# - M.Com. Sem-II Syllabus and PYQs

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Contents
S.No Topics Page
1 Theory of the Firm

1. Market Morphology and Pricing
2. Pricing Policies and Practices
3. Capital Investment Analysis
4. Profit Policies and Planning
5. OR Models for Managerial Decisions
6. PYQ-2018-19
7. PYQ-2017-18
8. PYQ-2016-17
9. PYQ-2015-16
10. PYQ-2014-15
11. PYQ-2014-15(Special)
12. PYQ-2013-14
2 Behavioural Sciences
1. Introduction
2. Individual Behaviour
3. Group Behaviour
4. Leadership, Power and Authority
5. PYQ-2020-21
6. PYQ-2018-19
7. PYQ-2017-18
8. PYQ-2016-17
9. PYQ-2015-16
10. PYQ-2014-15
12. PYQ-2013-14
3 Research Methodology
1. Theory of Research
2. Hypothesis and Research Design
3. Sampling and Data Sources
4. Measurement and Scales
5. Interpretation and Report Writing
6. PYQ-2020-21
7. PYQ-2015-16
4 Accounting for Planning & Control

1. Budgetary Control
2. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis
3. Break-even Analysis
4. Marginal Costing
5. Responsibility Accounting
6. PYQ-2020-21
7. PYQ-2019-20
8. PYQ-2018-19
9. PYQ-2017-18
10. PYQ-2016-17
11. PYQ-2015-16
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12. PYQ-2013-14
5 Financial Management
1. Capital Budgeting
2. Cost of Capital
3. Capital Structure
4. Management of Income
5. Management of Working Capital
6. PYQ-2018-19
7. PYQ-2017-18
8. PYQ-2016-17
9. PYQ-2015-16
10. PYQ-2014-15
12. PYQ-2013-14
6 Marketing Strategy
1. Introduction
2. Designing Strategic Marketing
3. Designing Marketing Mix Strategies
4. Customer-Orientation in Marketing
5. Recent Issues in Marketing Strategy
6. PYQ-2020-21
7. PYQ-2018-19
8. PYQ-2017-18
9. PYQ-2016-17
10. PYQ-2015-16
12. PYQ-2013-14
7 Banking & Insurance

1. Commercial Banking In India
2. Bank-Customer Relationship
3. Central Banking Regulation and Recent Changes
4. Life Insurance
5. General Insurance
6. PYQ-2018-19
7. PYQ-2017-18
8. PYQ-2016-17
9. PYQ-2015-16
11. PYQ-2013-14
Theory of the Firm
1-Market Morphology and Pricing

1. Pricing Equilibrium
2. Equilibrium of Firm and Industry under Perfect Competition
3. Pricing under Simple and Discriminating Monopoly
4. Pricing under Collusive and Non-Collusive Oligopoly
5. Pricing under Monopolistic Competition
6. Impact of Advertising and Product Differentiation on Equilibrium Pricing
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2-Pricing Policies and Practices
1. Determinants of Pricing Policies
2. Internal Organisation and Pre-Requisites for Pricing
3. Pricing Practices
a. Cost Plus Pricing
b. Marginal or Incremental Pricing
c. Product Line Pricing
d. Differential Pricing
e. Pioneer Pricing
f. Skimming and Penetrating Pricing
g. Cyclical Pricing
h. Retail Pricing
i. Export Pricing
4. Advertising and Pricing.
3-Capital Investment Analysis

1. Needs and Principles for Capital Investment
2. Capital Investment Appraisals
a. Pay Back Period
b. Average Annual Rate of Return
c. Net Present Value
d. Internal Rate of Return
e. Net Terminal Value
f. New Techniques for Investment Evaluation
3. Risk/Uncertainty and Investment Decisions
4. Cost of Debt and Equity Capital for Investment
5. Average Cost of Capital.
4-Profit Policies and Planning

1. Profit-Concept and Measurement
2. Profit Theories: Traditional and Modern
3. Profit Policies:
a. Rationale for Profit Restraints
b. Norms for Reasonable Profit
4. Profit Planning and Break-Even Determination
5. Profit-Volume Analysis
6. Managerial Uses and Limitations of Break-even Analysis.
5-OR Models for Managerial Decisions

1. Linear Programming-Definitions, Notations and Areas of Its Applications
2. Linear Programming Model: Objective Function, Constraints, Feasible Region and Optimal Solution-Its
Primal and Dual
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3. Theory of Games-Definitions and Notations, Two-Person Zero Sum Game and Non-Zero Sum Game;
Replacement Decisions for Capital Equipments
4. Net Work Analysis–PERT & CPM.
PYQ-2018-19
1. Generally the price of a commodity is determined by demand in a short period and by supply in the long
run under perfect competition. Discuss.
2. Discuss and illustrate with diagrams the equilibrium of firms under the conditions of Monopolistic
Competition. How is it different from Monopoly?
3. Describe the different types of price policies that can be used by firms under different situations.
4. “The success or failure of a business depends on the price policy of the products.” Describe the various
methods of pricing adopted by businesses.
5. “Cost of capital is the rate of return, the firm required from investment in order to increase the value of the
firm in the Market.” In light of this statement explains the cost of different components of capital.
6. Using the information given below, calculate
a. Payback period.
b. Net Present Value @20%.
c.
Initial Investment ₹80,000
Life of Machine 5 Years
Tax Rate 50%
Year Profit after Tax
1 ₹6,000
2 ₹14,000
3 ₹24,000
4 ₹16,000
5 NIL
d. Present Value factors at 20%
Year P.V. Factors
1 .83
2 .69
3 .58
4 .48
5 .40
7. Assuming that cost structure and selling price remain the same in periods I and II. Find out:
a. Profit Volume Ratio.
b. Fixed Cost.
c. Break Even Point.
d. Variable Cost in Period II.
Period Sales Profit
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I 1,20,000 9,000
II 1,40,000 13,000
8. Write notes on the following:
a. Knight’s Theory of Profit.
b. Explain price output determination under Duopoly when the two sellers collude perfectly.
a. Game Theory.
b. Program evaluation and Review Technique.
10. Solve the following LPP by the Simplex Method:
a. Maxmise Z=20x1+30x2.
b. Subject to: 3x1+3x2≤36; 5x1+2x2≤50; 2x1+6x2≤60; x1 and x2≥0.
PYQ-2017-18
1. Differentiate between Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition. Describe the equilibrium of a
firm under perfect competition.
2. Under what conditions is the demand curve of a firm in the oligopolistic competition said to be kinked?
Show with the help of a diagram. How the price is determined by price leadership under an oligopoly?
3. “Pricing is not an easy task of a firm”. In light of this statement explain the various factors that affect the
price policy of a firm.
4. Discuss the price strategies a firm follows in case of a new product.
5. A company is considering purchasing a machine costing ₹2,50,000. The machine has a life of 5 years. On
the basis of the following information calculate (i) the Pay-back period and (ii) the Net Present Value
@10% discount.
Year Cashflow before tax but after depreciation
1 60,000
2 70,000
3 90,000
4 1,00,000
5 1,50,000
a. P.V. factor at 10%:
Year 1 2 3 4 5
P.V. Factor 0.909 0.826 0.751 0.683 0.621

6. “The cost of capital is the minimum return expected by the Investors.” Discuss the cost of different
components of capital in relation to the statement.
7. From the following data of a company find:
a. BEP in Rupees.
b. Number of units to be sold to earn a profit of ₹60,000 p.a.
c. Number of units to be sold to earn 10% profit on the sale.
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Sales ₹20 per unit

Variable Manufacturing Cost ₹11 per unit
Variable Selling Cost ₹3 per unit
Fixed Factory ₹5,40,000
Fixed Selling Cost ₹2,52,000
8. Discuss the main reasons for earning limited profits by firms. What are the aims of the Profit Policy?
9. Briefly state the concept of Game Theory. Discuss the rationale of Game Theory in Decision-Making.
10. Draw a network diagram and find out the critical path; from the following information:
Activity Expected Time Activity Expected Time
1-2 2 4-6 3
1-3 2 5-8 1
1-4 1 6-9 5
2-5 4 7-8 4
3-6 8 8-9 3
3-7 5
PYQ-2016-17
1. Distinguish between simple and discriminating monopoly and explain the equilibrium of a firm under both
conditions.
2. The ultimate solution to duopoly lies in price leadership and collusion. Explain this statement in reference
to the pricing of the duopoly. How the price is determined in an oligopoly?
3. State the objectives of the price policy of a firm and discuss its main types.
4. Differentiate between skimming pricing and penetrating pricing policy. Under what circumstances each of
these can be applied?
5. Equity capital and retained earnings are not free sources of funds and obviously there are cost strings
attached to these. Explain.
6. Camelex Industries Ltd. is considering purchasing a machine. Two machines ‘A’ and ‘B’ are available
costing ₹30,000. On the basis of the following information, evaluate the two alternatives according to the
pay-back period method:
Particulars Machine ‘A’ Machine ‘B’
Sales Revenue ₹40,000 ₹45,000

Variable Cost 60% of Sales 50% of sales
Fixed Cost(other than depreciation) ₹1,500 ₹3,000
Life of Machine 8 years 10 years
Income Tax Rate 50% 50%
7. Two companies Sugandh Ltd. and Saundarya Ltd. sell the same type of product in the same type of market.
Their budgeted income statement for the next year is as follows:
Particulars Sugandh Ltd.(₹) Saundarya Ltd. (₹)
Sales 3,00,000 3,00,000

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Less: Variable Costs 2,40,000 2,00,000
Contribution 60,000 1,00,000

Less: Fixed Costs 30,000 70,000
Profit 30,000 30,000

a. You are required to:
i. Calculate the break-even point of each company.
ii. State which company is likely to earn more profit in conditions of (a) heavy demand for the
product, and (b) low demand for the product.
8. What are the reasons for earning limited profit rather than maximum profit? Explain in brief the main
points of measurement of economic profit.
9. Solve the following linear programming problem:
a. Maximize Z=90x1+110x2.
b. Subject to: 12x1+8x2≤240; 6x1+20x2≤360; x1, x2≥0.
10. Write a Lucid Note on Game Theory.
PYQ-2015-16
1. Discuss the characteristics of ‘Monopoly’ and ‘Monopsony’. Explain the process of price and output
determinations under a monopoly market.
2. Describe various types of oligopolies. How the price is determined under Price Rigidity?
3. Describe the objective of the pricing policy of a firm and enumerate the important factors affecting it.
4. Discuss the different types of pricing policies which can be followed by a firm for its products.
5. The initial capital investment will be ₹5,00,000 in both cases. The estimated useful economic life of both
projects is 5 years. Compute which project will be more suitable using:
a. Pay-Back Period.
b. Average Rate of Return.
c. Net Present Value Methods.
d. Note: While computing the present values of cash flows, use a discount rate of 10% present value of
₹1 @10% is 0.909 for one year, 0.826 for two years, 0.751 for three years, 0.683 for four years and
0.621 for five years.
Years Cash Inflows
Project ‘A’(₹) Project ‘B’(₹)
1 40,000 1,20,000
2 1,20,000 1,60,000
3 1,60,000 2,00,000
4 2,70,000 1,20,000
5 1,60,000 1,60,000
6. “Equity Capital and Retained Earnings are not free of source funds and obviously there are cost strings
attached to these.” Explain.
7. Assuming that there is no change in selling price and cost structure, compute the following:
a. Profit-Volume Ratio.
b. Fixed Expenses.
c. Break-Even Sales.
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d. Margin of Safety and its Ratio.
e. Profit when sales are ₹3,30,000.
2014(₹) 2015(₹)
Sales 2,70,000 3,00,000
Total Costs 2,40,000 2,58,000

8. Discuss the main reasons for earning limited profit rather than maximum profit. How can economic profit
be measured?
9. Solve the following linear programming problem using the simplex method:
a. Maximize Z=3x1+5x24x3.
b. Subject to 2x1+3x2≤8; 2x2+5x3≤10; 3x1+2x24x3≤15; x1, x2, x3≥0.
10. Write a lucid note on Game Theory.
PYQ-2014-15
1. What do you mean by monopolistic competition? How is the equilibrium of a firm determined during the
short run under monopolistic competition?
2. What is meant by oligopoly? What factors lead to the emergence of oligopoly? Discuss sweezys version of
the kinked demand curve theory.
3. What is incremental cost pricing? Point out the important factors that affect pricing policy.
4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the following:
a. Cost-based pricing policy.
b. Differential Pricing.
5. Explain the various methods suggested for managing risk in capital budgeting.
6. Write short notes on the following:
a. Profitability Index.
b. Time-adjusted rate of return.
c. Capital Rationing.
7. Distinguish between Gross profit and Net profit. To what extent is profit a reward for uncertainty and
risk-bearing?
8. From the following data, calculate
a. P/V Ratio.
b. Break-Even Sales with the help of P/V Ratio.
c. Sales required to earn a profit of ₹4,50,000.
d. Fixed Expenses=₹90,000.
e. Variable Cost per Unit:
i. Direct Material: ₹5.
ii. Direct Labour: ₹2.
iii. Direct Overheads: 100% of Direct Labour.
iv. Selling price per unit: ₹12.
9. "Linear Programming is one of the most frequently and successfully used operations research techniques
to managerial and business decisions". Elucidate this statement with some examples.
10. A project consists of nine activities whose time estimates (in weeks) are given below:
Activity Preceeding Time Estimates (weeks)
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Activities Most Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic
A - 2 4 6
B - 6 6 6
C - 6 12 24
D A 2 5 8
E A 11 14 23
F B, D 8 10 12
G B, D 3 6 9
H C, F 9 15 27
I E 4 10 16
a. Show the PERT network for the project and identify the critical activities.
PYQ-2014-15(Special)
1. Differentiate between Monopoly and Monopolistic competition. Explain the short-period equilibrium of
the firm under Monopolistic competition.
2. Write Notes on the following:
a. Duopoly.
b. Discriminating Monopoly.
3. Explain the various determinants of pricing policy.
a. Marginal Pricing.
b. Pioneer Pricing.
5. Give a comparative description of the Net Present Value method and Internal rate of return with an
example.
6. Write Notes on the following:
a. Cost of Debt and Equity.
b. Average Cost of Capital.
7. Discuss the Dynamic and Innovation theory of Profit.
8. Write a note on the following:
a. Break-even Analysis.
b. Gross Profit and Net Profit.
9. What is linear programming? Explain its application in different areas.
a. Network Analysis.
b. Replacement discussion for Capital Equipments.
PYQ-2013-14
1. Distinguish between Pure and Perfect Competition. What is the rationale for perfect competition? How
does a firm attain equilibrium in it?
2. How are price and output determined under oligopolistic competition? Explain the statement that the
ultimate solution of duopoly lies in price leadership and collusion.
3. Point out the concept, objectives and types of pricing policies.
4. How is price policy formulated? Explain the price strategies for a new product.
5. Explain the scope, process and methods of Capital Budgeting.
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6. “Equity Capital and Retained Earnings provide cost-free capital.” Discuss.
7. Explain the modern theory of profit and describe the methods of profit forecasting.
8. The trading results of X Ltd. during the two years were as follows:
Year Sales Profit
2011 25,000 5,000
2012 37,500 10,000

a. Calculate:
i. Profit-Volume Ratio.
ii. Fixed Costs.
iii. Profit at sales of ₹20,000.
iv. Sales to earn a profit of ₹19,000.
9. Solve the LPP:
a. Maximize Z=90x1+110x2.
b. Subject to constraints: 12x1+8x2≤240; 6x1+20x2≤360; x1≥0, x2≥0.
a. PERT.
b. Game Theory.
c. Monopsony.
d. Dumping.
Behavioural Sciences
1-Introduction
1. Organisational Behaviour-Concept
2. Contributing Disciplines
3. Foundation
4. Challenges and Opportunities
5. Human Behaviour: Nature, Process and Models
2-Individual Behaviour
1. Personality-Determinants
2. Theories
3. Organisational Implications
4. Perception – Process
5. Factors Influencing
6. Managerial Utility
7. Sensation Vs. Perception
8. Learning-Nature, Process, Factors Affecting, Importance for Managers
9. MotivationNeed, Theories and Types of Incentives and Precautions in their Use
10. Special Issues in Motivation
11. Employees Recognition Programmes and Employees Involvement Programmes
12. Skill-based Pay Plans
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13. Flexible Benefits
3-Group Behaviour
1. Transactional Analysis-Levels of Self-Awareness
2. Ego States
3. Life Positions
4. Transactions
5. Stroking
6. Uses of T.A.
7. Group Dynamics-Meaning and Nature of Group
8. Formal Groups:
a. Committee
b. Task Force and Quality Circle
9. Informal Groups-Causes of Formation
10. Managing Informal Groups
11. Individual Vs. Group Decision Making
4-Leadership, Power and Authority

1. Leadership-Nature, Significance and Styles
2. Theories
3. Providing Effective Leadership
4. Power and Authority Bases of Power and Sources of Authority
5. Authority Limits
6. Increasing Power
PYQ-2020-21
1. Explain the meaning of ‘Organisational Behaviour’ and discuss the challenges and opportunities being
faced by modern managers in managing human behaviour in Business Organisations.
2. What do you mean by ‘personality’? Describe the various factors determining the personality of a person.
3. Critically examine the ‘Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory’ of motivation.
4. Write a detailed note on ‘Transactions Between Different Ego States’.
5. “In one formal organisation, there may be a number of informal groups.” Explain the statement and throw
light on the merits and demerits of the formal and the informal groups.
6. “In one formal organisation, there may be a number of informal groups.” Explain the statement and throw
light on the merits and demerits of the formal and the informal groups.
7. “In the present Covid-19 situation, the stress level of human beings has generally increased, as such it
needs to be controlled.” Explain the statement briefly in the light of causes and remedies of stress.
a. Power vs Authority.
b. Methods of Morale Measurement.
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PYQ-2018-19
1. Define ‘Organisational Behaviour’. Discuss the significance of organisational behaviour and critically
examine the challenges before it.
2. Discuss the various models of organisational behaviour.
PYQ-2017-18
1. Organisational behaviour is a relatively young field of study that borrows many concepts and methods
from behavioural and social science. Discuss.
2. Define ‘Organisational Behaviour’. Also, discuss the significance of organisational behaviour.
3. What do you understand by personality? Discuss the various models of personality.
4. ‘Man’s actions are governed not by what he actually sees, but what he thinks and sees.’ Comment on this
statement and discuss the various factors affecting perception.
5. Explain the following:
a. Johari Window.
b. Causes of Formation of Informal Groups.
6. What is transactional analysis? Discuss the different types of ego states.
7. What do you understand by the term power? Explain the different bases of power.
a. Styles of Leadership.
b. Sources of Authority.
9. What is morale? What is the relationship between morale and productivity? Explain.
10. Critically examine causes of stress and suggest ways of overcoming stress.
PYQ-2016-17
1. Define ‘Organisational Behaviour’. Discuss the significance of Organisational Behaviour and critically
examine the challenges before it.
2. Discuss the various models of Organisational Behaviours.
3. What do you understand by the term personality? Explain the major factors which influence the
personality of an individual.
4. What do you mean by ‘Perception’? Discuss the process and factors influencing the perception of
employees in an organisation.
5. What are the causes of the formation of informal groups? What problems arise due to informal groups?
a. Johari Window.
b. Life-Positions.
7. Define ‘Leadership’ and discuss the various style.s of leadership. In your opinion, which leadership style is
the best one and why?
8. What is power? What are the sources of Power? Describe.
9. Write a detailed note on ‘Stress Management’.
a. Productivity and Morale.
b. Factors affecting Morale.
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PYQ-2015-16
1. Explain clearly the nature and process of Human Behaviour.
a. Models of Men.
b. Foundation of Organisational Behaviour.
3. Describe the various types of incentives with suitable examples. Throw light on the precautions which
should be taken by a business manager while using these incentives on the staff in an organisation.
4. What do you mean by ‘Perception’? Discuss the process and factors influencing the perception of
employees in a business organisation.
a. Complimentary Transaction.
b. Qualities of a Successful Leader.
6. Why informal groups are created? What problems arise due to informal groups? How informal groups can
be managed? Explain clearly with the help of pertinent examples.
7. Define ‘Leadership’ and discuss the various leadership styles. In your opinion, which leadership style is
the best one and why? Explain precisely.
a. Authority Limits.
b. Increasing Power.
9. Write a detailed note on Stree Management.
a. Methods of Measuring Morale.
b. Productivity and Morale.
PYQ-2014-15
1. Define 'organisational behaviour'. Also, discuss the significance of organisational behaviour.
2. Critically examine the challenges and opportunities for organisational behaviour.
3. What do you understand by the term personality? What are the major factors which influence the
personality of an individual? Explain.
4. Explain the process of learning. Also, explain the factors which influence learning.
5. What do you understand by informal group? What are the causes of its formation? Discuss.
a. Levels of self-awareness
b. Life positions
7. Discuss any two theories of leadership.
8. What is power? What are the sources of power? Describe.
9. What do you mean by morale? Discuss the factors which influence it.
10. Critically examine the cause and consequences of stress.
1. Discuss the various models of organisational behaviour.
2. "Human behaviour is the base of organisational behaviour." In light of this statement explain the process of
human behaviour.
3. Discuss Maslow's theory of motivation.
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4. Explain the concept of 'perception'. Also, analyse the factors which influence it.
5. What do you understand by the term 'Transactional Analysis? Discuss the various ego states.
a. Task Force.
b. Informal Group.
7. 'Leadership is an inborn quality'. Discuss this statement. Also, describe the various styles of leadership.
8. Explain the various sources and limitations of authority.
9. What is morale? What are the ways of building morale? Explain.
a. Productivity and Morale.
b. Sources of Stress.
PYQ-2013-14
1. What do you understand by the term ‘Organisational Behaviour’? Explain its features and elements.
2. The models of Organisational Behaviour are based on evolutionary change. In light of this statement
discuss the important models of organisational behaviour.
3. Explain the concept of perception and analyse the factors which influence perception.
4. What do you understand by motivation? Discuss the special issues involved in motivation.
5. What is transactional analysis? Discuss the different types of ego states.
6. Explain the meaning and features of a group. Describe the steps involved in group formation.
7. Explain the concept of leadership. Also, discuss the important theories of leadership.
a. Sources of Authority.
b. Limits of Authority.
9. What is ‘Stress’? Discuss the sources and consequences of stress.
10. Discuss the ways of overcoming the negative consequences of stress.
Research Methodology
1-Theory of Research
1. Meaning of Research: Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specially through the search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge.
a. Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”
b. D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences define research as “the
manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalising to extend, correct or
verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or in the practice of an
art.”
c. Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its
advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and
experiment.
2. Objectives of Research: The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the
application of scientific procedures. The main aim of the research is to find out the truth which is hidden
and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we
may think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
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a. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it(studies with this object in
view are termed exploratory or formulative research studies).
b. To accurately portray the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or group(studies with
this object in view are known as descriptive research studies).
c. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with
something else(studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies).
d. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables(such studies are known as
hypothesis-testing research studies).
3. Process of Research: The research process consists of a series of actions or steps necessary to effectively
carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps.
a. Formulating the Research Problem:

b. Extensive Literature Survey
c. Developing the Hypothesis
d. Preparing the Research Design
e. Determining Sample Design
f. Collecting the Data
g. Execution of the Project
h. Analysis of Data
i. Hypothesis Testing
j. Generalisations and Interpretation
k. Preparation of the Report/Presentation of the Results
4. Types of Research:
a. Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of
different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is a description of the state of affairs as it
exists at present. In social science and business research, we quite often use the term Ex post facto
research for descriptive research studies. The main characteristic of this method is that the
researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is
happening. Most ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the
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researcher seeks to measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of
people, or similar data. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover causes
even when they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilised in descriptive
research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods. In
analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already
available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
b. Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (to
basic or pure) research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem
facing a society or an industrial/business organisation, whereas fundamental research is mainly
concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory. “Gathering knowledge for
knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research.”4 Research concerning some natural
phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research. Similarly,
research studies, concerning human behaviour carried on with a view to make generalisations about
human behaviour, are also examples of fundamental research, but research aimed at certain
conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied
research. Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular
institution or the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read
and understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research.
Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical
problem, whereas basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of
applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.
c. Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or
amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative
research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to
or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for
human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of ‘Motivation
Research’, an important type of qualitative research. This type of research aims at discovering the
underlying motives and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. Other techniques of such
research are word association tests, sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar
other projective techniques. Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how
people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research.
Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover
the underlying motives of human behaviour. Through such research we can analyse the various
factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike
a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice is
relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance from
experimental psychologists.
d. Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is
generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due
regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of
research. In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go
about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such a research, the
17
researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results.
He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up
experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as
to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the experimenter’s
control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its
effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other
variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today
considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.
e. Some Other Types of Research: All other types of research are variations of one or more of the
above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish
research, on the environment in which research is done, or on the basis of some other similar factor.
Form the point of view of time, we can think of research either as one-time research or longitudinal
research. In the former case the research is confined to a single time-period, whereas in the latter
case the research is carried on over several time-periods. Research can be field-setting research or
laboratory research or simulation research, depending upon the environment in which it is to be
carried out. Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research. Such research
follow case-study methods or indepth approaches to reach the basic causal relations. Such studies
usually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small samples and
very deep probing data gathering devices. The research may be exploratory or it may be formalized.
The objective of exploratory research is the development of hypotheses rather than their testing,
whereas formalized research studies are those with substantial structure and with specific
hypotheses to be tested. Historical research is that which utilizes historical sources like documents,
remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at
any remote point of time. Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and
decision-oriented. While doing conclusionoriented research, a researcher is free to pick up a
problem, redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he wishes.
Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case
is not free to embark upon research according to his own inclination. Operations research is an
example of decision oriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executive
departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.
5. Research Approaches:
a. Quantitative Approach: This approach involves the generation of data in quantitative form which
can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a formal and rigid fashion. This approach can
be further sub-classified into inferential, experimental and simulation approaches to research.
i. Inferential Approach: The purpose of inferential approach to research is to form a data base
from which to infer characteristics or relationships of population. This usually means survey
research where a sample of population is studied (questioned or observed) to determine its
characteristics, and it is then inferred that the population has the same characteristics.
ii. Experimental Approach: Experimental approach is characterised by much greater control
over the research environment and in this case some variables are manipulated to observe
their effect on other variables.
iii. Simulation approach: It involves the construction of an artificial environment within which
relevant information and data can be generated. This permits an observation of the dynamic
behaviour of a system (or its sub-system) under controlled conditions.
18
b. Qualitative Approach: Qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective assessment of
attitudes, opinions and behaviour. Research in such a situation is a function of researcher’s insights
and impressions. Such an approach to research generates results either in non-quantitative form or
in a form which are not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis. Generally, the techniques of
focus group interviews, projective techniques and depth interviews are used.
6. Selection and Formulation of a Research Problem
7. Criteria of a Good Research Problem
2-Hypothesis and Research Design

1. Concept, Sources and Types of Hypotheses
2. Formulation of Hypothesis
3. Qualities of a Workable Hypothesis
4. Usefulness of Hypothesis in Business Research
5. Uses of Research Design
6. Steps in Preparing a Research Design
7. Exploratory or Formulative Design
8. Descriptive and Diagnostic Design
9. Experimental Research Design
10. Research Design for Business Studies
3-Sampling and Data Sources

1. Characteristics of Good Sample
2. Principles of Sampling
3. Sampling Process
4. Probability and Non-probability Sampling
5. Techniques of Data Collection
6. Process of Data Collection through Observation and Schedule
7. Construction of Questionnaire
8. Interview Technique in Business Research
9. Choice between Primary and Secondary Data
4-Measurement and Scales

1. Concept and Levels of Measurement
2. Tests of Sound Measurement-Test of Validity and Reliability
3. Concept of Scaling
4. Types of Rating Scales
5. Attitude’s Scale-Likert Scale, Thurstone Scale and Guttman Scale
5-Interpretation and Report Writing

1. Meaning and Importance of Interpretation
2. Pre-requisites of Interpretation
3. Errors in Interpretation
4. Essentials of a Good Research Report
19
5. Types of Reports
6. Layout of a Research Report
7. Writing up of the Report
8. Evaluating a Research Report
PYQ-2020-21
1. Define Research Methodology. What are the different types of research? Explain.
2. What do you understand by the research problem? Discuss the process of selection and formulation of the
research problem.
3. How do you formulate a hypothesis? Discuss the different qualities of a workable hypothesis.
4. What is meant by research design? Briefly describe various research designs used in business research.
5. What issues are required to pay attention to while constructing a questionnaire? Why is it preferred over
other methods of primary data collection?
a. Characteristics of a good sample.
b. Probability sampling.
a. Likert scale.
b. Test of validity.
8. Describe the types of reports and discuss the essential features of an ideal research report.
PYQ-2015-16
1. Define research methodology. What are the different types of research? Explain.
2. What do you understand by the research problem? Discuss the process of selection and formulation of the
research problem.
3. How do you formulate a hypothesis? Discuss different qualities of a workable hypothesis.
4. What is meant by Research Design? Briefly describe various research designs used in business research.
5. What issues require attention while constructing a questionnaire? Why is it preferred over other methods
of primary data collection?
a. Characteristics of a good sample.
b. Probability Sampling.
7. Explain different types of measurement scales. Discuss the test of validity and reliability as a test of sound
measurement.
8. What is Likert Scale? Explain the steps of constructing it with a suitable example.
9. What is meant by interpretation? What are the prerequisites of interpretation and why is it significant?
a. Types of Reports.
b. Essential elements of a good research report.
c. Interview technique of data collection.
1. Explain the significance of the case study method in business research. Mention a few specific situations in
which this method is considered more useful.
20
2. Define the scientific business research and describe its model.
3. How do you explain research design? Describe some of the important research designs used in applied
research.
4. Differentiate the following pairs of concepts:
a. Research design and research methodology.
b. Cross-sectional and longitudinal study design.
5. What do you understand by cluster sampling? Is cluster sampling always better than other forms of
sampling in the context of business research? Justify.
6. What are the various methods of data collection? Which method according to you is more reliable and
why?
7. Construct a ‘Likert scale’ for measuring the opinion of the rural people regarding various anti-poverty
programmes run by the government.
8. Explain the significance of scaling in business research. Also, describe in brief the important scale
construction techniques.
9. What do you understand by the presentation of research outcomes? Differentiate between a technical and
popular research report.
10. “The format of a research report depends on the need of the user(s) concerned". Elucidate the statement
and give the various steps involved in report writing.
Accounting for Planning & Control
1-Budgetary Control
1. Budget and Budgetary Control
2. Essentials for Effective Budgeting
3. Advantages
4. Types of Budgets
5. Flexible Budgeting and Zero–base Budgeting
2-Standard Costing and Variance Analysis

1. Concept and Objects of Standard Costing
2. Setting of Standards
3. Variance Analysis- Material, Labour and Overhead Variances
3-Break-even Analysis
1. Assumptions and Limitations
2. Break-even chart
3. P/V ratio
4. Practical Application of Break-even Analysis
4-Marginal Costing
1. Concept and Distinction with Absorption Costing
2. Uses of Marginal Costing in Profitability Decisions, Pricing Decisions, Make or Buy Decisions and
Decisions Relating to Suspension of Activities
21
5-Responsibility Accounting
1. Concept
2. Responsibility Centres: Cost, Profit, and Investment Centres
3. Advantages
4. Transfer Pricing: Market-based Price & Cost-based Price
PYQ-2020-21
1. Prepare Cash Budget from the following particulars for the period 1st September to 31st December.
Particular July August September October November December

/Months
Credit 85,000 92,000 1,00,000 1,20,000 90,000 98,000

Purchase
Credit Sales 1,60,000 1,85,000 2,10,000 2,45,000 1,78,000 1,82,000
Wages 32,000 37,000 42,000 49,000 35,000 36,000
Selling 8,000 9,500 10,500 12,500 8,900 9,000

Expenses
Overheads 10,000 11,500 13,000 14,500 10,500 11,000

a. Additional Information:
i. Cash Balance as of 1-9-20: ₹10,500.
ii. Credit Allowed to Debtors: 2 Months.
iii. Credit Allowed by Customers: 1 Month.
iv. Log in Payment of Wages, Selling Expenses and Overheads: 1 Month.
v. Selling commission @ 2% on sales is payable one month after sales.
vi. Payment of machinery in October: ₹50,000.
vii. Cash Sales per Month: ₹15,000.
2. What are the essentials of an effective budgetary system? Prepare the proforma of Flexible Budget.
3. From the following information, calculate the respective material variables:
Materials Standard Actual
Quantity Rate(₹) Quantity Rate(₹)
A 50 6 30 6
B 40 4 40 3
C 30 3 50 4
4. Consider the following:
Year Total Sales(₹) Total Cost(₹)
2019 60,000 48,000
2020 1,08,000 72,000

a. Find out:
22
i. P/V Ratio.
ii. Break-Even Point.
iii. Fixed Cost.
iv. The Margin of Safety for Both Years.
5. What do you understand by Responsibility Accounting? Discuss its salient features.
6. Bhagat Enterprises manufactures three products as under.
Particulars Products
A B C
Capacity Engaged 20% 40% 40%

Units Produced 4,000 10,000 12,000
Cost per Unit
Materials 40 64 72
Wages 20 24 32
Variable Overheads 14 18 22
Fixed Overhead 12 18 20
86 124 146
Selling price Per Unit 80 150 170
Profit/Loss (-)6 26 24
a. Due to the loss in Product A management wants to discontinue Product A and to utilise the
disengaged capacity of Product A equally in Products B and C.
b. Further expected rises in price and costs are:
B C
Materials 20% 25%
Wages 10% 10%
Selling Price 5% 10%

c. There will be no change in fixed overhead. You are required to prepare a Current and Projected
Profitability Statement. Will management do so or not?
7. (a) Differentiate between Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing. (b) From the following information,
prepare Cost and Profit Statement by (i) Absorption Costing Method and (ii) Marginal Costing Method:
Particulars ₹
Direct Material 80,000

Wages 48,000
Variable Factory Expenses 16,000
Fixed Factory Expenses 32,000
Administrative Expenses of which 25% is variable 24,000
Selling Expenses of which 60% is variable 40,000
Sales 3,60,000
8. Differentiate between Standard Cost and Estimated cost and write the advantages of Standard Costing.
PYQ-2019-20
1. Explain the term Budget. How does it differ from Budgeting? Give the proforma of the Cash Budget.
23
2. The expenses for the production of 3000 units in a factory are given below. You must prepare a budget for
producing 6,000 units and 10,000 units.
₹(Unit)
Material 50
Labour 20
Variable Overheads 15
Fixed Overheads(₹30,000) 10
Selling Expenses(20% Fixed) 6
Distribution Expenses(10% Fixed) 5
Administrative Expenses(5% Variable) 10
3. From the following particulars, calculate the required Material Variances.
Material Standard Actual
X 50 6 40 6
Y 40 3 50 3
Z 30 2.5 60 2.5
4. From the following information calculate Break Even Point and Sales required to earn a profit of ` 30,000.
Further, if the company is earning a profit of ₹30,000 calculate the margin of safety.
Fixed Overhead ₹21,000
Variable Cost ₹2/unit
Selling Price ₹5/unit

5. Find out different labour variances from the following particulars:
Standard Actual
Output 1000 Units 1,200 Units
Rate ₹6/unit -
Wages Paid - ₹8,000
Time Taken 50 Hours 40 hours

6. From the following information prepare a statement of cost and profit by (i) Absorption Costing Method
and (ii) Marginal Costing Method to know the profit:
Particulars ₹

Wages 48,000
Administrative Expenses(25% Variable) 24,000
Selling Expenses(60% Variable) 40,000
Sales 3,60,000
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7. Discuss the salient features of Responsibility Accounting. Explain the various responsibility centres.
a. Make or Buy Decisions.
b. P/V Ratio and its application
PYQ-2018-19
1. U. P. Agro Industries Ltd. Manufactures Pickles and Juice. The sales department has worked out following
forecasts for the six months of 2018:
Pickles Number of Bottles
Mango 1,00,000
Mixed 75,000
Juices
Apple 25,000
Mango 15,000
Pineapple 35,000
a. Further, the following particulars are available:
Products Units Completed Finished Goods
Opening Closing Opening Closing Opening Closing
Pickle:
Mango 25,000 40,000 80% 60% 7,500 6,000
Mixed 15,000 25,000 60% 80% 3,000 2,000
Juices:
Apple 5,000 4,000 80% 75% 1,500 2,000
Mango 3,000 3,000 70% 80% 800 500
Pineapple 4,000 5,000 75% 80% 2,000 2,000
b. Prepare a production budget for six months
2. Chaman Company Ltd. has given the following information:
Particulars/ August September October November December
Months
Sales 20,000 21,000 23,000 25,000 30,000
Materials 10,200 10,000 9,800 10,000 10,800
Wages 3,800 3,800 4,000 4,200 4,500
Overheads 1,900 2,100 2,300 2,400 2,500

a. 10% sales are on a Cash basis, 50% of sales are collected in next month and balance in the
following month. Creditors: Materials 2 Months, Wages ⅕ Month, Overheads: ½ Month.
b. The Cash balance of 1st October 2018 is ₹10,000.
c. A machine was installed in August 2018 at a cost of ₹1,00,000 and a monthly instalment of ₹5,000
is payable from October onwards.
d. Dividend to be paid on 1-12-2018 ₹30,000.
e. Advance to be received for the sale of a vehicle in November 2018, ₹20,000.
25
f. Prepare Cash Budget for three months October, November and December.
3. Calculate various Material Variances with the help of the following particulars:
Quantity Price Quantity Price
X 120 kg ₹5 112 kg ₹5
Y 80 kg ₹10 88 kg ₹10
200 200
Less 60(Loss) 50(Loss)
140 150
4. (a) Differentiate between standard cost and estimated cost. (b) Calculate different labour variances from
the following:
Standard Actual
Output 1000 units Output 1,200 Units

Rate ₹6/unit Wages Paid ₹8,000
Time taken 50 hours Time taken 40 hours
5. Information is given: (i) Fixed Cost: ₹8,000; Profit: ₹2,000; BEP in Sales: ₹4,000. Find out actual sales.
(ii) You have been given the following information: Fixed Cost: ₹80,000; Direct Material: ₹5/Unit; Direct
Labout: ₹2/Unit; Selling Price: ₹12/Unit; Direct Overhead: 100% of Direct Labour. Calculate
a. P/V Ratio.
b. Break-Even Point in(₹).
c. Sales amount required to earn a profit of ₹4,00,000.
6. The following particulars are available:
Year Sales(₹) Profit(₹)
2016-17 1,20,000 9,000
2017-18 1,40,000 13,000

a. Calculate:
i. Profit Volume Ratio.
ii. BEP for sales units.
iii. Profit at Sales of ₹1,00,000.
iv. Sales required to earn profit ₹20,000.
v. Margin of Safety in both years.
7. The following particulars relate to XY Ltd.:
Particular 2016-17 2017-18
Installed Capacity 20,000 Units 20,000 Units
Opening Stock(Unit) - 2,000
Closing Stock(Units) 2,000 -
Output(Units) 20,000 18,000

26
Sales(Units) 18,000 20,000
Sales price per unit ₹15 ₹15
Variable Cost per Unit ₹4 ₹4
Fixed Cost ₹1,60,000 ₹1,60,000

a. Work out profit under absorption costing and marginal costing for both years.
8. Raman Enterprises manufactures three products as under
Product A Product B Product C

Units Produced 8,000 20,000 24,000
Cost Per Unit: ₹ ₹ ₹
Materials 40 64 72
Wages 20 24 32
Variable Overhead 14 18 22
86 124 146
Selling Price per Unit 80 150 170
Profit/Loss -6 26 24
a. Due to the loss in product A management wants to discontinue product A and to utilize the
disengaged capacity of product A equally in products B and C. Expected Rise in Price and Cost are:
B C
Material 20% 25%
Wages 15% 10%
Sales Price 10% 15%

b. Should the management accept the proposal?
9. “Responsibility Accounting is not only a control device but also helpful in decision making.” Discuss and
describe its salient accounting.
a. Make or Buy Decision.
b. Overhead Variance.
PYQ-2017-18
1. Raman Company Ltd. has given the following information:
Months August September October November December
Sales 40,000 42,000 46,000 50,000 60,000
Materials 20,400 20,000 19,600 20,000 21,600
Wages 7,600 7,600 8,000 8,400 9,000

27
Overheads 3,800 4,200 4,600 4,800 5,000

i. Credit terms are: 10% of sales are on a cash basis, 50% of sales will be collected in the next
month and the balance in the following month. Creditors - Material - 2 months, Wages ⅕
months, Overheads ½ months.
ii. Cash balance as of 1.10.2016 is ₹16,000.
iii. A machine was installed in August 2016 at a cost of ₹2,00,000 and a monthly instalment of
₹10,000 is payable from October onward.
iv. A dividend of ₹60,000 will be paid in Dec. 2016.
v. Income tax to be paid in the month of Dec. 2016 ₹10,000.
vi. Advance to be received ₹40,000 in Dec. 2016.
b. Prepare Cash Budget for three months October, November, and December 2016 with the help of the
above information.
2. The following are the budgeted expenses for the production of 10,000 units of a product:
Particulars ₹
Direct Material 50
Direct Labour 20
Direct Variable Expenses 10
Variable Overhead 20
Factory Overhead 10
Administrative Expenses(₹50,000 for all levels) 5
Distribution Expenses(20% fixed) 5
a. Prepare a flexible budget for producing 6,000 units, 8,000 units and 12,000 units showing distinctly
variable costs and fixed costs.
3. Calculate material variances from the following information:
a. Standard Information for one unit:
Material Quantity(kg) Price(₹/kg)
A 2 3
B 4 2
b. The actual production and other information: Actual Output: 500 Units.
Material Quantity for 500 Units Total Cost(₹)
A 1,100 kg 3,410
B 1,800 kg 3,960
4. Calculate Labour Variances from the following:
a. Standard:
Type of No of Time(weeks) Rate/Week Total Time Total Wages
Workers Workers
Skilled 100 30 60 3,000 1,80,000

28
Semi-skilled 40 30 36 1,200 43,200
Unskilled 60 30 24 1,800 43,200

b. Actual:
Type of No of Time(weeks) Rate/Week Total Time Total Wages
Workers Workers
Skilled 80 32 65 2,560 1,66,400
Semi-skilled 50 32 40 1,600 64,000
Unskilled 70 32 20 2,240 44,800

5. (a) What is cost volume Profit Analysis? Explain. (b) The P/V rates of Sahitya Prakashan is 20%. During
2017 sales were ₹5,00,000 and fixed cost was ₹4,00,000. Calculate
a. Total Variable Cost.
b. Total Contribution.
c. What would be the profit if sales are increased to ₹7,20,000?
6. (a) Explain the assumptions of Break Even Analysis. (b) From the following information calculate
a. BEP in ₹.
b. The number of Units must be sold to earn a profit of ₹2,04,000.
i. Selling Price: ₹20/Unit.
ii. Variable Manufacturing Cost: ₹11/Unit.
iii. Variable Selling Cost: ₹3/Unit.
iv. Fixed Factory Overhead: ₹5,40,000 per year.
v. Fixed Selling Cost: ₹2,52,000 per year.
7. Shanti Enterprises manufactures three products A, B and C. The following details are available.
Particulars Product A Product B Product C

Units Produced 2,000 5,000 6,000
Cost per unit ₹ ₹ ₹
Materials 20 32 36
Wages 10 12 16
Fixed Overheads 6 9 10
Total Cost/Unit 43 62 73
Selling Price per Unit 40 75 85
Profit/Loss -3 13 12
a. The management proposed to stop production of A and to utilise the disengaged capacity equally
between Products B and C. The expected rise in price and cost is as under
Product B Product C
Materials 10% 10%
Wages 5% 5%
29
Selling Price 2% 5%
b. Fixed overhead will remain constant you are required to prepare current and projected profitability
statements and advise the management to do so or not.
8. Differentiate between Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing. Show the proforma of the cost and profit
statement of Both with imaginary figures.
9. Discuss the salient features of Responsibility Accounting and its different centres.
a. Make or Buy Decision.
b. Zero base Budgeting(ZBB).
PYQ-2016-17
1. From the following information prepare a cash budget for the period from 1st September 2016 to 31
December 2016 of XY Ltd.:
Months Credit Credit Sales(₹) Wages(₹) Selling Overheads(₹)
Purchase(₹) Expenses(₹)
July 85,000 1,60,000 32,000 8,000 10,000
August 92,000 1,85,000 37,000 9,500 11,500
September 1,00,000 2,10,000 42,000 10,500 13,000
October 1,20,000 2,45,000 49,000 12,500 14,500
November 90,000 1,78,000 35,000 8,900 10,500
December 98,0000 1,82,000 36,000 9,000 11,000

i. Expected cash balance as of 1/9/2016 ₹10,500.
ii. Credit allowed to debtors: 2 months.
iii. Credit allowed by creditors: 1 month.
iv. Log-in payment of wages, selling expenses and overheads: 1 month.
v. Selling commission at 2% on sales is payable one month after sales.
vi. Payment of Machinery in October ₹50,000.
vii. Cash Sales per month ₹15,000. No Commission on cash sales.
2. (a) What are the essentials of an effective budgetary system? Explain. (b) Prepare the proforma of the
flexible budget with imaginary figures.
3. From the following particulars, calculate respective material variances:
X 50 6 40 6
Y 40 4 50 3
Z 30 3 60 2.5
30
4. Find out different labour variances from the following particulars:
Standard Actual
Output 1,000 units Output 1,200 units
Rate ₹6/unit Wages Paid ₹8,000
Time taken 50 hours Time taken 40 hours

5. From the following information, calculate the Break-Even Point and Sales required to earn a profit of
₹30,000.
a. Fixed Overhead: ₹21,000.
b. Variable Cost: ₹2/unit.
c. Selling Price: ₹5/unit.
d. Further, if the company is earning a profit of ₹30,000, calculate the margin of safety in units and in
rupees.
6. The Cost Manager of a Manufacturing business has provided the following information:
a. Fixed Cost: ₹12,000.
b. Variable Cost: ₹6/unit.
c. Selling Price: ₹10/unit.
d. Current Profit: ₹15,000.
e. On the basis of the above answer the following:
i. If the selling price is reduced to ₹9, how many units must be sold in order to achieve the
same net profit of ₹15,000?
ii. How many units must be sold to achieve a net profit of ₹2.5 per unit?
7. A company has a production capacity of 4,00,000 units per year. Normal capacity utilization is 90%. The
standard variable cost per cent is ₹22/unit. Fixed Costs are ₹7,20,000, Variable selling cost is ₹3/unit and
fixed selling cost is ₹5,40,000 per year. Selling price is ₹40/unit. In the year ended 31 December, 2016, the
production was 3,20,000 units and sales were 3,00,000 units. The closing investory was 40,000 units. The
actual variable production cost for the year was ₹70,000 higher than the standard. Calculate profit for the
year:
a. By Absorption costing method.
b. By Marginal Costing Method, Opening Stock in absorption costing may be valued at 26 per unit.
8. (a)Differentiate between Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing. (b) Explain the application of marginal
costing in make or buy decisions and price determination decisions.
9. Discuss the salient features of Responsibility Accounting. Explain the various types of responsibility
centres.
a. Transfer Pricing.
b. Variable Overhead Variance.
PYQ-2015-16
1. The following are the budgeted expenses for the production of 10,000 units of a product:
Particulars ₹
Direct Material 60
31
Direct Labour 30
Variable Expenses(Direct) 5
Factory Overhead 15
Selling Expenses(10% fixed) 15
Administration Expenses(₹50,000 for all levels) 5
Distribution Expenses(20% fixed) 5
Total Cost of Sale 160

a. Prepare a flexible budget for the production of 6,000, 7,000 and 8,000 units showing distinctly
variable cost and fixed costs.
2. (a) Discuss in brief the Production Budget. Illustrate it with imaginary figures. (b) Explain the Production
Cost Budget.
3. A factory is engaged in producing a product using two grades of material X and Y in the ratio of 3:2. The
standard price of material X is ₹4/unit and that of Y is ₹3/unit. Normal loss in production is expected at
10%. Due to a shortage of material, it was not to use the standard mix. The actual result was as under
a. Material X 280 ton @₹3.80/ton.
b. Material Y 120 ton @₹3.60/ton.
c. Actual Production: 364 tonnes.
d. Calculate Material Price Variance, Material Usage Variance, Material Yield Variance and Material
Cost Variance.
4. A Contract Job is scheduled to be completed within 30 weeks with 100 skilled labour, 40 Semi-skilled
labour and 60 unskilled labours. The standard weekly wages of each type of labour are skilled Rs. 60,
Semi-skilled Rs. 36 and unskilled Rs. 24. The work is actually completed in 32 weeks as under
Type of Labour No. Of Labour Time(Weeks) Total Time Actual Rate Actual Wages
Skilled 80 32 2560 65 1,66,400

Semi-Skilled 50 32 1600 40 64,000
Unskilled 70 32 2240 20 44,800
200 6400 2,75,200

a. Calculate Labour Rate Variance, Labour Efficiency Variance, Labour Mix Variance, Labour Cost
Variance.
5. (i) From the following data Calculate (a) Break-Even Point in Rs. (b) No. of Units that must be sold to earn
a Profit of Rs. 1,56,000 per year: Selling Price Rs. 40 per unit; Variable Manufacturing Cost Rs. 22 per
unit; Variable Selling Cost Rs. 6 per unit; Fixed Factory Overhead Rs. 10,80,000 per annum and Fixed
Selling Cost Rs. 5,04,000 per annum. (ii) Explain the assumptions of Break-Even Analysis.
6. (i) Following are figures relating to the Total Sales and Total Cost of a Company:
Year Total Sales(Rs.) Total Cost(Rs.)
2014 60,000 48,000

2015 1,08,000 72,000
a. Find Out:
i. P/V Ratio.
ii. Break-Even Point.
iii. Fixed Cost.
32
iv. The margin of Safety for both years.
b. (ii) Explain the role of the Margin of Safety in Break Even Analysis.
7. Jagat Enterprise produces three products as under:
Product X Product Y Product Z
Units Produced 4,000 10,000 12,000

a. Cost per unit:
Materials 40 64 72
Wages 20 24 32
86 124 146
Selling Price/Unit 80 150 170
-6 26 24
b. Due to the loss in Product X, management wants to discontinue Product X and to utilize the
disengaged capacity of Product X equally in Product Y and Z. Expected rise in price and cost are
Y Z
Materials 20% 25%
Wages 10% 10%
Selling Price 5% 10%

c. Fixed overhead shall remain unchanged. You are required to prepare current and projected
profitability statements and to advise the management to do so or not.
8. (a) From the following information prepare a statement of cost and profit by (i) Absorption Costing
Method and (ii) Marginal Costing Method to know profit:
Wages 48,000
Administrative Expenses of which 25% is variable 24,000
Selling Expenses of which 60% is variable 40,000
Sales 3,60,000
a. (b) Differentiate between Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing.
9. (a) What do you understand by Responsibility Accounting? Discuss its salient features. (b) Explain the
different kinds of Responsibility Centres.
a. Make or Buy Decisions.
b. Overhead Variances.
33
PYQ-2013-14
1. Explain the term “Budget” as used in the business. How does it differ from budgeting? What are the
essentials of an effective budgeting system?
2. The expenses for the production of 5,000 units in a factory are given as follows:
Particulars ₹/Unit
Material 50
Labour 20
Fixed Overheads(₹50,000) 10
Distribution Expenses(10% Fixed) 5
Administrative Expenses(5% Variable) 10
Total 116
a. You are required to prepare a budget for the production of 7,000 units and 10,000 units.
3. Define Standard Cost and Standard Costing. What are the principal advantages and management reasons
for developing and using a standard cost system?
4. From the following data, calculate Labour Cost Variance, Labour Rate of Pay Variance, Labour Efficiency
Variance and Labour Mix Variance:
a. Standard Labour Force is 20 Semi-skilled workers at ₹0.75 per hour for 50 hours. 10 Skilled
workers at ₹1.25 per hour for 50 hours.
b. The actual Labour Force is 22 Semi-skilled workers at ₹0.80 per hour for 50 hours. 8 skilled
workers at ₹1.20 per hour for 50 hours.
5. Discuss the importance and assumptions of Break-even analysis.
6. The following figures relate to a manufacturing company. Calculate from the information:
a. P/V Ratio.
b. Fixed Cost and its per cent to sales.
c. Break-Even Point.
d. Margin of Safety for both periods.
Period I(₹) Period II(₹)
Total Cost 19,83,600 22,23,000
Sales 21,43,200 24,51,000

7. “Marginal Costing is essentially a technique of cost analysis and cost presentation.” Discuss.
8. A Manufacturer with an overall capacity of 1,00,000 machine hours has been so far producing a standard
mix of 10,000 units of the product ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. The total expenditure is ₹2,00,000 and the cost ratio
among the products is 1:1.5:1.5 respectively per unit. The fixed charges are ₹1,00,000 and the unit selling
prices are ₹6.25 for A; ₹7.50 for B and ₹10.50 for C. He derives to change the product mix as under:
Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3(Units)
A 18,000 15,000 22,000
B 12,000 16,000 7,000

34
C 8,000 7,000 9,000

a. As a management accountant, which mixes will you recommend and why?
9. In what way the performance of the managers of the various responsibility centres is judged to assess the
control over the costs? Explain with instances.
a. Market-Based Price and Cost-Based Price,
b. Objectives of Transfer Pricing.
Financial Management
1-Capital Budgeting
1. Meaning and Significance
2. Methods of Evaluating Investment Opportunities:
a. Payback Period
b. Accounting Rate of Return
c. Net Present Value
d. Internal Rate of Return
e. Profitability Index
2-Cost of Capital
1. Meaning and Significance of Cost of Capital
2. Computation of Cost of Debt
3. Preference Capital, Equity Capital and Retained Earnings
4. Combined (Weighted) Cost of Capital
3-Capital Structure
1. Traditional Capital and MM Hypothesis
2. Factors Affecting Capital Structure
3. Operating and Financial Leverage
4. Measurement of Leverages
5. Analysing Alternate Financial Plan
4-Management of Income
1. Internal Financing (Retained Earnings): Determinants and Dangers
2. Dividend Policies: Amount, Regularity and Forms of Dividend Payment
3. Factors Determining Quantum of Dividend Payment
4. Stock Dividend and their Payment
5. Walter’s Model and MM Hypothesis
5-Management of Working Capital

1. Meaning, Significance and Types of Working Capital
2. Financing of Working Capital
35
3. Sources of Working Capital
PYQ-2018-19
1. What is ‘Capital Budgeting’? Discuss its significance.
2. Give a comparative description of the Net Present Value method and Internal Rate of Return Method of
Capital Budgeting. Which of these would you prefer and why?
3. Discuss the various approaches to the determination of Working Capital.
4. Discuss the cost of preference share capital and Retained Earnings.
5. What is the ‘Weighted Average Cost’ of Capital? How it is calculated? What is the rationale for using
Weighted Average Cost?
6. Explain the traditional theory of capital structure.
7. Discuss the internal factors governing the design of the Capital Structure.
8. Discuss the factors which influence dividend policy.
9. Critically examine the MM Model of Dividend Policy.
10. What do you mean by Working Capital? Discuss its various concepts and significance.
PYQ-2017-18
1. What are the different methods of Capital Budgeting? Explain the Pay Back method of Capital Budgeting
and also state its limitations.
2. Explain with the help of a suitable example the average rate of return method of capital budgeting.
3. What is the cost of Capital? How will you calculate the cost of Equity Capital? Explain with a suitable
illustration.
4. How will you calculate the cost of debt capital? Explain with a suitable illustration.
5. “Trading on Equity is a Double-Edged Weapon”. Explain this statement with the help of a suitable
example.
6. Explain the net operating income approach of Capital Structure.
7. What do you mean by Internal Financing? Examine the determinants and dangers of Internal Financing.
8. Critically examine Walter’s Model of Dividend Policy.
9. Explain the kinds and significance of Working Capital.
10. Examine the factors governing the adequacy of Working Capital.
PYQ-2016-17
1. Discuss the meaning and significance of Capital Budgeting.
2. Describe the concept of the time value of money as applied to Capital Budgeting. Explain any one method
based on the time value of money.
3. What is the weighted average cost of capital? How it is calculated? Explain.
4. How would you compute the cost of preference capital and retained earnings? Explain.
5. Explain the traditional theory of capital structure.
6. Write a short note on any two of the following:
a. Homemade Leverage.
b. Combined Leverage.
c. Trading on Equity.
7. What is dividend policy? Examine various factors determining the dividend policy of an enterprise.
8. Critically examine the MM Model of Dividend Policy.
36
9. Discuss the concept of Working Capital and its short-term sources.
10. Discuss the techniques of financing working capital.
PYQ-2015-16
1. What is Capital Budgeting? Rationalize the need for Capital Budgeting in Long-term Investment
Decisions.
2. The following details relate to the two machines ‘A’ and’B’:
Machine ‘A’ Machine ‘B’
Initial Cost(₹) 56,125 56,125
Estimated Life 5 Years 5 Years
Salvage Value(₹) 3,000 3,000

a. Annual Income after tax and depreciation:
Year ₹ ₹
1 3,375 11,375
2 5,375 9,375
3 7,375 7,375
4 9,375 5,375
5 11,375 3,375
b. Overhauling charges at the end of 3rd year for both machines will be ₹25,000. Depreciation has
been charged at the straight-line method. The cost of Capital is 10%. The present value of one rupee
at 10% is:
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Present Value 0.909 0.826 0.751 0.683 0.621

c. Using the present value method, suggest which machine should be chosen.
3. What do you mean by cost of capital? How is the cost of debt capital computed? Explain.
4. How is the cost of equity capital calculated? Explain with a suitable example.
5. What is Trading on Equity? Explain with the example the effect of trading on equity on earnings per share.
6. What do you mean by Operating Leverage? What guidelines would you propose as regards its use?
7. Explain the meaning, significance and limitations of retained earnings.
8. Discuss the dividend policy in regard to the amount and regularity of dividend payments.
9. Explain the concept and types of working capital.
10. Discuss briefly the significance of working capital. Also, examine the short-term sources of working
capital.
PYQ-2014-15
1. What are the different methods of Capital Budgeting? Explain only one of them in detail.
2. (a) From the following information, calculate the discount rate of which the NPV of the project is zero.
The project costs ₹36,000 and its annual cash flow for five years is ₹11,200. The present value factor(fifth
37
year) at the discount rate of 15%=3.352; 16%=3.274; 17%=3.199 and at 18%=3.127. (b) From the
following information calculate the internal rate of return for the project:
a. Initial Outlay=₹32,400.
b. Economic Life of the Project=3 Years.
c. Cash Inflows:
i. Year 1: ₹16,000.
ii. Year 2: ₹14,000.
iii. Year 3: ₹12,000.
d. Present Value Factor:
Discount Rate Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
13% 0.885 0.783 0.693
14% 0.877 0.769 0.675
15% 0.870 0.756 0.658

3. Discuss the cost of preference share capital and equity share capital.
4. Explain the weighted average cost of capital and the problems involved in its calculation.
5. What do you mean by leverage? Explain the term operating and financial leverage. State the impact of
financial leverage on earnings per share.
6. Discuss the internal factors governing the design of Capital Structure.
7. Explain briefly the determinants of dividend policy.
8. What do you mean by internal financing? Examine the determinants and dangers of internal financing.
9. Discuss the concepts and long-term sources of working capital.
10. Examine the factors governing the adequacy of working capital.
1. What do you understand by Capital Budgeting? State its significance and limitations.
2. Explain with the help of a suitable example any one method of capital budgeting.
3. Discuss the cost of equity share capital.
4. Explain with suitable illustration the cost of debt capital.
5. What do you mean by leverage? State the impact of financial leverage on earnings per share.
6. Explain the net operating income approach of capital structure.
7. What do you mean by dividend policy? Discuss the factors influencing dividend policy.
8. Examine Walter's approach to dividend policy.
9. Explain the approaches to the financing of the working capital mix.
10. Discuss the concepts and significance of working capital.
PYQ-2013-14
1. What are the different methods of Capital Budgeting? Explain the payback method of Capital Budgeting
and state its limitations.
2. Explain with the help of a suitable example the average rate of return method of Capital Budgeting.
3. What is the Cost of Capital? How will you calculate the cost of retained earnings? Explain with suitable
illustrations.
4. How will you calculate the cost of debt capital? Explain with suitable illustrations.
38
5. “Trading on Equity is a double-edged weapon”. Explain this statement with the help of a suitable example.
6. Explain the Net Operating Income approach of Capital Structure.
7. Discuss the factors which influence dividend policy.
8. Critically examine the Walter’s Approach of Dividend Policy.
9. Explain the concept, kinds and significance of Working Capital.
10. Explain the concept of Working Capital and discuss the matching conservative and aggressive approach to
the determination of the financing of working capital mix.
Marketing Strategy
1-Introduction
1. Concept and Significance of Marketing Strategy
2. Marketing Strategy and New Economy – Major Drivers of New Economy and Changing Marketing
Practices in Business
3. Factors Considered in Formulating Marketing Strategy
2-Designing Strategic Marketing

1. Steps Involved in Corporate Strategic Planning, Business Unit Strategic Planning and Marketing Processes
2. Competitive Strategies: Market Leader, Market Challenger, Market Followers and Market Niches
Strategies
3-Designing Marketing Mix Strategies

1. Product Strategy: Steps Involved and Differentiation Tools
2. Product Life Cycle Marketing Strategies
3. Pricing Strategy: Steps in Pricing Strategy
4. Initiating and Responding to Price Changes
5. Channel Strategy: Steps Involved in Channel Strategy
6. Channel Dynamics
7. Communication Strategy: Developing Effective Communication
8. Managing Integrated Marketing Communication Process.
4-Customer-Orientation in Marketing
1. Customer Relationship Marketing-Concept and Need for Customer Relationship Marketing
2. Process of Customer Relationship Marketing
3. Building Customer Satisfaction and Retention: Defining and Delivering Customer Value and Satisfaction
4. Nature of High-Performance Business
5. Attracting and Retaining Customers
5-Recent Issues in Marketing Strategy

1. Direct Marketing: Concept and Significance
2. Major Channels for Direct Marketing
3. Marketing and Technology: Telemarketing and M-Marketing
39
4. E-Marketing and Kiosk Marketing
5. Marketing Audit
6. Event Marketing
PYQ-2020-21
1. Explain the concept of marketing strategy. Why is it essential for any firm? Explain.
2. Examine the marketing strategies adopted by the market leader.
3. Discuss the steps involved in the marketing process.
4. Discuss the marketing strategies followed at different stages of the product life cycle.
5. “The firm has to consider many factors in setting its pricing strategy.” Discuss.
6. What are the challenges of the marketing manager in attracting customers? Also discuss, in brief, the
means of attracting customers.
7. “High-performance companies are set up to create and deliver superior customer value and satisfaction.”
Examine.
8. Discuss the components of the marketing audit.
PYQ-2018-19
1. Explain the concept and features of marketing strategy. Why is it essential for any firm? Discuss.
2. Discuss the components of marketing strategy keeping in view the motto of customer satisfaction.
3. “Planning at the corporate, division and business unit levels is an integral part of the marketing process.”
In light of this statement explain the components of the marketing process.
4. “The dominant firms gain the most when the total market expands.” In light of this statement analyse the
marketing strategies adopted by the market leader.
5. “The firm has to consider many factors in setting its pricing strategy.” Discuss.
6. Explain the concept of marketing communication and discuss the steps involved in developing effective
communication.
7. Explain in detail the concept and benefits of customer relationship management.
In light of this statement discuss the model proposed by Arthur D. Little.
9. Discuss the components of Marketing Audit.
10. Discuss the following:
a. Customer Value and Satisfaction.
b. Kiosk Marketing in India.
PYQ-2017-18
1. “The new economy is based on the digital revolution and management of information.” In light of this
statement discuss the major drivers of the new economy.
2. How are marketing practices changing in the business world? Discuss in detail.
3. Discuss the steps involved in the business unit strategic planning process.
4. Analyse the marketing strategies adopted by the market challenger.
5. “The Product Life Cycle is an attempt to recognize the distinct stages in the Sales history of the product.”
In light of this statement discuss the marketing strategies followed at different stages of the Product Life
Cycle.
6. Explain the micro and macro models of the communication process.
40
7. Explain the concept of customer relationship management. Why is it essential in the modern business
world? Discuss.
8. Define customer value and satisfaction. How could satisfaction be measured? Explain.
9. Discuss, in brief; the major channels for direct marketing.
a. Channel Dynamics.
b. Nature of High-Performance Business.
c. Marketing Audit.
PYQ-2016-17
1. “Marketing Strategy is a set of objectives, policies and rules that guides overtime the firms’ marketing
efforts”. In light of this statement discuss how is marketing strategy formulated for consumer goods.
2. How are business and marketing practices changing? Discuss.
3. Examine the marketing strategies adopted by the market leader.
4. Discuss, in detail, the steps involved in the marketing process.
5. Examine the various steps involved in product strategy.
6. Discuss the recent developments of the channel system. How do these systems cooperate, conflict and
compete? Explain.
7. “The Marketing Department can be effective only in companies whose employees have implemented a
competitively superior customer value delivery system.” Comment.
8. What are the challenges before marketing managers in attracting customers? Also, discuss the means of
attracting customers.
9. Define Direct Marketing and discuss its utilities.
10. “Marketing experts recommend marketing audit for evaluating marketing strategy.” In light of this
statement discuss the components of Marketing Audit.
PYQ-2015-16
1. Explain the concept and significance of Marketing Strategy and also discuss the factors influencing the
formulation of marketing strategy.
2. Discuss the major drivers of the new economy.
3. Analyse the steps involved in the business unit strategic planning process.
4. Examine the marketing strategies adopted by the market challenger.
5. Discuss the various steps involved in setting a pricing strategy.
6. Explain the Micro and Macro models of the Communication Process.
7. What do you mean by Customer Relationship Management? Discuss its advantages.
In light of this statement discuss the model proposed by Arthur D. Little.
9. “Direct Marketing is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to
customers without using marketing middlemen.” In light of this statement discuss the major channels of
direct marketing.
10. Discuss the following:
a. Electronic Marketing.
b. Event Marketing.
41
1. Explain the concept and significance of marketing strategy.
2. 'The new economy is based on the digital revolution and management of information. Discuss.
3. Discuss the steps involved in the business unit strategic planning process.
4. Analyse the marketing strategies adopted by the market challenger.
5. Discuss the marketing strategies followed at different stages of the product life cycle.
6. Explain the various steps involved in setting a pricing strategy
7. Explain the concept and significance of customer relationship management.
8. Define customer value and satisfaction. How could satisfaction be measured? Explain.
9. Discuss the concept and significance of Direct Marketing.
10. Write a note on the marketing audit.
PYQ-2013-14
1. “Marketing Strategy is a set of objectives, policies and rules that guides over time the firms’ marketing
efforts.” In light of this statement discuss how is marketing strategy formulated for consumer goods.
2. “The New Economy is based on the Digital Revolution and Management of Information” Comment. Also,
discuss the major drivers of the new economy.
3. Discuss in detail the steps involves in the marketing process.
4. Analyse the marketing strategies adopted by the market leader or market challenger.
5. Examine the various steps involved in setting a pricing strategy.
6. Discuss the recent developments channel system. How do these systems cooperate, conflict and compete?
Explain.
7. What do you mean by customer relationship management? Why is it essential in the modern business
world?
8. Define customer value and satisfaction. How can companies deliver them? Discuss.
9. Direct marketing is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to
customers without using marketing middlemen.” In light of this statement discuss the major channels for
Direct Marketing.
10. “Marketing Experts recommend Marketing Audit for evaluating Marketing Strategy.” In light of this
statement discuss the components of a Marketing Audit.
Banking & Insurance
1-Commercial Banking In India

1. Knowledge of the Indian Banking System: Banking is defined as the business of receiving deposits from
people and institutions and lending them for investment and consumption as loans. Banks are financial
institutions authorised to accept deposits and assemble loans. Licenses are provided by the central bank of
a country.
a. Predomina
2. Functions of Commercial Banks:
3. Problems of Commercial Banks
4. Different Types of Bank Customers
5. Different Types of Deposit Accounts and Their Main Features
42
6. Bank Credit-its Creation and Pattern of Distribution
7. Credit-Deposit Ratio of Banks
2-Bank-Customer Relationship
1. Banker as Debtor, Creditor, Trustee and Advisor
2. Rights and Obligations of a Banker
3. Nomination Facility
4. Deposit Insurance Scheme
5. Termination of Banker: Customer Relationship
6. Innovative Customer Services: Debit and Credit Cards
7. Anywhere Banking
8. E-Banking etc.
3-Central Banking Regulation and Recent Changes

1. Salient Features of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949
2. Recent Reforms in Banking Sector in India and its Impact
3. Credit Control
4-Life Insurance
1. Principles of Life Insurance Contract
2. Insurance Policies and Annuities
3. Calculation of Premium
4. Reserve and Investment Pattern
5. Selection of Risk
6. Treatment of Sub-standard Risk
5-General Insurance
1. Marine Insurance: Subject Matter
2. Nature of Contract
3. Important Policy Clauses
4. Marine Perils and Losses
5. Fire Insurance-Scope
7. Hazards
8. Important Policy
9. Conditions
10. Motor Insurance-Concept
12. Types of Policies
13. Re-insurance:
a. Concept
b. Methods
c. Advantages
43
d. Legal Position
PYQ-2018-19
1. Write a detailed note on the ‘Indian Banking System’.
2. What is Credit Creation? Discuss the various patterns of distribution and credit deposits of banks.
3. Evaluate the impact of banking sector reforms on the performance of commercial banks in India.
4. What are the rights and obligations of a Banker? Discuss
5. What is Bank Rate? Explain its impact on credit control.
6. Discuss the main powers of the Reserve Bank of India under the Banking Regulation Act, of 1949.
7. Critically examine the investment pattern of the Life Insurance Corporation of India.
8. Explain the process of calculation of premium by imaginary data.
a. Re-insurance.
b. Standard fire policy.
a. Marine Insurance.
b. Fire Insurance.
PYQ-2017-18
1. What do you understand by Commercial Bank? Explain its functions and problems.
2. What is credit creation? Discuss the various patterns of distribution and credit deposits of banks.
3. Explain the salient features of the Banking Regulation Act, of 1949.
4. Describe the various credit control techniques adopted by the Central Bank of our Country.
5. What are the variables considered in the calculation of insurance premiums? Explain the process of
calculation of premium with the imaginary figures.
6. “Insurance is a combination of risk and investment.” Explain.
7. What is “Good Faith” in Insurance? Illustrate with the examples of Marine Insurance.
8. Explain the concept of Re-Insurance. Describe its methods.
a. Underwriting.
b. Insurable Interest.
a. Fire Insurance.
b. Risk Aversion.
PYQ-2016-17
1. Define Banking. Discuss the functions and problems of Commercial Banks in India.
2. Discuss the Credit Creation Management and the pattern of its distribution.
3. “Every customer is VIP for the commercial banks”. Comment. Discuss the relationship existing between
banker and customer.
4. “Innovation banking activities are essential for the long-term survival of banks.” Comment.
5. Discuss the various reforms in the banking sector and their impact on economic growth.
6. Explain the features and significance of the Banking Regulation Act, of 1949.
7. What are the different risks in Insurance Banking? How would select and treat the sub-standard risk?
44
8. What is the premium for Insurance? How would you calculate the insurance premium of a policy?
9. Discuss the different types of Life Insurance Policies with suitable examples.
10. Elaborate on the contract, nature of the contract and types of policies of fire Insurance.
PYQ-2015-16
1. What do you understand about Indian Banking System? Explain various problems and challenges faced by
Commercial Banks in the present emerging economic development.
2. What is Credit Creation? Discuss the various patterns of distribution and credit deposit of banks.
3. Write a detailed note on the nomination facility and various deposit insurance schemes.
4. Discuss the recent banking reforms and their significance in India.
5. What is Life Insurance? Explain in brief the different types of policies and their premium calculation.
6. What is Risk Aversion? Discuss the various steps, features and remedies for various risks.
7. Explain the nature and work of Fire Insurance India.
8. Write a details note on reinsurance, double insurance and its main features.
9. Define General Insurance. Discuss the various types of Insurance Policies.
10. Write Short Notes on the following:
a. Fire Insurance.
b. Credit Control.
1. Explain different types of accounts and their main features which a person can open with a Bank.
2. What is credit creation? Explain the process of credit creation by banks.
3. Discuss the role of the banker as trustee and advisor.
a. Nomination Facility.
b. Debit and Credit Cards.
5. Describe the various Credit Control Techniques adopted by the Central Bank of a Country.
6. Discuss the main powers of the Reserve Bank of India under the Banking Regulation Act, of 1949.
7. What do you understand by annuity? Discuss its merits and demerits.
8. What do you understand by annuity? Discuss its merits and demerits.
9. Explain the concept of Reinsurance. Describe its methods.
10. Discuss important features of a standard fire policy.
PYQ-2013-14
1. What are the different types of Bank Customers? Explain their features.
2. “Modern Banks play a very vital role in the economic activity of a country”. Elucidate the statement.
3. Discuss the role of the banker as trustee and advisor.
a. Nomination Facility.
b. Deposit Insurance Scheme.
5. Examine the Banking Sector Reforms in India since 1991.
6. What is Bank Rate? Explain its impact on Credit Control.
7. Critically examine the investment pattern of the Life Insurance Corporation of India.
8. Explain the process of calculation of premium by imaginary data.
45
9. What is reinsurance? Discuss its methods and legal position.
10. Define fire insurance. Discuss the different policies of fire Insurance.

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1

1 Theory of the Firm

4 Accounting for Planning & Control

7 Banking & Insurance

Theory of the Firm

1-Market Morphology and Pricing

3-Capital Investment Analysis

4-Profit Policies and Planning

5-OR Models for Managerial Decisions

Life of Machine 5 Years

Tax Rate 50%

Year Profit after Tax

P.V. Factor 0.909 0.826 0.751 0.683 0.621

Sales ₹20 per unit

Sales Revenue ₹40,000 ₹45,000

Sales 3,00,000 3,00,000

Less: Variable Costs 2,40,000 2,00,000

Contribution 60,000 1,00,000

Profit 30,000 30,000

Project ‘A’(₹) Project ‘B’(₹)

Sales 2,70,000 3,00,000

Total Costs 2,40,000 2,58,000

Activities Most Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic

2011 25,000 5,000

2012 37,500 10,000

4-Leadership, Power and Authority

a. Formulating the Research Problem:

2-Hypothesis and Research Design

3-Sampling and Data Sources

4-Measurement and Scales

5-Interpretation and Report Writing

Accounting for Planning & Control

2-Standard Costing and Variance Analysis

Particular July August September October November December

Credit 85,000 92,000 1,00,000 1,20,000 90,000 98,000

Credit Sales 1,60,000 1,85,000 2,10,000 2,45,000 1,78,000 1,82,000

Wages 32,000 37,000 42,000 49,000 35,000 36,000

Selling 8,000 9,500 10,500 12,500 8,900 9,000

Overheads 10,000 11,500 13,000 14,500 10,500 11,000

Quantity Rate(₹) Quantity Rate(₹)

2019 60,000 48,000

2020 1,08,000 72,000

Capacity Engaged 20% 40% 40%

Materials 20% 25%

Wages 10% 10%

Selling Price 5% 10%

Direct Material 80,000

Quantity Rate(₹) Quantity Rate(₹)

Variable Cost ₹2/unit

Selling Price ₹5/unit

Output 1000 Units 1,200 Units

Wages Paid - ₹8,000

Time Taken 50 Hours 40 hours

Direct Material 80,000

Opening Closing Opening Closing Opening Closing

Sales 20,000 21,000 23,000 25,000 30,000

Materials 10,200 10,000 9,800 10,000 10,800

Wages 3,800 3,800 4,000 4,200 4,500

Overheads 1,900 2,100 2,300 2,400 2,500

Quantity Price Quantity Price

Output 1000 units Output 1,200 Units

2016-17 1,20,000 9,000

2017-18 1,40,000 13,000