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> Joana Mello de Carvalho e Silva
Ao longo de sua carreira, Mayumi, como poucos 1. Sérgio de Souza Lima (Coord.),
profissionais de sua geração, articulou as ativida- Mayumi Watanabe de Souza Lima.
des de pesquisa, docência e prática profissional, São Paulo: Studio Nobel, 1995.
com foco especial nas questões construtivas e
2. Sobre a trajetória completa
o espaço educacional.3 Formada em 1960 pela da arquiteta, ver Cássia Schroeder
Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Uni- Buitoni, Mayumi Watanabe
versidade de São Paulo (FAUUSP), a arquiteta Souza Lima: A construção
seguiu a sugestão de João Batista Vilanova Ar- do espaço para a educação.
Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade
tigas de realizar uma pesquisa de mestrado na
de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da
Universidade de Brasília (UnB), partindo com Universidade de São Paulo.
o marido e também arquiteto Sérgio Pereira de São Paulo, SP, 2009.
Souza Lima para a nova capital em 1962.
3. Outro exemplo notável
A sugestão não era uma atitude isolada
dessa articulação foi a carreira
do professor, que segundo relatos orientava os de Hélio Duarte, também ele
ex-alunos ou ex-alunas a se engajarem em ati- especialmente interessado pelo
vidades consideradas importantes não apenas problema da produção do espaço,
para o desenvolvimento da profissão, como do notadamente o das escolas em
seus diversos níveis de formação.
próprio país, logo assimiladas à estrutura acadê- Ver Juliane Bellot Rolemberg
mica da FAUUSP a partir da reforma de ensino Lessa, O ensino na prancheta:
por ele liderada. Naquele momento, a USP ainda Da arquitetura escolar à docência
não dispunha de um curso de pós-graduação, e de arquitetura e urbanismo,
o legado de Hélio Duarte.
o indicado por ele estava a cargo do Ceplan que, Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade
além das atividades já mencionadas, tinha entre de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da
suas “atribuições a formação de professores em Universidade de Sâo Paulo.
uma pós-graduação profissionalizante”, envol- São Paulo, SP, 2017.
vendo, por isso, a realização de um projeto prá- 4. Maribel Aliaga Fuentes,
tico, além de uma pesquisa teórica.4 “Mayumi e Sérgio Souza Lima:
Edifício Lâmina da Foi no âmbito desse programa que ela de- Os blocos residenciais da Vila
Unidade de Vizinhança fendeu, em 1965, sob a orientação de João Fil- São Miguel”. Anais do X Seminário
São Miguel Docomomo Brasil, Arquitetura
gueiras Lima, a dissertação Aspectos da habita-
moderna e internacional:
Slab of São Miguel ção urbana – projeto de habitação para unidade Conexões brutalistas 1955-75.
Neighborhood Unit de vizinhança de São Miguel, aproveitando-se Curitiba, outubro 2013.
86 87
meio de uma oficina multidisciplinar, as crian-
1
3
Edifício Torre
da Unidade de
Vizinhança São Miguel 1. Estar Living room
2. Cozinha Kitchen
Tower of São Miguel 3. Dormitório Bedroom
Neighborhood Unit
of the assembly of a power plant attached to returned to São Paulo and took over the head In Brasília, Mayumi started her teaching Another important teaching initiative Erundina, Mayumi e
Ceplan in the industrial sector of Plano Piloto. office of the State Fund Planning for School career for the rest of her life, and soon trans- was given to the Department of Architecture Soalheiro a caminho
da fábrica. Atrás, entre
However, while the slab was composed of ex- Construction (Fece) of São Paulo.6 From ferred to UnB as an assistant professor of Phys- and Urban Planning of the São Carlos School
Mayumi e Soalheiro, a
ternal vertical structural frames that defined then on, she has been linked to the construc- ics Applied to Constructions; Theory of Archi- of Engineering (EESC), where she taught the arquiteta Marilda Froes.
the frame areas and discharged the forces in tion of public schools and attended seminars, tecture; Building Technique, and Lighting and subject Project from 1987 to 1993. There, she Fábrica em
transverse and longitudinal transition beams provided consultancies and managed state Electrical Installations. It is worth mentioning approached the third alternative architecture funcionamento
supported on a vertical pyramid trunk, leaving architecture and education bodies until the two experiences: production by means of light industrializa-
the ground floor free. In the tower, the same early 1990s. As experienced in the master’s The first one was in 1970 and 1971, when tion, as formulated by the engineers Dante Erundina, Mayumi and
Soalheiro on the way
frames unloaded the forces directly on a floor- degree, Mayumi aimed to analyze this activ- she attended educational activities developed A. O. Martinelli and Frederico Schiel, and ar-
to the factory. Behind,
grid in reinforced concrete molded in loco near ity in her PhD dissertation State and popular in the first year of Architecture and Urban- chitects Paulo Camargo e Almeida8 and Lelé, between Mayumi and
the ground floor.5 The solution interacts with movements in the construction of the school ism in Santos. The experience resulted from Lelé; the latter also contributed in a further Soalheiro, the architect
the graduation area of them both at FAUUSP building: confrontation or collaboration? in debates held at FAUUSP in 1968, focused es- moment of her career, when she had reviewed Marilda Froes.
in what concerns their didactic approach, since 1984 at the Program of Education at USP. It pecially on technical development models in the proposals in the context of construction in Factory in operation
they keep the material and the technical-con- was as extension of the strengthening of the Brazil. In an attempt to put into practice their Brasília regardless the new challenges posed
structive logic in the open, and with the experi- popular movements that represented a land- solutions, Rodrigo Lefèvre and Sérgio Ferro, by the project of basic sanitation in Salvador
ence in progress along with Oscar Niemeyer mark in the process of democratization and a with the active participation of Mayumi and (1980-1982).9 It was in this context that Lelé
and Lelé. number of State actions which she would ac- Sérgio de Souza Lima, proposed an integrated dedicated himself to the conception of another
The project was described by Mayumi in tively support. The proposal was to evaluate action among several school subjects in order constructive system, now based on the use of
her thesis, divided into three parts: the first two the construction of schools, considering the to study favelas in the region, their constitu- light elements of reinforced mortar and paving
dedicated to the origins of the urban housing complete process, from conception to main- tion, ways of life, and construction patterns, the way to investigate supported by professors
5. Mayumi Watanabe de
Souza Lima, Projeto de problem abroad and in Brazil, and the third one tenance of equipment, from professionals to as well as proposing urban and architectural of São Carlos such as Frederico Schiel. The con- 8. Ana Lúcia Cerávolo,
habitação coletiva para a to the São Miguel Neighborhood Unit. The ar- users. The reference was the restoration and solutions. In this manner, self-construction cept was improved throughout his career and Paulo de Camargo e
unidade de vizinhança São chitect reintroduced key principles elaborated expansion of the school João Kopke that Ma- was investigated in Technology; object, build- dialogued with the formulation of Cedec, for Almeida: arquitetura
Miguel/Brasília. In: Sergio during the 1st Seminar on Housing and Urban yumi coordinated as part of the School Build- ing and neighborhood scales were analyzed which he initially provided consultancy. total na trajetória de
de Souza Lima (Coord.). um arquiteto brasileiro.
Arquitetura e educação. Transformation, such as the importance of ing Company of State of São Paulo (Conesp) in Industrial Design, and the type of occupa- Master thesis. Escola
São Paulo: Studio Nobel, state action in urban planning and housing de- from 1976 to 1978. In this case, the effort was tion was studied in History. The consideration Cedec: one factory, multiple actions de Engenharia de São
1995, pp. 39-47. velopment, and invested in the reflection and to involve, by means of a multidisciplinary involved the debate about the action of the Cedec was conceived during the management Carlos da Universidade
execution of precast elements of reinforced workshop, the children who studied at the architects towards lower classes and the pos- of Mayor Luiza Erundina within the Munici- de São Paulo. São Carlos,
6. About the planning SP, 2000.
activity of the concrete by pointing out two action fields school to get to know them and thus better sible answers to those social and urban condi- pal Urbanization Company (EMURB), head-
educational units, see the – planning and constructive research – that design and stimulate their participation in the tions. The research and propositions, therefore, ed at the time by engineer José Vitor Soalheiro 9. João Filgueiras
aforementioned work by would mark his career from then on. Two other daily school life.7 However, the study wasn’t started from the actual conditions of architec- (president) and architect Roberto McFadden Lima, “RENUNRB –
Cássia Schroeder Buitoni. experiences, however, were equally important concluded because in 1989 she was invited by ture production and from the contact with the (vice-president). During the first phase of Pré-fabricação em
argamassa armada/
7. The experience was also in Mayumi’s passage through Brasília. the newly elected Mayor Luiza Erundina to users that shows Mayumi’s engagement in a implementation, in addition to McFadden, Saneamento Básico de
reported before the PhD In 1963, when Mayumi attended the 7th direct the Department of Buildings (Edif) at different view from that in Brasília, which was the architect and EMURB employee Marilda Salvador, 1980-1982”.
program in the paper “A International Congress of Architects (UIA) the Secretariat of Services and Works of the undoubtedly marked by the rupture imposed Froes and the architect Paulo Eduardo Fon- In: Giancarlo Latorraca
criança e a percepção in Cuba, she apparently had the opportunity City of São Paulo, and in 1990, the Center of by the civil-military coup of 1964, when the fo- seca de Campos contributed more directly to (Org.), João Filgueiras
do espaço”, published in Lima, Lelé. São Paulo:
to be familiar with the public policies for edu- Collective Equipment Development (Cedec). cus on heavy industrialization seemed to be the elaboration and joined the team invited
1979, nº31 do Cadernos de Instituto Lina Bo e P. M.
Pesquisa, Fundação cation in that country. Mayumi was involved However, there is no doubt that the reflections distorted in face of the curtailment of political by McFadden. Fonseca left the Brazilian As- Bardi; Lisboa: Editorial
Carlos Chagas. with the theme and action in 1965, when she developed on that study would soon unfold. freedom. sociation of Cement Portland, where he had Blau, 1999, p. 105.
92 93
board to construction site, Cedec’s activities
Fotos: Paulo Eduardo Fonseca de Campos
Bruna Marchiori
materials and systems; education and training
of technical and operational staff, planning,
design, supervision and execution of works,
development of architectural programs and
guidelines for the design of public facilities,
production of information material, techni-
cal advice and guidance to groups involved
in the construction of equipment”.11 In addi-
tion, with the help of fellow engineers from
São Carlos and the active participation of the
team of Cedec formed by the professionals we
mentioned, besides other women architects,12
it was possible to improve, test and introduce
some important innovations in the construc-
tion system.
Cedec produced components to upgrade
favelas and offer them basic sanitation, street Entrada Jardim Robru.
6 No centro veem-se os
furniture, school equipment, structural and
elementos de cobertura
sealing elements, and other components for
desenvolvidos pelo Cedec.
the construction of social equipment. Many 7
Planta da EMEI Jardim Robru
of these elements and equipment initially fol- 4
3 3 3 3
Cestos de lixo produzidos lowed Lelé’s drawings, but over time they were Garden Robru entryway. At
pelo Cedec com a adapted to meet the specifics of local demand the center, cover elements
colaboração de Francisco 5 2 developed by Cedec.
Homem de Melo. and conditions. In this re-design, a shared ori- Plan of EMEI Jardim Robru
Urbanização do Córrego entation with the Rio architect and with those 3 3 3 3
Esperantinópolis, Zona Leste who contributed to their training since FAU- 7
de São Paulo. Utilização USP would be maintained, the educational-
de painéis de argamassa
pedagogical interest that the technical-con-
armada redesenhados para
structive solution carried, both from the point 1. Acesso principal Main access
acompanhar o traçado 9
2. Pátio Patio
orgânico do córrego of view of the constructors and the users. Thus, 3. Salas de aula Classroom
the structural elements in reinforced mortar 4. Cozinha Kitchen
Garbage bins produced by 5. Administração e coordenação
Cedec in collaboration with developed research on pre-fabrication mate- were articulated to the elements of the elec- Admnistration and coordination
Francisco Homem de Melo. rial (especially reinforced mortar), and joined trical, hydraulic, sealing, lighting and ventila- 6. Acesso lateral Lateral access
Urbanization of Kristian Schiel, Frederico Schiel’s son, also tion installations, making clear their functions, 8 1
7. Serviços Services
8. Estacionamento Parking
Esperantinópolis stream,
familiar with the technology. Indicated by connections and the material of which they 9. Playground Playground
east area. Use of redesigned
reinforced mortar panels in Lelé, Mayumi accepted Cedec’s head office were composed. This aspect points towards
accordance with the organic and invited Paulo and Kristian to start the as- an improvement, while other modifications
course of the stream sembly and production of the factory, sharing mean effective innovations introduced espe- the school and the neighborhood, so that the was a question of articulating technologi-
experiences and underlining that there were cially in school buildings and leisure spaces equipment served the population even when cal research with the production of public
very needy areas whose demands were urgent, because of concerns and specific commit- is not school time and become a landmark and equipment of various scales, whose design,
but also very limited available costs and under- ments of Mayumi and her team at Cedec. In an important reference, something that was work and maintenance should contemplate
developed material and human quality. Thus, this sense, it is notable a better adaptation of part of the debates and the activities Mayumi the participation of users, meeting not only
10. Interview conducted the alternative of reinforced mortar was the the environments to the scale of the children, performed in bodies of school construction. their technical and/or functional demand, but
by the author in May, 2017 most adequate response to the action of the something that recovers the past experiences Playgrounds, walkways, stairs, slides and ob- also political and affective needs. Her work
with Paulo Eduardo State at that time, hence the importance of car- of Mayumi and her care with a valuation of stacles supported and expanded the possibili- and production continue to raise important
Fonseca de Campos. rying out the construction of a public factory the playful aspects by using colors, but also of ties of playfulness and fantasy, appropriate to questions about the process of conception
11. Cf. Cássia Schroeder to guarantee the systematic follow-up of the the design of the frames and design of internal their primary target, while at the same time and execution of the work and especially of
Buitoni, p. 74. production and its improvement to reduce the gardens among the classrooms whose corri- their constructive elements and material are the history of architecture in order to clarify
costs and the time of construction with no re- dors were expanded and transformed into a made clear. the complexity of the constructive debate of 13. The architect’s
12. See names of all duction of quality. 10 living space qualified by vegetation and natu- According to this point of view, Cedec her time and to point out the importance of collection is in the
members of the Cedec team Memory Center Sérgio
Attuned to the complete process of pro- ral lighting, which responded more appropri- seems to articulate and consolidate the set expanding the knowledge about the women
in the aforementioned book Buarque de Holanda
organized by Sérgio de duction of architecture, from conception to ately to the weather in São Paulo. It is also seen of experiences and commitments signed by architects and other forms of professional ac- at the Perseu Abramo
Souza Lima. work; from architect to workers, from drawing a greater integration between the spaces of Mayumi throughout her career. After all, it tivity.13 n Foundation.
94 95