x − 1)′ =
3 2

= 3 ( 3 x − 1) + 3 ( 3x + 1)( 3x − 1) × 3 =
3 2
38.1. f ′ ( x ) = ( 5 x 2 − 5 x − 3 x −2 )′ = 10 x1 − 5 − ( −2 ) × 3 x −3 =
= ( 3 x − 1) 3 ( 3 x − 1) + 9 ( 3 x + 1)  =
2
6
= 10 x + −5
x3 = ( 3 x − 1) ( 9 x − 3 + 27 x + 9 ) =
2

 1 ′  1  4 1 x−4 = ( 3 x − 1) ( 36 x + 6 ) = 6 ( 3 x − 1) ( 6 x + 1)
2 2
38.2. g ′ ( x ) =  2 x −2 −  = −2 × 2 x −3 −  − 2  = − 3 + 2 = 3
 x  x  x x x

1 2 1 ′  1 ′  2 ′  1 ′
38.3. h′ ( x ) =  − 2 + 3  ==   −  2  +  3  =
38.10. o′ ( x ) = ( ′
x2 + 2x + 2 = )
x x x   x  x   x 
(x 2
+ 2 x + 2 )′ 2x + 2
= = =
1 2′ × x − 2 × ( x )′
2 2
1′ × x − 1 × ( x )′
3 3
2 x + 2x + 2 2
2 x2 + 2 x + 2
=− − + =
x2 x4 x6 x +1
=
1 0 + 2 × 2 x 0 + 3x 2 1 4 3 x2 + 2 x + 2
=− 2 + − =− 2 + 3 − 4
x x4 x6 x x x
′  x ′ x′ x + 1 − x x + 1
′
( )
38.4. i′ ( x ) = ( 2 − x ) (1 − x )  =
2
38.11. p′ ( x ) =   = =
 x +1  ( )
2
x +1
= ( 2 − x 2 )′ (1 − x ) + ( 2 − x 2 ) (1 − x )′ =
( x + 1)′ 2 ( x + 1) − x
= −2 x (1 − x ) + ( 2 − x 2 ) × ( −1) = x +1 − x ×
= 2 x +1 = 2 x +1 =
= −2 x + 2 x 2 − 2 + x 2 = 3 x 2 − 2 x − 2 x +1 x +1
2x + 2 − x x+2
 2 x + 3 ′ ( 2 x + 3)′ ( 3 x − 5 ) − ( 2 x + 3)( 3 x − 5 )′ = =
38.5. j′ ( x ) =   = = 2 ( x + 1) x + 1 2 ( x + 1) x + 1
 3x − 5  ( 3x − 5)
2

=
2 ( 3 x − 5 ) − ( 2 x + 3) × 3
=
(
38.12. q′ ( x ) = 2 x 4 − x 2 )′ =
( 3x − 5)
2

′
= ( 2 x )′ 4 − x 2 + 2 x ( 4 − x2 )′ =
 x 2 − 4 x ′ ( x − 4 x ) ( x − 1) − ( x − 4 x ) ( x − 1)
2 2 ′
38.6. k ′ ( x ) =   = =
 x −1  ( x − 1)
2

= 2 4 − x2 + 2 x ×
( 4 − x )′ 2

=
( 2 x − 4 )( x − 1) − x 2 + 4 x 2 4 − x2
= =
( x − 1)
2
2 x × ( −2 x ) 2 ( 4 − x2 ) − 2x2
= 2 4 − x2 + = =
2x2 − 2x − 4x + 4 − x2 + 4x x2 − 2x + 4 2 4 − x2 4 − x2
= =
( x − 1) ( x − 1) 8 − 4 x2
2 2
=
4 − x2

10
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

(
38.13. r ′ ( x ) = x 3 1 − 2 x )′ = 40.1. (f g )′ ( 2 ) = g ′ ( 2 ) × f ′ ( g ( 2 ) ) = 4 × f ′ ( 2 ) =
−7
= 4 × ( −7 ) = −28
= x′ 3 1 − 2 x + x ( 3
1 − 2x )′ = = 4×
( 2 − 3)
2

(1 − 2 x )′ 40.2. (f f )′ ( 2 ) = f ′ ( 2 ) × f ′ ( f ( 2 ) ) =
= 3 1 − 2x + x × =
3 3 (1 − 2 x ) −7
2

= × f ′ ( −5 ) = | f ( 2 ) = 4 + 1 = −5
( 2 − 3) 2−3
2

3 3 1 − 2 x × 3 (1 − 2 x ) − 2 x
2

= = −7 49
3 3 (1 − 2 x )
2 = −7 × =
( −5 − 3)
2
64
3 (1 − 2 x ) − 2 x 3 (1 − 2 x ) − 2 x
3
( fg )′ ( 2 ) = f ′ ( 2 ) × g ( 2 ) + f ( 2 ) × g ′ ( 2 ) =
3
= = = 40.3.
3 (1 − 2 x ) 3 (1 − 2 x )
2 2
= −7 × 2 + ( −5 ) × 4 = −14 − 20 = −34
3 3

3 3 (1 − 2 x ) − 2 x
3

=
3 − 8x
= =  f ′ f ′ ( 2) g ( 2) − f ( 2) × g ′ ( 2)
40.4.   ( 2 ) = =
3 3 (1 − 2 x ) 3 3 (1 − 2 x )
 g ( 2 ) 
2 2 2
 
g
3 (1 − 2 x ) − 2 x 3 − 8x −7 × 2 − ( −5 ) × 4 −14 + 20 6 3
= = = = = =
3 3 (1 − 2 x ) 3 3 (1 − 2 x )
2 2
22 4 4 2
3x 1
 2 ′
− 
41. f ( x) = −
38.14. s′ ( x ) =  x (1 − 3 x ) 3  = 2 2x − 4
 
3 0 − ( 2 x − 4 )′ 3 2
2 ′ 41.1. f ′ ( x ) = − = +
 2
− 
( 2x − 4) 2 ( 2 x − 4 )2
= x′ (1 − 3 x ) + x (1 − 3x ) 3  =
− 2 2
3
 
Ponto de tangência:
 
= (1 − 3 x ) 3 + x  − (1 − 3 x ) 3 × (1 − 3 x )′  =
2 2
− 2 − −1
 23  3 1 23
 3  4 ,  : f ( 4) = × 4 − =
2 5
 4  2 2× 4 − 4 4
2
= (1 − 3 x ) 3 − x (1 − 3 x ) 3 × ( −3) =
− −
3 2 13
3 m = f ′ ( 4) = + =
5
2 16 8
= (1 − 3 x ) 3 (1 − 3 x ) + 2 x  =
− 1
23 13 13 13 23
  y− = ( x − 4) ⇔ y = x − + ⇔
1 − 3x + 2 x 1− x 4 8 8 2 4
= = 13 3
(1 − 3x ) 3 3 (1 − 3x ) ⇔ y= x−
5 5
8 4
39.1. f ( x ) = x − 2 x 2 e f ′ ( x ) = 1 − 4 x 41.2. m = 2
3 2
1  1
Ponto de tangência:  , 0  pois, f   = 0 f ′( x) = 2 ⇔ + =2⇔
2  2 2 ( 2 x − 4 )2

 1 4
⇔
2
=
1
⇔
2 2
= ⇔
m = f ′   = 1 − = −1
( 2x − 4) ( 2x − 4)
2 2
2 2 2 4
 1 1 ⇔ ( 2 x − 4 ) = 4 ⇔ 2 x − 4 = −2 ∨ 2 x − 4 = 2 ⇔
2
y − 0 = − x −  ⇔ y = −x +
 2  2
⇔ 2x = 2 ∨ 2x = 6 ⇔ x = 1 ∨ x = 3
1
39.2. h ( x ) = x − 1 − x e h′ ( x ) = −1 No ponto de abcissa 1: (1 , 2) pois f(1) = 2
2 x −1
m=2
Ponto de tangência: (2 , –1) pois h(2) = –1
y − 2 = 2 ( x − 1) ⇔ y = 2 x − 2 + 2 ⇔ y = 2 x
1 1
m = h′ ( 2 ) = −1 = −
2 1 2 No ponto de abcissa 3 : (3 , 4) pois f(3) = 4
1 1 1 m=2
y + 1 = − ( x − 2) ⇔ y = − x + 1 − 1 ⇔ y = − x y − 4 = 2 ( x − 3) ⇔ y = 2 x − 2
2 2 2
2x + 1 x2
40. f ( x) = 42. f ( x) = − x+3
x −3 2
g ( 2) = 2 e g ′ ( 2) = 4 1
f ′( x) = × 2x − 1 = x − 1
′ ′ 2
 2 x + 1 ′ ( 2 x + 1) ( x − 3) − ( 2 x + 1)( x − 3)
f ′( x) =   = = 42.1. No ponto de tangência, o declive (m) é igual a
 x −3  ( x − 3)
2
f ′( x) : m = f ′( x)
2 ( x − 3) − ( 2 x + 1) x′ 2x − 6 − 2x −1
= = = As retas de declive m que passam em (0 , 1) têm equações
( x − 3) ( x − 3)
2 2
do tipo y = mx + 1
−7 O ponto de tangência é comum à reta e ao gráfico de
=
( x − 3) f : mx + 1 = f ( x )
2

11
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

Temos de determinar x tal que: 44.2. p′ ( t ) = 2t − 22

m = f ′ ( x ) ∧ mx + 1 = f ( x ) p′ ( t ) = 0 ⇔ 2t − 22 = 0 ⇔ t = 11

m = x − 1 ∧ mx + 1 =
x2
−x+3 p (10 ) − p ( 0 )
−8 − 112
2 44.3. t.v.m.( p , 0, 10 ) = =
= −12
10 − 0 10
Desta conjunção resulta: p′ ( t ) = −12 ⇔ 2t − 22 = −12 ⇔ 2t = 10 ⇔ t = 5
x2 x2
( x − 1) x + 1 = − x + 3 ⇔ x 2 − x + 1 − + x − 3 = 0 ⇔ 45. 4h + 8 x = 1, 2
2 2
2 45.1. 1,2 m = 120 cm
x
⇔ = 2 ⇔ x 2 = 4 ⇔ x = −2 ∨ x = 2 4h + 8 x = 120 ⇔ h + 2 x = 30 ⇔ h = 30 − 2 x
2
V = x2 × h
Logo, existem duas retas tangentes ao gráfico de f que
V ( x ) = x 2 ( 30 − 2 x ) ⇔ V ( x ) = 30 x 2 − 2 x3
passam no ponto (0 , 1).
42.2. No ponto de abcissa –2: (–2 , 7) Como x > 0 ∧ h > 0 :
m = f ′ ( −2 ) = −2 − 1 = −3 x > 0 ∧ 30 − 2 x > 0 ⇔ x > 0 ∧ 2 x < 30 ⇔ 0 < x < 15
V ( 6 ) − V ( 4 ) 648 − 352
r : y − 7 = −3 ( x + 2 ) ⇔ y = −3 x + 1 45.2. t.m.v.(V , 4, 6 ) = = = 148
6−4 2
No ponto de abcissa 2: (2 , 3) t.m.v.(V , 4, 6 ) = 148 cm3/cm
m = f ′ ( 2 ) = 1 , logo y − 3 = 1( x − 2 ) ⇔ y = x + 1
45.3. A embalagem é um cubo se h = x .
Pág. 97
h = x ⇔ 30 − 2 x = x ⇔ 3 x = 30 ⇔ x = 10
43. f ( x) = k + x −1 V ′ ( x ) = 60 x − 6 x 2
V ′ (10 ) = 600 − 600 = 0 cm3/cm
1
43.1. f ′ ( x ) =
2 x −1
46. f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
A reta de equação y = x é tangente ao gráfico de f num ponto
de abcissa x tal que: f ( x ) = x e f ′ ( x ) = 1 . 46.1. y = x
f ′ ( 0 ) = 1 e f(0) = 0
1
k + x −1 = x ∧ =1
2 x −1 f ′ ( x ) = 2ax + b
• Resolvendo a 2.ª equação, temos: 2a × 0 + b = 1 e a × 0 2 + b × 0 + c = 0
1 b =1∧ c = 0
= 1 ⇔ 2 x − 1 = 1 ⇒ 4 ( x − 1) = 1 ⇔
2 x −1 46.2. De 46.1. temos f ( x ) = ax 2 + x .
1
⇔ x −1 = ⇔ x =
5 f (1) = 0 ⇔ a × 1 + 1 = 0 ⇔ a = −1 . Logo, f ( x ) = − x 2 + x .
4 4
47. Altura: h ( t ) = 3 3t + 1 − a
 5 1 1
Verificação: f ′   = = =1
4 5 2× 1 47.1. h ( 0 ) = 0 ⇔ 3 0 + 1 − a = 0 ⇔ a = 3 1 ⇔ a = 1
2 1−
4 2 47.2. h ( t ) = 3 3t + 1 − 1
5
• Substituindo x por na 1.ª equação: h ( t ) = 4 ⇔ 3 3t + 1 − 1 = 4 ⇔ 3 3t + 1 = 5 ⇔
4
124 1
k+
5 5
−1 = ⇔ k = −
5 1 5 1
⇔k= − ⇔k=
3 ⇔ 3t + 1 = 53 ⇔ 3t = 125 − 1 ⇔ t = ⇔ t = 41
4 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 3
1 1
43.2. f ( x ) = x − 1 e f ′ ( x ) =
1 41 h = 41 h + h = 41 h 20 min
3 3
2 x −1
47.3. Volume do depósito:
A reta y = mx é tangente ao gráfico de f .
1
m= ∧ mx = x − 1
2 x −1
Resulta que:
1 x
× x = x −1 ⇔ − x −1 = 0 ⇔
2 x −1 2 x −1
x − 2 ( x − 1) Pela semelhança dos triângulos:
⇔ = 0 ⇔ x − 2x + 2 = 0 ∧ x > 1 ⇔ x = 2
2 x −1 4+ x x
= ⇔ 4 + x = 5x ⇔ 4 x = 4 ⇔ x = 1
1 1 5 1
Para x = 2 , m = = .
2 2 −1 2 Altura da pirâmide: 4 + 1 = 5
1 1 1 500 4 496
Logo, y = x é a equação pedida. Vtronco = × 10 2 × 5 − × 22 × 1 = − = em m3
2 3 3 3 3 3
44. p ( t ) = t 2 − 22t + 112 Tempo (h) Volume de água (m3)
44.1. p ( 8 ) = 82 − 22 × 8 + 112 = 0 124 496
3 3
O ponto P encontra-se na origem da reta.
1 x

12
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

1×
496 4. h ( x ) = f ( x3 )
x= 3 = 496 × 3 = 4
124 124 × 3 h ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) com g ( x ) = x3 e g ′ ( x ) = 3 x 2
3 h′ (1) = g ′ (1) × f ′ ( g (1) ) = 3 × 12 × f ′ (13 ) = 3 f ′ (1)
A torneira tem um caudal de 4 m3/h .
Resposta: (B)
h ( 5) − h ( 0 ) 3 16 − 1 − 0
47.4. t.m.v.( h , 0, 5) = = ≈ 0,30 4x + 2
5−0 5. g ( x) =
f ( x)
5
h ( 40 ) − h ( 35 ) 3 121 − 1 − 3 106 + 1
t.m.v.( h , 35, 40) = = ≈ 0,04 4 ×1 + 2 6
40 − 35 5 Ponto de tangência: (1 , 3) ; g (1) = = =3
f (1) 2
t.m.v.( h , 35, 40) ≈ 0,04 m/h = 4 cm/h
Declive:
Nas primeiras 5 h após a abertura da torneira a altura da água m = g ′ (1)
no depósito aumentou, em média, 30 cm/h. Entre os
instantes correspondentes as 35 h e 40 h após a abertura da g′( x) =
( 4 x + 2 )′ f ( x ) − ( 4 x + 2 ) f ′ ( x ) =
 f ( x ) 
2
torneira a altura da água aumentou, em média, 4 cm/h.
Atendendo à forma do depósito a taxa de variação da altura 4 f ( x ) − ( 4x + 2) f ′ ( x )
=
 f ( x ) 
diminui com o tempo. 2

47.5. h′ ( t ) =
( 3t + 1)′ 3 1 4 f (1) − 6 × f ′ (1) 4 × 2 − 6 × 2 8 − 12
= = g ′ (1) = = = = −1
3 ( 3t + 1) 3 ( 3t + 1) ( 3t + 1)
2 2 2

 f (1) 
2
3 3 3
22 4

h′ ( 5 ) =
1
≈ 0,157 m/h ≈ 16 cm/h m = g ′ (1) = −1
3
162 Equação: y − 3 = − ( x − 1) ⇔ y = − x + 1 + 3 ⇔ y = − x + 4
1
h′ ( 40 ) = ≈ 0,041 m/h ≈ 4 cm/h Resposta: (B)
3
40 2
2
5 horas após a abertura da torneira a altura da água no 6. f ( x) = 2 − x x
3
depósito aumentava a uma taxa de 16 cm/h e 40 h após a
abertura da torneira a altura da água aumentava a uma taxa
2 ′
(2
)
f ′( x) = − x x = −  x + x ×
3 3
1 
=
2 x
de 4 cm/h.
2 2x + x x x x
Pág. 98 =− × =− =− =− x
Avaliação 3 3 2 x x x
1. A reta de equação y = –x é tangente ao gráfico de f em 2π  π π
mr = tan = tan  π −  = − tan = − 3
(0 , 0). Logo, f(0) = 0 e f ′ ( 0 ) = −1 . 3  3  3
f ( h) f (h) − 0 f ( h) − f (0) 1 f ′ ( a ) = mr , logo − a = − 3 ⇔ a = 3 .
lim = lim = lim × lim =
h→0 h 2 + 2h h→0 h ( h + 2) h→0 h−0 h →0 h+2 Resposta: (A)
1 1 1
= f ′ ( 0 ) × = −1 × = −
2 2 2 Pág. 99
Resposta: (C) 7. f ( x) = 2x −1 + 1
2. f ( x ) = π2 ; f ′ ( x ) = 0 e g ( x ) = 2 x x
f (13) − f ( 5 ) 6−4 1
1 x 2 x + x 3x 7.1. t.m.v.( f , 5, 13) = = =
g′ ( x ) = 2 x + 2x × =2 x+ = = 13 − 5 8 4
2 x x x x
f ( x ) − f (1) 2x −1 + 1 − 2
3 ×1 f ′ (1) = lim = lim =
( f + g )′ (1) = f ′ (1) + g ′ (1) = 0 +
7.2.
=3 x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1
1
Resposta: (C)
= lim
2x − 1 − 1
=
( 2x −1 −1 )( 2x − 1 + 1 )
3. r : y = mx + 4 x →1 x −1 ( x − 1) ( 2x − 1 + 1 )
1
A ( 2 , 3) ∈ r , 3 = m × 2 + 4 ⇔ 2m = −1 ⇔ m = − 2x − 1 − 1 2
= lim = =1
( x − 1) ( )
2
x →1
2x − 1 + 1 1 +1
1
Assim, r : y = − x + 4 .
′
 x 2 − x ′ ( x − x ) x − ( x − x ) ( x )′ =
2 2 2
1
f ′ ( 2) = m = − e f ( 2) = 3 8.1. f ′( x) =   =
( )
2
2  x  x

2 ( 2 x − 1) x − ( x 2 − x )
1
g ( x ) = x + 1 , logo g ′ ( x ) = .
x − ( x2 − x )
1
2 x +1 ( 2 x − 1)
= 2 x = 2 x =
( g f )′ ( 2 ) = f ′ ( 2 ) × g ′ ( f ( 2 ) ) = − × g ′ ( 3) = − ×
1 1 1
= x x
2 2 2 4
1 1 1
=− × =− 4 x 2 − 2 x − x 2 + x 3 x 2 − x x ( 3 x − 1) 3 x − 1
2 4 8 = = = =
2x x 2x x 2x x 2 x
Resposta: (A)

13
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

−3 ′ −3 ′ 1
8.2. g ′ ( x ) =  x (1 − 2 x )  = x′ (1 − 2 x ) + x (1 − 2 x )  =
−3
f ( x) = g ( x) +
    x
= (1 − 2 x ) + x × ( −3)(1 − 2 x ) (1 − 2 x )′ =
−3 −4 1 1 7
f ( 2 ) = g ( 2 ) + = −4 + = −
2 2 2
1 − 2x + 6x 4x + 1
= (1 − 2 x ) (1 − 2 x ) + 6 x  =
−4
=  7
(1 − 2 x ) ( 2 x − 1) Ponto de tangência:  2 , − 
4 4

 2
x3 x+a
9. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = , D f = Dg = R+ f ′( x) = g′( x) − 2
1
6 x x
( 3)
3
1 1 1 3
m = f ′ ( 2) = g ′( 2) − 2 = − − = −
9.1. f ′( x) =
3x 2 x 2
6
=
2
e f ( 3) =
6
=
3 3
6
=
2
3
2 2 4 4
7 3 3 3 7
 3 y + = − ( x − 2) ⇔ y = − x + − ⇔
Ponto de tangência:  3 ,  2 4 4 2 2
 2  3
⇔ y =− x−2
( 3)
2
4
m= f′ ( 3) =
2
=
3
2
12. f ( x ) = x2 + 5x + 1 ; f ′ ( x ) = 2 x + 5
1
g (0) = 1 e g ′( 0) =
y−
2
3 3
2
( 3
= x− 3 ⇔ y= x−
2
3 3
2
+)2
3
⇔ 7
3 h ( x ) = f ( x + g ( x ))
⇔ y= x− 3
2 12.1. (f g )′ ( 0 ) = g ′ ( 0 ) × f ′ ( g ( 0 ) ) =
 x + a ′  a ′ a
9.2. g ′ ( x ) =   = 1 +  = − 2
1 1
= × f ′ (1) = × ( 2 + 5 ) = = 1
7
 x   x  x 7 7 7
x2  a  ′
f ′ ( x ) × g ′ ( x ) = −1 ⇔ ×  − 2  = −1 ⇔ 12.2. h′ ( x ) =  f ( x + g ( x ) )  = ( x + g ( x ) )′ f ′ ( x + g ( x ) ) =
2  x 
a = (1 + g ′ ( x ) ) f ′ ( x + g ( x ) )
⇔ − = −1 ⇔ a = 2
2 h′ ( 0 ) = (1 + g ′ ( 0 ) ) f ′ ( 0 + g ( 0 ) ) =
1
x−  1 8
9.3. g ( x ) = 2 =1− 1 = 1 +  × f ′ (1) = × ( 2 + 5 ) = 8
x 2x  7 7
1 13. h ( t ) = 3 kt , 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
g′( x) = 2
2x h(t) em metros, t em horas.
1
mr = g ′ ( k ) = 2 13.1. h′ ( 6 ) =
1
2k 3
k2
ms = f ′ ( k ) = ( kt )′
2 ( )
′
h′ ( t ) = 3 kt = =
k
3 3 ( kt ) 3 3 ( kt )
2 2
2
1 k
= ⇔ 2k 4 = 1 ⇔ k 4 = 1 ⇔ k = −1 ∨ k = 1
2k 2 1 k 1 k
h′ ( 6 ) =
2
⇔ = ⇔ =1⇔
Como D f = Dg = R+ , temos k = 1. 3 3 3 ( 6k )
2 3 3
36k 2
10. p ( t ) = t 2 − 15t + 50 ⇔ 3 36k 2 = k ⇔ 36k 2 = k 3 ⇔
p′ ( t ) = 2t − 15 ⇔ k 3 − 36k 2 = 0 ⇔
10.1. p′ ( 0 ) = −15 m/s
k ≠0
⇔ k 2 ( k − 36 ) = 0 ⇔ k = 36
15 ± 152 − 200 13.2. Altura do depósito = h ( 6 ) = 3 36 × 6 = 3 63 = 6 m
10.2. p ( t ) = 0 ⇔ t 2 − 15t + 50 = 0 ⇔ t = ⇔
2
Seja a a medida do lado da base da pirâmide em metros
⇔ t = 5 ∨ t = 10
V = 72 m3
p′ ( 5 ) = ( 2 × 5 − 15 ) m/s = –5 m/s a >0
1 2
× a × 6 = 72 ⇔ a 2 = 36 ⇔ a = 6
p′ (10 ) = ( 2 × 10 − 15 ) m/s = 5 m/s 3
1 O lado da base da pirâmide mede 6 metros.
11. f ( x ) − g ( x ) = , ∀x ∈ R \ {0}
x
1
r: y = − x −3
2
1
g ′ ( 2) = −
2
1
g ( 2 ) = − × 2 − 3 = −4
2

14