Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Catalog On Um Is Matic A
Catalog On Um Is Matic A
numismática
c o l e ç ã o s a n ta n d e r b r a s i l
2
3
numismática
c o l e ç ã o s a n ta n d e r b r a s i l
Boa leitura!
Marcos Madureira
Presidente do Santander Cultural
índice
8
1 4 ACERVO NUMISMÁTICO:
OURO, PRATA E OUTROS METAIS
1 6 A ANATOMIA DA MOEDA
70 GLOSSÁRIO
7 1 BIBLIOGRAFIA
Colecionismo:
Objetos que fascinam
Segurar um objeto entre os dedos e perceber acompanhar a evolução do padrão monetário
que nele há um pedaço da história. Analisá- de uma região, ao observar a diferença
lo, descobrir os detalhes, imaginar, pesquisar entre as cunhagens de cada civilização – as
e entender o que cada um deles significa. dracmas e os estáteres gregos, os asses
Essa é uma sensação que os colecionistas romanos. E, ainda, que desejem passear no
conhecem bem. O relacionamento do ser Brasil pelos réis e suas muitas séries, pelos
humano com as coisas que o rodeiam já foi cruzeiros, cruzados e reais. A rigor,
estudado por diferentes teóricos. O escritor a numismática é o estudo científico das
espanhol Gómez de la Serna traz uma moedas – que são definidas como peças
reflexão pertinente: as coisas são nossa metálicas cunhadas por uma autoridade e
salvação, se nas coisas encontramos o que que têm poder liberatório, ou seja, servem
significa sermos humanos. E é por isso que como dinheiro. Contudo, atualmente o termo
elas nos fascinam. Queremos conhecê-las vem sendo utilizado também como sinônimo
para conhecermos a nós mesmos e a nossa ao colecionismo – algo controverso entre
própria história. os estudiosos.
Tudo começou nos anos 1950, no Banco – alguns criaram caixinhas de memória
da Província, o mais antigo banco gaúcho. para doar e, assim, perpetuar também
Em 1965, a instituição financeira criou o suas próprias histórias. Naquela época, era
Museu de Numismática, do qual ainda são comum que as pessoas permanecessem
preservados, no atual acervo histórico, a vida inteira na mesma instituição, e não
testemunhos como a ata de fundação e um era difícil encontrar funcionários cujos pais
livro de ofertantes. No Museu, formou-se e avós também haviam pertencido aos
um conjunto de numismática e tesserologia. quadros dos mesmos bancos.
Depois, com a fusão do Banco Nacional
do Comércio – que ocupou o prédio que Se antes se batia à máquina, hoje, se digita
hoje abriga o Santander Cultural – e do ou toca. Ontem, se pagavam grandes
Banco Industrial e Comercial do Sul, outros quantias em papel; hoje, se utiliza o plástico.
documentos foram agregados. Há algum tempo, se contavam as horas
no relógio; agora, temos controladores
Mas, acima de tudo, essa história foi do tempo por todos os lados. Tempo que
construída por pessoas: a importância que passa, que é sentido e vivido. Tempo que
os funcionários davam ao acervo é notável. se preserva com memória, narrada nas
Foram muitas as contribuições, e o cuidado exposições e compartilhada com
com que tratavam cada peça mostra isso a comunidade.
14
Acervo Numismático:
Ouro, prata e outros metais
Dos conjuntos da Coleção Santander Brasil, o que elas apresentem o principal governante
de numismática é uma das estrelas: é o maior de um país, as riquezas da fauna e da flora,
em quantidade e o mais diverso. Hoje, são mais as belezas naturais ou os principais setores
de 22 mil moedas. Desde 1965, esse número da economia da região. No acervo histórico
não parou de crescer, graças às doações da Coleção Santander Brasil, existem peças
de funcionários e visitantes. São muitas as de ouro, de prata, de cobre, de bronze, de aço
histórias contadas pelas moedas. É comum inoxidável, de alumínio, de níquel e de ligas
de metais: bronze-alumínio e de cuproníquel.
Entre as principais joias do conjunto, estão
uma moeda egípcia, situada entre os anos
283 e 285, e a famosa Papo de Tucano, uma
peça de ouro que retrata D. Pedro II.
A anatomia da moeda
Bem além do cara ou coroa, cada parte da moeda recebe uma
denominação específica. Conheça os termos correspondentes,
que utilizaremos ao longo da publicação.
LT U R A L
AN
CU
TA N D ER
16 50 0 0
RÉ IS
Dístico indicativo do valor: indica o valor
da moeda.
Orla: circula o campo e é mais elevada em
relação ao restante da superfície.
Dístico indicativo do emissor: mostra o
16 nome do país ou órgão responsável pelo
brasiL
numerário em circulação.
17
18
CAURI
Ao invadirem a Uganda,
entre os séculos XVII
A história
da moeda no mundo
e XVIII, os britânicos
tentaram substituir os
cauris por suas moedas.
Sem sucesso, tiveram
que estabelecer uma
equivalência de câmbio:
GADO, SAL E CONCHAS Naturalmente, quando o metal foi
200 cauris = Cada palavra que usamos é uma viagem descoberto, passou a ser utilizado como
1 xelim e 4 pence
no tempo. E poucas coisas nos fazem ir tão moeda, primeiramente em estado natural,
3 mil cauris = 1 libra longe quanto pensar sobre as nossas origens. como era encontrado e, mais tarde, como
Ao refletirmos sobre elas, estamos também barras ou no formato de objetos.
pensando a respeito das trocas comerciais,
LÍDIA
De acordo com os que surgiram junto com o ser humano. Por No primeiro milênio antes de Cristo, a
pesquisadores Ian exemplo: hoje, quando usamos o termo fabricação de moedas começou. Elas eram
Carradice e Martin pecúnia para nos referirmos a dinheiro, forjadas com inspiração em itens do dia a
Jessop Price, na Lídia,
uma moeda equivalia a estamos nos transportando para a Grécia do dia: havia moedas na forma de faca, chave,
um mês de subsistência. século VIII a.C. Se, então, alguém quisesse espetos, anéis, machados e até mesmo pão.
O arqueólogo Robert
Manuel Cook acreditava comprar um homem, teria que desembolsar
que o valor era maior: 100 cabeças de gado. Se fosse comprar uma Mas e quem, afinal, ganha o título de
uma moeda poderia criador da moeda? A disputa é acirrada.
comprar 11 ovelhas, o que mulher, gastaria de 20 a 40. Gado se traduz
contrasta com a visão de na palavra latina pecus, e eis aí a origem do O feito é reivindicado pelos reis da Lídia,
outro estudioso do tema, termo. Mas, convenhamos, um boi não é a na Anatólia, atualmente região da Turquia.
Michael Mitchiner, que
aponta que seria forma mais prática de fazer um pagamento. Por volta do século VII a.C., foram vistas ali
possível comprar apenas Por isso, mais tarde, surgiu a ideia de gravar a pequenas moedas irregulares, de formato
uma ovelha ou três
jarras de vinho. A Lídia sua imagem em uma peça pequena de valor arredondado e feitas em eletro, uma liga
também fica com o comercial. natural de ouro e prata. No anverso, havia
mérito de criar, em uma cabeça de leão; no reverso, uma marca
550 a.C., as primeiras
moedas de ouro e prata. Contudo, o gado está longe de ser o item mais de garantia.
Dois séculos depois, em estranho a ser usado como moeda de troca:
330 a.C., o conquistador
Dario foi a primeira mandíbulas de porco, peles e sal – dando Mas a resposta não é tão fácil. Há quem diga
personalidade a ter o origem ao termo salário, aliás – são apenas que a criação da moeda pode ser atribuída
seu retrato gravado em alguns exemplos. Algumas tribos indígenas aos reis da Macedônia, ao rei Fidone de
moedas. As de ouro
receberam o nome de da América do Norte faziam pagamentos Argo, aos administradores de Egina ou
dáricos, e as de prata, com o escalpo de inimigos. Entre os tipos mesmo ao povo chinês – que já ganha os
siclos. As duas tinham a
figura do rei no anverso. mais utilizados de moedas primitivas, porém, créditos pela criação do papel-moeda.
estiveram itens bem mais inofensivos: as
conchas, sendo o cauri, uma concha branca Os sumérios também tiveram um papel
ou amarelada, e o zimbo, um búzio cinzento, importante nessa história. Apesar de não
os mais conhecidos. Com 50 zimbos, serem os inventores da moeda, atribui-se a
comprava-se uma galinha e, com 300, uma eles a criação do conceito que hoje temos
cabra. Um escravo valia mais ou menos 70 de dinheiro. No século V a.C., esse povo
quilos de cauris. fixado na Babilônia e na Assíria desenvolveu
19
IMORTALIZADOS
Duzentos e quinze LÍDERES: DA MEMÓRIA À DANAÇÃO
personagens foram Quando os imperadores romanos faleciam de forma
imortalizados em violenta ou suspeita, os sucessores imediatamente
moedas em cinco ordenavam ao senado a consagração do morto
séculos de Roma Antiga. – até para provar que não estavam envolvidos
Pelo menos 181 famílias Ilustração da Aes grave, primeira moeda oficial de Roma no ocorrido. Para que a consagração se tornasse
marcaram as moedas de Item não integra o acervo histórico da Coleção Santander Brasil pública, eram emitidas moedas com as legendas
Roma com seu nome. Consecratio Aeternitas ou Aeternae Memoriae,
na tradução, Consagração para a eternidade
ou De eterna memória. Porém, o contrário também
era comum.
Ilustração de moeda bizantina de 882 d.C. Ilustração de Penny cunhado na Inglaterra em 886 d.C.
Item não integra o acervo histórico da Coleção Santander Brasil Item não integra o acervo histórico da Coleção Santander Brasil
22
As moedas
estrangeiras dO ACERVO
DIVERSIDADE
No Brasil, a maioria das
moedas possui formato
arredondado. Ao redor
do mundo, porém, a
variedade é imensa.
Confira, nas próximas
páginas, alguns dos
exemplos presentes
no acervo da Coleção
Santander Brasil
23
24
AS MOEDAS DO MUNDO
Com exceção da Antártida, todos os continentes estão representados
no acervo numismático da Coleção Santander Brasil.
9 13
5
10 4
12 1
2 15 2
6
8
8
11 5 8
7 14
10 3 3
10 2 4 7 9 6 5 11
9 2 1
3 6 4
7
3
7
12 12
4 5
11
1
6 1
1 14
13
África Ocidental 2
Bahamas 2
China 2
Áustria 2
Britânica 3
Bolívia 4
Índia 4
Dinamarca 4
Egito 4
Canadá 5
Irã 5
Espanha 5
Moçambique 5
Chile 6
Iraque 6
França 6
Nigéria 6
Colômbia 7
Israel 7
Grécia 7
Uganda 7
Estados Unidos 8
Japão 8
Itália 8
Honduras 9
Jordânia 9
Noruega 9
México 10
Líbano 10
Países Baixos 10
Paraguai 11
Paquistão 11
Portugal 11
Peru 12
Singapura 12
Reino Unido 12
Ultramarinos 13
Turquia 14
Uruguai 14
Rússia 15
25
A MAIS ANTIGA
Do Egito, país
transcontinental que
divide seu território
entre África e Ásia,
vem a mais antiga das
moedas do acervo,
situada entre os anos
283 e 285 d.C.
ÁFRICA
4
Moçambique África Ocidental
2
10 centavos, Escudo de Moçambique, 1942 10 francos, Franco CFA, 1975
Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
6
África do Sul 1
África Ocidental 2 África Oriental Britânica
África Oriental Britânica 3 3 pence, Libra da África Oriental
Britânica, 1947
Egito 4 Coleção Santander Brasil
Moçambique 5
A África Oriental Britânica foi um
Nigéria 6 protetorado do Reino Unido durante
Uganda 7 dois períodos: de 1821 a 1850 e
de 1866 a 1888. Mesmo após o Egito
protetorado ser dissolvido, o “British 10 milliemes, Libra egípcia, década de
West African pound”, ou libra da 1950 (período estimado de cunhagem)
África Oriental Britânica, seguiu em Coleção Santander Brasil
circulação até a década de 1960.
África do Sul
1 cent, Rand, 1974
Coleção Santander Brasil
Uganda Egito
2 xelins, Xelim ugandês, 1987 1 piastre, Libra egípcia, 1984
Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
27
Nigéria
1 kobo, Naira, 1973
Coleção Santander Brasil
28
américa
Argentina
2 centavos, Peso Moneda Nacional, 1891
Coleção Santander Brasil
Bahamas
1 cent, Dólar baamiano, 1977
10 2
Coleção Santander Brasil
9
3
Argentina 1 12
Bahamas 2 4
11
Barbados 3
Bolívia 4 6
Barbados
1 14
Canadá 5 25 cents, Dólar barbadense, 1973
Coleção Santander Brasil
Chile 6
Colômbia 7
Estados Unidos 8 13
Honduras 9
México 1 0
Paraguai 1 1
Peru 12
Territórios Britânicos Ultramarinos 13
Bolívia O sol circulou na Bolívia entre
4 soles, Sol, 1858 1827 e 1864.
Uruguai 1 4 Coleção Santander Brasil
29
américa
Canadá Estados Unidos
25 cents, Dólar canadense, 1986 5 cents, Dólar estadunidense, 1919
Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
México México
10 2 20 centavos, Peso mexicano, 1945 50 centavos, Peso mexicano, 1956
9 Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
3
Argentina 1 12
Bahamas 2 4
11
Barbados 3
Bolívia 4 6
1 14
Chile
Canadá 5 10 pesos, Peso chileno, 1957
Coleção Santander Brasil
Chile 6
Colômbia 7
Estados Unidos 8 13
Honduras 9
México 1 0
Paraguai 1 1
Peru 12
Territórios Britânicos Ultramarinos 13 Uruguai Honduras
1 novo peso, Novo peso, 1980 50 centavos, Lempira, 1932
Uruguai 1 4 Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
31
ásia
Hong Kong
5 yuan, Yuan, entre 1970 e 1981
(período estimado de cunhagem)
Coleção Santander Brasil
2
10 3
7 9 6 5 11
1
4
12
Arábia Saudita 1
Irã
China 2 5 rials, Rial, 1973 (ano estimado
de cunhagem)
Hong Kong 3 Coleção Santander Brasil
Índia 4
Irã 5
Iraque 6
Israel 7
Japão 8 Arábia Saudita
2 ghirsh, Ghirsh, entre 1937 e 1959
Jordânia 9
(período estimado de cunhagem)
Líbano 10 Coleção Santander Brasil
Japão
50 ienes, Iene, entre 1955 e 1958
(período estimado de cunhagem)
Coleção Santander Brasil
34
ásia
Israel
50 prutá, Libra israelense, década de
1950 (período estimado de cunhagem)
Coleção Santander Brasil
10 3
7 9 6 5 11
1
4
12 Israel
25 agorot, Libra israelense, de 1960 a
1975 (período estimado de cunhagem)
Arábia Saudita 1
Coleção Santander Brasil
China 2
Hong Kong 3
Índia 4
Irã 5
Iraque 6
Israel 7
Japão 8
Jordânia 9 Israel
Jordânia
Líbano 10 1 fils, Dinar jordaniano, 1949 10 sheqalim, Shekel, 1983
Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
Paquistão 11
Singapura 12 As últimas moedas de 1 fils foram
cunhadas em 1985.
35
Índia
5 naye paise, Rúpia, 1957
Coleção Santander Brasil
europa
Alemanha
50 pfenning, Marco alemão, 1921
Coleção Santander Brasil
9 13
10 4
Depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial,
a república instalada na Alemanha
12 1
ficou conhecida como República de
2 15
Weimar, que duraria até o início do
6
regime nazista, em 1933.
11 5 8
7 14
Desde 2002, o euro é a moeda
3
oficial utilizada na Alemanha.
Chipre
5 mils, Libra cipriota, 1955
Coleção Santander Brasil
Alemanha 1
Áustria 2
Chipre 3
Dinamarca 4
Espanha 5
França 6
Grécia 7
Itália 8
Noruega 9
Áustria
Países Baixos 1 0 10 groschen, Xelim, 1971
Coleção Santander Brasil
Portugal 11
Reino Unido 1 2 O xelim (schilling, em inglês)
foi a moeda da Áustria entre 1925 e
Suécia 1 3 1938 e de 1945 a 1999. Desde 2002,
Turquia 1 4 Áustria a moeda oficial utilizada no país
50 xelins, Xelim, 1959 é o euro.
Rússia 15 Coleção Santander Brasil
37
Espanha
50 pesetas, Peseta, 1990
Coleção Santander Brasil
Espanha
5 pesetas, Peseta, 1996
Coleção Santander Brasil
europa
Espanha Itália
5 pesetas, Peseta, 1997 1 lira, Lira, 1922
Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
9 13
11 5 8
7 14
3
França Itália
10 francos, Franco, 1949 100 liras, Lira, 1955
Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
Alemanha 1
Áustria 2
Chipre 3
Dinamarca 4
Espanha 5
França 6
França
Grécia 7 10 cêntimos, Franco, 1911
Itália 8 Coleção Santander Brasil
Noruega 9
Países Baixos 1 0
Portugal 11
Reino Unido 1 2
Suécia 1 3
Turquia 1 4 Grécia Reino Unido
5 apaxmai, Dracma, 1954 5 xelins, Libra esterlina, 1953
Rússia 15 Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
39
Noruega
50 ore, Coroa norueguesa, 1948
Coleção Santander Brasil
Reino Unido
2 xelins, Libra esterlina, 1960
Coleção Santander Brasil
europa
Países Baixos
9 13
2 ½ gulden, Florim neerlandês, 1959
Coleção Santander Brasil
10 4
12 1
2 15
6
11 5 8
7 14
3
Portugal
50 centavos, Escudo, 1926
Coleção Santander Brasil
Alemanha 1
Áustria 2
Chipre 3
Dinamarca 4
Espanha 5
França 6 Portugal
10 escudos, Escudo, 1974
Grécia 7 Coleção Santander Brasil
Itália 8
Noruega 9
Países Baixos 1 0
Portugal 11
Reino Unido 1 2
Suécia 1 3
Turquia 1 4 Portugal
25 escudos, Escudo, 1976
Rússia 15 Coleção Santander Brasil
41
42
europa
9 13
10 4
Suécia
12 1
5 fem ore, Coroa sueca, 1939
2 15
Coleção Santander Brasil
6
11 5 8
7 14
3
Suécia
5 ore, Coroa sueca, 1954
Coleção Santander Brasil
Alemanha 1
Áustria 2
Chipre 3
Dinamarca 4
Espanha 5
França 6 Suécia
5 ore, Coroa sueca, 1979
Grécia 7 Coleção Santander Brasil
Itália 8 União Soviética
Noruega 9 3 kopeks, Rublo soviético, 1956
Coleção Santander Brasil
Países Baixos 1 0
Portugal 11 A União das Repúblicas Socialistas
Soviéticas existiu entre 1922 e 1991
Reino Unido 1 2 na Eurásia, sob governo do Partido
Comunista. A região era composta
Suécia 1 3 por 15 repúblicas que, depois da
Turquia 1 4 dissolução, originariam países Turquia
independentes. 25 kurus, Lira turca, 1955
Rússia 15 Coleção Santander Brasil
43
oceania
Austrália Austrália
1 penny, Libra australiana, 1940 20 cents, Dólar australiano, 1974
Coleção Santander Brasil
Austrália 1
A libra foi a moeda da Austrália de
1910 até 1966, quando foi substituída
pelo dólar australiano.
44
O ACERVO
CONTA A história
MONETÁRIA Do Brasil
45
AS PATACAS
Quando a prata
castelhana entrou
no Brasil, recebeu
a denominação de
“pataca”. Inicialmente,
a moeda de 320 réis
foi conhecida assim e,
por isso, acabou dando
nome à série, que
também era composta
por peças de 20, 40, 80,
160 e 640 réis.
Essas foram as moedas
a circular por mais
tempo no país: 139
anos, de 1695 a 1834. Série das patacas, 1810
Coleção Santander Brasil
Ao longo desse período,
elas sofreram diversas
modificações para Algumas décadas depois, nasceu a primeira
alterar seus valores. Casa da Moeda no Brasil, instalada na Bahia
As mais comuns eram
o escudete, símbolo no ano de 1694. A decisão, porém, não durou
de um escudo que muito tempo, e ela foi transferida para o
aumentava o valor das
peças; carimbo, aplicado Rio de Janeiro, em 1699; para Pernambuco,
para diminuir o valor em 1700; e novamente para o Rio, em 1703.
da moeda; recunho, As moedas cunhadas em cada uma dessas
processo pelo qual a
unidade passava por casas recebiam uma marca chamada de letra
uma nova cunhagem; e monetária. As cunhadas na Bahia receberam
contramarca, um sinal
feito na moeda por a letra B; em Minas, a letra M; em Pernambuco, Réis, Letras monetárias B, de 1808; R, de 1821; e P, de 1701
governos ou particulares. a letra P; e no Rio, a letra R. Coleção Santander Brasil
47
CARA OU COROA?
Apesar de o padrão
monetário seguir o
mesmo, os réis brasileiros
podem ser divididos em
mais de uma série. Uma
das mais conhecidas foi
a dos Escudos, cunhada
a partir de 1727. Quando
alguém que precisa tomar
Uma nova série de réis foi cunhada com a letra “J” uma decisão joga uma
Coleção Santander Brasil moeda para o alto e grita:
“Cara ou coroa?”, é graças
SÉRIE J a essas peças de ouro.
Elas apresentavam a
No reinado de D. José I em Portugal e Algarves,
figura do rei D. João V em
de 1750 a 1777, cunhou-se no Brasil moedas em uma das faces – a cara – e
prata de 75, 150, 300 e 600 réis. Para que fossem um escudo encimado por
diferenciadas das patacas, receberam a gravação da Réis, anos variados uma coroa na outra.
letra J, que acabou dando nome à série. Coleção Santander Brasil
48
AS LEGENDAS
Muitas frases já
passaram pelas moedas
brasileiras. Nos períodos
colonial e imperial, o
mais comum era que
elas fossem escritas em
latim.
Na República, era
comum utilizar as
frases para incentivar a
população a economizar.
Também foi quando
começaram a ser
escritas legendas em
português. Entre as mais
comuns, estiveram:
A economia faz a
prosperidade
Ordem e Progresso
Vintém poupado.
Vintém ganho.
50
A REPÚBLICA
A República Brasileira foi proclamada
em 15 de novembro de 1889. A mudança
do sistema político, contudo, não alterou
imediatamente o padrão monetário: os
réis seguiam nos bolsos dos cidadãos.
Nas moedas de prata e ouro, a alegoria da
República foi gravada no lugar da imagem
do imperador – aliás, essas foram as últimas
moedas de ouro cunhadas para circulação no
Brasil. Já as de bronze receberam legendas
para incentivar a população a economizar, e
as de cuproníquel passaram a levar a frase
Ordem e Progresso.
52
BBASIL
Em 1922, o centenário
da Independência foi
comemorado com
uma moeda especial.
Ela trazia a imagem
de D. Pedro I, primeiro
monarca do Império
brasileiro, acompanhado
de Epitácio Pessoa,
então presidente da
República. Detalhe:
algumas moedas
saíram com um erro de A primeira série de moedas comemorativas
cunhagem e, em vez
da inscrição BRASIL, foi da República foi lançada no 4º Centenário do
gravado BBASIL. Descobrimento do Brasil, em 1900. As peças eram de
prata, nos valores de 400, 1.000, 2.000 e 4.000 réis
Coleção Santander Brasil Coleção Santander Brasil
53
SANTOS DUMONT
O mineiro Santos Dumont
é um dos brasileiros mais
famosos do mundo. No
país, é chamado de pai
da aviação, ainda que na
maior parte do mundo
esse crédito seja dado aos
Irmãos Wright. Ele construiu
os primeiros dirigíveis com
motor a gasolina e, por isso,
ganhou o Prêmio Deutsch.
Além disso, foi o primeiro a
decolar a bordo de um avião
impulsionado por um motor
a gasolina, feito homologado
pelo aeroclube da França
como o primeiro voo de um
aparelho mais pesado que o
ar. Por suas invenções, ficou
marcado em uma série
especial de moedas em
sua homenagem, cunhada
em 1936.
GETÚLIO VARGAS
Gaúcho de São Borja,
Getúlio Vargas estampou
uma série especial de
moedas de 1938 a 1942. Foi
presidente do Brasil entre
1930 e 1945 e, novamente,
de 1950 a 1954, ano em
que se suicidou.
CRUZEIRO (CR$)
DE 1942 A 1967
Depois do longo reinado dos réis, acontecia
a primeira mudança do padrão monetário
brasileiro. Em 1942, surgia o Cruzeiro,
também pioneiro na cunhagem em alumínio
e na divisão em centavos. A unidade do novo
padrão equivalia a mil réis. Já em 1891, nos
anais do Senado brasileiro, discutia-se a
mudança de padrão e aparecia pela primeira
vez a sugestão do nome Cruzeiro para
defini-la, como forma de remeter ao símbolo
da nacionalidade – uma vez que a bandeira
apresenta a constelação Cruzeiro do Sul.
55
56
INDEPENDÊNCIA
Em 1972 foram feitas
moedas em ouro e
prata para comemorar
o Sesquicentenário
da Independência do
Brasil. No anverso, as
efígies de D. Pedro I e
do então presidente,
Emílio Garrastazu Médici.
No reverso, o mapa do
Brasil.
CENTENÁRIO DA
REPÚBLICA
Na breve existência do
Cruzado Novo, houve
apenas uma moeda
comemorativa. Cunhada
em prata, a peça de
200 cruzados novos
celebrou o centenário da
República.
QUINHENTOS ANOS
A moeda comemorativa
dos 500 anos do
descobrimento
da América foi
cunhada em 1992,
trazendo no anverso
a representação do
oceano, da rosa dos
ventos e da nau Santa
Maria – embarcação
de Cristóvão Colombo
quando chegou ao
continente – e as
palavras Encontro de
dois mundos – 1492-
1992. No reverso, as
armas nacionais e os
emblemas dos outros
países que emitiram
a peça.
Coleção Santander Brasil
TIRADENTES
Joaquim José da Silva
Xavier, o Tiradentes, foi
um dos principais ícones
da Inconfidência Mineira,
movimento contra a
derrama e o domínio
português. A moeda,
cunhada em 1992,
comemorou o
bicentenário da morte
do herói nacional,
levando no anverso a
efígie de Tiradentes
e, no reverso, a corda
sem laço, simbolizando
o cumprimento à sua
sentença: morte por
enforcamento.
ECO-92
A moeda comemora
a Conferência das
Nações Unidas sobre
o Meio Ambiente e
o Desenvolvimento,
também conhecida
como Eco-92. O evento
foi realizado no Rio de
Janeiro para debater os
desafios mundiais na
preservação do meio
ambiente.
REAL (R$)
DE 1994 ATÉ HOJE
A alta da inflação que perdurava desde os
anos 80 se agravava no início dos anos 90,
com os índices mensais ultrapassando os
80%. Foi quando surgiu o Plano Real, uma
forma de estabilizar a economia brasileira.
A reforma foi profunda, a mais ampla já
realizada no Brasil, sendo dividida em três
fases: o ajuste das contas públicas, realizado
por cortes no orçamento; a implantação
da Unidade Real de Valor (URV), para
desindexar a economia; e a transformação
da URV em real, a nova moeda brasileira.
CASA DA MOEDA
Para comemorar os
300 anos da Casa
da Moeda do Brasil,
foram cunhadas
moedas de prata no
valor de dois reais. No
anverso, a logomarca
da data comemorativa
e, no reverso, uma
composição alusiva à
fabricação do dinheiro.
HOMENAGEM A SENNA
Um dos nomes
mais conhecidos
do automobilismo,
o brasileiro Ayrton
Senna ganhou uma
própria moeda de ouro
comemorativa em 1995,
um ano após a sua
morte.
TETRACAMPEÃO
Em 1994, o Brasil venceu
a Itália na final da Copa
do Mundo, conquistando
o tetracampeonato.
No mesmo ano, foram
cunhadas moedas
comemorativas em
ouro e prata, que
apresentavam, no
anverso, as mãos
erguendo o troféu,
acompanhadas do
Pavilhão Nacional,
da bola na rede e os
anos em que o país foi
campeão. No reverso, o
valor e a representação
da rede no momento do
gol da vitória. Brasil tetracampeão, 1994
Coleção Santander Brasil
65
65
66
Começo da
moedagem Com o início Durante a invasão
imperial de da colonização holandesa no
Roma. Primeira portuguesa, Nordeste, moedas
Considera-se vez em que uma começa o primeiro são cunhadas pela
que a primeira personalidade Tem início a período da moeda primeira vez no
moeda tenha sido É cunhada uma Surge a primeira viva, César, é Renascença e, no Brasil, com Brasil. Os florins e Transferência da
cunhada a essa das mais famosas moeda oficial de representada com ela, a busca a circulação soldos fabricados Casa da Moeda
época, pelos reis moedas da Grécia, Roma, chamada em uma moeda pelo realismo na de peças da foram chamados para o Rio de
da Lídia. a tetradracma. de ás ou asse. romana. moedagem. Metrópole. de obsidionais. Janeiro.
Século VII a.C. 525 a.C. 335 a.C. 44 a.C. 1300 1532 1645 1699
550 a.C. Século V a.C. 330 a.C. 886 d.C 1360 1587 1694 1700
Surgem, na Lídia, Os sumérios A primeira Com o nascimento Sob o reinado de Moedas Criação da A Casa da Moeda
as primeiras criam o conceito personalidade é da Casa da Moeda João II da França, espanholas primeira Casa da passa a funcionar
moedas de ouro de dinheiro, eternizada em inglesa, surge o tem origem o começam a Moeda brasileira, em Pernambuco.
e prata. desenvolvendo um uma moeda: o penny – no plural, franco. circular no na Bahia.
cálculo baseado conquistador pence. Brasil: os reales
em valores Dario. ganharam o nome
de referência de patacas.
constantes.
67
É cunhada a
moeda mais
Durante o reinado famosa da
de D. José, são numismática Surge uma nova Com
cunhadas moedas brasileira, a Peça série de moedas correspondência É o ano do Plano
em prata que, da Coroação, feita e, entre as peças, Nova mudança de um para um Real, que institui o
por levarem a para a solenidade a moeda de 100 nas moedas com a moeda padrão monetário
A Casa da Moeda inicial do rei, ficam que levaria réis, que ficaria A moeda brasileira brasileiras: agora, anterior, o Cruzeiro que é utilizado até
retorna para o Rio conhecidas como D. Pedro I ao trono conhecida como passa a ser o o padrão é o passa a ser o novo o momento no
de Janeiro. Série J. do Império. “Tostão”. Cruzeiro Novo. Cruzado. padrão no Brasil. Brasil.
1703 1750 1822 1918 1967 1986 1990 1994
acervo numismático
em números
O acervo numismático é uma das joias da Coleção Santander Brasil: são mais de 22 mil moedas
que guardam histórias de diferentes épocas. Com elas, viaja-se no tempo para diferentes regiões
do globo, e é possível conhecer um pouco melhor a nossa própria trajetória enquanto civilização.
METAIS*
OURO 32
PRATA 433
NÍQUEL 432
BRONZE 72
COBRE 100
ALUMÍNIO 6.126
BRONZE-ALUMÍNIO 4.658
CUPRONÍQUEL 248
CUPRONÍQUEL / ALPACA 2
glossário
A B C D E F I J
Cuproníquel
Liga metálica de
cobre e níquel.
M N O P R S T U
BIBLIOGRAFIA
ABREU, Yolanda Vieira de; COELHO, Sanay Bertelle. Evolução histórica da moeda: estudo de caso: Brasil (1889-1989). Madri: Universidade de Málaga, 2009.
CATÁLOGO Vieira de moedas brasileiras. 6.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Numismática Vieira, 1997.
COLEÇÃO moedas de todo o mundo: história da moeda. Rio de Janeiro: Globo, 1992.
GOLDSBOROUGH, Reid. A case for the world’s oldest coin: lydian lion. Disponível em: <http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html>. Acesso em: 25 maio 2017.
GONÇALVES, Cleber Baptista. Casa da Moeda do Brasil. 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Casa da Moeda do Brasil, 1989.
O DINHEIRO no Brasil. 3.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Museu de Valores do Banco Central do Brasil, 2007.
O MUSEU de Valores do Banco Central do Brasil. São Paulo: Banco Safra, 1988. (Museus Brasileiros, 7).
SOCIEDADE NUMISMÁTICA BRASILEIRA. Carimbo Piratini. Disponível em: <http://www.snb.org.br/artigos/Carimbo%20Piratini.pdf>. Acesso em 13 jun. 2017.
72
numismatics
C o l l e c t i o n s a n ta n d e r b r a s i l
until it received a crown of olive leaves, It is estimated that imperial coinage IMMORTALIZED
positioned above Athena’s head. Little by began with Caesar in 44 BC in a Two hundred and fifteen characters were
immortalized in coins in five centuries of Ancient
little, the coins were gaining more details transition from the Republic. It was with Rome. At least 181 families marked roman coins with
and turning into true works of art. him that the effigy of a living person their names.
first appeared on a Roman coin, and
Alexander the Great’s reign marked during this period it became usual to
Greek history and is reflected in the coins represent leaders and prominent MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE
of the period. With him, international figures in politics. One can say that the Roman coinage inspired many peoples,
coinage was first recorded - part of his Romans recovered their lost time in including the Byzantines. However,
plan to unite Asia and Europe. In addition, coin minting: they had one of the most they retained their particularities,
it was under his power that the most continuous one, from 335 BC to 476 AD, especially the format: they were
beautiful coins of the time were seen: and the variety also stands out - they often made of bowl-shaped coins.
the silver tetradrachms. Alexander used all kinds of metals. In addition, they engraved sacred
died in 323 BC, but remained alive in images on them - like Jesus and the
numismatics until 113 BC: many kings Virgin Mary - until the empire of the
continued to mint coins with his effigy MONETA, MOEDA, MONEY
Have you ever wondered where the word money
iconoclastic Leo III. That’s why these
until that date. comes from? And how it resembles the way we call figures disappeared from 717 AD to
money in other languages? the romans built their 843 AD.
mint within the temple of goddess Juno Moneta.
COINS AND THE SACRED the terms money (English), moeda (Portuguese),
It was common for coins to have names related to monnaie (French), moneda (Spanish) and münze In 886 AD, perhaps one of the most
the divine. For example, Aes, a roman coin, comes
from assum,H or roast, a reference to sacred
(German) derive from moneta. famous coins of the world originated:
banquets. the penny - in the plural, pence. It was
born along with the opening of the
It took a while until Rome discovered its REPRESENT LEADERS FROM MEMORY TO English mint, the Royal Mint, created
talent for coin minting. While minting DAMNATION by Alfred the Great. In 1154, under the
When Roman emperors died violently or reign of Henry II, the name sterling
was already an art form in Greece and suspiciously, their successors immediately
Sicily by the fourth century BC, Rome still ordered the senate to consecrate the dead one –
first appeared - today, the pound
used animals as the main trade currency. even to prove that they were not involved. For the sterling is the official currency of the
Around 335 BC, when the Roman
consecration to become public, coins were issued United Kingdom. A little more than
with the titles Consecratio Aeternitas or Aeternae
Republic discovered its potential for Memoriae – which translates into Consecration to
two centuries later, in 1360, the franc
warfare and lawmaking, the first official eternity or Of eternal memory. originated during the Hundred Years’
coin appeared, made of heavy bronze However, the opposite was common, too. Roman War under the reign of John II of
emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, known as France.
and of circular shape: the aes grave, also Caracalla, wanted his brother’s existence erased
called ace or as. On the obverse of asses from history. First, he had him killed. Then, to
is Janus, the Roman god of changes and consummate oblivion, he ordered the elimination
of everything in his memory - including the coins. FRANC
transitions, with two heads. Rome was The procedure became known as Damnatio The franc a cheval (franc on horseback), as the
not a maritime power yet, but the most Memoriae (Memory Damnation) and has been units issued during the reign of john ii were known,
common reverse in asses was the prow widely used throughout history: it is possible to showed the monarch galloping on his horse, with
find many units whose names were scraped off a drawn sword. On the reverse, a streaked cross
of a ship. the legends. with leaves and a four-lobed leaf in the center. After
his death, the franc à pied (franc on foot) was also
minted - in which the king appeared walking on foot,
SHIPS obviously. Both coins appeared in other reigns and
UFOS AND NUMISMATICS were copied by many rulers.
It is believed that the reference to ships in the the gods Were Astronauts. the statement in the title
roman coins in the fourth century BC is a tribute of Erich von Däniken’s book is quite pertinent in this
to the victory in Anzio in 338 BC during the It sought to stabilize the economy
case: some roman coins have images of stars and
Second Latin War. the romans pulled off the bows
celestial spheres engraved that very much resemble and pay for the ransom of the king,
of the enemy ships and took them to the forum as
supernatural events.
a symbol of triumph. captured by the English at the Battle
77
of Poitiers, and so it was named franc, from 1826 to 1881, circulated the so-called strong Since 2002, the euro is the official currency used
peso and currency peso; from 1881 to 1970, in Germany.
which means free. In the French national currency peso; peso ley, from 1970 to
Revolution, it became the national 1983; Argentine peso, from 1983 to 1985; austral The shilling was the currency of Austria between
currency of the country. The franc peso, from 1985 to 1991; and, since 1992, the 1925 and 1938 and from 1945 to 1999.
current convertible peso.
passed away at nearly 642 years old in
Pg. 37
2002, when Europeans joined the euro. Pg. 31 The peseta was the currency of Spain between 1869
In addition to being the current monetary system, and 2002 until it was replaced by the euro.
the sol was also the currency of Peru between
1863 and 1985. The currency honors La Rioja, a Spanish autonomous
FOREIGN COINS The real was the currency of Paraguay until 1856,
being replaced by the peso.
community and the main wine region of the country.
Pg. 38
The currency honors the Balearic Islands, a Spanish
Note: Check out the main currencies of The British territories overseas are 14 territories archipelago.
the collection in the Portuguese version. that are under the jurisdiction and sovereignty
of the United Kingdom. They are: Akrotiri and
Except for Antarctica, all continents Dhekelia; Anguilla; Bermuda; British Antarctic
Pg. 39
In 1971, the United Kingdom adopted the decimal
are represented in the numismatic Territory; British Indian Ocean Territory; Virgin system, and the sterling pound was then divided
collection of Santander Cultural. Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; into 100 pence. Before that, the amounts were
Gibraltar; Montserrat; Pitcairn Islands; Saint divided into pounds, shillings and pence. Proposals
Helen, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; South for decimalization had already been made, but it
Georgia and South Sandwich Islands; and the wasn’t until 1848 that the first decimal currency
DIVERSITY Turks and Caicos Islands. Monetary systems vary
In Brazil, most coins have a rounded shape. of the United Kingdom, the guilder, came to be
between territories. The British East Indies dollar, worth one tenth of a pound sterling.
Around the world, though, the variety is immense. which circulated in some of them - while still
Check out some of the examples in the Santander part of the Federation of the East Indies - was
Cultural collection in the following pages. Pg. 42
replaced by the Eastern Caribbean dollar in 1983.
The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics existed
between 1922 and 1991 in Eurasia under the
Pg. 32
Pg. 25 Communist Party government. The region was
Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the
THE OLDEST composed of 15 republics which, after dissolution,
People’s Republic of China.
From Egypt – a transcontinental country that divides would originate independent countries
its territory between Africa and Asia - comes the The ghirsh was the monetary standard of Saudi
oldest coin of the collection, dating back between Pg. 43
Arabia until the 1960s.
the years 283 and 285 AD. The pound was the currency of Australia from
Pg. 34 1910 until 1966, when it was replaced by the
Pg. 26 In 1960, Israel abolished the pruta and changed Australian dollar.
Mozambique was a Portuguese colony until 1975. the subdivisions of the pound (also called the
Israeli lira) to one hundred agorot.
The Central Bank of West African States (BCEO)
serves eight West African countries, members of The last 1-pound coins were minted in 1985.
the West African Economic and Monetary Union:
Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea Bissau, Pg. 35
THE COLLECTION
Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. The currency in the
region is the CFA Franc.
In Brazil, when we think of money, we usually
imagine a rounded piece with a flat edge. In other
countries, though, as in India, we see different
TELLS THE MONETARY
British East Africa was a protectorate of the United
Kingdom for two periods: from 1821 to 1850 and
formats. It is common to see coins in the shape of
a flower or using other geometric shapes, such as
HISTORY OF BRAZIL
from 1866 to 1888. Even after the protectorate was the square.
dissolved, the British West African pound remained Note: Check out the main currencies of
in circulation until the 1960s. In this coin of 10 piastres, the year is coined in the collection in the Portuguese version.
Arabic numerals (reverse) and Roman numerals
Pg. 26 (obverse).
The sun circulated in Bolivia between 1827 The first commercial transaction in
and 1864. Pg. 36 Brazil took place minutes after the
After the First World War, the republic settled in Portuguese arrived in the country on
Pg. 29 Germany became known as the Weimar Republic,
The Argentine peso has gone through different which lasted until the beginning of the Nazi April 22, 1500. They offered the present
phases throughout the history of the country. regime in 1933. Indians a red beret, a linen cap, and
78
a hat. In exchange, they received a In quadrangular format, the florins Brazilian territory turned the metal
feathered hat and a bead necklace. and soldos minted were then called into currency. First, in powder,
But the history of money, told here by Brazilian ducat. On the obverse, the grain, or leaves. Then, in bars.
the coins in the collection of Santander emblem of the Company of the West Because of the absence of change
Cultural, began a little later, in 1532, Indies; On the reverse, the words in the circulating medium, it was
when the reign of King John III began. Anno, the date 1645, and Brasil. The common to use vouchers issued by
It was the beginning of the first period cash became known as obsidional, an private individuals, and no matter
of the currency of Brazil, the Colony, expression that means something like how much the Empire demanded
which would last until 1822. Until the “coins minted during a siege situation.” their withdrawal, they continued
creation of the Mint of Bahia in 1694, to circulate in various formats. In
the units that circulated in the country After a series of conflicts and general, they declared the type of
were Portuguese and, as of 1587, also negotiations, the Dutch were expelled work to be performed: worth a beard
Spanish, made of silver. from the Brazilian territory in 1654, trim or worth a freight, for example.
when the Portuguese regained the
control of the region. Shortly before It was when the foundry houses
THE HEAVIEST that, the invaders minted emergency appeared: the metropolis needed
the heaviest coin to circulate in the world is
Brazilian. At 53.78 grams, the doubloon of 20
coins from silver plates, which were to have more control over the gold
thousand réis was coined between 1724 and 1727, in then forbidden to circulate by the of the colony. In these houses, the
the Mint of Minas Gerais. Portuguese Crown. metal was transformed into bars,
which should be recorded. The mine
BURIED explorers had to pay a fifth of the
In 1640, fearing new conflicts in the Northeast, people PATACAS metals to the Royal Treasury - a tax
buried their money to protect it, which further Spanish reales were called patacas or Spanish
aggravated the crisis in the Brazilian circulating medium. patacas when they arrived in Brazil. Most of the that became known as the Fifth,
units came from the Mint of Potosi, Peru, at that which the population of Vila Rica in
time under the domination of the European Minas Gerais would mobilize against
country. Pataca coins were around the longest:
VARIETY
139 years, from 1695 to 1834. Throughout this in Inconfidência Mineira (Minas Gerais
Many foreign coins circulated in Brazil in the colonial
period, they underwent some modifications to Conspiracy) in 1789. These foundry
period. Among those who came with the first Portuguese
change their values. The most common were the houses were shut down in 1832.
fleets were escudos and cruzados, made of gold; reais
shield, which increased the value of the pieces;
grossos and chinfrins, made of silver; espadins, reais
the stamp, applied to decrease the value of the
brancos and cotrins, of billon (copper and silver alloy);
coin; remint, the process by which the unit went
justos, of gold; cinquinhos, of silver; and the coinage
through a new mint; and the countermark, a sign J SERIES
of King Dom Manoel. Later, the Portuguese brought,
made on the coin by governments or individuals. In the reign of Dom José I in Portugal and
among other coins, the pieces of Dom João III, like the
Algarves, from 1750 to 1777, silver coins of 75,
doubloons, dobras and cruzadinhos novos.
Some decades later, the first mint 150, 300 and 600 réis were minted in Brazil.
to be distinguished from the patacas, they
opened in Brazil, built in Bahia in 1694. received the inscription of the letter J, which
When the Dutch took the Northeast, The decision, however, did not last long, lent its name to the series.
between the years 1630 and 1654, in and it was transferred to Rio de Janeiro
order to deal with the lack of money, in 1699; to Pernambuco, in 1700; and
THE PIOUS
the invaders had 27,000 florins worth again, to Rio in 1703. The coins minted in Known at the time as “Maria the Pious” and
of coins of one soldo, two soldos and each of these houses received a mark “Maria the Mad”, Maria I was queen of Portugal
shillings sent to Pernambuco. In 1642, a called a mint mark. Coins minted in and Algarves from 1777 until her death in 1816,
board of finances was created to try to and of Brazil, as of the end of 1815. during her
Bahia received the letter B; In Minas, the reign, she was marked in Brazilian coins. She
avoid the economic chaos that prevailed letter M; In Pernambuco, the letter P; was portrayed alongside her husband, dom
in the region. A box from Guinea was and in Rio, the letter R. Pedro III, at various times of life. After his death,
opened and, with the gold it contained, in 1786, she was represented on her own,
wearing a widow’s veil, and n 1789, when her
coins were first minted in Brazil in 1645 In the last years of the seventeenth mourning was over, with a headdress adorned
and 1646 in the city of Recife. century, the discovery of gold in the with jewels and ribbons.
79
TURBULENCE Princeps Regens or Joannes D. G. Port. of gold coins of Dom Pedro II was
At the beginning of 1822, the Bahian Mint had Bras. Et. Alg. P. Regens (Dom João, by minted, depicting the monarch from his
to stop its activities because of the animosity of
relations between Portugal and Brazil, demanding grace of God, prince regent of Portugal, childhood to his elderly years.
the consolidation of its independence. during this Brazil, and Algarve). They were the first
period, the Mint began to work in the Reconcavo commemorative coins in the country.
Basin. After the independence, when it returned to THE LEGENDS
Salvador, the house began to mint coins with the Many phrases have been used in Brazilian coins.
inscriptions Petrus I dei gratia Constitutionalis In the colonial and imperial periods, they were
imperator Et Perpetuus Brasiliae defender (Pedro I, THE PIRATINI CONTROVERSY commonly written in Latin. Some of the most
by grace of God, constitutional emperor and On September 20, 1835 began the conflict that common legends at that time were:
perpetual defender of Brazil). lasted for ten years in the state of Rio Grande Subq. Sign. Nata. Stab.
do Sul. The Revolução Farroupilha (Farroupilha For this sign you shall stand
Revolution), or Ragamuffin War, represented Moderato Splendeat usu
TO AFRICA the opposition of liberals, ranchers, and Will shine through moderate use
The Brazilian coins have already been to Africa. representatives of other economic classes to Pecunia totum Circumit Orbem
In 1813, 1815, 1819 and 1822, the Mint of Bahia the imperial government and gradually gained a Money circulates around the world
and Rio de Janeiro minted copper coins for the separatist character. the war culminated with the Aes usibus Aptius Auro
Portuguese colonies of São Tomé e Príncipe and proclamation of the Rio grandense republic, also Copper is more suitable for use than gold
Mozambique and macutas for Angola. called republic of Piratini, on September 11, 1836. In hoc Signo vinces
It was at that time that the controversial Piratini By this sign you will conquer
Stamp appeared. in 1838, the republic instituted
the Copper Law, with 34 articles, which determined In republic times, it was common to use phrases to
HEAD OR CROWN? that the coins of that metal should be taken to state encourage the population to save. It was also
Although the monetary standard remained the tax offices, where, after the coins were weighed, the time when legends began to be written in
same, the Brazilian réis can be divided into more the counterfeit ones were marked in front of the Portuguese. Among the most common were:
than one series. One of the best known was the owners. In exchange for the pieces, provisional
escudos, minted after 1727. When someone in need receipts were issued that determined the amount Economy brings prosperity
to make a decision throws a coin up in the air and owed to be later reimbursed. Each copper coin was Order and Progress
shouts: “head or crown (equivalent to heads or returned with a quarter of its nominal value, for Spared money, earned money
tails)?” it is thanks to these gold pieces. They had example a 40 réis coin would be worth 10 réis. Part
the figure of King John V on one face - the head – of the value was deducted from the public treasury
and a crown above a shield on the other. and the remainder returned as treasury bills called
conhecimentos (acknowledgements). The decree THE CORONATION PIECE
does not clarify whether the coins returned to the Minted for the Coronation Solemnity of Dom Pedro
owners were stamped, but it is believed that they i as Emperor of Brazil, the Coronation Pieces were
were,since it was necessary to differentiate them coins of 6,400 réis bearing the Emperor’s effigy,
UNITED KINGDOM AND EMPIRE
from those collected. Skeptics, in turn, claim that which were offered to authorities from all over
After the transfer of the Portuguese every stamping is illusory, thus, counterfeit. the world who were present at the occasion. the
court to Rio de Janeiro in 1808, the In a 1940 article, German numismatist Kurt Prober obverse side featured the bare and laureate bust of
Brazilian Mint, which operated in the claimed to have discovered nine different types of Dom Pedro I above the engraver’s name -
stamp, and among them, he believed those without Z. Ferraz. On the exergue, the date – 1822 –
House of Governors until then, was inscriptions to be real. Specialists accept a type of between crosses, followed by the mint mark R of
relocated to the House of Birds, where stamp as authentic: oval, small, with no legend and Rio de Janeiro, as well as the legend Petrus. I. d.
it operated from 1814 until 1868, period with two hands clasped together in the grip of a g. Brasiliae. imperator (Pedro I, by grace of God,
short, curved sword with a beret at its point. the Brazilian Emperor). The reverse featured the coat-
in which some of the most significant of-arms of the Empire of Brazil. In the upper part of
ragamuffin War continued until March 1845, when
coins of numismatics in the period of the Poncho Verde treaty was signed, and the Rio the coin, a gilded royal crown, a
the United Kingdom and Empire of grandense territory was reintegrated to the Empire. shield in a heraldic green field with the Armillary
Sphere in the center with blue heraldic
Brazil were minted. representation, crossed by the arms of the cross of
With the independence of Brazil, in the military order of Christ. In a circle,
In 1815, when Brazil joined the United 1822, one of the first measures of the between the arms of the cross, the abbreviated
government was to mint a coin to inscription in hoc Sig. vin. (under this sign you will
Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves,
conquer). In circular arrangement, between two
gold, silver and copper coins started to demonstrate the country’s autonomy. lines of concentric circles, 19 five-pointed stars with
be minted. Despite almost identical to When Dom Pedro I ascended to the a silver heraldic representation. Holding up the
the previous ones, they contained the throne, the rarest and most precious shield and the crown, two blooming branches of
tobacco and coffee tied together with the
legends: Joannes. D. G. Port. Bras. Et. Alg. Piece of Coronation was minted at National tie. Following the rim, a reeded edge.
P. Reg., Joannes D. G. Port. Bras. Et. Alg. the House of Birds. There, a series However, the minting of the pieces was
80
iscontinued by order of the Emperor himself. It is circulation in Brazil. The bronze ones, what had happened to the moment,
believed that this occurred for two reasons:
the absence of the word Constitutionalis
in turn, received mottos to encourage there would be many changes in
(constitutional) in the legend and the fact that Dom the population to save money, and the monetary standards as we will see
Pedro I would not have liked his effigy as cupro-nickel ones got to have the phrase with the coins of our collection.
a Roman-like laureated naked bust. The next
minted coins included the word Constitutionalis
Ordem e Progresso (Order and Progress).
and the Emperor appeared in uniform. Today, these
pieces are considered the most valuable items of Pg. 52 Cruzeiro (Cr$)
Brazilian coin collection. BBASIL From 1942 to 1967
In 1922, the Centenary of independence was After a long supremacy of the réis, the
Pg. 50 celebrated ith a special coin. It had the image
The pieces minted during the almost 60years of of Dom Pedro I, first monarch of the Brazilian first change in the Brazilian monetary
Dom Pedro II’s reign made his effigy one of the Empire, accompanied by Epitácio Pessoa, standard occurred. In 1942, the
most represented in Brazilian money president of the republic then. It is worth Cruzeiro was launched as a pioneer
mentioning some coins came out with a minting
error: BBASIL was engraved instead of BRASIL. in aluminum minting and quartering.
In general, coins in the Empire underwent The unit of the new standard was
minor changes. In gold and silver coins, Pg. 53 equivalent to a thousand réis. In 1891,
the Empire coat-of-arms replaced those SANTOS DUMONT
the change of monetary standard was
Minas Gerais born Santos Dumont was a worldly
of Portugal, and the phrase In Hoc Signo being discussed in the annals of the
famous Brazilian. Although in most of the world
Vinces (Under this sign you will conquer) this credit is given to the Wright Brothers, in Brazilian Senate. The suggestion of
was inserted. Copper units received Brazil he is known as the father of aviation. He
the name cruzeiro came up as a way of
stamps of 40 or 80 réis on one side and built the first gas-powered airship and because
of that he won the Deutsch Award. He made the referring to the symbol of nationality,
the Empire coat-of-arms on the other. first powered heavier-than-air flight in Europe since the flag shows the Southern Cross
to be certified by the Air Club of France. Because
of his inventions, he was honored with a special
constellation.
After 139 years, the supremacy of the
series of coins in 1936.
patacas ended in 1834. In the Rio de
Janeiro Mint, a new series of silver GETÚLIO VARGAS Cruzeiro Novo (NCr$)
coins was minted: the Cruzados, made São Borja born gaucho, Getúlio Vargas was From 1967 to 1970
portrayed in a special series of coins from 1938
up of pieces of 100, 200, 400, 800 and to 1942. He was the president of Brazil between
The monetary lack of control of the 50s
1,200 réis. Finally, Brazil gained its own 1930 and 1945 and again from 1950 to 1954, the and 60s had the Cruzeiro Novo (New
monetary system - until then, it was a year he committed suicide. Cruzeiro) created, a transitory currency
mere continuation of the Portuguese to hold back the inflation. One unit
RENOWNED BRAZILIANS
one. Gradually, as banknotes become From 1935 to 1938, the series Brasileiros ilustres equated to one thousand “old” cruzeiros.
more popular, coinage ended up being (Renowned Brazilians) circulated, minted in With this reform, it was necessary to
used to manufacture change, and honor of the country’s great figures. Initially replace all the circulating means, which
made in bronze- aluminum, they featured
bronze and cupro-nickel began to great names such as Duque de Caxias, Marechal meant a total of Cr$ 1,852,728,856,976
replace copper. Floriano, regente Feijó, Tobias Barreto and in 2,528,521,733 banknotes and
Machado de Assis. From 1936, nickel coins were 1,683,898,500 metallic coins.
also minted, depicting figures such as Oswaldo
Cruz, Carlos Gomes, Barão de Mauá and Marquês
REPUBLIC de Tamandaré.
ART AND TECHNIQUE
The Brazilian Republic was proclaimed With the reform of cruzeiro to cruzeiro novo
on November 15, 1889. However, the A new series would appear decades (NewCruzeiro), the Brazilian Mint began to study
change in the political system did later, between 1918 and 1935. New the technicaland artistic characteristics of the
cents to represent the Brazilian traditions. It was
not immediately alter the monetary coins were minted in cupro-nickel in
also necessary to establish its intrinsic value: the
standard: réis were still in the pockets the amounts of 20, 50, 100, 200 and technical recommendation is that it does not
of citizens. On silver and gold coins, the 400 réis. The most famous of them is exceed 33% of the face value, for security, or
the piece of 100 réis, that received the even lower than this percentage in order not to
allegory of the Republic was engraved
encourage counterfeiting. Stainless steel was
in place of the Emperor’s image - these name of Tostão and named the series. chosen for the lower value coins, because of the
were the last gold coins minted for In the following decades, contrary to lasting shine and the ease of minting details.
81
The coins of one, two and five cents and microcharacters: The Central had also been part of the circulating
look the same on the obverse - the Bank symbol and a zimbo shell, medium of Brazil in 1532, during the
effigy of the Republic with the word used as currency before money was colonization. Made of 22-carat gold, it
Brasil - and on the reverse - value and invented. The obverse received new bore the caption In Hoc Signo Vinces
year. The 10, 20 and 50 cent ones have Brazilian symbols and the inscription (Under this sign you will win), which
the same obverse and on the reverse Brasil. The one cent coins featured would later be observed in other
the value, the year, and representations beans and soybeans; the one cruzeiro Brazilian coins.
of the Brazilian economy: steel industry, coins, sugarcane; the five cruzeiro
petroleum industry and naval industry, coins, coffee branches; the 10 cruzeiro All the coins of that time were
respective coins, the map of Brazil with the road identically minted, except for their
integration plan of the regions; the value - there were pieces of one, five,
20 cruzeiro coins feature the original 10, 20 and 50 cents and one, five and 10
COINS AGAINST HUNGER drawing of the Church of Saint Francis cruzados. On the obverse, the national
In 1985, the united Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) launched the Food for the of Assisi in São João Del Rei (in the state coat-of-arms and on the reverse, the
World campaign, which was engraved onto of Minas Gerais); and the 50 cruzeiro word Brasil, the value and the date.
Brazilian coins as a commemorative edition issued coins, the Pilot Plan of Brasília (Federal
by the Central Bank. The reverse of the coins
remained the same as regular cruzeiros, but the District).
obverse of the coins was modified. On the one ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF ABOLITION
cruzeiro coins the inscriptions Brasil and Pg. 57 In 1988, the abolition of slavery in Brazil completed
Alimentos para o mundo (Food for the world) CASTELO BRANCO 100 years. To celebrate the date, the Central Bank
were added as well as an image of sugarcane. The Commemorative Coin of the 10th anniversary of issued three commemorative coins worth
five cruzeiro coin featured the same inscriptions Brazilian Central Bank, minted in 1975.The obverse 100 cruzados. Each of them had a different image
and a coffee branch. presents the effigy of the President then, Castelo on the obverse: an Afro-descendant man, an
Branco. On the reverse side, the symbolic figure Afro-descendant woman and an Afro-descendant
of the Central Bank’s headquarters building in child, along by the inscriptions Centenário da
Brasilia. Abolição (Centenary of abolition), 1888 - 1988
Cruzeiro (Cr$) and Axé.
From 1970 to 1986 INDEPENDENCE
Because of the equivalence of “one- In 1972 coins were made in gold and silver
to-one” with the cruzeiro novo, the to celebrate the Sesquicentennial of Brazil’s Cruzado Novo (NCz$)
independence. On the obverse, effigies of Dom
currency returns to its original name. Pedro I and the then president, Emílio Garrastazu
From 1989 to 1990
Coins minted in 1970 but dated 1967 Médici. On the reverse, the map of Brazil. On January 15, 1989, a provisional
were still circulating. In the first measure defined the cruzado novo (new
family of coins (from 1970 to 1979), cruzado) as the new monetary unit,
the obverse features the effigy of the Cruzado (CZ$) which corresponded to one thousand
Republic and the word Brasil. On the From 1986 to 1989 cruzados. On the day after the new
reverse of the coins of one, two, and In 1986, there was another change measure, coins of one, five, 10, 20 and
five cents is the value and the age. In in the monetary standard of Brazil 50 cents, as well as those of one and five
those of 10, 20 and 50 cents and in one with the launch of the cruzado, an cruzados were no longer valid, while the
cruzeiro, the reverse also presents value expression linked to the Crusades, coins of 10 cruzados remained current.
and age, but each value has a distinct military expeditions of the Christian
representation: the oil industry, the European powers. Brazil was not The 10, 50, 100 and 500 cruzado
naval industry and agriculture (with a the first country to have a coin with banknotes were replaced by coins of
stylized coffee branch in the design), that name: it is believed that the first one, five, 10 and 50 cruzados novos. The
respectively. cruzado appeared in Spain and was reverse was the same in all of them,
minted in silver. In 1457, Dom Afonso V with a stylized design of the national
In 1979, the second family of coins determined its use in Portugal after the flag, which allowed the adoption of
brings a few modifications. On the authorization to participate in the Holy Braille to identify their value. It also
reverse, they all have the value, date War against the Moors. The cruzado features the National Pavilion with a
82
star representing the capital of the Coins of 100, 500 and 1,000 cruzeiros were remarked into URVs and at the
Republic. On the obverse, each one were minted depicting a manatee, a sea checkout the price was converted from
features the representation of Brazilian turtle and two fish, respectively. The the value in URV and paid in cruzeiro
characters such as the cowboy, the equivalence between the cruzeiro and real. The real amounted to 2,750
fisherman, the gold prospector, and the the novo cruzado was one-to-one. cruzeiros reais or one dollar.
embroidery weaver.
After that, the first family of real coins
Pg. 59
CENTENARY OF THE REPUBLIC Cruzeiro Real (CR$) came about, made of stainless steel. The
In the brief existence of the cruzado novo, there From 1993 to 1994 coins of one, five,10 and 50 cents and
was only one commemorative coin. Minted in one real were the same, only changing
silver, the piece of 200 cruzados novos celebrated
In 1993, inflation reached the incredible
the centenary of the republic. rate of 2,477.15% (National Extended its values on the reverse, which also had
Consumer Price Index - IPCA). One of the the value, the date and stylized laurel
attempts to contain it was the creation of branches. On the obverse, the effigy of
FIVE HUNDRED YEARS the Republic, the word Brasil and stylized
The commemorative coin of the
the cruzeiro real in August of that year. It
500th anniversary of the discovery of America was equivalent to a thousand cruzeiros. laurel branches. The 25 cent coins had
was minted in 1992, showing on the obverse the To replace the old cruzeiro banknotes, the same obverse and reverse as the
representation of the ocean, a compass others, but draw special attention to their
rose and the Santa Maria ship - Christopher
coins of five and 10 cruzeiros reais were
Columbus’ ship when he discovered the continent released, depicting two macaws and an seven-sided polygonal shape.
- and the legend Encontro de dois mundos anteater, respectively. Then the 50 and
(Meeting of two worlds) - 1492-1992. On the
reverse, the national coat-of-arms and emblems
100 cruzeiro real coins were launched, THE END OF HYPERINFLATION
of the other countries that issued the piece. featuring an onça and a maned wolf. The The words of journalist and sociologist Joelmir
name of the monetary standard was not Beting at the time the real Plan was launched
Pg. 60 became famous and are still remembered today
TIRADENTES
engraved, this time it was replaced by as a synthesis of the hyperinflationary crisis that
Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, Tiradentes, was the cruzeiro real symbol, CR$. the country experienced. he stated:
one of the main icons of Inconfidência Mineira, a “here lies the currency that accumulated an
movement against Portuguese control. The coin, inflation of 1.1 quadrillion percent in the period
minted in 1992, celebrated the bicentennial of from July 1965 to June 1994. Yes, a 16-digit
the national hero’s death, bearing the effigy of Real (R$) inflation for three decades. Or more precisely,
Tiradentes on the obverse and a rope without a From 1994 to date an IGP-DI of 1,142,332,741,811,850%. Can you
noose on the reverse, symbolizing the fulfillment memorize it? We lost track of it because we had
of his sentence: death by hanging. The ongoing high inflation of the four monetary reforms in the period and in each
1980s worsened in the early 1990s with one of them we deleted three digits from the
monthly inflation rates surpassing 80%. national currency. A total discard of 12 digits in
the period. A unique case in the world since the
Cruzeiro (Cr$) That was when the Plano Real (Real German hyperinflation in the 1920s.”
From 1990 to 1993 Plan) was implemented as a way of
stabilizing the Brazilian economy. The Pg. 61
With the new change in the Brazilian ECO-92
monetary standard, new coins were reform was profound, the largest ever The coin commemorates the United Nations
minted in the values of one, five, 10 in Brazilian history, and it was divided in Conference on Environment and Development,
three phases: the adjustment of public also known as ECO-92. The event was held in
and 50 cents. On the reverse side is the Rio de January to discuss global challenges in
value of the piece and the inscription accounts through budget cuts, the preserving the environment
of the word Brasil. On the obverse, in implementation of the Real Value Unit
addition to the date, the coins feature (URV) to deindex the economy and the The second family of the real came
the following Brazilian representations transformation of URV into Real, the about in the late 90s. The pieces of one
respectively: the flag with the Southern new Brazilian currency. and five cents, made of copper-clad
Cross constellation; the figure of a salt Linked to the US dollar, the URV was steel, bear the same reverse: value,
field worker; the figure of a rubber essential to the success of the measure. date, and allusion to the national flag.
tapper; and the figure of a Baiana It worked as a virtual currency of On the obverse, the former features
(typical woman from the state of Bahia). transition. In retail stores, the values the image of Portuguese Pedro Álvares
83
1834
The minting of patacas comes to
Numismatic collection in GLOSSARY
an end. They were replaced by the
Cruzado Series, the milestone of
numbers A
the actual beginning of the Brazilian The numismatic collection is one of the jewels
monetary system. Alpaca
of Collection Santander Brasil: more than 22 Metallic alloy composed of
1918 thousand coins that keep stories from different copper, zinc, nickel and silver.
A new line of coins was minted, which eras. One travels in time to different regions of the
became known as the Tostões Series. globe with them, and it is possible to get to know
C
our own trajectory as a civilization a little better.
1942 See below how history is told by numbers and Collecting
The Cruzeiro replaces the réis as the metals in the collection. Public office responsible for
Brazilian monetary standard. collecting taxes.
1967 Cruzado
The cruzeiro novo is the new Brazilian TOTAL COINS HISTORICAL Portuguese coin that gave name
currency. COLLECTION SANTANDER BRASIL 22584 to the series of Brazilian coins
of the nineteenth century, with
1970 TOTAL BRAZILIAN COINS 21011 pieces of 100, 200, 400, 800
The Brazilian monetary standard is TOTAL FOREIGN COINS 1573
and 1,200 réis. It also designated
the Brazilian currency from
called cruzeiro again. February 1986 to January 1989.
1986 METALS *
Cupronickel
New change in the Brazilian currency: GOLD 32 Copper and nickel alloy.
now the standard is the cruzado.
SILVER 433
1989 NICKEL 432 D
Brazil launches the cruzado novo as a
monetary standard. BRONZE 72 Decimal System
COPPER 100
Uses digits 1 through 9 to count
1990 units, tens and hundreds. It is
With one-to-one equivalence ALUMINUM 6126 used in the division of monetary
standards.
to the previous coin, the cruzeiro STAINLESS STEEL 8837
becomes the new monetary BRONZE-ALUMINUM 4658 Drachma
standard in Brazil. Currency of Ancient Greece.
CUPRO-NICKEL 248
1993 CUPRO-NICKEL / ALPACA 2 E
The cruzeiro is replaced by the
STEEL COATED COPPER 29 Effigy
cruzeiro real. Representation of the image of
BRONZE COATED STEEL 2
1994 someone or something. Bust or
TOKENS, COUNTERFEIT, CHIPS, UNREADABLE 40 head minted in coins.
It is the year of the implementation
of Plano Real (Real Plan), which Exonumia
* In Brazilian pieces, it is possible to determine the metal alloy, while in Numismatic items without
established the monetary standard that
foreign pieces it cannot be accurately determined. liberating power - those that
circulates in Brazil until today.
cannot be used as money.
85
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABREU, Yolanda Vieira de; COELHO, Sanay
F P U Bertelle. Evolução histórica da moeda:
estudo de caso: Brasil (1889-1989). Madri:
FDC (fleur de coin): mint state. Pataca VF(very fine) Universidade de Málaga, 2009.
Currency that has not circulated Coin of 320 réis. Very well preserved currency. It CATÁLOGO Vieira de moedas brasileiras.
or shows no signs of circulation. shows signs of circulation, such 6.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Numismática
Patacão as small scratches, and minor Vieira, 1997.
FR(fair): regular Coins of 640 réis and 960 réis. wear on the details of figures,
Currency that presents wear letters, and numbers. COLEÇÃO moedas de todo o mundo:
and the figure has faults or is Patina história da moeda. Rio de Janeiro:
gone. Superficial and natural oxidation VG (very good) Globo, 1992.
that coins present over the Well preserved coin. The one COSTILHES, Alains Jean. O que é
I years. that presents wear, details of numismática. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1985.
the figures almost erased and
Iconography Pecuniary some numbers and letters worn GOLDSBOROUGH, Reid. A case for the
Study, collection and cataloging Related to money. out. world’s oldest coin: lydian lion. Disponível
em: <http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.
of images and symbols. The term originates in the Latin
html>. Acesso em: 25 maio 2017.
word pecus, which means cattle. X
L GONÇALVES, Cleber Baptista. Casa da
PO(poor) XF (extremely fine): superb. Moeda do Brasil. 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro:
Legend Somewhat worn out. Currency Currency with a minimum sign Casa da Moeda do Brasil, 1989.
Short sentence. with dents or erased figures indicating circulation or contact
O DINHEIRO no Brasil. 3.ed. Rio de
and unreadable letters and with other currencies. Janeiro: Museu de Valores do Banco
M numbers. Central do Brasil, 2007.
FICHA TÉCNICA
BANCO SANTANDER | BRASIL SANTANDER CULTURAL
Rafael Antunes
[Poart Gerenciamento Cultural]
Bibliotecário
Librarian
Bruno Savaterra
Carla Meyer
Lenira Costa dos Santos
Pedro Gomes Pereira
[Poart Gerenciamento Cultural]
Mediadores
Mediators
89
S232n
v.1 Numismática – Coleção Santander Brasil = Numismatics – Colletion
Santander Brasil; organização e texto Márcia Schuler e Márcia Bertotto;
tradução Cristina Mantovani – São Paulo: Santander Cultural, 2018. –
96 p. : il. : 25 x 21 cm.
(Coleção Santander Brasil, 1).
ISBN: 978-85-65954-14-3 [coleção completa].
ISBN: 978-85-65954-15-0 [volume 1]
1. Santander Coleção Brasil 2. Museologia 3. Acervo 4. Memória
5. Numismática I. Santander Cultural II. Schuler, Márcia
III. Bertotto, Márcia IV Título V. Série
CDU 069.7(083.822)