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Palavras-chave: infra-estrutura verde complementa a infra-estrutura cinza para fornecer effgestão de águas pluviais urbanas ective. Projeto de
hierarquia processo analítico sistemas de infra-estrutura verde e cinza acopladas precisa de uma análise baseada em sistemas considerando critério múltipla.
custeio do ciclo de vida Este estudo utilizou análise hierárquica (AHP) e custeio do ciclo de vida (LCC) para avaliar Environ-mental e bene
Urbano flood econômicafist de vários tipos de sistemas de infra-estrutura verde e cinza acoplados. resultados AHP mostrou que, com base
infra-estruturas verdes
nas condições e características locais, o cenário verde e cinza juntamente com espaço verde, pavimento permeável, telhado
infra-estrutura de cinza
verde, e célula de águas pluviais detenção desempenho melhor do que outros cenários na drenagem urbana residencial
eflcontrolo ood. Também para o cenário verde e cinza acoplados, os resultados da simulação mostrou que nenhumflooding foi
ocorreu durante os dez anos chuvas período de retorno. Juntamente cenários de infra-estrutura verde e cinza pode salvar o
custo do ciclo de vida até 94% em comparação com o cenário de infraestrutura cinza tradicional considerando as fases de
projeto, construção, operação e manutenção. Cerca de 13% dos juros de empréstimo comercial (1,03 milhões de dólares) pode
ser guardado para os compradores de casas. No futuro, os designers urbanos e de -velopers deve considerar a otimização do
sistema de infra-estruturas juntamente verde e cinza sob critério múltiplo para o meio ambiente, economia e segurança
benefits.
1. Introdução como um recurso água útil, não foi devidamente recolhido e utilizado em
muitas cidades. estratégias de gestão de águas pluviais urbanas inovadoras
A rápida urbanização levou ao aumento áreas impermeáveis e, portanto, a têm sido desenvolvidos para melhor endereço urbanaflinundações e
mudança dos processos naturais hídricos (Baek et al., 2015). Como expande a reutilização de recursos hídricos em áreas residenciais urbanas.
área urbana, urbanoflinundações acontecem com mais freqüência, causando Novas estratégias para runo urbanaff controle pode ser resumido como
grandes perdas econômicas e impactos negativos sobre os ecossistemas melhores práticas de gestão (BMPs) (Schueler, 1987; Clar et al., 2004), O
urbanos. Urban in-frastructure de drenagem eflcontrole ooding na área urbana desenvolvimento de baixo impacto (tampa) (de Prince George County, 1999a
residencial, que ocupa cerca de 25%-40% do custo de construção urbano e 1999b), sistemas de drenagem urbana sustentáveis (SUDS) (Martin et al.,
(MOHURD de 2010) Tornou-se cada vez mais importante para melhorar uma 2000; Martin, 2001), e desenho urbano água sensível (WSUD) (Whelans et
cidade's resistência contra urbana flinundações. Tradicionalmente, a infra- al., 1994; Wong de 2007). Estas novas estratégias de enfatizar o uso de infra-
estrutura de cinza, que são compostas principalmente de concreto e aço estrutura verde para proteger, restaurar ou imitar o ciclo natural da água para
(assim a parte cinzenta do termo) e instalado como parte do sistema de ef-fectively e efficientemente melhorar a resiliência da comunidade ea
drenagem urbana (Dong et al., 2017), desempenhou um papel importante em qualidade de vida (Allen de 2013). Apesar de sua benefits, infra-estrutura
áreas urbanas flcontrolo ood. Contudo, rápida urbanização e tempestades verde não pode substituir infra-estruturas cinzentas, considerando
extremas mais frequentes instigados pela mudança climática tornar tradicional completamente a segurança durante os eventos extremos de tempestade (Xu
cinza infraestrutura tornam-se menos effective e efficiente. Ao mesmo tempo, et al., 2019). Na prática, a infra-estrutura verde deve ser usado juntamente
a escassez de água tornou-se cada vez mais grave em muitas cidades ao redor com infra-estrutura de cinza. No entanto, muitos STU-morre acaba de fazer
do mundo. águas pluviais urbanas, comparações de custos económicos do que o multi-
Autor correspondente.
Endereço de e-mail: jhf@tsinghua.edu.cn (H. Jia).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104478
Recebeu 19 abril de 2019; Recebido em forma revisada 01 de setembro de 2019; Aceito 02 de setembro de 2019
Disponível on-line 09 de setembro de 2019
0921-3449 / © 2019 Elsevier BV Todos os direitos reservados.
C. Xu, et al. intermediário inclui seis critério baseado na esponja Cidade Construção
Performance Evaluation e indicadores de avaliação (Ministério da
comparações critério em perspectiva de ciclo de vida. Além disso, a maioria
dos papéis re-busca no acoplamento de infra-estruturas verdes e infra-
estrutura cinza são descrições qualitativas (Casal-Campos et al., 2015; de ,
Sousa et al. 2012; O'Sullivan et al., 2015). A avaliação da acoplado sistema
de infra-estrutura verde e cinza é um problema multi-objetivo e multi-critério.
Por conseguinte, uma avaliação baseada sistemas de-são necessárias para
entender os custos e benefit de sistemas de infra-estrutura verde e cinza
acoplados. Além disso, o configuração dos acopladas necessidades de infra-
estrutura verde e cinza para ser otimizado sob múltiplos critério do meio
ambiente, economia e segurança.
2. Métodos e materiais
2.1. Métodos
custo de construção de ajustado cinza infra-estrutura, RMB; C 3é o custo con- 2.2. Caso descrição do estudo
trução de infra-estrutura de cinza original, RMB; você1é a taxa salvo
utilização da água anualmente, RMB; C 4é o custo de construção da célula de Uma área residencial típica na cidade de Nanjing na China é selecionado
detenção de águas pluviais, RMB; você2 é a taxa de manutenção salvo anual, como o estudo de caso (A Fig. 4), Principalmente porque a área residencial é
RMB. o principal tipo de uso do solo das áreas urbanas e Nanjing é o Jiangsu
O custo dos materiais e mão de obra associados com a construção, provincial cidade esponja piloto. Os dados relacionados é fácil de recolher. A
operação e manutenção fases também estão incluídos. Os dados de custo de área residencial estudada é na extremidade axial da cidade de esponja área
concepção, um ião de construo, operação e manutenção fases são recolhidos a piloto e tem completas instalações de apoio, transporte conveniente e
partir de contrato de construção e governo localfiles. paisagem. A fim de promover a conservação de energia ea protecção do
ambiente, o MO-HURD emitiu o Padrão de Avaliação Green Building em
2014
3
C. Xu, et al. Recursos, Conservação e Reciclagem 151 (2019) 104478
tabela 1
medição escala entre dois elementos.
uma uma
i comparar com j eu j ji
Igualmente importante 1 1
Um pouco importante 3 1/3
obviamente importante 5 1/5
muito importante 7 1/7
absolutamente importante 9 1/9
pode conseguir um bom desempenho na drenagem urbana residencial e volume de chuva utilizado neste estudo foi apresentado em A Fig. 7.
flcontrolo ood. Os resultados simulados para diffcenários erent foram apresentados na
Figura A.1 a A.3. Para o cenário cinza original, resultados simulados
resultados AHP representam a preferência de decisão das partes mostraram que, para os dois anos e dez anos chuvas período de retorno,
interessadas (por exemplo, peritos, decisores, residência local) para a situação nãoflooding ocorreu. Mas para oficinquenta anos chuvas período de retorno, a
atual da área residencial estudada. A AHP também pode ser aplicado a outras área encharcamento é de aproximadamente 30%, o que pode't lidar com o
áreas para tomar decisões complexas. Mas a representação de AHP pode ficinquenta anos período de retorno chuvas effectively (Figura A.1). Os
variar a partir de diffproblemas erent e pessoas com base na complexidade do resultados indicaram que, em certa medida, o tamanho do tubo original for
problema. grande e não-e custoffective. o que'E mais, o tamanho do tubo original é
doesn't para satisfazer o requisito de espessura mínima de 0,7 m de faixa de
rodagem de acordo com o código para a concepção de engenharia de águas
residuais exterior (MOHURD de 2006). Portanto, é necessário reduzir o
3.2. Urbanoflo desempenho do controlo ood para diffcenários erent com
tamanho do tubo originais.
base em SWMM
O comprimento original e ajustado de diâmetros de tubo são listados em
Tal como mencionado na secção 2.1, Existem quatro cenários
tabela 5. Os resultados simulados para o cenário cinza ajustado mostrou que,
considerados neste estudo. De acordo com os resultados da secção3.1, O C2
para os dois anos chuvas período de retorno, a maioria dos tubos pode
cenário verde e cinza acoplada pode obter um melhor desempenho do que
executar bem, não flooding foi ocorreu. Mas para os dez anos chuvas período
outros cenários acoplados. Portanto, simulou o cenário original cinza, o
de retorno, o número de pé pontos de água aumentou. Para oficinquenta anos
cenário cinza ad-justed, eo acoplada verde e cinza cenário selecionado C2
chuvas período de retorno, os pontos de água parada e área de alagamento é
usando SWMM. O de dois anos, dez anos, eficinquenta anos período de
muito maior do que o cenário cinza original (Figura A.2). além disso,
retorno chuva simulada para cada cenário. O processo de precipitação e total
de
5
C. Xu, et al. Recursos, Conservação e Reciclagem 151 (2019) 104478
mesa 2
Parâmetros necessários por SWMM.
Table 3
Pair-wise comparison matrix and relative weights of each criterion.
λ
max
= 6.137, CI = 0.027, RI = 1.24, CR = CI/RI = 0.022 < 0.1, the evaluation is acceptable.
6
C. Xu, et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 151 (2019) 104478
Fig. 7. Rainfall process for the two-year, ten-year, and fifty-year return period rainfall.
After calculation, the total financial subsidy of three-star level re-sidential reduced construction time is 4.08 days and it also can save 4 days of financial
building is 7.06 million RMB. The total design fee is 4.60 million RMB. So cost.
the economic benefit of the design stage is 2.46 million RMB. The construction cost of implementing green infrastructure is pre-sented
in Table 9. The price of each green infrastructure is based on Sponge City
To achieve twin-win situation, the real estate developer should make Construction Technical Guide issued by MOHURD in 2014 (MOHURD,
cooperation with design company in successful application of three-star level 2014a). Total construction area of each green infrastructure is statistics from
green building. Real estate developer can use the gov-ernment financial SWMM. After calculation, the final cost of im-plementing green
subsidy to compensate for the design cost of green infrastructure to infrastructure is 1.7 million RMB.
reasonably guide the design companies to realize the green building design Combined with these two aspects, the total cost of original pipe is 1.27
goals. million RMB. The total cost of pipe size adjustment and im-plementation of
green infrastructure is 2.66 million RMB. The results showed that
3.3.1.2. Economic benefit of construction stage. Based on the simulated implementation of green infrastructure can increase the construction cost.
results of SWMM, the studied residential area can implement green space, Thus, the cost department of real estate development company will adopt the
permeable pavement, green roof and reduce pipe size to meet the requirement method of enlarging the diameter of drainage pipe instead of adopting green
of Code for Design of Outdoor Wastewater Engineering (MOHURD, 2006) infrastructure to meet the requirements of drainage and flood control standard.
for the ten-year return period rainfall. Accordingly, the economic cost-benefit However, through the whole life cycle cost of the project (i.e., design,
analysis of the construction stage can be mainly calculated from the cost of construction, operation, maintenance and use), the implementation of green
pipe size reduction and implementation of green infrastructure. infrastructure can bring economic benefit. Accordingly, all stages should be
taken into consideration to make comprehensive analysis and evaluation of
There are four aspects for pipe size adjustment cost, namely, pipe material the whole project.
cost, pipe laying cost, pipe shaping cost, and excavation and backfilling cost.
The detailed cost is listed in Table 7. The total cost of original and pipe size
adjustment is 1.27 and 0.96 million RMB, re-spectively. The pipe size 3.3.1.3. Economic benefit of operation and maintenance stage. The economic
adjustment can save 24% of the original total pipe cost. benefit of operation and maintenance stages can be evaluated through the
comprehensive utilization of rainwater and pipe clean and maintenance.
The pipe size adjustment not only generates economic benefit, but also Based on the empirical calculation of housing households, people in the
reduces the construction time. Table 8 shows the construction time analysis of residential area, and the standard for water-saving design of civil buildings
3
pipe size with and without green infrastructure. Results in-dicate that after (MOHURD, 2010), the stormwater detention cell, 650 m , was built.
implementing green infrastructure, the reduced fixed construction time is According to the unit price provided by Sponge City Construction Technical
375.58 man-days (Jiangsu Provincial Department of Housing and Urban Guide (MOHURD, 2014a), the total construction cost is 0.65 million RMB.
2
Rural Construction, 2014). The total construction area is 229,953 m and
artificial invest is 92 persons. So the final According to the standard for water-saving design of civil buildings
Table 5
Length of different pipe diameters of original and adjusted scenarios.
Rain pipe size and length (Original grey scenario) Diameter (mm) DN300 DN400 DN600 DN1000 Total
7
C. Xu, et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 151 (2019) 104478
Table 6
Weight of green building evaluation index.
Green building Land conservation and outdoor Energy conservation and Water conservation and Material conservation and Indoor environment
evaluation indicator environment (W1) utilization(W2) utilization (W3) utilization(W4) quality (W5)
Table 7 reducing the pipe size. The annual saved maintenance fee after im-plementing
The economic cost comparison of reducing pipe size. green infrastructure is 1143.09 RMB/yr.
Process Without Green With Green
Since the annual comprehensive utilization of rainwater and pipe network
infrastructure (RMB) infrastructure (RMB) clean and maintenance occur in each year of the community’s service stage
and paid by residents every year, the net present value (NPV) must be used to
Pipe material cost 576,505 338,188 compare the construction cost of stormwater detention cell. The internal rate
Pipe laying cost 49,251 37,254
Pipe shaping cost 296,457 257,948
of return is 2.75%, which is based on the five-year fixed deposit interest rate
Excavation and 344,752 326,940 of the central bank. The main-tenance years of stormwater detention cell
backfilling cost should consider the rea-sonable number of years of drainage pipe network use
Total 1,266,965 960,330 in residential areas. In this study, based on the current longest mortgage loan
years, the maintenance years of stormwater detention cell are set as 30 years.
(MOHURD, 2010) and the climatic, economic, and water utilization habits of The total economic benefit generated from utilization of rainwater and
Nanjing, three types of water utilization (i.e., grass irrigation, street washing,
pipe network clean and maintenance is 766,300 RMB, the con-struction cost
and landscape filling water) are selected to calculate the total water
of stormwater detention cell is 650,000 RMB. After im-plementing the green
consumption (Table 10). Based on the green space area, road area, landscape
infrastructure, the final economic benefit during the operation and
volume, and the daily water consumption, the total annual water consumption
3 maintenance stage is 116,300 RMB.
is 13,430.68 m .
The total amount of annual rainwater that be comprehensively utilized
needs to be summarized through the hydrology, soil condition, and 3.3.2. Economic benefit for purchaser
implementation of green infrastructure. The total amount was calculated by According to the Nanjing Municipal Housing Provident Fund
Eq. (5). Management Regulations (The Nanjing government, 2013), the housing
provident fund loan quota standard for people who buy three-stat level green
W= 10 × ΨC × hy × F (5) building can increase 20%. The original housing provident fund loan quota
standard is 600,000 RMB and now it can be reached to 720,000 RMB. The
3
Where, W is the designed rainwater runoff volume (m ); Ψc is the rainwater studied area has 1618 households and the average area of each household is
runoff coefficient, different runoff coefficient underlying surfaces is presented 2
110.63 m . In Nanjing, the average rate of housing provident fund loan is
in Table 11; hy is the designed rainfall thickness (mm), the designed rainfall approximately 44%. As mentioned in section 3.3.1.1, LID weight coefficient
2
thickness of Nanjing city is 1116 mm; F is the catchment area (hm ). After of green building evaluation indicator is 0.384. Accordingly, the increased
calculation, the annual rainfall that be collected in this studied area was amount of housing pro-vident fund loan is 32.8 million RMB.
3
31,056.34 m .
The reused rainwater volume was calculated by Eq. (6). In China, two types of loan methods were applied, commercial loan and
3 housing provident fund loan. The commercial loan rate is 4.9% and the
W’=W × α × β = 31,056.34 × 0.85 × 0.87 = 22,966.16 m /yr(6)
housing provident fund loan interest is 3.25%. The comparison of commercial
Where, α is seasonal reduction factor, 0.85; β is initial runoff rejection loan and housing provident fund loan is presented in Table 12. The increased
coefficient, 0.87. The total collected rainwater volume that can be re-used is amount of housing provident fund loan can save loan interests for
3 homebuyers. Assuming the loan period is 20 years, the payment method is
22,966.16 m /yr.
Accordingly, combined with the total annual water consumption, the equality corpus and interest. The loan interest for commercial loan and
3 housing provident fund loan is 18.72 million RMB and 11.85 million RMB,
annual saving amounts of water is 13,430.68 m . The residential water price
of Nanjing is laddered water price and the first-step water price is 3.1 respectively. The total saving loan interests for homebuyers is about 6.87
3 million RMB.
RMB/m . The operation cost of rainwater comprehensive utilization system is
3 3 The policy of increasing the housing provident fund loan can ef-fectively
0.37 RMB/m . This means the cost of reuse of 1 m rainwater is 2.73 RMB.
So after implementing Green infrastructure, the annual saving water fee is alleviate the problem of insufficient funds for the advance payment of some
36,665.76 RMB. The pipe maintenance (e.g., pipe cleaning and flushing) also newly purchased houses, stimulates the sales of green buildings and improves
generates economic benefit after the economic benefits of the whole project.
Table 8
a
The construction time analysis of pipe size with and without Green infrastructure .
Pipe diameter Pipe length Unit Fixed construction time (Man-day)
Without Green infrastructure With Green infrastructure Pipe shaping Pipe laying Excavation and backfilling
a
Jiangsu Provincial Department of Housing and Urban Rural Construction, 2014.
8
C. Xu, et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 151 (2019) 104478
Table 9
The construction cost of Green infrastructure.
Green infrastructure Unit Quantity Price (RMB/ m2) a Cost (RMB) Total cost (RMB)
2
Green space m 16,300 45 733.500 1,709,250
Permeable pavement m2 4775 130 620,750
Green roof m2 1775 200 355,000
a
MOHURD, 2014. Sponge City Construction Technical Guide.
Table 10
Annual water consumption of the studied area.
Type of water utilization Quantity of utilization Water consumption Average daily water consumption Annual water consumption Utilization frequency
estimation (m3/d) (m3/yr)
Table 11 infrastructure can save 94% compared with original grey scenario.
Rainwater collection of different catchment types of studied area.
• For purchasers, the economic benefit can generate from saving ap-
proximately 13% of commercial loan interest (6.87 million RMB).
Catchment type Catchment Underlying Rainwater Rainwater
area (m3) surface type runoff runoff volume
coefficient (m3/yr) In future sponge city management, multiple decision factors and
conditions should be considered, such as environmental effects, eco-nomic
Building roof 13122.87 Rigid roof 0.90 13180.12
Rigid material 12329.76 Rigid road 0.90 12383.55
effects, social benefit, ecological benefit and so on, to provide comprehensive
Permeable 4775.00 Rigid paving 0.37 1971.69 information. From systematic perspective, road, square, parking lot, and green
pavement space are also important composition in the city’s land use. In future research,
Green space 16,300.00 Green space 0.15 2728.62 different land use should be taken into consideration. Urban residential
Green roof 1775.00 Water surface 0.40 792.36
drainage and flood control is only part of urban flood control, a holistic
Annual rainwater runoff volume 31,056.34
analysis from watershed level should be considered to obtain a whole
optimization in the future.
Results showed that economic benefit generated from coupled green and We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the
grey scenario was noticeable. Therefore, to obtain the win-win si-tuation, Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct commu-nications
cooperation should be made between: with the office). He is responsible for communicating with the other authors
about progress, submissions of revisions and final ap-proval of proofs. We
• The local government and real estate developer; confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is
• The real estate developer, construction, and design companies; accessible by the Corresponding Author and which has been configured to
accept email from (jhf@tsinghua.edu.cn)
• The real estate developer, homebuyers, and property management company.
Declaration of Competing Interest
4. Conclusions and suggestions
We confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with
This study made a comprehensive analysis of coupled green and grey this publication.
infrastructure system for urban stormwater runoff control. The coupled green We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the
and grey infrastructures can improve stormwater man-agement, restore Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct commu-nications
ecosystem services, and generate economic benefit. The main conclusions can with the office). He is responsible for communicating with the other authors
be drawn as follow: about progress, submissions of revisions and final ap-proval of proofs. We
confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is
• The scenario that including green space, permeable pavement, green roof, accessible by the Corresponding Author and which has been configured to
and stormwater detention cell can achieve better performance in urban accept email from (jhf@tsinghua.edu.cn)
residential drainage and flood control than other scenarios.
• Inten-year
the coupled green and grey scenario, no flood was occurred during the
return period rainfall. Acknowledgement
• For real estate developers, the economic benefit can generate through the
whole life cycle of the project. The total cost of green
This work was supported by the National Water Pollution Control and
Treatment Science and Technology Major Project of China (Grant
Table 12
Comparison of commercial loan and housing provident fund loan.
Loan type Loan Amount (ten Length of maturity Mode of repayment Loan rate Cumulative amount of payment Loan interest (ten
thousand yuan) (Year) (%) (ten thousand yuan) thousand yuan)
9
C. Xu, et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 151 (2019) 104478
No. 2017ZX07103–002 and 2017ZX07205), Beijing Nature Science Municipal Engineering Valuation Quota. Jiangsu Phoenix Science Press, Nanjing, pp.
Foundation Project (Grant No. 8161003), the National Nature Science 21–42.
Martin, P., 2001. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: Best Practice Manual for England,
Foundation of China (Grant No. 51778319 and 41890823), and Tsinghua
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. CIRIA Report No. CR086A, London, United
University (School of Architecture) CIFI Group Joint Research Center for Kingdom.
Sustainable Community (Grant No. R201). The research is also supported by Martin, P., Turner, B., Waddington, K., Pratt, C., Campbell, N., Payne, J., Reed, B., 2000.
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: Design Manual for Scotland and Northern
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of
Ireland. C521. CIRIA, London, UK.
Water Treatment (Suzhou 215009, China). Notification on the Implementation of the Central Financial Support on Pilot Work of Sponge
City Construction. MOF (Ministry of Finance of the People′s Republic of China),
Appendix A. Supplementary data Beijing (in Chinese).
Code for Design of Outdoor Wastewater Engineering, GB50014-2006. MOHURD (Ministry of
Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China), Beijing (in
Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online Chinese).
Standard for Water-saving Design of Civil Buildings, GB50555-2010. MOHURD (Ministry of
version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019. 104478.
Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China), Beijing (in
Chinese).
Sponge City Sponge City Construction Technology Guide. MOHURD (Ministry of Housing
References and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China), Beijing (in Chinese).
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