15/12/2020

História Geológica da Vida

Teórico-Prática
Docente: Rute Coimbra

Conteúdos

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1- Conceitos básicos em Geologia: minerais e rochas; solo/sedimento/rocha; fóssil e fossilização
- Continuação, observação de tipos de fossilização e exemplo de ficha de identificação.

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2- Tempo Geológico: o que é, para que serve, como se usa...
- Antropoceno: faz sentido? Pesquisa e relatório

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3- Bioestratigrafia: utilidade, vantagens e limitações.
- Correlação estratigráfica: exercícios (entregar)

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4- Paleontologia e reconstrução paleoambiental: na fronteira entre a Biologia e a Geologia
- Ambientes proximais e distais: conceito de biofacies; grupos fósseis mais usados; exemplos reais. 5- Eventos climáticos extremos:
5- (dia 15)Eventos climáticos extremos: registo geológico e biológico (eventos anóxicos, Heinrich, etc)
registo geológico e biológico
- (casa)Sexta grande extinção: faz sentido? Pesquisa e relatório (max. 3 páginas).

6- (dia 22Dez e 7 Jan, meia turma de cada vez) Estratigrafia e Sedimentologia: laboratório geo-biológico.
Separação de bioclastos (peneiros, centrifugação, densidade, dissolução: conodontos); drilling de
linhas de crescimento em conchas actuais; como se faz uma lâmina delgada; lupa e microscópio)

7- (dias 14 e 21Jan) Tema escolhido pelos alunos: sessão de apresentações:

- grupos de 3 alunos;
- 15 minutos cada grupo.

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Contextualização: oceanos e clima Contextualização: oceanos e clima

O Oceano Atlântico Norte desempenha um papel fundamental no controlo do clima
global através da formação de água profunda, governando a circulação termohalina. A
água que vêm de latitudes mais baixas é mais quente e menos densa, o que permite a
sua circulação à superfície.

Ao atingir latitudes mais altas, a temperatura diminui e a formação de gelo aumenta a salinidade
destas águas, levando ao seu mergulho em profundidade por um aumento de densidade. Esta é a
dinâmica que se tem verificado durante o Holocénico e à qual se podem atribuir as condições
climáticas verificadas na actualidade.
https://aquarius.oceansciences.org/cgi/ed_temperature.htm

Contextualização: oceanos e clima Contextualização: oceanos e clima

Estratificação vertical das massas de água Estratificação vertical das massas de água

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Contextualização: oceanos e clima Contextualização: oceanos e clima

- Global paleogeography from Triassic and
Late Jurassic. Between the two moments,
Estratificação vertical das massas de água
the fragmentation of the Pangea
supercontinent started, with the
development of several marine corridors,
among them the Hispanic Corridor, which
connected the western Tethys with the
Panthalassa (or Paleo-Pacific) and then
originated the North Atlantic;

- These drastic changes affected oceanic

circulation, climate, and the distribution of
marine benthonic organisms.

Inferred summer circulation pattern is shown for the western Tethys, a winter countercurrent
pattern was strong during the Triassic but was not so clear after the opening of the Hispanic
Corridor.
(Damborenea et al., 2012)

Campanhas de recolha de material Campanhas de recolha de material

Joides Resolution

Chikyu

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Campanhas de recolha de material Campanhas de recolha de material

Repositórios
IODP_sedimentde testemunhos de sedimento (cores)
core Repository

Piston
Cores

Campanhas de recolha de material Campanhas de recolha de material

Box corer
Testemunho de sedimento

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Campanhas de recolha de material Campanhas de recolha de material

Repositório de testemunhos de gelo

Terminologia

Heinrich Events

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Heinrich Events Heinrich Events

A Heinrich event: large armadas of icebergs break off from glaciers and traverse the North
Atlantic.
- occurred during five of the last seven glacial periods or "ice ages" over the past 640,000 years
(Hodell, et al., 2008).
- The icebergs contained rock mass, eroded by the glaciers, and as they melted, this material
was dropped to the sea floor as ice-rafted debris (abbreviated to "IRD").

The icebergs' melting causes input of cold and fresh water to the North Atlantic, altering the
density-driven, thermohaline circulation patterns of the ocean, the impact is global.

Potential cause(s): instability of the massive Laurentide Ice Sheet, a continental glacier covering
north eastern North America during the last glacial period. Other northern hemisphere ice
sheets were potentially involved as well (Fennoscandic, Iceland/Greenland), still debated.

Heinrich Events Magnetismo e correlação estratigráfica

IRD: Ice-rafted debris

Laurentide Ice sheet

1 cm

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Magnetismo e correlação estratigráfica Magnetismo e correlação estratigráfica

Magnetismo e correlação estratigráfica Magnetismo e correlação estratigráfica

Susceptibilidade magnética de sedimentos marinhos: tie points

-6 -6 -6
 (10 -6 -6
SI)
 (10 (10
(10-6 -6SI)
 (10SI) -6 -6
(10
(10SI) SI) SI)  (10
 (10 SI) SI) SI)
0 0 0 1000 10001000 200020002000 00 0 250250
250 500
500 500 750750
750 1000
10001000 0 0 0 250 250 250 500 500 500 750 750 750
0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0

X
1.0
1.0 1.0 4.0norm4.0norm
4.0norm
1.0
1.0
1.0 1.5norm
1.5norm
1.5norm
1.0 1.0
1.0
20.5norm
20.5norm
20.5norm

H?
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Mr/Ms

H1
Mr/Ms
s
M /M
Mr/Ms
Mr/Ms

Mr/Ms
Mr/Ms
s
Mr/Ms
Mr/M

0.0 0.0
50 50 0.0
50 50 50
r

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

50 50 50 50 0.0 0.0

(in Evans et al., 1997) X -0.5

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-0.5
-0.5 -0.5
H1 -0.5
-0.5

-1.0 -1.0 -1.0

-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0

H2
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
-300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100 100200 200300 -300 -300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100 100200 200300 300
100
-300
100300 -300 -300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100 100200 200300 300
100
100 100
100 100 H (mT) 100 100 H (mT) H (mT)
H (mT)
H (mT) H (mT)
H (mT) H (mT)
H (mT)

H2
1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 24.5norm 1.0 1.0 52.5norm 1.0 1.0 120.3norm
24.5norm
24.5norm 52.5norm
52.5norm 120.3norm
120.3norm
Profundidade (cm)

Profundidade (cm)
Profundidade (cm)

0.5 0.5 0.5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

X
Mr/Ms

Mr/Ms
M /M
Mr/Ms
Mr/Ms

150 150
s

Mr/Ms
Mr/Ms

Mr/Ms

150
Mr/M

150 150 0.0 150 150 0.0 150 150 0.0

X
r

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-1.0 -1.0 -1.0

-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0

200 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 200300 200

-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 200 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
200 200 -300 -300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100 100200 200300200 -300 -300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100 100200 200300 300 200 200 -300 -300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100 100200 200300 300

H (mT) H (mT) H (mT)

H (mT)
H (mT) H (mT)
H (mT) H (mT)
H (mT)
1.0 1.0

H3
1.0 1.0 87.3norm 1.0 1.0 190norm
87.3norm
87.3norm 190norm
190norm

H3 0.5
0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5

250 250 250

Mr/Ms
s

250 250 250 250

M /M

250 250
Mr/Ms
Mr/Ms
s
Mr/Ms
Mr/M

0.0 0.0
r

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.5 -0.5
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0

300 300 300

300 300 300 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
300 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300

(in Grousset et al., 2000) -300 -300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100

H (mT)
100200 200300 300 -300 -300-200 -200-100 -100 0 0 100 100200
H (mT)
200300 300

(in Coimbra et al., 2004) H (mT)

H (mT) H (mT)
H (mT)

TG4 TG8 TG10

Evans, M.E., Heller, F., Bloemendal, J. and Thouveny, N., 1997. Natural Magnetic Archives of Past Global Change. Surveys in Geophysics, 18(2): 183-196.
Grousset, F.E., Pujol, C., Labeyrie, L., Auffret, G.r. and Boelaert, A., 2000. Were the North Atlantic Heinrich events triggered by the behavior of the European ice
sheets? Geology, 28(2): 123-126.

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Heinrich Events Heinrich Events

Explorar o esquema apresentado: o que representa, que implicações tem?

Anoxic Events

Anoxic Events

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Anoxic Events Anoxic Events

Oceanic anoxic events (OAE) : intervals in the Earth's past when portions of oceans became depleted
in oxygen (O2) at depths, over a large geographic area.
- Anoxic events coincided with several mass extinctions and may have contributed to them, their record
serves also as markers in biochronostratigraphy.
Oceanic anoxic events (OAE) are generally associated with large events at a global scale, such as
implementations of magmatic provinces. During these periods, oxygen depletion occurs both in
the atmosphere and in the water column, where also euxinic processes with sulfuric acid release
might happen.

- Mesozoic ocean anoxic events are defined based on the widespread occurrence of fine-grained
sedimentary rocks that are highly enriched in organic carbon (e.g., black shales), linked to specific
environmental conditions, not commonly ocurring in modern oceans.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2nd-international-ws-toarcian-oceanic-anoxic-
event-paiva-silva
Under these conditions CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increases leading also to a global
temperature warmth. This will result in an acceleration of the hydrological cycle (Thermal
Maximum), reduction of the ocean circulation and greenhouse gases presence. Therefore, it is
also during these oxygen depletion episodes that the preservation of organic matter occurs in
the deepest parts of continental or ocean basins, with black shales being the best marker in the
sedimentary record.

LIPs are capable of releasing

1000’s Gt of SO2 and CO2 to the
atmosphere.

Anoxic Events Anoxic Events

Anoxic? Lithographic Characteristics
• Oxygen depletion (< 0.5 million years, typical for OAEs)
• Multiple reasons: • Black shales and mudstones
– Stagnation conditions
• Very thinly laminated
– Density stratification
• Undisturbed (+-)
– Organic material input
• Anomalous amounts of organic
– Strong thermoclines
carbon
• Other significant isotopic
anomalies

- the key factor leading to enhanced organic carbon preservation was decreased oxygen content in bottom
waters (e.g., less than 1.0 ml O2/ L H2O), as a consequence of:

- (i) water column stratification, a process that prevents downward mixing of surface waters
enriched in oxygen by photosynthesizing algae and/or gas exchange with the atmosphere;

- (ii) increases in primary production, which result in accumulation of excess decomposing organic
matter and exhaustion of oxygen supply by aerobic bacteria.

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Anoxic Events Anoxic Events

Possible Igneous Germination? Cenomanian-

Turonian OAE

• Volcanic eruption
– Huge volume of CO2 released
• Rise in global temperature
• Increased weathering rates
Early Toarcian OAE
• Increased fluvial nutrient flux
• Rise in organic productivity
• Increase in organic carbon burial

Anoxic Events Anoxic Events

• Important for many reasons TOAE Peniche, ecological impact

– Scientific:
• Paleoclimatology
• Paleontology
• Evolutionary Biology
– Economic
• Petroleum/Natural Gas reserves

“Do ponto de vista petrolífero, nomeadamente para os estudos previamente realizados na Bacia
Lusitânica sobre a temática de sistema petrolífero, rochas geradoras, análise ao teor de
“carbono orgânico total” (COT ou TOC), maturidade e tipo de querógeno, as observações
conseguidas foram bastante interessantes, uma vez que permitiram caracterizar e compreender
em maior pormenor a razão pela qual a ocorrência de níveis orgânicos mais ricos não é tão
expressiva neste tipo de regime deposicional anóxico – e como tal capaz de preservar matéria
orgânica concentrada -, ao contrário do que ocorre em análogos de outras bacias europeias.”
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2nd-international-ws-toarcian-oceanic-anoxic-event-paiva-silva

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Anoxic Events Sexta grande extinção: faz sentido?

OAE como ferramenta de correlação global Pesquisa e relatório

Sexta grande extinção: faz sentido? Racki, G., 2019. Chapter 44: Big 5 Mass Extinctions.

In 1997, Hallam and Wignall

briefly defined a mass extinction:

“an extinction of a significant

proportion of the world's biota in a
geologically insignificant period of
time”.

More precise attributes:

- apparent instantaneous
appearance, constrained by the
temporal resolution of the fossil
record (usually in hundreds of
thousands of years),
- in geographical terms, as
indicated by Raup in 1992,
“more than half the Earth's
surface needs to be
environmentally affected”.

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Elewa, A.M.T., Abdelhady, A.A., 2020. Cafaro, P., 2015.

Past, present, and future mass extinctions. Journal of African Earth Sciences 162, 103678. Three ways to think about the sixth mass extinction. Biological Conservation 192, 387-393.

Many extinction events were associated with volcanogenic warming, anoxia, and
acidification, Bond and Grasby (2017) suggested that the temporal association of igneous
provinces and extinctions implies causality. They highlighted the atmospheric killers, which
include toxic metal poisoning, acid rain, O3 damage, and UV-B radiation.
By all accounts, biodiversity is rapidly diminishing across the globe. The Secretariat of the
Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) estimates that humanity could extinguish one out of
every three species on Earth within the next one to two hundred years, while according to Raven
et al. (2011),

Artigo de sem uma única figura!!!

While paleontologists debate the causes of previous mass extinctions, the primary cause of the
current one is clear: us.
Ceballos et al. (2015) showed that the average rate of species loss of vertebrate animals in the last
century is100 times higher than the background rate, which indicates that a sixth mass extinction
is already underway. The latter is accompanied by a decrease in population size (>40%) and a
range of many animals, occasionally mammals, (up to 80% shrinking geographic range;
see Ceballos et al., 2017).

6- Estratigrafia e Sedimentologia:
laboratório geo-biológico

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