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Realização:
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ÍNDICE
1. Introdução . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Sistemas de aterramento. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 Procedimentos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.1 Como cravar a haste: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.2 Como colocar a caixa de inspeção de terra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.3 Como conectar o cabo a haste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.4 Interligação com o sistema elétrico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Conclusão: ................................................................. 14
7. Bibliografia ................................................................. 15
2
1. INTRODUÇÃO
Para que um Sistema de Energia Elétrica opere corretamente, com uma adequada con-
tinuidade de serviço, com um desempenho seguro do sistema de proteção e, mais ain-
da, para garantir os limites (níveis) de segurança pessoal, é fundamental que o quesito
Aterramento mereça um cuidado especial.
Esse cuidado deve ser traduzido na elaboração de projetos específicos, nos quais, com
base em dados disponíveis e parâmetros pré-fixados, sejam consideradas todas as pos-
síveis condições a que o sistema possa ser submetido.
Aterramento, é a arte de se fazer uma conexão com toda a terra. A conexão terra é na realidade a interface
entre o sistema de aterramento e toda a terra, e é por esta interface que é feito o contato elétrico entre ambos
(“terra” e sistema de aterramento). Através desta interface passarão os eventos elétricos para o mencionado
sistema. Estes eventos elétricos incluem energia (surtos e transientes) e a energia proveniente das descargas at-
mosféricas. O aterramento é obrigatório e a baixa qualidade ou a falta do mesmo invariavelmente provoca
queima de equipamentos. Suas características e eficácia devem satisfazer às prescrições de segurança das pes-
soas e funcionais da instalação. O valor da resistência deve atender as condições de proteção e de funciona-
mento da instalação elétrica. Conforme orientação da ABNT a resistência deve atingir no máximo 10 Ohms,
quando equalizado com o sistema de pára-raios ou no máximo 25 Ohms quando o sistema de pára-raios não
existir na instalação.
3
2. OBJETIVOS DO ATERRAMENTO
• Obter uma resistência de aterramento a mais baixa possível, para correntes de falta à
terra;
• Manter os potenciais produzidos pelas correntes de falta dentro de limites de segu-
rança de modo a não causar fibrilação do coração humano;
• Fazer que os equipamentos de proteção sejam mais sensibilizados e isolem rapida-
mente as falhas à terra;
• Proporcionar um caminho de escoamento para terra de descargas atmosféricas;
• Usar a terra como retorno de corrente do sistema MRT;
• Escoar as cargas estáticas geradas nas carcaças dos equipamentos.
Sugere-se que a questão seja tratada com o auxílio de assessoria especializada, eletri-
cista ou empresa de instalações elétrica. Apresentamos a seguir, uma sugestão para
construção de um sistema de aterramento simples.
4
3. Sistemas de aterramento
A resistividade do solo varia com o tipo de solo, mistura de diversos tipos de solo, teor de umidade, tempera-
tura, compactação e pressão, composição química dos sais dissolvidos na água retida e concentração dos sais
dissolvidos na água retida. Os sistemas de aterramento devem ser realizados de modo a garantir a melhor liga-
ção com a terra.
Os principais são:
1. Uma haste simples cravada no solo;
2. Hastes alinhadas;
3. Hastes em triângulo;
4. Hastes em quadrado;
5. Hastes em círculos;
6. Placas de material condutor enterrado no solo (exceto o alumínio);
7. Fios ou cabos enterrados no solo.
5
3.1 PROCEDIMENTOS
No exterior do ambiente, próximo a caixa de entrada/medição da energia elétrica (< 0,5m),
utilize duas hastes de cobre com 2,4 metros de comprimento, enterrando-as uma sobre a
outra com uma luva de emenda (Figura 1) deixando aproximadamente 10 centímetros
da haste exposta para conexão da fiação.
6
3.1.3 Como conectar o cabo a haste
• Descasque um cabo de diâmetro (S), conforme tabela 1 na cor verde ou verde-amarelo,
mais ou menos 10 cm e conecte o cabo na haste com um conector tipo olhal (Figura
4) ou conector prensa haste-cabo (Figura 5).
S≤16 mm2 S
16< S ≤ 35 16
A seção mínima dos condutores de proteção/aterramento pode ser determinada pela tabela 1. Na aplicação
da tabela 1, poderão surgir resultados na determinação da seção do condutor de proteção (a divisão da seção
da fase por dois) que não corresponde a um condutor existente na escala comercial. Nesse caso, devemos apro-
ximar para a seção mais próxima, imediatamente superior. Por exemplo:
Condutor de proteção/aterramento: S /2 = 45 mm2, portanto, adotaremos 50 mm2, uma vez que não dispo-
mos do condutor de 45 mm2. Lembramos que a conexão do cabo com a haste deverá ser feito através de conec-
tores próprios (figura 3 ou 4), de forma a garantir que não se desprendam.
Normalmente é preferível utilizar condutor nu, desde que instalado em eletroduto ex-
clusivo e confeccionado de material isolante.
8
Fig. 8 – esquema básico e geral do aterramento
Obs1: Em função do tipo de caixa, estas ligações podem sofrer algumas variações.
Obs2: após a separação do terra e neutro conforme Figura 8, os mesmos não podem
ser interligados no meio da instalação e deverão ser separados (Figuras 9 e 10)
Este processo consiste, basicamente, em aplicarmos uma tensão entre terra a ser medi-
do e o terra auxiliar (eletrodos fixos ou eletrodos de corrente) e medirmos a resistência
do terreno até o ponto desejado (eletrodo móvel ou eletrodo de tensão). O esquema de
ligações é mostrado na figura abaixo:
Procedimento
• Alinhar o sistema de aterramento principal com as hastes de potencial e auxiliar;
• A distância entre o sistema de aterramento principal e a haste auxiliar deve ser sufi-
cientemente grande ( por volta de 35m), para que a haste de potencial atinja a região
plana do patamar. Devem ser feitas diversas medidas para levantamento do gráfico
(Figura 11 A);
• O aparelho deve ficar o mais próximo possível do sistema de aterramento principal;
• As hastes de potencial e auxiliar devem estar bem limpas, para possibilitar bom con-
tato com o solo;
• Calibrar o aparelho, isto é, ajustar o potenciômetro e o multiplicador MEGGER, até
que seja indicado o valor zero;
10
• As hastes usadas devem ser do tipo cooperweld, com 1,2m de comprimento e diâ-
metro de 16mm;
• Cravar as hastes no mínimo a 70cm do solo;
• O cabo de ligação deve ser de cobre com bitola mínima de 2,5mm_;
• As medições devem ser feitas em dias em que o solo esteja seco, para se obter o
maior valor da resistência de terra deste aterramento;
• Se não for o caso acima, anotar as condições do solo;
• Se houver oscilação de leitura, deslocar a posição da medição, carga da bateria ou o
estado do aparelho;
• O terra a ser medido deve estar desconectado do sistema elétrico.
Levantar o gráfico dos diversos pontos medidos no deslocamento da haste móvel.
Fig. 11A
11
5. Procedimentos para
correção da resistência
de aterramento
Todo sistema de aterramento depende da sua integração com o solo e da resistividade aparente.
Se o sistema já está fisicamente definido e instalado, a única maneira de diminuir sua resistência elétrica é alterar
as características do solo, usando um tratamento químico.
O tratamento químico dever ser empregado somente quando:
• Existe o aterramento no solo, com uma resistência fora da desejada, e não se pretende altera-lo por algum motivo;
• Não existe outra alternativa possível, dentro das condições do sistema, por impossibilidade de trocar o local, e o
terreno tem resistividade elevada.
O tipo mais recomendado de tratamento químico, é o uso do Gel químico, que é constituído de uma mistura de di-
versos sais que, em presença da água, formam o agente ativo do tratamento. Suas propriedades são:
-Quimicamente estável;
-Não solúvel em água;
-Higroscópico;
-Não é corrosivo;
-Não é atacado pelos ácidos contidos no solo;
-Seu efeito é de longa duração.
Fig. 12
12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
13
6. CONCLUSÃO:
O aterramento nas instalações elétricas atuais é um item obrigatório. Sua função está
na proteção dos equipamentos através da criação de um caminho para as correntes
de falta (curto entre fase-carcaça do equipamento), atuando assim nos dispositivos
de proteção.
O estudo aqui descrito tem a função de aterrar a carcaça dos equipamentos do sistema
de interligação a intragov, ou seja, Racks, equipamentos roteadores, modems, micro
computadores que estiverem ligados no circuito a ser construído.
14
8. Bibliografia
15
“Cahiers Techniques” is a collection of documents intended for engineers
and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth
information in order to complement that given in product catalogues.
Foreword
The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of
information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held
responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using
information and diagrams contained in this document.
François JULLIEN
Isabelle HERITIER
BB: busbar.
Rd: fault resistance.
resistance RA of the application frame. UC: contact voltage between the frame of a
stipulated by standards.
U0: phase to neutral voltage.
ρ: resistivity of copper.
the neutral point of a network in the IT earthing
Ra: resistance of the live conductor (phase or system and the earth.
neutral) of the circuit where the fault occurred. ZR: overall impedance of a network with respect
RA: resistance of the earth connection of the to the earth, made up of the capacitive
RB: resistance of the neutral earth connection. components R1, R2, R3.
(unearthed neutral) in LV
Although all Earthing Systems offer users the same degree of safety, they
do not all have the same operating characteristics.
This is why, in certain countries, a specific earthing system is stipulated by
legislation or standards according to buildings. For example, in France the
IT system is compulsory in hospital operating theatres, and the TN-C is
forbidden in premises where there is a risk of explosion.
These stipulations apart, dependability objectives (safety, availability,
reliability, maintenability and proper operation of low current
communication systems) determine which earthing system should be
chosen for which installation.
The aim of this “Cahier Technique” is to describe the advantages and
areas of application of the IT earthing system.
After a brief introduction of the electrical hazard and the various earthing
systems, the first fault situations, followed by the double fault specific to the
IT system, are studied, and the advantages and disadvantages of this
particular earthing system are developed. This “Cahier Technique” also
offers solutions for the surge limiter with the various types of possible
overvoltages.
Finally, a choice table is provided for all earthing systems, based on criteria
for safety, availability, electromagnetic compatibility and operators’
professional requirements.
Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Protection of persons against electrical shocks p. 4
1.2 The various standardised earthing systems p. 4
1.3 Choosing an earthing system p. 7
1.4 Type of insulation p. 7
1.5 Equivalent system for an unearthed or impedance-earthed
neutral network p. 8
2 The 1st insulation fault with the 2.1 Calculating fault currents and contact voltage p. 9
IT earthing system on the first fault
2.2 Permanent insulation monitors, history and principles p. 11
2.3 Tracking the 1st insulation fault p. 13
3 The 2nd insulation fault with the 3.1 Analysis of the double insulation fault p. 15
IT earthing system 3.2 Elimination of the double insulation fault p. 16
4 Special features of the IT earthing system 4.1 Overvoltages in the IT system p. 18
4.2 Surge limiters p. 20
4.3 Why use an impedance? p. 21
5 Advantages and disadvantages 5.1 Increased availability p. 22
of the IT earthing system in LV 5.2 Increased safety against risk of fire p. 22
5.3 Less downtime on control and monitoring circuits p. 23
5.4 Usage limits and precautions of the IT earthing system p. 23
6 Conclusion 6.1 Availability: an increasing need to be satisfied p. 26
6.2 The IT earthing system finds its true place p. 26
6.3 The added advantage of safety p. 26
6.4 In short p. 27
Bibliography p. 28
a) Id
3
2
N 1
PE
Permanent Surge
insulation ZN limiter Id
monitor C1 C2 C3
(PIM)
ZN : optional Id
impedance
IN
Ud IC1 IC2 IC3
IC
RB
IC
b) Id
Id 3
2
N 1
N
PE
Permanent Surge
Id SCPD SCPD
insulation limiter
Id
monitor
(PIM)
Rd2 Rd1
Ud2 Ud1
RB
c) Id RCD
Id 3
2
N 1
N
PE PE
Permanent Surge
SCPD Id SCPD
insulation limiter
monitor
(PIM)
Id
Rd2 Rd1
Ud2 Ud1
RB RA
Id
Fig. 3 : single [a] and double [b and c] insulation fault on a network operated in IT.
only the IT system guarantees risk-free continuity c technicity of installation designers and
This undeniable advantage also has certain c maintenance quality and cost;
However, choice of earthing system for an guarantees choice of the earthing system most
installation also depends on parameters other suited to the installation, it should be emphasised
than safety of persons and continuity of supply, that the advantage offered by the IT system in
c the environment (e.g. premises with a risk of should be compared with the downtime costs
fire or sites frequently struck by lightning); generated by other earthing systems (operating
c electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) (presence losses and repair costs caused by the first
All electrical networks have an impedance with ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standards
respect to earth known as the “common mode state that these HF currents must be shunted to
impedance”, the origin of which is insulation of earth, resulting in the presence of filters and thus
network cables and loads. This impedance capacitors between phases and frame.
consists of the leakage capacity and resistance According to the number of loads, their
between each live conductor and the earth. contribution to the network’s “leakage” capacity
In LV, the leakage resistance of a new cable is can be significant or even important.
around 10 MΩ per kilometer and per phase, Measurements taken on a variety of electrical
whereas its capacity evenly distributed with power networks show that capacity varies
respect to earth is approximately 0.25 µF, i.e. considerably from network to network and
It should also be noted that in MV and HV this Excessively high capacities may question the
leakage capacity is even greater and MUST be advantage of the IT earthing system: if, on the
taken into account when drawing up a protection first fault, the value of network impedance with
plan (see “Cahier Technique” no. 62). respect to earth means that contact voltage
Loads also have a natural leakage capacity, exceeds 50 V, safety of persons is not
Effect of distributed capacity in the IT system leakage capacity must exceed 70 µF (23 µF per
In electrical installations, other capacities are phase if the neutral is not distributed).
added to the network cable ones. This is the An IT network must therefore have a limited
case of certain electronic loads that are capacity with respect to earth, and the presence
generators of HF harmonic currents, in particular of loads equipped with HF filters must be taken
when they use the chopper principle (e.g. pulse into account in the network design stage.
3
2
1
N
N
PE
ZN
RN R1 R2 R3
CN C1 C2 C3
RB RA
In normal operating conditions, safety of persons standards require automatic opening of the
is guaranteed when contact voltage is less than circuit. The following section shows how use of
50 V as per standard IEC 60364 (NF C 15-100). the IT earthing system for network operation
When this contact voltage is exceeded, these prevents tripping on the first insulation fault.
2.1 Calculating fault currents and contact voltage on the first fault
General case (resistive fault) (impedance-earthed neutral), the calculations
Should a fault with a resistive value Rd occur are made for a network in the IT system,
between phase 3 and the earth, a fault current Id 400 VAC (U0 = 230 V), where:
flows in the neutral impedance and in the RA, earth connection resistance = 10 Ω
capacities C1, C2 and C3 (see fig. 3a). Rd , insulation fault value = 0 to 10 kΩ.
balanced (C1 = C2 = C3 = C), the fault current Low capacity network (e.g. limited to an
I d = U0
Rd + ZN + 3j Cω ZN Rd c Case 2:
I c = U0 c Case 3:
Rd + ZN + 3j Cω ZN Rd
and the current in the impedance ZN: Very long power network, where
U0
IN = roughly 40 km of cables!
The contact voltage UC (contact voltage between the table in figure 5 , confirm the low fault
the frame of a faulty device and another frame or voltage (≈ 20 V in the most unfavourable cases),
the earth) is calculated from the fault current Id ensuring continuity of operation, without risk for
flowing in the earth connection resistance RA of persons, of a network designed using the IT
the application frames if they are not system. They prove that addition of an
interconnected, else RB (only network earth impedance between the neutral and the earth
UC = RA Id.
Uc (V) where
Zn = 1,000 Ω
100
CR = 70 µF
50
CR = 30 µF
10
CR = 5 µF
1 CR = 1 µF
0.1 Rd (Ω)
1 10 100 500 1,000 104
(recommended threshold)
Fig. 6 : contact voltage on a first insulation fault is always less than safety voltage.
1 1
Artificial neutral
3 2
3 2
C C C 3C
Fig. 7 : the network’s distributed capacities create a connection between neutral and earth.
a) b)
2 3
V1 N
v2 v3
N
V3 V2
Id IC3
1
T I V1-T I = I V3-T I = I V2-T I T Id = IC = IC2 + IC3
IC2 IC2 = j C ω v2
V1-T = 0 IC3 = j C ω v3
V3-T = V1 + V3 IC = 3j C ω V1
V2-T = V1 + V2 I Id I = 3 C ω I V1 I
Fig. 8 : vector charts of a network in the IT system, without fault [a] and with an earth fault on phase 1 [b].
(1)
(2) R R
(+) (-)
(3)
The OFF indicator The needle indicates
light indicates the the faulty polarity; in this
faulty phase: case the (-) polarity.
in this case no. 3.
Fig. 9 : principle of the first PIM. Fig. 10 : principle of the PIM with voltmeter balance.
IBF
IR-BF IC-BF
BF IC-BF
~ V = UBF
IBF
mA RNetwork CNetwork
IR-BF UBF
ZNetwork
Fig. 12 : the low frequency AC current injection technique has been improved by means of “synchronous
demodulation”, which enables the insulation drop (resistive leakage) to be distinguished from capacitive leakage.
12 3N
N
////
PE
LF generator
(G)
G
PIM ( )
RB
Manual load PE
Fig. 13 : tracking can take place with fixed or portable devices sensitive to the injected pulse.
As we have already seen in the previous The two sections below study the fault currents
chapter, the advantage of using the IT system in and contact voltage which depend on how the
network operation lies in the possibility of frames are earthed. There are two possibilities,
devices are also provided for this second fault in (configuration to be avoided due to EMC:
order to guarantee the same level of safety of see “Cahier Technique” no. 187).
are calculated by considering two full insulation in question accounts for 80% of total impedance
faults on two different live conductors (on one of the faulty loop, and that upstream impedance
phase and the neutral if the neutral is distributed, accounts for 20%.
chosen, as it enables calculation of fault current c If we consider that the live and PE conductors
and contact voltage values without making too of the two faulty feeders have the same cross
many assumptions on installation characteristics. section and length and if we ignore their reactance:
It will thus be used from now on in this “Cahier v if one of the faults is on the neutral
phase networks).
fault elimination. In order to simplify the network
due to frame meshing in MV/LV substations. c IT 0.38 4.35 0.20 4.30 1.62
Consequently standard IEC 60364-4-442 states c TN-S 0.36 4.82 0.20 4.72 1.62
that the LV installation frames can be connected
to the earth connection of the transformer Fig. 19 : overvoltages, caused by a lightning shock
substation frames if the voltage Rp IhMT is wave, measured at the end of a 50m cable supplying a
eliminated within the stipulated times. resistive load.
Fig. 20 : the nominal voltage of a surge limiter must be adapted to network voltage.
Operation
Fig. 21 : surge limiter principle (Merlin Gerin Cardew
A surge limiter consists of two conductive type).
components separated by an insulating film
(see fig. 21 ).
Impulse overvoltages generate arcing between a phase, becomes a short-circuit. Limiter
the two conductive components, but do not withstand must then be sufficient for the time
short-circuit the limiter. required to eliminate the fault current (For
Energetic overvoltages melt the insulating film, example, 40 kA must be withstood for 0.2 sec for
thus allowing the run-off of a high current to Merlin Gerin Cardew limiters).
earth. The cartridge must then be replaced: its In the rare case of the second insulation fault
short-circuiting is reported by the PIM just as an occurring upstream of the incoming circuit
insulation fault. Moreover, it is useful, for live breaker, the double fault is eliminated by the
fault tracking, to consider its earth connection in MV protection devices (just as for an upstream
the same way as a feeder, particularly if this short-circuit on the main LV switchboard).
connection is normally inaccessible (such as For this reason, the time delay setting of the
when, for example, the limiter is placed in the transformer’s MV protection must take the thermal
transformer cubicle). withstand [f (I2t)] of the surge limiter into account.
The cross-section of the connection conductor
Important characteristic upstream and downstream of the surge limiter
When all the application frames are properly must also have the same thermal withstand. Its
interconnected, the double fault concerning both cross-section is calculated in standard
the arced surge limiter and an insulation fault on NF C 15-100.
The main advantage of using the IT earthing hazard and for control and monitoring circuits of
the continuity of supply it offers, as there is no However, to benefit fully from such advantages,
need to trip on the first fault (as described in the the restrictions of this system must also be
TT.
us to calculate that the average time between
or TT.
c plants with continuous manufacturing
c hospitals,
c cold storage units,
3
2
N 1
N
PE
Id
A M M A
RB a b c d a b c d
Fault a cannot be detected. Fault a cannot be detected.
short-circuit.
Fig. 23 : monitoring circuit may be concerned by several types of insulation faults always resulting in downtime
with TT and TN system.
to their number, as very long networks when the (in ramps of 10)
IT system is used.
These capacitive leakages have a particularity, Fig. 24 : guideline capacitive values for HF filters built
1
2 RCD
mA
3 30
N
CF CF
Db (B)
Fig. 25 : in the IT system, capacitive current flow can cause nuisance tripping of the RCDs “by sympathy”.
In this case, in presence of a fault on feeder B, circuit-breaker Da placed on a highly capacitive feeder (presence of
several filters) may open instead of Db .
PIM
phase.
C
To prevent nuisance tripping (see fig. 25 ),
systems.
High “capacitive leakages” disturb insulation
monitoring using PIMs with AC current injection
For memory:
and tracking of the first fault using a very LF
v to guarantee safety of persons (UC i UL), the
generator (see chapter 2).
limit not to be exceeded is 3C i 70 µF.
When an insulation fault occurs, they can also
v for insulation monitoring, PIMs with DC current
cause flow of residual currents likely to generate
injection are not affected by these capacities.
nuisance tripping “by sympathy” of the RCDs
Note that if the devices are connected on all
placed on very long or highly capacitive feeders
three phases, these capacitive currents cancel
(see “Cahier Technique” no. 114).
each other out when they are balanced (vector
Use of the IT system is thus advised against for
sum).
very long networks, containing long feeders, for
example for electrical power distribution in a
c With a low insulation resistance
number of buildings at a distance from one another.
This particularly applies to induction furnaces
Fig. 27 : insulation monitoring system of the various parts of a network with several sources (Merlin Gerin’s
Vigilohm System).
fault currents).
TT TN-C TN-S IT
Safety of persons (perfect installation) c c c c c c c c c c c c
Safety of equipment
c against the fire hazard c c c v v v c c c
c for machine protection on an insulation fault c c c v v c c c
Availability of electrical power v v v v v v c c c c
Electromagnetic compatibility v v v v v v v
For installation and maintenance
c skill c c c c c c c c c c c c c
c availability v v v v v c c c
c c c c excellent
c c c good
v v average
v poor
Fig. 28 : summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the various earthing systems.
28289 06-99