Humid tropics

Amazónia,
Brasil

Barbados,
Caraíbas
1
 Humid tropics

Maurícias, Oceano Índico

2
Humid tropics

Tahiti, Polinésia Francesa

3
Hot dry

Alice Springs, Austrália 4

Hot dry

Aswan, Egito
5
Hot dry

Tarfaya, Marrocos 6
Hot dry

Mollendo, Perú 7
Hot dry

Swakopmund, Namíbia 8
Warm

Perth, Austrália
Los Angeles, EUA 9
Warm

Sydney, Austrália Buenos Aires, Argentina

10
Cool temperate

Dublin,
Irlanda Wellington, Nova Zelândia
11
Continental cold winter

12
Chicago, EUA
Continental cold winter

Montreal, Canadá 13
Continental cold winter

Estocolmo, Suécia 14
Continental cold winter

Sapporo, Japão 15
Cold damp

A – Aleutians, Alasca

16
Cold damp

Ilhas Faroé 17
Cold damp

Ilhas Geórgia do Sul 18

Cold dry

Fairbanks, Alasca 19
Cold dry

A – Rovaniemi, Finlândia
20
 Cold dry

Deception Island, Antártico

21
Highland Climates

Addis Ababa,
Etiópia 22
Highland Climates

La Paz,
Bolívia
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 NA PLATAFORMA
O efeito da variabilidade do clima nos destinos turísticos

Clima

 Define a qualidade das estações turísticas;

 Afeta diretamente vários contextos da atividade turística (fornecimento e
qualidade de água, custos de refrigeração e aquecimento, …), os quais têm
impacto na rentabilidade;
 Afeta recursos ambientais, quando percecionados como atrações em
muitos destinos, os quais são sensíveis às variações climáticas
(biodiversidade, nível e qualidade das águas, extensão dos glaciares);
 Influencia condições ambientais que podem deter os turistas a viajar
(doenças infecciosas, incêndios, proliferação de algas e acontecimentos
extremos, tais como furacões, inundações ou ondas de calor);
 Pode determinar o processo de decisão do turista – as condições
atmosféricas constituem uma componente intrínseca da experiência
turística e também influencia os gastos dos turistas e a sua satisfação.

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Fonte: UNWTO, 2009
 NA PLATAFORMA
Weather-climate information for leisure tourist
decision-making (adapted from Scott, 2008)

25
Fonte: SCOTT&LEMIEUX, 2009
 NA PLATAFORMA

“The reality we now face implores us to act.”

Al Gore Founder & Chairman, The Climate Reality Project

Turismo

Alterações climáticas têm

impacto no Turismo Turismo contribui para as
alterações climáticas

Medidas de adaptação nos Medidas de mitigação tendo em vista

destinos (ex.: alteração de produtos, a redução dos gases de efeito estufa (ex.:
investimentos em infraestruturas ao nível dos transportes, nomeadamente
adaptadas ao clima) o transporte aéreo)
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 NA PLATAFORMA

27
Fonte: UNWTO (2007: 3)
 NA PLATAFORMA

Impactos das alterações climáticas nos próximos anos

o “Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to

gradually warm, with more extreme weather”;

o “The ocean has accelerated and is now rising at a rate of about a foot per
century, forcing governments and property owners to spend tens of billions of
dollars fighting coastal erosion “;

o “Many experts believe that even if emissions stopped tomorrow, 15 or 20 feet of

sea level rise is already inevitable, enough to flood many cities unless trillions of
dollars are spent protecting them”;

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/climate/what-is-climate-change.html?mc=adintl&mcid=facebook&mccr=edit&ad- 28
keywords=GlobalTruth
 NA PLATAFORMA
Impactos das alterações climáticas nos próximos anos

o “Coral reefs and other sensitive habitats are already starting to die”;

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/climate/what-is-climate-change.html?mc=adintl&mcid=facebook&mccr=edit&ad- 29
keywords=GlobalTruth
 NA PLATAFORMA
Impactos das alterações climáticas na atividade turística
que irão afetar os destinos turísticos e a sua
competitividade e sustentabilidade

Impactos climáticos diretos

- Verões e Invernos mais quentes;
- Aumentos dos acontecimentos extremos
(ex.: furacões); Impactos climáticos indiretos
- Alterações no volume de precipitação; - Perda de biodiversidade (terrestre e
marinha);
- Aumento do nível das águas;
Impacto das políticas de mitigação na - Propagação de doenças;
mobilidade turística
- Custos de viagem e escolha do destino;

Impacto indireto na sociedade

- Impactos económicos globais/ regionais;

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 NA PLATAFORMA

Efeitos que terão implicação…

o Alteração dos padrões de procura turística (ex.: o aumento das

temperaturas irá diminuir o período propício aos desportos de
inverno);
o Escassez de água e diminuição da sua qualidade;
o Danos nas infraestruturas e zonas turísticas (ex.: praias);
o Perda de atratividade de áreas naturais (ex.: o aumento da temperatura
das águas irá destruir os recifes de corais);
o Riscos de saúde para os turistas e comunidades locais;
o Efeitos secundários nos setores relacionados com o turismo;

31
 NA PLATAFORMA

32
https://europeanclimate.org/climate-change-implications-for-tourism/
 NA PLATAFORMA
“Destination Vulnerability Hotspots”

“The integrated effects of climate change will have farreaching consequences for
tourism businesses and destinations. Importantly, climate change will generate both
negative and positive impacts in the tourism sector and these impacts will vary
substantially by market segment and geographic region.

The implications of climate change for any tourism business or destination will also partially
depend on the impacts on its competitors. A negative impact in one part of the tourism
system may constitute an opportunity elsewhere. Consequently, there will be ‘winners
and losers’ at the business, destination and nation level. Next figure provides a summary
assessment of the most at risk tourism destinations for the mid to late 21st century. Due to
the very limited information available on the potential impacts of climate change in some
tourism regions, this qualitative assessment must also be considered with caution.
Until systematic regional level assessments are conducted a definitive statement on the net
economic or social impacts in the tourism sector will not be possible. Furthermore, the
outcome most likely will depend on the extent of climate change. The impact on the tourism
sector may strongly parallel that of the global economy, where a 1º C temperature rise may
result in a net benefit for the world economy, but greater increases increasingly show net
declines.”

33
Fonte: UNWTO, 2007: 7
 NA PLATAFORMA
“Destination Vulnerability Hotspots”

Climate Change

consequences for tourism

businesses and destinations

negative and positive impacts

These impacts will vary substantially by market segment and

geographic region - ‘winners and losers’ 34
 Geographic Distribution of Major Climate Change Impacts Affecting
Tourism Destinations NA PLATAFORMA

35
Fonte: UNWTO, 2008
 NA PLATAFORMA
Tourists have the greatest adaptive capacity (depending on three key resources:
money, knowledge and time) with relative freedom to avoid destinations
impacted by climate change or shifting the timing of travel to avoid
unfavourable climate conditions. Suppliers of tourism services and tourism operators
at specific destinations have less adaptive capacity. Large tour operators, who do
not own the infrastructure, are in a better position to adapt to changes at
destinations because they can respond to clients demands and provide information
to influence clients’ travel choices. Destination communities and tourism operators
with large investment in immobile capital assets (e.g., hotel, resort complex, marina
or casino) have the least adaptive capacity.

The information requirements, policy changes and investments that are required for
effective adaptation by tourism destinations require decades to implement in some
cases, and so there is a need for rapid action for destinations predicted to be among
those impacted by mid- century (UNWTO-UNEP-WMO 2008).
36
 NA PLATAFORMA

Capacidade de adaptação relativa da indústria turística

Adaptive capacity by the tourism industry

37
Fonte: UNEP, 2008
 NA PLATAFORMA
Contribuição do turismo para as alterações climáticas

While CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas from human activities, other greenhouse
gases also make significant contributions to global warming. In the tourism sector, this is
particularly relevant for emissions from aviation, which, at flight altitude, has an enhanced
impact on global warming.

Contribuição de vários subsectores do turismo para as emissões de CO2

The sector’s emissions are on course to grow 130% between 2005 and 2035.
The emissions from air travel and accommodation are projected to triple.
38
Fonte: UNWTO, 2007: 13
 NA PLATAFORMA
Bibliografia

o Ashworth, G., & Goodall, B. (1990). Marketing Tourism Places. GB: Routledge.

o Boniface, B., & Cooper, C. (2009). Worldwilde destinations – The Geography of travel and tourism (5th ed.). UK:
Butterworth-Heinemann.

o Gillis, J. (2017). Climate Change Is Complex. We’ve

Got Answers to Your Questions. The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/climate/what-is-climate-
change.html?mc=adintl&mcid=facebook&mccr=edit&ad-keywords=GlobalTruth

o Hall, C, & Page, S. (1999). The Geography of Tourism and Recreation – Environment, Place and Space. London: Routledge.

o Scott, D., & Lemieux, C. (2010). Weather and Climate Information for Tourism. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 1, 146-
183.

o United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2008). Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Tourism
Sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices. Retrived from www.unep.fr/shared/.../pdf/DTIx1047xPA-ClimateChange.pdf

o University of Cambridge (2014). Climate change: implications for tourism. Retrived from
https://europeanclimate.org/climate-change-implications-for-tourism/

o UNWTO (2007). Climate Change and Tourism: responding to global challenges. Retrieved from
sdt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/climate2008.pdf

o UNWTO (2009). From Davos to Copenhagen and beyond: advancing tourism’s response to climate change. Retrieved
from sdt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/fromdavostocopenhagenbeyondunwtopaperelectronicversion.pdf
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