4.3.

Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

2
−
2 0
 
Como f ʹ ( −1) ≠ f ʹ (1+ ) , então não existe f ʹ (1) pelo que f
f ( x) − f (a) 1 − x 1 − a =
0
f ʹ ( a ) = lim = lim não é diferenciável no ponto x = 1.
x →a x−a x → a x−a
2 (1 − a ) − 2 (1 − x ) 15. g ( x ) = 3 x 2 , Dg = R
(1 − x )(1 − a ) = lim 2 − 2a − 2 + 2 x = 2
= lim 15.1. g ( x ) = 3 x 2 = x 3
x→a x−a ( )( )( x − a )
x→a 1 − x 1 − a

g é contínua em R porque toda a função polinomial é

2 x − 2a 2( x − a)
= lim = lim = contínua em R e uma potência de expoente racional de uma
x → a (1 − x )(1 − a )( x − a ) x → a (1 − x )(1 − a )( x − a )
função contínua é uma função contínua.
2 2 2 0
= lim = =  
x→a (1 − x )(1 − a ) (1 − a )(1 − a ) (1 − a )2 g ( x ) − g ( 0) 3
x2 − 0  0 
15.2. g ʹ ( 0 ) = lim = lim =
x →0 x−0 x→0 x
2
f ʹ( a ) = 2
, ∀a ∈ R \ {1} 3
x 2
x2 1
(1 − a ) = lim = lim 3 = lim 3
x →0 3
x 3 x→0 x3 x→0 x
13. f ( x ) = 2 x − 1 ; D f = [1 , + ∞[
1 3 1 1 1
0
 
lim = − = −∞ e lim+ 3 = 3 + = +∞
3
f ( x) − f (a) 2 x −1 − 2 a −1 0 x
x → 0− 0 x→0 x 0
13.1. f ʹ ( a ) = lim = lim =
x→a x−a x →a x−a Logo, não existe g ʹ ( 0 ) pelo que g não é diferenciável no

= 2lim
( x −1 − a −1 )( x −1 + a −1 )= ponto x = 0.
x →a
( x − a)( x −1 + a −1 ) Pág. 81
( x − 1) − ( a − 1)
= 2lim = 16.1. f ( x ) = 5 x − 7 ; f ʹ ( x ) = ( 5 x − 7 )ʹ = 5
x →a
( x − a ) ( x − 1 + a − 1)
16.2. g ( x ) = 1 − 7 x ; g ʹ ( x ) = (1 − 7 x )ʹ = −7
( x − a)
= 2lim =
x →a
( x − a)( x −1 + a −1 ) x  x ʹ 1
16.3. h ( x ) = − + 1 ; hʹ ( x ) =  − + 1 = −
1 2 1
2  2  2
= 2× = =
a −1 + a −1 2 a −1 a −1
1 Pág. 82
f ʹ( a ) = , ∀a ∈ ]1 , + ∞[ 17.1. f ( x ) = x 2 + x
a −1
13.2. Ponto de tangência: f ʹ ( x ) = ( x 2 + x )ʹ = ( x 2 )ʹ + xʹ = 2 x + 1
( 5 , 4 ) , pois f ( 5) = 2 5 − 1 = 2 × 2 = 4 Df ʹ = R
Declive:
f ʹ (1) = 2 × 1 + 1 = 3
1 1
m = f ʹ ( 5) = = , pois 17.2. g ( x ) = −2 (1 − 2 x ) + x
5 −1 2
1 ʹ
f (a) = para a > 1. g ʹ ( x ) =  −2 (1 − 2 x ) + x  =
a −1
1
Equação da reta tangente: = −2 (1 − 2 x )ʹ + =
1 1 5 1 3 2 x
y − 4 = ( x − 5) ⇔ y = x − + 4 ⇔ y = x + 1
2 2 2 2 2 = −2 × ( −2 ) + =
2 x
Pág. 79 1
=4+
 x − 1 se x ≥ 1 2 x
14. f ( x) = x −1 =  Dg ʹ = R+
 − ( x − 1) se x < 1
lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( x − 1) = 1 − 1 = 0 1 9
g ʹ (1) = 4 + =
x →1 x →1
2 1 2
lim f ( x ) = lim+ −
 ( x − 1)  = − (1 − 1) = 0 = f (1) 17.3. h ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 + x + 1
x →1+ x →1

Como lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (1) existe lim f ( x ) e,

x →1 x →1 x →1 hʹ ( x ) = ( x3 − x 2 + x + 1)ʹ =
portanto, f é contínua no ponto x = 1.
f ( x ) − f (1) x −1 − 0 = ( x3 )ʹ − ( x 2 )ʹ + ( x + 1)ʹ =
f ʹ (1) = lim = lim
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1
f ( x ) − f (1) − ( x − 1) Dhʹ = R
f ʹ (1− ) = lim− = lim− = −1 hʹ (1) = 3 × 12 − 2 × 1 + 1 = 2
x →1 x −1 ( x − 1)
x →1

f ( x ) − f (1) ( x − 1)
f ʹ (1+ ) = lim+ = lim =1
x →1 x −1 x →1 ( x − 1)
+

43
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

 1  ʹ
17.4. j ( x ) = 3  x −  18.3. h ( x ) = ( x 2 + 1) ( + x − 3)  =
 3 x

  1  ʹ  1 ʹ 
 1 ʹ
 = ( x 2 + 1)ʹ ( x − 3) + ( x 2 + 1) ( x − 3)ʹ =
jʹ ( x ) = 3  x −   = 3  x −  = 3  xʹ −    =
  3x    3x    3x    
  =  ( x 2 )ʹ + 1ʹ  ( x − 3) + ( x 2 + 1) × 1 =
 1 1 ʹ  
   1  1 
= 3 1 −  −   = 3 1 −  − 2   = = 2 x ( x − 3) + x 2 + 1 = 2 x 2 − 6 x + x 2 + 1 =
 3 x    3  x 
  = 3x 2 − 6 x + 1
3 1  1
= 3− − 2  = 3+ 2  1  ʹ
3 x  x 18.4. j ( x ) =  1 +  (1 − 3 x )  =
 x 
ou
 1 ʹ  1
  1  ʹ  1 ʹ = 1 +  (1 − 3 x ) +  1 +  (1 − 3 x )ʹ =
j ʹ ( x ) = 3  x −   =  3 x −  =  x  x
  3x   x
 ʹ 
1  1
 1 ʹ  1  1 = 1ʹ +    (1 − 3 x ) + 1 +  × ( −3) =
= ( 3 x )ʹ −   = 3 −  − 2  = 3 + 2   
x   x
 x  x  x  
D j ʹ = R \ {0}  1  3
=  0 − 2  (1 − 3 x ) − 3 − =
1  x  x
j ʹ (1) = 3 + =4 1 3 3 1
12 = − 2 + − 3 − = −3 − 2
4 x x x x
17.5. p ( x ) = +2 x
x 19. g ( x ) = ( x3 + 1) x

4 ʹ  4 ʹ ʹ
pʹ ( x ) =  + 2 x  =   + 2 x = ( ) 19.1. g ʹ ( x ) = ( x 3 + 1)ʹ x + ( x3 + 1) ( x )ʹ =
x   x
  1
 1 ʹ ʹ  1  1 =  ( x 3 )ʹ + 1ʹ  x + ( x3 + 1) × =
= 4  + 2 ( )x = 4 − 2  + 2 × =   2 x
 x  x  2 x x3 + 1 x3 + 1
4 1 = ( 3x 2 + 0 ) x + = 3x 2 x + =
=− 2 + 2 x 2 x
x x
6 x 2 x x + x3 + 1 6 x 2 × x + x 3 + 1 7 x 3 + 1
D pʹ = R = = = =
2 x 2 x 2 x
4 1
pʹ (1) = − + = −4 + 1 = −3 (7x 3
+ 1) x (7 x 3
+ 1) x
12 1 = =
2 x x 2x
3x 2
17.6. q ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 19.2. Ponto de tangência: P(1 , 2) dado que g (1) = (13 + 1) 1 = 2
2
 3 x 2 ʹ 3 ʹ  3 2 ʹ 8 ( 7 ×1 3
+ 1) 1
qʹ ( x ) =  4 x3 −  = (4x ) −  x  = Declive: m = g ʹ (1) = = =4
 2  2  2 ×1 2
3 3 Equação: y − 2 = 4 ( x − 1) ⇔ y = 4 x − 4 + 2 ⇔ y = 4 x − 2
= 4 ( x3 )ʹ − ( x 2 )ʹ = 4 × 3x 2 − × 2 x =
2 2
= 12 x 2 − 3 x Pág. 84
Dq ʹ = R
 x ʹ xʹ ( x + 1) − x ( x + 1)ʹ
qʹ (1) = 12 × 12 − 3 × 1 = 12 − 3 = 9 20.1. f ʹ ( x ) =   = 2
=
 x +1 ( x + 1)
1 × ( x + 1) − x × 1 x +1− x 1
Pág. 83 = 2
= 2
= 2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
18.1. f ʹ ( x ) =  x ( 2 x + 1) ʹ = xʹ ( 2 x + 1) + x ( 2 x + 1)ʹ = ʹ
ʹ 2
 x + 1 ʹ ( x + 1) ( x + 1) − ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2

= 1( 2 x + 1) + x × 2 = 2 x + 1 + 2 x = 4 x + 1 20.2. g ʹ ( x ) =  2  = 2
=
 x +1 ( x 2 + 1)
ʹ
( )
18.2. g ʹ ( x ) = 3 x x = ( 3 x )ʹ x + 3 x ( x )ʹ =  
1 × ( x 2 + 1) − ( x + 1) ( x 2 )ʹ + 1ʹ
1 3x
=  =
= 3 x + 3x × =3 x + = 2
2 x 2 x ( )
x 2
+ 1
3 x × 2 x + 3x 6 x + 3x x 2 + 1 − ( x + 1)( 2 x + 0 ) x 2 + 1 − ( x + 1) 2 x
= = = = = =
2 x 2 x 2 2
(x 2
+ 1) (x 2
+ 1)
9x 9 x x 9
= = × = x x2 + 1 − 2x2 − 2x −x2 − 2x + 1
2 x 2 x 2 = 2
= 2
(x 2
+ 1) (x 2
+ 1)

44
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

 2 ʹ  2 ʹ
20.3. hʹ ( x ) =  x + 2  = xʹ +  2  = Pág. 86
 x  x 
1
22. f ( x ) = , D f = R \ {0}
2ʹ × x 2 − 2 × ( x 2 )ʹ 0 × x2 − 2 × 2x 4 x
=1+ = 1+ =1− 3
x4 x4 x g(a) = 2 e g ʹ ( a ) = −8
ʹ 1
 x ʹ xʹ ( x − 1) − x ( x − 1)
2 2
f ʹ( x) = −
20.4. j ʹ ( x ) =  2  = 2
= x2
 x −1 ( x 2 − 1)
22.1. (f ! g )ʹ ( a ) = g ʹ ( a ) × f ʹ ( g ( a ) ) = −8 × f ʹ ( 2 ) =
 
1( x − 1) − x ( x 2 )ʹ − 1ʹ
2
 1 
=  = = −8 ×  − 2  = 2
2  2 
( x − 1)
2

x2 − 1 − x ( 2x − 0) x2 − 1 − 2x2
22.2. ( fg )ʹ ( a ) = 0 ⇔ f ʹ ( a ) × g ( a ) + f ( a ) × g ʹ ( a ) = 0 ⇔
= 2
= 2
= 1 1
(x 2
− 1) (x 2
− 1) ⇔−
a2
× 2 + × ( −8 ) = 0 ⇔
a
− x2 − 1 x2 + 1 2 8 −2 − 8a
= 2
=− 2 ⇔− 2 − =0⇔ =0⇔
(x 2
− 1) (x 2
− 1) a a a2
2 1
ʹ 2 ʹ ⇔ −2 − 8a = 0 ∧ a 2 ≠ 0 ⇔ a = − ⇔ a = −
 −2 ʹ ( −2 ) (1 + x ) − ( −2 ) (1 + x )
2

20.5. pʹ ( x ) =  8 4
2 
= 2
=
1+ x  (1 + x 2 ) 1
23. f ( x ) = 3x e g ( x ) =
1 + x2
 
0 × (1 + x ) + 2 1ʹ + ( x 2 )ʹ 
2

( f ! g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = f 
1  3
=   = 0 + 2(0 + 2x) = 2 
=
1+ x  1+ x
2
2 2 2
(1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) 1 1
4x ( g ! f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = g ( 3x ) = 2
=
= 1 + ( 3x ) 1 + 9x2
2
(1 + x 2 )
f ʹ ( x ) = ( 3 x )ʹ = 3
 2 − x ʹ 2
20.6. qʹ ( x ) = ( 2 + x 2 )  = 2 ʹ
 1 ʹ 1ʹ (1 + x ) − 1(1 + x )
2
 2− x  gʹ( x) =  2 
= 2
=
1+ x  (1 + x 2 )
2 − x2  2 − x 2 ʹ
= ( 2 + x 2 )ʹ = ( 2 + x2 )   = 0 − (0 + 2x)
2− x  2− x  2x
= 2
=− 2

2− x 2
( 2 − x )ʹ ( 2 − x ) − ( 2 − x ) ( 2 − x )ʹ =
2 2 (1 + x )2
(1 + x )
2

= (0 + 2x) + ( 2 + x2 ) ×
2− x (2 − x)
2
23.1. ( g ! f )ʹ ( x ) = f ʹ ( x ) × g ʹ ( f ( x ) ) =
2x ( 2 − x2 ) ( 0 − 2 x )( 2 − x ) − ( 2 − x 2 ) × ( −1)  2 × ( 3x )  18 x
= + ( 2 + x2 ) × = = 3 × g ʹ ( 3x ) = 3 ×  − 2 =−
 1 + ( 3 x )2  
2
2− x (2 − x) 2
    (1 + 9 x 2 )
2x ( 2 − x2 ) −4 x + 2 x 2 + 2 − x 2 ou
= + ( 2 + x2 ) × 2
=
2− x (2 − x) 2 2 2 ʹ
ʹ  1 ʹ 1ʹ (1 + 9 x ) − 1(1 + 9 x )
( g ! f )( ) 
x = 2 
= =
4 x − 2 x 3 ( 2 + x )( x − 4 x + 2 )
2 2
2
= + =  1 + 9x  (1 + 9 x 2 )
2
2−x ( 2 − x)
( 2− x ) 0 − (0 + 9 × 2x) 18 x
= =−
=
(4x − 2x ) ( 2 − x) + 2x
3 2
− 8x + 4 + x − 4 x + 2 x 4 3 2

= (1 + 9 x ) 2
2
(1 + 9 x ) 2
2

2
(2 − x)
2 3 4 4 3 2
23.2. ( f ! g )ʹ ( x ) = g ʹ ( x ) × f ʹ ( g ( x ) ) =
8x − 4 x − 4x + 2x + x − 4x + 4x − 8x + 4
= 2
= 2x  1 
( x − 2) =− × f ʹ 2 
=
(1 + x ) 2 2 1+ x 
3x 4 − 8 x3 + 4
= 2 2x 6x
( x − 2) =−
2 2
×3= −
2 2
Pág. 85
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
ou
21. f ʹ ( x) = x2 x ( )ʹ = ( x )ʹ 2
x + x2 ( x )ʹ = 2 ʹ
 3 ʹ 3ʹ (1 + x ) − 3 (1 + x )
2

( f ! g ʹ
)( ) 
x 2 
1 2x x × 2 x + x 2 = = 2
=
= 2x x + x2 = = 1+ x  (1 + x 2 )
2 x 2 x
4x × x + x2 4x2 + x2 5x2 x 5 f ( x ) 0 − 3( 0 + 2x ) 6x
= = = = = 2
=− 2
2 x 2 x 2 x x 2x (1 + x ) 2
(1 + x ) 2

45
 4.3. Derivadas de funções reais de variável real

! f )ʹ ( x ) = f ʹ ( x ) × f ʹ ( f ( x ) ) = 3 × 3 = 9 ʹ
(f 26.3. hʹ ( x ) = ( 3 − 2 x ) (1 + 2 x )  =
3
23.3.
 
ou 3 ʹ
= ( 3 − 2 x )  (1 + 2 x ) + ( 3 − 2 x ) (1 + 2 x )ʹ =
3

(f ʹ
! f )ʹ ( x ) =  f ( f ( x ) )  =  f ( 3 x ) ʹ = ( 3 × 3 x )ʹ = ( 9 x )ʹ = 9  
= 3 ( 3 − 2 x ) ( 3 − 2 x )ʹ (1 + 2 x ) + ( 3 − 2 x ) × 2 =
2 3

2 3
Pág. 87 = 3 ( 3 − 2 x ) × ( −2 )(1 + 2 x ) + 2 ( 3 − 2 x ) =
24.1. f ʹ ( x ) = ( 2 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 5 x 2 − x + 1)ʹ = = ( 3 − 2 x ) −
2
 6 (1 + 2 x ) + 2 ( 3 − 2 x )  =
2
= ( 2 x 4 )ʹ − ( 4 x3 )ʹ + ( 5 x 2 )ʹ + ( − x + 1)ʹ = = ( 2 x − 3) ( −6 − 12 x + 6 + 4 x ) =
2
= −16 x ( 2 x − 3)
= 2 ( x 4 )ʹ − 4 ( x 3 )ʹ + 5 ( x 2 )ʹ + ( −1) =
= 2 × 4 x3 − 4 × 3x 2 + 5 × 2 x − 1 = ʹ ( 2 x + 1)ʹ 2 1
26.4. jʹ ( x ) = ( 2x + 1 = ) 1
=
2 2x + 1
=
2x + 1
= 8 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 10 x − 1 2 ( 2 x + 1)
 x3 x 2 ʹ ʹ ( 2 x + 1)ʹ 2
24.2. g ʹ ( x ) =  − +
 3 2
+ x + 3 =

26.5. pʹ ( x ) = ( 3
2x + 1 = ) 2
=
2
3 3 ( 2 x + 1) 3 3
( 2 x + 1)
 x 3 ʹ  x 2 ʹ
=  −  +   + ( x + 3)ʹ = 2 ʹ
26.6. qʹ ( x ) = ( x 3 + x )  = 2 ( x 3 + x ) ( x 3 + x )ʹ =
1

 3  2   
1 1 = 2 ( x3 + x )( 3x 2 + 1)
= − ( x 3 )ʹ + ( x 2 )ʹ + 1 =
3 2
2 ʹ
 x ʹ xʹ ( x − 1) − x ( x − 1) 
2
1 1
= − × 3x + × 2 x + 1 = − x 2 + x + 1
2

3 2 26.7. r ( x ) = 
ʹ 2 = 2
=
 ( x − 1)  ( x − 1) 2 
24.3. hʹ ( x ) = (1 − 2 x 5 − x 4 )ʹ = 1ʹ − ( 2 x 5 )ʹ − ( x 4 )ʹ =  
− x × 2 ( x − 1) × ( x − 1)ʹ
2
( x − 1)
= 0 − 2 ( x )ʹ − 4 x3 = −2 × 5 x 4 − 4 x 3 =
5 = 4
=
( x − 1)
= −10 x 4 − 4 x 3
( x − 1) − 2 x ( x − 1) × 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) − 2 x 
2

= = =
24.4. jʹ ( x ) = ( x −5 − 3 x −3 )ʹ = ( x −5 )ʹ − ( 3 x −3 )ʹ = ( x − 1)
4
( x − 1)
4

−x −1
= −5 x −5 −1 − 3 ( x −3 )ʹ = −5 x −6 − 3 × ( −3) x −3 −1 = = 3
−6 −4
( x − 1)
= −5 x + 9 x
ʹ
24.5. pʹ ( x ) = ( x 2 + x −2 )ʹ = ( x 2 )ʹ + ( x −2 )ʹ = 2 x − 2 x −3 26.8. sʹ ( x ) =  x 2 + 1 ( x + 1)  =
 

Pág. 88
= ( x2 + 1 )ʹ ( x + 1) + x 2 + 1 ( x + 1)ʹ =

(
25.1. f ʹ ( x ) = x + 4 x )ʹ = xʹ + ( x )ʹ = 1 + 4 1x
4
(x 2
+ 1)ʹ
4 3 = ( x + 1) + x2 + 1 ×1 =
2 x2 + 1
1

25.2. g ʹ ( x ) =  3  =
3
 1 ʹ 1ʹ × x − 1 × ( x )ʹ = 0 − 3
3
3
x2 = =
2 x ( x + 1)
+ x2 + 1 =
2 2 x2 + 1
 x 3
x ( ) 3
x 2
2

=−
1
=− =− 3
11
=
x2 + x + ( x2 + 1 ) =
33 x2 3 x 2 3 3
x ×x 3 x x x2 + 1
x + x + x2 + 1
2
2x2 + x + 1
25.3. hʹ ( x ) = ( 3 ʹ
x − 25 x = ) ( x )ʹ − 2 ( x )ʹ = 3 1x
3 5
3 2
−
2
5 5 x4
=
x2 + 1
=
x2 + 1

Pág. 90 
26.9. u ʹ ( x ) =  2
x
2 2
ʹ xʹ x + 2 − x x + 2 ( )ʹ =
 = 2
 x +2
(x ʹ  −
1
ʹ  13 ʹ 1 − 1 −1 1 1 −1 x2 + 2 ( )
+x ) 
1 1
26.1. f ʹ ( x ) = −
3 = x 3
3
 +  x  = − x 3 + x3 =
    3 3
(x 2
+ 2 )ʹ 2x
1 −4 1 −2 x2 + 2 − x x2 + 2 − x ×
=− x 3 + x 3 2 x +2 = 2
2 x2 + 2
3 3 = 2 2
=
x +2 x +2
3 ʹ
26.2. g ʹ ( x ) = ( 2 x + 1)  = 3 ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1)ʹ =
2
 
2 2
= 3 ( 2 x + 1) × 2 = 6 ( 2 x + 1)

46