Olá.

Que legal você ter adquirido este e-book! Como você sabe, a prática de listening é primordial
para a aquisição da fluência em inglês.

Este livro é composto por 50 textos retirados de publicações originais em língua inglesa; cada
um deles é acompanhado por um arquivo de áudio, que pode ser baixado para ouvir em qual-
quer lugar.

São textos com assuntos dos mais diversos: música, cinema, negócios, política, religião... Basta
escolher um título pelo índice e clicar. Pronto, você terá um texto sobre o tema em sua tela. Além
disso, todos eles possuem um previous vocabulary com a tradução dos termos mais complexos
para te ajudar caso você precise.

Muito legal, né?

Ainda, se você quiser mais dicas super legais para melhorar seu inglês, me acompanhe:

- no Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN2OUg63KFlO-ekI01y0NVg ; e
- no Instagram: @jonas.bressan https://www.instagram.com/jonas.bressan/ ;
- no Telegram: https://t.me/inglesvipcomjonasbressan

Além disso, se você quiser saber mais sobre o meu trabalho e o meu curso completo de inglês,
que contém aulas individuais de conversação e te leva do zero à fluência por um preço inacredi-
tável, entre neste link e comece hoje mesmo sua trajetória até a fluência em inglês e às infinitas
possibilidades em sua vida e carreira:

https://inglesdojonas.bewayonline.com/curso-ingles-definitivo

Como tirar o melhor proveito deste e-book

É claro que este material está disponível para que você o utilize da maneira que você achar
melhor. Porém, tem algumas técnicas que podem te ajudar muito e fazer com que você tenha um
máximo aproveitamento deste material.
Aqui vão elas:

1. Sem ler o texto, escute o áudio completo 2 vezes, prestando atenção e tentando entender o
máximo possível;
2. Escute novamente o áudio mas, desta vez, acompanhando o texto escrito.
3. Leia todo o texto, fazendo anotações e procurando pelas palavras que você não conhece, até
que você o tenha compreendido completamente.
4. Escute o áudio acompanhando o texto escrito novamente.
5. Escute mais uma vez o áudio, sem ler o texto.
6. Escute o mesmo texto outras vezes para uma melhor fixação.

Garanto que, se você seguir essas dicas passo a passo, vai conseguir reter mais vocabulário, me-
lhorar seu entendimento e, consequentemente, até mesmo sua pronúncia.

Pronto para começar?

Bora praticar!

Jonas Bressan
Inglês do Jonas by Beway

Page 2
 Summary

Text 1 - Hollywood's 100 Favorite films............................................................................................................ 5

Text 2 - Guns'n'Roses............................................................................................................................................. 7

Text 3 - The 1980s: Popular Culture................................................................................................................... 9

Text 4 - How Harry Potter Changed the World.............................................................................................. 11

Text 5 - 30 random facts about 'The Simpsons' ........................................................................................... 13

Text 6 - Video Game Industry Silently Taking Over Entertainment World.............................................. 17

Text 7 - What Is Social Networking Addiction?............................................................................................. 20

Text 8 - 5 major differences between the lives of millennials and baby boomers............................... 22

Text 9 - Brazil's failed educational system creates illiterate students.................................................... 25

Text 10 - Almost One Third of Americans Don't Trust the Media: Poll..................................................... 28

Text 11 - Gangsta's Paradise............................................................................................................................. 30

Text 12 - What makes a good parent?............................................................................................................ 32

Text 13 - The five most credible moderns UFO sightings........................................................................... 35

Text 14 - Thriller................................................................................................................................................... 38

Text 15 - The Seven Natural Wonders of the World..................................................................................... 41

Text 16 - Climate change: what do scientists say?...................................................................................... 45

Text 17 - The Incredibly Gory Original Versions of Modern Fairy tales................................................... 47

Text 18 - Why are so many young people unhappy?.................................................................................. 49

Text 19 - What happens in Vegas Stays in Vegas........................................................................................ 52

Text 20 - Craziest sports from around the world.......................................................................................... 54

Text 21 - Some Crazy Olympic Moments........................................................................................................ 56

Text 22 - The six atributes of courage............................................................................................................. 58

Text 23 - Seven of the Toughest Jobs on the Planet.................................................................................... 61

Text 24 - Resumés................................................................................................................................................ 63

Text 25 - Eight Cutting-edge Technologies that will change the world.................................................. 65

Page 3
Text 26 - Roger Scruton – Why Beauty Matters............................................................................................ 67

Text 27 - State Vs Nation.................................................................................................................................... 70

Text 28 - The Government isn't supposed to fix your life........................................................................... 73

Text 29 - The Three Generations of Human Rights...................................................................................... 75

Text 30 - Five inspirational people with disabilities................................................................................... 78

Text 31 - What was the Enlightenment?........................................................................................................ 80

Text 32 - Capitalism Vs Socialism.................................................................................................................... 83

Text 33 - Should Government Bail Out Big Banks?...................................................................................... 86

Text 34 - Who Should Win the Nobel Peace Prize?...................................................................................... 89

Text 35 - Insane US laws you won't believe exist......................................................................................... 91

Text 36 - Prison may not work for them, but it works for us..................................................................... 93

Text 37 - Gun Rights Are Women's Rights..................................................................................................... 95

Text 38 - Was America founded to be secular?............................................................................................. 98

Text 39 - Introduction to the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew, 5-6).....................................................101

Text 40 - The United States Declaration of Independence.......................................................................103

Text 41 - Best places to travel for extreme sports......................................................................................105

Text 42 - Seven activities that are far more dangerous than you think................................................107

Text 43 - 10 habits of truly polite people....................................................................................................109

Text 44 - Rent vs. Buy........................................................................................................................................112

Text 45 - Five future car technologies that truly have a chance.............................................................114

Text 46 - 10 tips to help you make the most important decisions.........................................................117

Text 47 - 10 ways to conquer fear.................................................................................................................120

Text 48 - Simple strategies for building trust.............................................................................................123

Text 49 - Seven key skills for successful negotiation................................................................................126

Text 50 - Five tips for creating a friendly work environment..................................................................128

Para Abrir os áudios basta clicar no título

de cada respectivo texto.
Page 4
Text 1 - Hollywood's 100 Favorite films
Previous vocabulary
To judge(d) – julgar Royalty – realeza
To pick(ed) – escolher Entertainment – entretenimento
To survey(ed) – pesquisar Initially – inicialmente
To publish(ed) – publicar Thrilled – emocionado, empolgado
To declare(d) – declarar Creator – criador
To participate(d) – participar Equivalent – equivalente
To reject(ed) – rejeitar Attorney – advogado
To rhyme(d) – rimar Commercial – comercial
To send in – enviar Critics – críticos
After all – afinal de contas Shocking – chocante
Production house – produtora Omission – omissão
Party-size – tamanho família Dozens – dúzia
Picture – filme Undeniably – inegavelmente
Studio – estúdio Divides – divisões
Publicity – publicidade Cinematographer – cineasta
Winner – vencedor

Hollywood's 100 Favorite films

Who better to judge the best movies of all time than the people who make them? Studio chiefs,
Oscar winners and TV royalty all were surveyed as THR publishes its first definitive entertain-
ment-industry ranking of cinema's most superlative.
Is it wrong to already declare this the No. 1 movie list of all time?
After all, there are other movie lists. Lots and lots of others. So many lists, you couldn't list them
all. But this is the first to ask the entertainment industry itself to pick its choices for the best pic-
tures ever made. In May, THR sent an online ballot all over town — to every studio, agency, publi-
city firm and production house on either side of the 405. Not everybody was initially thrilled to
participate.
"I reject the idea," Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan told THR. "To me, it's the equivalent of
having a party-size bag of Nacho Doritos, then being told to eat only five." In the end, though, he
sent in his favorites (one of which is 1961's Yojimbo), as did a total of 2,120 industry members,
including Fox chief Jim Gianopulos, Disney's Alan Horn, director Gary Ross, producer Frank Mar-
shall, Warners' Sue Kroll, agent Robert Newman, attorney John Burke, filmmaker John Singleton
and many more. These are the results: the greatest movies ever made, according to Hollywood.
There are some surprises here. It's a far more commercial list than the usual critics' picks. Who
knew, for instance, that Back to the Future would get more love than Lawrence of Arabia? There
also are shocking omissions — The 400 Blows, La Dolce Vita, The Gold Rush and dozens of other
undeniably great films. And there are interesting differences of opinion along professional divi-
des: Directors, writers and agents all agreed on their choice for the greatest movie ever (hint: It
rhymes with "Schmodfather"), while cinematographers chose 2001: A Space Odyssey and enter-
tainment lawyers, the big softies, picked The Shawshank Redemption.

Adapted from hollywoodreporter.com

www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/100-best-films-ever-hollywood-favorites-818512/item/seven-samurai-hollywoods-100-favorite-818479

Page 5
Here we bring you the first 20 on the list:

20 – It's a Wonderful Life, directed by Frank Capra in 1946, with James Stewart and Donna Lee;
19 – The Goodfellas, directed by Martin Scorsese in 1990, with Robert De Niro, Ray Liotta and Joe Pesci;
18 – Annie Hall, directed by Woody Allen in 1977, with Woody Allen himself and Diane Keaton;
17 – Apocalipse Now, directed by Francis Ford Coppola in 1979, with Martin Sheen, Marlon Brando and
Robert Duvall;
16 – To Kill a Mocking Bird, directed by Robert Mulligan in 1962, with Gregory Peck and Robert Duvall;
15 – Gone with the Wind, directed by Victor Fleming in 1939, with Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh;
14 – Forrest Gump, directed by Robert Zemeckis in 1994, with Tom Hanks;
13 – Raiders of the Lost Ark, directed by Steven Spilberg in 1981, with Harrison Ford and Karen Allen;
12 – Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis in 1985, with Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd;
11 – Star Wars, directed by George Lucas in 1977, with Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher and Harrison Ford;
10 – Schindler's List, directed by Steven Spilberg in 1993, with Liam Neeson, Ralph Fiennes and Bem
kingsley;
9 – 2001: a Space Odyssey, directed by Stanley Kubric in 1968, with Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood and
William Sylvester;
8 – E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial, directed by Steven Spilberg in 1982, with Henry Thomas and Drew Barry-
more;
7 – The Godfather, Part II, directed by Francis Ford Coppola in 1974, with Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, Ro-
bert Duvall and Diane Keaton;
6 – Casablanca, directed by Michael Curtiz in 1942, with Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman;
5 – Pulp Fiction, directed by Quentin Tarantino in 1994, with John Travolta, Uma Thurman, Samuel L. Jack-
son and Bruce Willis;
4 – The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont in 1994, with Tim Robbins and Morgan Free-
man;
3 – Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles in 1941, with Orson Welles himself, Joseph Cotten and Doro-
thy Comingore;
2 – The Wizard of Oz, directed by Victor Fleming, with Judy Garland;

And finally:

1 – The Godfather, directed by Francis Ford Coppola in 1972, with Marlon Brando, Al Pacino and Robert
Duvall.

Questions:

1- When was The Godfather released?

2- When was Back to the Future released?
3- Who directed Casablanca?
4- Who directed Pulp Fiction?
5- Who was Forest Gump's main actor?

Page 6
 Text 2 - Guns'n'Roses
Previous vocabulary
To revive(d) – reviver Root – raiz
To hand(ed) – entregar Jealous – ciumento, com ciúme
To impress(d) – impressionar Audience – audiência, plateia
To touch(ed) – tocar, encostar Teleprompter – teleprompter
To wonder(ed) – imaginar Basically – basicamente
To top(ped) – superar Thrill – emoção, sensação
To twist(ed) – torcer, tocar Technique – técnica
To dig, dug, dug – cavar, escavar Overblown – exagerado
To break, broke, broken – quebrar Gymnastics – ginástica
To open up – abrir, fazer a abertura Stuff – coisas
To put across – transmitir, expressar Tasty – de bom gosto
To put it another way – em outras palavras Fairly – bastante
Let out of the cage – solto da jaula Unstoppable – imparável
Have got – ter Gang – gangue
Mic stand – suporte para microfone Forward – para frente
Chorus lines – frases do refrão Chord – acorde
Opposed to – ao contrário de Rebellious – rebelde
Copy – cópia

Guns'n'Roses

By Joe Perry
Guns n' Roses revived our kind of rock. I remember someone handing me a copy of Appetite
for Destruction and saying, "You've got to hear these guys — they're the new big thing." Bands
like Bon Jovi and Whitesnake were big then, but Guns n' Roses were different. They dug down a
little deeper into rock's roots. I heard a lot of Aerosmith in them, which meant I also heard a lot
of bands that came before us. And I remember being a little jealous, because they were really
hitting the nail on the head.
They opened up for us in 1988, and one of the things that impressed me was how much perso-
nality they put across, even when they weren't playing. Axl knew how to work an audience. They
used to have to go out there and tape foam rubber around everything that Axl could touch —
from his teleprompter to his mic stand — to make sure he wouldn't break anything, or hurt him-
self. I think people saw that he was basically just let out of the cage. Part of the thrill was wonde-
ring what he was going to do next.
They were called metal at the time, but they weren't: Metal isn't sexy, but rock is. To put it ano-
ther way: You can have the rock, but you need the roll. Songs like "Paradise City" and "Welcome
to the Jungle" were just simple enough; the chorus lines came right when you wanted them.
Slash plays what's needed for the song, as opposed to trying to make the tune a showcase for
his technique. Guns n' Roses' music wasn't full of the overblown gymnastics that a lot of guys
were doing then — their stuff is just very tasty. Duff McKagan is like the bass player in AC/DC:
His parts were fairly simple, but they made the band an unstoppable force. Izzy Stradlin was also
important. Guns n' Roses played as a gang, which is just what you want.
Guns n' Roses are still an example of how a band can move rock forward. Sometimes you think,

Page 7
"How can you top anything by the Yardbirds, or Zeppelin, or the Stones?" And then you hear
Guns n' Roses, and it's inspiring. You can think that it's all been written, but it hasn't. There's ano-
ther way to twist those three chords around, to make it sound new, fresh and rebellious.
www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-artists-147446/guns-n-roses-9-82042/

Questions:

1- When did Guns'n'Roses open up for Aerosmith?

2- What instrument did Slash play?
3- Why was Joe Perry jealous of Guns'n'Roses?
4- Why did they tape foam rubber around everything Axl could touch?

Practice and conversation

1- Have you ever listened to Guns'n'Roses?

2- Can you name some of their most famous songs?
3- What do you think of Guns'n'Roses?
4- In your opinion, what are the best Rock'n'roll bands of all time? Why?
5- And, also, who are the best music artists of all time, in your opinion?

Page 8
 Text 3 - The 1980s: Popular Culture
Previous vocabulary

To deride(d) – zombar Symbol – símbolo

To reflect(ed) – refletir Box office – bilheteria
To appear(ed) – parecer Taste – gosto
To concern(ed) – preocupar Materialistic – materialista
To depict(ed) – retratar Survey – pesquisa
To plague(d) – atormentar Urban – urbano
To appeal(ed) – apelar Indeed – de fato
To rent(ed) – alugar Concerned – preocupado
To maintain(ed) – manter Shallow – raso
To capture(d) – capturar Superficial – superficial
To channel(d) – canalizar Anxiety – ansiedade
To go against the grain – remar contra a maré Self-doubt – dúvida sobre si mesmo
To be left out – ser deixado de fora Successful – bem-sucedido
Baby boomer – nascido logo após a Segunda Heyday – auge, ápice
Guerra Sitcom – série de comédia
Well-paying job – emprego bem remunerado Fashion – moda
Blockbuster – “arrasa quarteirão”, grande suces- Hairstyle – corte de cabelo
so Icon – ícone
Moviegoers – espectadores, frequentadores de Forum – fórum, local de encontro
cinemas Ideal – ideal
Self-centered – egocêntrico Frustration – frustração
Cable network – rede de TV a cabo Sense – senso, sentido, sentimento
VCR – vídeo cassete Malaise – mal-estar
Revolutionary – revolucionário Particularly – particularmente
Debut – estreia Popularity – popularidade
Broadcast – transmissão Arena – arena
Respects – aspectos Dissatisfaction – insatisfação
Conservatism – conservadorismo Throughout – por todo

The 1980s: Popular Culture

In some respects, the popular culture of the 1980s reflected the era's political conservatism. For
many people, the symbol of the decade was the "yuppie": a baby boomer with a college educa-
tion, a well-paying job and expensive taste. Many people derided yuppies for being self-cente-
red and materialistic, and surveys of young urban professionals across the country showed that
they were, indeed, more concerned with making money and buying consumer goods than their
parents and grandparents had been. However, in some ways yuppiedom was less shallow and
superficial than it appeared. Popular television shows like “thirtysomething” and movies like
“The Big Chill” and “Bright Lights, Big City” depicted a generation of young men and women who
were plagued with anxiety and self-doubt. They were successful, but they weren't sure they were
happy.
At the movie theater, the 1980s was the age of the blockbuster. Movies like “E.T.: The Extra-
-Terrestrial,” “Return of the Jedi,” “Raiders of the Lost Ark” and “Beverly Hills Cop” appealed to

Page 9
moviegoers of all ages and made hundreds of millions of dollars at the box office. The 1980s was
also the heyday of the teen movie. Films like “The Breakfast Club,” “Some Kind of Wonderful”
and “Pretty in Pink” are still popular today.
At home, people watched family sitcoms like “The Cosby Show,” “Family Ties,” “Roseanne” and
“Married...with Children.” They also rented movies to watch on their new VCRs. By the end of the
1980s, 60 percent of American television owners got cable service–and the most revolutionary
cable network of all was MTV, which made its debut on August 1, 1981. The music videos the
network played made stars out of bands like Duran Duran and Culture Club and made megastars
out of artists like Michael Jackson (1958-2009), whose elaborate "Thriller" video helped sell
600,000 albums in the five days after its first broadcast. MTV also influenced fashion: People
across the country (and around the world) did their best to copy the hairstyles and fashions they
saw in music videos. In this way, artists like Madonna (1958-) became (and remain) fashion icons.
As the decade wore on, MTV also became a forum for those who went against the grain or were
left out of the yuppie ideal. Rap artists such as Public Enemy channeled the frustration of ur-
ban African Americans into their powerful album “It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back.”
Heavy metal acts such as Metallica and Guns N' Roses also captured the sense of malaise among
young people, particularly young men. Even as Reagan maintained his popularity, popular cultu-
re continued to be an arena for dissatisfaction and debate throughout the 1980s.
www.history.com/topics/1980s/1980s

Questions:

1- What is a yuppie?
2- How do some people deride yuppies?
3- What was the most revolutionary TV network in the 80's?
4- Who was the most popular American president in the 80's?
5- Were yuppies more consumerist than their parents and grandparents?

Practice and conversation

1- How old were you in the 80's?

2- Do you remember the movies and TV shows from the 80's?
3- Have you ever watched MTV shows? What's your opinion about them?
4- What do you think of the 80's?
5- Can you name some movies from the 80's?
6- Can you name some celebrities from the 80's?
7- What do you think of fashion in the 80's?
8- Was Ronald Reagan a celebrity?
9- What was happening in Brazil in the 80's?
10- What was happening in the world in the 80's?

Page 10
Text 4 - How Harry Potter Changed
the World

Previous vocabulary

To accomplish(ed) – realizar, alcançar Increasingly – crescente

To predict(ed) – prever Interactive – interativo
To touch(ed) – tocar, encostar Active – ativo
To introduce(d) – introduzir, apresentar Discussion – discussão
To interact(ed) – interagir Fiction – ficção
To coincide(d) – coincidir Fantasy – fantasia
To adore(d) – adorar Commonplace – lugar comum, normal
To combine(d) – combinar Surprisingly – surpreendentemente
To suggest(ed) – sugerir Novel – novela, romance
To appreciate(d) – apreciar Boom – explosão, sucesso
To immerse(d) – mergulhar, imergir Courtesy – cortesia
To become, became, become – tornar-se Crossover – cruzamento, convergência
Boarding school – colégio interno Acceptable – aceitável
Plenty of – muito, de sobra Ostensibly – ostensivamente
Grown person – adulto, pessoa crescida Critics – críticos
First and foremost – em primeiro lugar Worrisome – preocupante
As though – como se Development – desenvolvimento
Single-mom – mãe solteira Dull – monótono, estúpido
All-encompassing – abrangente Intricate – intrincado, complexo
Edition – edição Plotting – enredo, trama
Phenomenon – fenômeno Epic – épico
Scope – escopo Intimacy – intimidade
Fandom – conjunto de fãs Purely – puramente
Unknown – desconhecido Pleasurable – prazeroso
Stuck – preso Mythology – mitologia
Press – imprensa Amazing – fantástico
Undoubtedly – indubitavelmente Joy – alegria
Measurable – mensurável Structure – estrutura
Effect – efeito Warm – aconchegante, caloroso
Model – modelo Familiar – familiar
Entire – inteiro Charming – charmoso
Generation – geração Eventual – certo, inevitável
Literally – literalmente Trauma – trauma
Geek – nerd, geek Affecting – comovente
Generally – geralmente Deeply – profundamente
Isolation – isolamento Enormously – enormemente
Cool – legal Appealing – atraente
Pattern – padrão Narrative – narrativa
Rise – ascensão Description – descrição

Page 11
 How Harry Potter Changed the World
On September 1, 1998, Scholastic published Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, the first US
edition of the UK's Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
Harry Potter has since became such an all-encompassing phenomenon that from this vanta-
ge point, it's hard to see the full scope what it accomplished: It feels as though publishing and
fandom and children's literature and all of pop culture have always been the way we know them
today. But Harry Potter changed the world.
Author J.K. Rowling was an unknown single mom when she first got the idea for her story while
stuck on a train; the small UK children's press that ultimately took a chance on it undoubtedly
couldn't have predicted that it would have a measurable effect on everything it touched. Harry
Potter made YA book-to-movie franchises into one of the biggest forces in pop culture. It chan-
ged the business model for publishing books for kids. And it introduced an entire generation to
the idea that it's possible to interact with the pop culture you love — to write about it and with
it, to make music and art about it, and to build a business around it.
Harry Potter has litereally changed the world. First and foremost, the series helped make it cool
to be a geek. People generally didn't read the Harry Potter books in isolation; they wanted to talk
about it with their friends, and then find more friends who loved the books as much as they did.
This pattern coincided with the rise of “Web 2.0” — that is, an increasingly interactive and so-
cial internet. As more Harry Potter fans became more active online, they made discussion of YA
fiction, fantasy, and science fiction seem commonplace.
Surprisingly, a 2012 study found that 55 percent of YA novels are bought by adults. In large part,
that boom is courtesy of Harry Potter, which became a surprise crossover hit adored by both
children and adults, and which made it acceptable for adults to read books that are ostensibly for
children.
For some critics, that's a worrisome development, suggesting that adults are too dull and stupid
to appreciate books actually written for adults. But there are plenty of reasons for a grown per-
son to enjoy Harry Potter.
The Harry Potter books combine the intricate plotting of a mystery with the scope of epic fantasy
and the intimacy and character development of a classic boarding school narrative. The result is
purely pleasurable to read at any age; the fantastic mythology gives this amazing world magic
and joy, and the boarding school structure makes the characters warm and familiar and char-
ming. It also makes their eventual death (for some) and trauma (for all) deeply affecting.
If you are an adult who can imagine reading for more than one reason (the pleasures of story, the
joy of immersing yourself in another world), the Harry Potter books become enormously appea-
ling.
Adapted from:
www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/26/15856668/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-explained

Questions:

1- Who wrote the Harry Potter books?

2- Did the first Harry Potter book have the same name in England and in the U.S?
3- Did People use to read Harry Potter books in isolation?
4- What is Web. 2.0?
5- Are there adults who read the Harry Potter books?
6- What do some critics say about adults who read them?
7- What do the Harry Potter book combine?

Page 12
 Text 5 - 30 random facts about
'The Simpsons'
Previous vocabulary
To predict(ed) – prever Opening theme song – canção de abertura
To appear(ed) – aparecer Back to back – um atrás do outro
To count(ed) – contar Couch gag – piada do sofá
To name(d) – dar nome Running time – tempo de duração
To substitute(d) – substituir Crudely – imperfeitamente, defeituosamente
To worship(ed) – adorar, cultuar Animated – animado
To resemble(d) – ter semelhança, fazer lembrar Shots – episódios de curta duração
To share(d) – compartilhar Dysfunctional – disfuncional
To add(ed) – adicionar Birth – nascimento
To quote(d) – citar Phenomenon – fenômeno
To inspire(d) – inspirar Donut – rosquinha
To invent(ed) – inventar Creator – criador
To voice(d) – dar voz, dublar Own – próprio
To release(d) – lançar Anagram – anagrama
To provide(ed) – prover, fornecer Brat – pivete
To require(d) – requerer, exigir Instead – em vez disso
To contain(ed) – conter Instead of – em vez de
To ban(ned) – banir Middle name – nome do meio
To compose(d) – compor Fluently – fluentemente
To shape(d) – dar forma, modelar Arabic – árabe
To adjust(ed) – ajustar Sausage – salsicha
To grant(ed) – conceder Originally – originalmente
To star(red) – estrelar Resemblance – semelhança
To guest-star(red) – aparecer como convidado Satirical – satírico
To draw, drew, drawn – desenhar Conceit – ideia, presunção
To stand out – destacar-se Clown – palhaço
To turn down – recusar Exactly – exatamente
To “embigger” – “engrandalhecer” Toast – brinde
To enlarge(d) – engrandecer Similar – similar
Flipping through TV channels – trocando de Mannerism – jeito, maneira
canal Storyline – enredo, estória
Half-hour – meia hora Signature – assinatura
And counting – e contando Frequently – frequentemente
Secret identity – identidade secreta Alcohol – álcool
Opening sequence – sequência de abertura Scholarly articles – artigos acadêmicos
At the time – naquele tempo, naquela vez Cromulent – aceitável
Background vocals – backing vocals Chalkboard – quadro negro
Lead single – single Generic- genérico
Worldwide – no mundo todo Anywhereness – qualquer lugar
Co-produced – coproduzido Geography – geografia
Law degree – diploma em direito Distinctive – distinto
Page 13
Influential – influente Comment – comentário
Brew – cerveja Validity – validade
Ride – brinquedo Cosmologist – cosmólogo
Heyday – auge Coherent – coerente
Principal – diretor Length – duração, comprimento
Role model – modelo de comportamento Particularly – particularmente
Contactual – contatual Literally – literalmente
Reason – razão Arrival – chegada
Mental institution – manicômio Pageant – festival
Embassy – embaixada Loop – loop
Asylum – asilo

30 random facts about 'The Simpsons'

When crudely drawn animated shorts about a dysfunctional American family began appearing
on Fox's "The Tracey Ullman Show" in 1987, nobody predicted the birth of a cultural phenome-
non.
The show debuted as a half-hour sitcom on December 17, 1989. That's more than 700 episodes
and counting -- and a lot of D'ohs! and donuts.

Whether you like it or not, here are 30 random facts about the show:

1- Creator Matt Groening named the characters after his own family members but substituted
"Bart" for his own name. Matt's parents are named Homer and Marge, and his sisters are named
Maggie and Lisa. Bart was going to be named after Matt, but instead Bart was chosen as it is an
anagram of "brat".
2- Bart's full name is Bartholomew Jojo Simpson;
3- Milhouse's middle name is Mussolini. He has an Italian grandmother and speaks Italian
fluently;
4- Comic Book Guy's real name is Jeff Albertson;
5- Homer's email address is ChunkyLover53@aol.com;
6- In the Arabic version of The Simpsons, Homer is called Omar Shamshoom. In such episodes
Homer drinks soda instead of beer, and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. The
show is known as al-Shamshoon;
7- Smithers was originally drawn as African-American. Writers thought it was too much having a
character who was both gay and black, so changed his skin colour but kept him gay;
8- Of Krusty the Clown's resemblance to Homer, Groening once said: "The satirical conceit that
I was going for at the time was that 'The Simpsons' was about a kid who had no respect for his
father but worshiped a clown who looked exactly like his father";
9- Originally, Krusty was going to be Homer's secret identity – that's why the two look similar
and share mannerisms. However, it was decided that was too complex a storyline to write into
the show.
10- Homer's signature "D'oh!" has been added to the Oxford English Dictionary, and an expres-
sion he frequently uses has inspired a much-quoted toast: "To alcohol! The cause of, and solution
to, all of life's problems."

Page 14
11- Both "enbigger" and "cromulent" are words invented by The Simpsons, and have now been
used in scholarly articles and are in the dictionary;
12- Bart is voiced by a woman, Nancy Cartwright. In an opening sequence during the show's se-
cond season, Bart wrote on the chalkboard, "I am not a 32-year-old woman" (Cartwright's age at
the time).
13- Apart from working at the nuclear power plant, Homer has had 187 other jobs over the cour-
se of the show.
14- The Simpsons released an album in 1990 and the lead single “Do the Bartman” was a worl-
dwide hit. It Was co-produced by Michael Jackson, who also provided background vocals and was
a big fan of the show.
15- Bart's locker combination is 36-24-26, the numbers from AC/DC's "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt
Cheap"
16- Lionel Hutz says he has a law degree from Princeton, a university that does not, in fact, offer
law degrees.
17- The town of Springfield was named for its generic Anywhereness (there are Springfields in
30 U.S. states). Over various episodes, the town's geography has contained rivers, deserts, far-
mland, mountains or whatever the story requires.
18- The characters' distinctive yellow hue was chosen in part to make the show stand out when
someone was flipping through TV channels for something to watch.
19- Time Magazine named it the best TV show of the 20th century and in 1998, it named Bart
Simpson one of the most influential people of the century;
20- An official version of Duff beer, Homer's favorite brew, is sold in three variations near The
Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios.
21- In the show's early-'90s heyday, school principals around the country banned Bart Simpson
T-shirts, fearing he was a bad role model.
22- . It took Danny Elfman three days to compose the show's opening theme song. He's called it
the most popular piece of music of his career.
23- Michael Jackson guest-starred as a mental patient during a third-season episode, "Stark
Raving Dad," in which Homer Simpson is sent to a mental institution. For contractual reasons, he
was credited as John Jay Smith.
24- Exiled WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange guest-starred as himself on an episode in the
show's 23rd season. He recorded his lines over the phone from the Ecuadorian embassy in Bri-
tain, where he has been granted asylum.
25- Among the celebrities who have turned down guest-starring roles on the show, according
to creators' comments on the DVDs, are Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan, Michael Caine, Tom Cruise,
Clint Eastwood, Anthony Hopkins, Quentin Tarantino and Prince.
26- Homer once had a theory that the universe was shaped like a donut. The theory has some
validity, according to cosmologists.
27- Fox owns the rights to the show until 2082.
28- When all the McBain scenes from the show are played back to back, they form a coherent
movie;
29- The couch gag is a way to adjust the show's running time to the necessary length. If it's a
particularly short episode, they make a longer couch gag, like that extra-long circus-themed one
that literally everybody remembers.
30- Showrunner Al Jean wants to end the final episode of The Simpsons with the arrival at a
Christmas pageant. This is how the first episode started, and would make the entire show one
continuous loop;
Adapted from:
www.edition.cnn.com/2014/12/17/showbiz/tv/the-simpsons-25-years-feat/index.html
www.buzzfeed.com/jemimaskelley/al-shamshoon
www.factslides.com/s-The-Simpsons
Page 15
Questions
1- Who created The Simpsons?
2- Who were the characters named after?
3- What's Bart's full name?
4- What's Milhouse full name?
5- What's Homer's name in the Arabic version of the show?
6- Why does Krusty the Clown resembles Homer so much?
7- Has the show ever contributed to English dictionaries?
8- Why do The Simpsons live in a city called Springfield?
9- Can you name some famous people who have guest-starred the show?

Practice and conversation

1- Have you ever watched The Simpsons?
2- What do you think about the show?
3- Who is your favorite character?
4- Do you have a favorite episode?
5- Do you think The Simpsons is an influential TV show?
6- Do you think Bart is a bad role model?

Page 16
 Text 6 - Video Game Industry Silently
Taking Over Entertainment World

Previous vocabulary
To mention(ed) – mencionar Grossing – arrecadação
To learn(ed) – saber Figures – números
To match(ed) – corresponder, estar à altura Major – maior
To earn(ed) – ganhar Hype – atenção, exaltação
To estimate(d) – estimar Release – lançamento
To generate(d) – gerar Category – categoria
To reach(ed) – alcançar Mobile – móvel
To premiere(d) – estrear Mobile phone – telefone celular
To be worth – valer Segment – seguimento
To surpass(ed) – ultrapassar Respectively – respectivamente
To outperform(ed) – superar Snake – cobra, serpente
To classify(ied) – classificar Addicting – viciante
To account(ed) – contabilizar Pre-installed – pré-instalado
To interrupt(ed) – interromper Trend – tendência
To switch(ed) – mudar Console – console
To pave(d) – pavimentar Development – desenvolvimento
To describe(d) – descrever Connectivity – conectividade
To pave the way – pavimentar o caminho Advancement – avanço
To rake in – arrecadar Accessible – acessível
Top-grossing – maior receita Niche – nicho
Gross revenue – receita bruta Understatement – eufemismo
Cloud gaming – jogo em nuvem Booming – em crescimento
Augmented reality – realidade aumentada Room – espaço
Niche Market – mercado de nicho, segmentado Wide room – amplo espaço
Over the years – com o passar dos anos Growth – crescimento
Glitz and glamour – brilho e glamour Continuous – contínuo
Coupled with – junto com Innovation – inovação
As a matter of fact – aliás Offering – oferta
By comparison – em comparação Bright – brilhante
Revenue – receita Bright future – futuro brilhante
Surprised – surpreso Rapid – rápido
Although – embora Rise – ascensão
Sector – setor Realm – reino, domínio

Page 17
 Video Game Industry Silently Taking Over Entertainment World

When one mentions the entertainment industry, most people would think about films and music.
Many people watch the Oscars, Grammys, Golden Globes, MTV Video Music Awards, BRIT Awards,
etc.
Of course, there is a lot of glitz and glamour in the film and music industries. But would you be
surprised to learn that these two are not the Top-grossing sectors in entertainment?
As a matter of fact, these two put together do not even match half the revenue the video game
industry is earning. According to the latest figures, the video game business is now larger than
both the movie and music industries combined, making it a major industry in entertainment.
This year, the global games market is estimated to generate US$152.1 billion from 2.5 billion ga-
mers around the world. By comparison, the global box office industry was worth US$41.7 billion
while global music revenues reached US$19.1 billion in 2018.
Consider the top blockbuster movie to date, Avengers: Endgame. When it premiered on April 16,
it raked in over US$858,373,000 during its opening weekend. It even surpassed last year's Aven-
gers: Infinity War, which generated US$678,815,482 in gross revenue.
But while these films received so much attention and hype from the general public, they failed
to outperform the highest-grossing entertainment launch in history, Grand Theft Auto V's release
back in 2013, which earned US$1 billion in just over three days. Glitz and glamor, after all, don't
directly translate to bigger profits.
The video game industry can be classified into three main categories – PC, mobile, and console
gaming.
Mobile gaming, which includes smartphone and tablet gaming, is the largest segment, accoun-
ting for US$68.5 billion of the total estimated revenue this year, up by 10.2 percent from 2018.
Console gaming is estimated to generate US$47.9 billion in revenues, up 13.4 percent from last
year, while PC gaming is seen earning US$35.7 billion, up 4 percent.
Mobile gaming is expected to take up 59 percent of the global video game market by 2021, whi-
le console and PC gaming will have 22 percent and 19 percent respectively.
Clearly, mobile gaming has gone a long way since its birth in 1997 when the addicting Snake was
pre-installed in over 400 million Nokia phones.
Although mobile gaming was interrupted for several years when the trend switched back to what
was known as the “console wars”, over the years, the development of the smartphone, coupled
with advancements in the internet and connectivity, has paved the way for more exciting gaming
experience with the RPG (role-playing game) and MMORPG (massively multiplayer online role-
-paying game) becoming more accessible to mobile phones.

Page 18
Gaming is no longer just a hobby, and to describe it as a niche market is an understatement. It's a
booming industry with very wide room for growth. And with continuous innovation and the laun-
ching of more game offerings, we can only envision a very bright future for the gaming industry.
The rapid rise of technology will bring the industry to other realms such as cloud gaming, VR
(virtual reality) gaming, and AR (augmented reality) gaming.

Adapted from:

www.ejinsight.com/20191022-video-game-industry-silently-taking-over-entertainment-world/

Questions:

1- What is the Top-grossing sector in entertainment?

2- How large is the video game business nowadays?
3- What is the top blockbuster movie to date?
4- What is the highest-grossing entertainment launch in history and how much did it earn?
5- What are the three categories the game industry can be classified into?
6- Is gaming just a hobby?
7- What is the future of the gaming industry?

Practice and conversation

1- Do you believe people will still buy game consoles in the future?
2- Do you think more people will play video games in the future?
3- Would you say video games are children stuff?
4- What do you think of vintage video games?
5- Do you believe people can learn playing video games?
6- What are the effects video games have on children?
7- Do you think violent games can lead to violence in real life?

Notes

Page 19
 Text 7 - What Is Social Networking
Addiction?

Previous vocabulary
To refer(ed) (to) – referir-se (a) Update – atualização
To compel(led) – compelir, obrigar Profile – perfil
To interfere(d) – interferir Excess – excesso
To check(ed) – verificar Excessive – excessivo
To stalk(ed) – seguir, perseguir Dependency – dependência
To conclude(d) – concluir Fondness – afeição, gosto
To record(ed) – gravar, anotar Random – aleatório
To follow(ed) – seguir Stranger – estranho
To rank(ed) – classificar Cigarette – cigarro
To scan(ned) – escanear Alcohol – álcool
To stimulate(d) – estimular Booze – álcool
To observe(d) – observar Experimente – experimento
To cause(d) – causar Cravings – desejo
To consider(ed) – considerar Ahead – à frente
To theorize(d) – teorizar Self-disclosure – falar de si mesmo
To impair(ed) – prejudicar Functional – funcional
To add(ed) – adicionar Pleasure – prazer
To spread, spread, spread – espalhar Center – centro
To lead, led, led – levar Clinicians – clínicos
To cross the line – cruzar a linha, passar dos Symptoms – sintomas
limites Anxiety – ansiedade
Back then – naquela época Disorder – problema, desordem
To hook up – colocar Lack – falta
For hours on end – por horas a fio Data – dados
Addiction – vício Phenomenon – fenômeno
Addicted – viciado (adjetivo) Performance – desempenho
Addict – viciado (substantivo) Relationship – relacionamento
Harmful – prejudicial Pathological – patológico
Damaging – danoso, prejudicial Bible – bíblia
Context – contexto So far – até agora
Compulsion – compulsão As of – até

What Is Social Networking Addiction?

Addiction usually refers to compulsive behavior that leads to negative effects. In most addic-
tions, people feel compelled to do certain activities so often that they become a harmful habit,
which then interferes with other important activities such as work or school.
In that context, a social networking addict could be considered someone with a compulsion to
use social media to excess — constantly checking facebook status updates or "stalking" people's

Page 20
profiles, for example, for hours on end.
But it's hard to tell when fondness for an activity becomes a dependency and crosses the line
into a damaging habit or addiction. Does spending three hours a day on Twitter reading random
tweets from strangers mean you're addicted to Twitter? How about five hours?
Researchers at Chicago University concluded that social media addiction can be stronger than
addiction to cigarettes and booze following an experiment in which they recorded the cravings
of several hundred people for several weeks. Media cravings ranked ahead of cravings for ciga-
rettes and alcohol.
At Harvard University, researchers actually hooked people up to functional MRI machines to scan
their brains and see what happens when they talk about themselves, which is a key part of what
people do in social media. They found that self-disclosure communication stimulates the brain's
pleasure centers much as sex and food do.
Plenty of clinicians have observed symptoms of anxiety, depression and some psychological
disorders in people who spend too much time online, but little hard evidence has been found
proving that social media or Internet use caused the symptoms. There's a similar lack of data
about social networking addiction.
Some people consider excessive use of social networks simply the latest form of "Internet Addic-
tion Disorder," a phenomenon people first began writing about in the 1990s when Internet use
was starting to spread. Even back then, people theorized that heavy use of the Internet might
impair people's performance at work, in school, and in family relationships.
Nearly 20 years later, there is still no agreement that excessive use of the Internet or social ne-
tworking services is pathological or should be considered a medical disorder. Some have asked
the American Psychological Association to add Internet addiction to the official medical bible of
disorders, but the APA has so far refused (at least as of this writing).

Adapted from:

www.lifewire.com/what-is-social-networking-addiction-2655246

Questions:

1- What is an addiction?
2- What would a social networking addict be like?
3- What did researchers from Chicago University conclude?
4- What did researchers from Harvard University do?
5- What symptoms have clinicians observed in people who spend too much time online?
6- When did people start writing about internet addiction disorder?
7- Has the American Psychological Association added internet addiction to the oficial medical
bible of disorders?

Page 21
 Text 8 - 5 major differences between the
lives of millennials and baby boomers

Previous vocabulary

To tend(ed) – tender Rural – rural

To move(d) – mudar-se Pastoral – interior, rural
To migrate(d) – migrar Unlike – diferentemente
To offer(ed) – oferecer Report – relatório
To aspire(d) – aspirar Perks – vantagens, benefícios
To compare(d) – comparar Diversity – diversidade
To motivate(d) – motivar Safety – segurança
To matter(ed) – ter importância Status – status
To define(d) – definir Ability – habilidade
To consider(ed) – considerar Impact – impacto
To demand(ed) – demandar, exigir Wherever – onde quer que
To decline(d) – declinar, diminuir Survey – pesquisa
To drop(ped) – cair Poll – pesquisa
To reflect(ed) – refletir Candidate – candidato
To drive, drove, driven – guiar Potential – potencial
To rewrite, rewrote, rewritten – reescrever Growth – crescimento
To put off – adiar Promotion – promoção
To pay off – pagar Overall – geral
To be all about – só querer saber de Workforce – trabalhadores
To be credited – levar o crédito Previous – prévio, anterior
En masse – em massa Independently – independentemente
To get more out of work – conseguir mais do Meanwhile – enquanto isso
trabalho Loyalty – lealdade
To be likely – ser, estar propenso Likely – provável
On the other hand – por outro lado Period – período
Health-conscious – preocupado com a saúde Taste – gosto
More than ever – mais do que nunca Consumer – consumidor
Locally sourced – de produção local Predecessor – antecessor
Due to – devido a Proper – apropriado
As a whole – no geral Weight – peso
When it comes to – quando se trata de Height – altura
Instead of – em vez de Habit – hábito
Instead – em vez disso Recente – recente
Member – membro Shift – mudança
Mostly – majoritariamente Preference – preferência
Yet – no entanto Rise – ascensão
Cohort – coorte Gluten-free – sem glúten
Employment – emprego Vegan – vegano
Suburb – subúrbio All natural – cem por cento natural
Cost – custo Grocery – mercado, venda
Educated – educado Aisle – corredor
Especially – especialmente Age – idade
Urban – urbano Demographic – demográfico
Suburban – suburbano Tastemaker – formador de opinião

Page 22
Transparency – transparência Crisis – crise
Sustainable – sustentável Price – preço
Practice – prática Lift – carona
Option – opção Gadget – aparelho eletrônico
Percentage – percentual Savings account – poupança
Homeowner – proprietário de casa Majority – maioria
Renter – locador Mere – mero
Steadly – firmemente Range – raio, alcance
Earnings – ganhos Rate – taxa
Income – renda Annual – anual
Assets – ativos Unmarried – não casado
Wealth – riqueza Recession – recessão
Eviction – evicção, perda do bem Trend – tendência
Foreclosure – execução de hipoteca Increase – aumento
Mortgage – hipoteca Decline – declínio
Loan – empréstimo Religiousness – religiosidade
Notice – aviso

5 major differences between the lives of millennials and baby boomers

Millennials are America's biggest generation, with 95 million members in their 20s and 30s.
They're mostly the children of baby boomers — now America's second largest generation. Yet
millennials differ from their parents in several key ways, and the cohort is rewriting the rules for
everything from marriage to employment to the food industry.
Here are five of the biggest ways millennials live differently than their parents' generation.

1 – Millennials are more happy in cities than in suburbs.

Millennials are all about big city living and the cost of living that comes with it.
Educated millennials especially tend to move to more expensive urban centers. Unlike baby
boomers and their parents, who migrated to the suburbs en masse, millennials find happiness in
cities, according to a Regional Studies report. Larger, more urban environments offer millennials
the perks of diversity, economic opportunities, entertainment, safety, and a feeling of status.
When baby boomers were in their 20s and 30s, on the other hand, they aspired more to live in
suburban homes in smaller, pastoral regions. Today, millennials are the first generation to be
more happy with urban life than rural life. Unlike baby boomers, they are least happy in places
with fewer than 8,000 people. And millennials are the only generation that's happier living in
places with 250,000 or more people.

2 – Millennials want to get more out of work.

Compared to baby boomers, millennials are more motivated by their ability to make an impact
wherever they work. According to a Global Report survey, 74% of millennial job candidates want
a job where they feel like their work matters.
They also want the potential for growth and promotion: The Addison Group found that more than
67% of millennials want to reach manager status, compared to just 58% of the overall workfor-
ce. They're also less afraid than previous generations to change jobs or work independently.

Page 23
Baby boomers, meanwhile, are driven more by loyalty, and they're more likely to work for the
same company for long periods of time — a 2016 poll found 40% of boomers stayed with an
employer for at least 20 years, and 18% stayed for 30 years or more.

3 – Millennials are more health-conscious — and they're driving tastes in the food industry.

Millennials are more health-conscious consumers than their predecessors.

A 2013 Aetna poll found baby boomers were most likely to define “healthy” as not falling sick
and being the proper weight for your height. Meanwhile, millennials were the more likely gene-
ration to consider good eating habits and physical activity in their definitions of healthy.
millennials can be credited for several recent shifts in food preferences, including the rise of
gluten-free, vegan, and all-natural options in the grocery aisle.
As the largest US age demographic, millennials are the key tastemakers in the food industry right
now. More than ever, millennials are demanding transparency from the food industry, as well as
sustainable food practices and locally sourced, natural options.

4 – They have less money than their parents, and they're slower to buy homes.

In the last decade, the percentage of millennial homeowners and renters has steadily declined.
This may be due to the fact that as a whole, millennials have less money than their parents did
at the same age. According to the Federal Reserve, millennials have lower earnings, fewer assets,
and less wealth compared to baby boomers.
A study by the Pew Research Center found that “millennial households are earning more than
previous generations did at their age nearly any time in the past 50 years.” So what does this
mean? Overall, as individuals, millennials are making less money, but income for married cou-
ples (household incomes) is up.
When it comes to spending, millennials are slower to own homes than previous generations.
Growing up through the evictions and foreclosure notices of the 2008 financial crisis, millennials
spend more money than their predecessors on high rent prices and paying off student loans.
Research from a Charles Schwab report found that instead of mortgages, millennials are more
likely to spend their paychecks on transportation like Ubers and Lifts, coffee, gadgets, clothes,
and live entertainment and sports.
But millennials are less likely to have money in the bank, as well. A 2015 GoBankingRates survey
found that a majority of millennials have less than $1,000 in their savings accounts, and many
have nothing at all.

5 – And they're putting off marriage.

America's youngest generations are less likely to marry during their 20s. Nearly 50% of baby
boomers were married between the ages of 18 to 32, while a mere 26% of millennials are mar-
ried in the same age range.
From 1970 to 2012, the U.S. marriage rate dropped 60% — from 74 annual marriages for every
1,000 unmarried women down to 31. The decline in marriage rates among millennials reflects a
number of cultural and economical shifts, including the recession of the late 2000s. Other trends
like the increase in women in the workforce and the decline in religiousness have also shaped
millennials' views of marriage.
Adapted from:
www.businessinsider.com/difference-millennials-baby-boomers-2019-4

Page 24
 Text 9 - Brazil's failed educational
system creates illiterate students

Previous vocabulary

To transform(ed) – transformar Later on – mais tarde

To praise(d) – louvar, parabenizar In turn – por sua vez
To publish(ed) – publicar Period – período
To succeed(ed) – ter sucesso Report – relatório
To extend(ed) – estender Research – pesquisa
To perform(ed) – executar, fazer Rapid – rápido
To involve(d) – envolver Recente – recente
To remain(ed) – permanecer Rapidly – rapidamente
To release(d) – lançar, soltar Expansion – expansão
To demonstrate(d) – demonstrar Growth – crescimento
To focus(ed) (on) – focar (em) Access – acesso
To nurture(d) – nutrir Attendance – frequência, comparecimento
To neglect(d) – negligenciar Effort – esforço
To place(d) – colocar Basic – básico
To correlate(d) – correlacionar-se Progress – progresso
To contain(ed) – conter Despite – apesar de, a despeito de
To highlight(ed) – enfatizar, destacar Overall – geral
To translate(d) – traduzir Literacy – alfabetização
To assume(d) – presumir Illiteracy – analfabetismo
To face(d) – encarar Functional illiteracy – analfabetismo funcional
To misappropriate(d) – empregar indevidamen- Rate – taxa
te Understanding – compreensão
To explore(d) – explorar Daily – diário
To contribute(d) – contribuir Task – tarefa
To monitor(ed) – monitorar Numeracy – números
To include(d) – incluir Persistent – persistente
To misreport(ed) – prestar informações erradas Shadow – sombra
ou falsas Assessment – teste, avaliação
To grow, grew, grown – crescer Sufficient – suficiente
To show, showed, shown – mostrar Proficiency – proficiência
To pay attention (to) – prestar atenção (em) Findings – descobertas
To play a role – desempenhar um papel Numerical – numérico
To leave many behind – deixar muitos para trás Mathematical – matemático
Middle-income country – país de renda média Subtraction – subtração
Primary school – escola primária Sum – soma
Early childhood – primeira infância Digit – dígito
Extra-curricular activity – atividade extracurri- Skill – habilidade
cular While – enquanto
According to – de acordo com Desirable – desejável
Unaccounted for – inexplicado, não contabiliza- Level – nível
do Able – capaz
NGO – ONG Additionally – adicionalmente
Page 25
Continued – continuado Discrepancy – discrepância, diferença
Trend – tendência Rural – rural
High – alto Directly – diretamente
Distortion – distorção Adult – adulto
Appropriate – apropriado Founder – fundador
Age – idade Domestic – doméstico
Alike – da mesma forma Respectively – respectivamente
Curriculum – currículo Governance – governança
Creativity – criatividade Specifically – especificamente
Culture – cultura Mayor – prefeito
Arts – artes Imminent – iminente
Score – pontuação Re-election – reeleição
Poor – pobre, ruim Horizon – horizonte
Subject – matéria Element – elemento
Area – área Lack – falta
Science – ciência Accountability – responsabilidade fiscal
Meanwhile – enquanto isso Inefficiency – ineficiência
Typically – tipicamente Financial – financeiro
Full – inteiro Contribution – contribuição
Responsibility – responsabilidade Machanism – mecanismo
Fundamental – fundamental Leakage – vazamento
Development – desenvolvimento Pervasive – disseminado
Within – dentro, dentre Pupil – aluno
Inequality – desigualdade Fund – fundo
Neighborhood – bairro, vizinhança Destruction – destruição
Income – renda Archive – arquivo
Race – raça Diversion – desvio
Mixed – misturado, miscigenado Bonus – bônus
Resident – residente
Huge – enorme
Resource – recurso

Brazil's failed educational system creates illiterate students

Over a fifteen-year period, Brazil “transformed its education system”, according to a 2010 OECD
report praising the country's rapid expansion of public education. The growth of access to edu-
cation and school attendance grew rapidly over those fifteen years: by the time the OECD pu-
blished its 2010 report, state efforts had succeeded in extending access to basic education to 95
percent of the population using public administration frameworks.
But despite progress in getting children into schools and its status as a middle-income country,
Brazil's schools are still leaving many behind. While overall literacy rates are high – 92.6 percent,
according to UNESCO's 2015 report – functional illiteracy, where students don't have enough
understanding to perform basic, daily tasks involving numeracy, reading, and writing, remains a
persistent shadow. Brazil's 2016 National Literacy Assessment (ANA), released this week, showed
that just 55 percent of 8-year-old students demonstrated ‘sufficient' proficiency in reading and
writing.
Page 26
The same report showed similar findings when it came to numerical literacy. Only 45 percent
had ‘sufficient' mathematical skills, while just 27 percent demonstrated ‘desirable' levels, able
to perform tasks like subtraction with three-digit numbers. Additionally, recent findings demons-
trate a continued trend of high distortion rates, where students show a literacy or mathematical
level lower than appropriate for their age. According to the ANA, just 45 percent of 8-year-old
students were able to read and write at the level appropriate for their age.
And while students and teachers alike focus on reading, writing and mathematical sums, UNES-
CO's most recent research showed that primary schools in Brazil are “paying little attention to
other parts of the curriculum nurturing creativity, culture, and the arts”. This results in poor sco-
res in other subject areas later on: Brazil's 15-year-old students were among some of the poorest
performers in some OECD science tests. Meanwhile, families typically place full responsibility
for children's education on the schools themselves, neglecting extra-curricular help that is fun-
damental to early childhood development.
Within cities, educational inequality correlates with neighborhood incomes – which in turn
correlates with race. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, poorer neighborhoods contained the highest
levels of black and mixed-race residents, in addition to higher functional illiteracy and distortion
rates.
But UNESCO's report highlighted the huge resource discrepancies existing between schools in
Brazil's cities and its rural areas: 90 percent of computers in schools in cities are connected to
the internet, compared to 60 percent in rural areas. This directly translated to adult life, accor-
ding to the founder of NGO Education For All, Priscila Cruz, who writes: “In the rural economy, in
domestic services and in construction, we find the highest rates of functional illiteracy: respecti-
vely, 70, 42, and 41 percent.”
Governance plays a larger role than some may assume, according to UNESCO's research. Spe-
cifically in Brazil, local mayors facing imminent re-election “misappropriated 27 percent fewer
resources” than those whose elections were a little further away on the horizon. But other ele-
ments explored in the report showed that a lack of accountability within the system could be
contributing to its inefficiency.
While all levels of government made financial contributions to public education systems, “with
no systematic monitoring mechanism, leakage became pervasive, including cases of misrepor-
ting of the number of pupils enrolled, funds unaccounted for, destruction of archives and diver-
sion of teacher salaries and bonuses”.
Adapted from:
www.brazilian.report/society/2017/10/27/brazil-educational-system-illiteracy-stats/

Questions:

1- How did Brazil transform its educational system?

2- What are the numbers for functional illiteracy among Brazilian students?
3- What are distortion rates?
4- According to UNESCO's report, what aspects are Brazilians primary schools paying little atten-
tion to? What does it result in?
5- What do Brazilian families typically neglect?
6- What is educational inequality correlated with?
7- Is there any educational discrepancies between urban and rural areas in Brazil?
8- Do elections influence education in Brazil?
9- Is there proper educational governance in Brazil?

Page 27
 Text 10 - Almost One Third of Americans
Don't Trust the Media: Poll

Previous vocabulary
To release, released, released – lançar, publicar Decision – decisão
To compare, compared, compared (to) – compa- Skepticism – ceticismo
rar (a) Skeptical – cético
To interview, interviewed, interviewed – entre- Throughout – por toda a extensão
vistar Whether – se
To lack, lacked, lacked – carecer de Debate – debate
To round, rounded, rounded – arredondar Legitimate – legítimo
One-third – um terço Confidente – confiante
Poll – pesquisa Danger – perigo
Reporting – reportagem, informação Democracy – democracia
According to – de acordo com Overwhelmingly – esmagadoramente
Release – publicação Lack – falta
How often – com que frequência Candidate – candidato
Often – frequentemente Policymaker – aquele que faz políticas públicas
Each – cada Each other – um ao outro
Trust – confiança Margin – margem
Distrust – desconfiança Error – erro
Rarely – raramente Plus – mais
Policy – política (política pública, por exemplo) Minus – menos
Politicians – políticos In danger – em perigo
Campaign – campanha Margin of error of plus or minus – margem de
Lawmaker – legislador erro para mais ou para menos

Page 28
 Almost One Third of Americans Don't Trust the Media: Poll

Around one-third of Americans don't trust that the media's reporting is based on factual informa-
tion, according to a new poll from The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research
and USAFacts.

The poll, released Nov. 20, asked Americans “how often” they think each of the questions asked
“are based on factual information.” It found that about two in 10 – or less – Americans trust that
the media's reporting is based on facts. Only 21% of Americans always or often trust the me-
dia and 47% sometimes have that trust. 31% said that they rarely or never believe that media
reports based on facts, the poll found.

This distrust was even bigger when Americans were asked if they believe that the decisions
made by policy makers are fact-based. The poll found that 55% of those polled only sometimes
believe in their lawmakers decisions, and only 14% always or often trust them.
The trend of skepticism continued throughout the questions, with many Americans expressing
doubt about whether their fellow Americans vote based on facts. Americans also doubted whe-
ther political candidates' campaign messages are fact-based and if debates between candidates
are legitimate, according to the poll. Only 9% always or often trusted in politicians' campaign
messages.

Republicans are more skeptical of Democrats and baby boomers are less confident in what politi-
cians say compared to millennials, the poll also found.
“Democracy is in danger when Americans so overwhelmingly lack trust in the candidates, the
policymakers, the news media, and each other,” USAFacts President Poppy MacDonald said ac-
cording to a press release.
October's poll saw 1,032 U.S. adults interviewed between Oct. 15-28, Axios reported. There is a
margin of error of plus or minus 4.2% and the final numbers were rounded.
www.nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/almost-one-third-americans-dont-trust-media-poll-98697
Questions:

1- Do all americans believe the media's reporting is based on factual information?

2- What percentage of Americans believe the decisions made by policy makers are fact-based?
3- What percentage of Americans trust politician's campaign messages?
4- Who are more skeptical, Republicans or Democrats?
5- What did USA Facts President Poppy MacDonald say about the poll?

Practice and conversation

1- Do you believe media influences people's opinion?
2- What's the difference between media and public opinion?
3- Why do you think so many people don't trust the mainstream media?
4- Do you trust the mainstream media? Why or why not?
5- Do you believe alternative media? Why or why not?
6- Can you name journalists or communication medias you trust?
7- Can you name journalists or communication medias you don't trust?

Page 29
 Text 11 - Gangsta's Paradise
Previous vocabulary

To brass(ed) – detonar Pistol – pistola

To desserve(d) – merecer Smoke – fumaça
To treat(ed) – tratar As – enquanto
To line(d) – marcar, desenhar Fool – tolo, trouxa
To trip(ped) – tropeçar, “viajar”, enganar-se Kinda (kind of) – tipo de
To croak(ed) – agonizar, coaxar On my knees – de joelhos
To chase(d) – perseguir Prayer – oração
To arouse(d) – atiçar, provocar Ten – pistola de dez tiros
To front(ed) – fingir, enganar Gleam – brilho
To set tripping – atacar outras gangues Locked out – “aloprado”, trancado do lado de
What's going on – o que está acontecendo fora
What's cooking – o que “tá rolando” Banger – bandido
Unheard of – desconhecido, não se ouviu falar Anger – ódio
Paradise – paraíso Heartbeat – batida do coração, instante
Valley – vale Away – distante
Shadow – sombra Blind – cego
Chalk – giz Out of – sem
Loc – cara, louco Luck – sorte

Gangsta's Paradise

As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death

I take a look at my life and realize there's nothing left
'Cause I've been brassing and laughing so long
That even my momma thinks that my mind's gone

But I ain't never crossed a man that didn't deserve it

Me be treated like a punk, you know that's unheard of
You better watch how ya talking and where ya walking
Or you and your homies might be lined in chalk

I really hate to trip but I gotta, loc

As they croak, I see myself in the pistol smoke
Fool, I'm the kinda G that little homie's wanna be like
On my knees in the night saying prayers in the street light

Been spending most their lives 4x

Living in a gangsta's paradise
Page 30
Forget the situation they got me facing
I can't live a normal life, I was raised by the state
So I gotta be down with the 'hood team
Too much television watching got me chasing dreams

I'm an educated fool with money on my mind

Got my ten in my hand and a gleam in my eye
I'm a locked out gangsta, set tripping banger
And my homies is down so don't arouse my anger

Fool, death ain't nothing but a heartbeat away

I'm living life do or die, what can I say?
I'm twenty-three now, will I ever live to see twenty-four?
The way things is going I don't know.

Tell me why are we so blind to see

That the ones we hurt are you and me?

Been spending most their lives 4x

Living in a gangsta's paradise

Power in the money, money in the power

Minute after minute, hour after hour
Everybody's running, but half of them ain't looking
what's going on in the kitchen
But I don't know what's cooking

They say I gotta learn but nobody's here to teach me

If they can't understand it, how can they reach me?
I guess they can't, I guess they won't
I guess they front
That's why I know my life is out of luck, fool

Been spending most their lives 4x

Living in a gangsta's Paradise

Tell me why are we so blind to see 2x

That the ones we hurt are you and me?
Coolio – Gangsta's Paradise (feat. L.V.)

Page 31
 Text 12 - What makes a good parent?
Previous vocabulary

To move(d) – mover-se Indulgence – indulgência

To incorporate(d) – incorporar Leniency – leniência
To trigger(ed) – desencadear Over-protection – superproteção
To shape(d) – moldar Issue – problema, questão
To determine(d) – determinar Hug – abraço
To strengthen(ed) – fortalecer Hormone – hormônio
To sculpt(ed) – esculpir Neuron – neurônio
To offer(ed) – oferecer Cell – célula
To laugh(ed) – rir Neurochemicals – neuroquímicos
To solve(d) – resolver Warm – quente, caloroso
To carry(ied) – carregar Warmth – calor
To remain(ed) – permanecer Contentment – contentamento
To avoid(ed) – evitar Resilience – resiliência
To enforce(d) – reforçar, aplicar Firm – firme
To punish(ed) – punir Relatively – relativamente
To support(ed) – dar suporte Basically – basicamente
To accept(ed)- aceitar Through – através
To explore(d) – explorar Across – pelo, através
To integrate(d) – integrar Silly – idiota
To coordinate(d) – coordenar Tickle – cócegas
To maintain(ed) – manter Marathon – maratona
To function(ed) – funcionar Attitude – atitude
To describe(d) – descrever Punitive – punitivo
To provide(d) – prover Measure – medida
To mean, meant, meant – significar Limit – limite
To ride, rode, ridden – andar, passear Consistent – consistente
To set, set, set – estabelecer Rule – regra
To strive, strove, striven – empenhar-se, lutar Rather than – em vez de
To thrive, throve, thriven – prosperar, crescer Haven – refúgio
To make sense – fazer sentido Responsive – responsivo, compreensivo
When it comes to – quando se trata de Sensitive – sensível
Walk the walk – dar exemplo pelas ações Signal – sinal
Walk the talk – fazer o que se diz Need – necessidade
To follow suit – seguir o exemplo Individual – indivíduo
Interest – interesse Consistently – consistentemente
Expectation – expectativa Outcome – resultado
Towards – para com, em direção a Carefully – cuidadosamente
Standard – padrão Integration – integração
Role model – modelo de comportamento Harmoniously – harmoniosamente
Tip – dica As a whole – como um todo
Effective – efetivo Fewer – menos, menos número
Skill – habilidade Cooperative – cooperativo
Even though – muito embora Troubling – problemático
Human – humano Experience – experiência
Species – espécie Solution – solução
Imitation – imitação Clarifying – esclarecedor
Carefully – cuidadosamente
Page 32
 What makes a good parent?

A good parent strives to make decisions in the best interest of the child. A good parent doesn't
have to be perfect. No one is perfect. No parent is perfect. No child is perfect either … keeping this
in mind is important when we set our expectations.
But it doesn't mean that we shouldn't work towards that goal.
Set high standards for ourselves first and then our children second. We serve as a role model for
them.
Here are some tips on learning effective parenting skills. Many of them are not quick nor easy. And
probably no one can do all of them all of the time. But if you can keep working on them, even thou-
gh you may only do part of these some of the time, you will still be moving in the right direction.
1 – Be a good role model:
Walk the walk. Don't just tell your child what you want them to do. Show them.
Human is a special species in part because we can learn by imitation. We are programmed to copy
other's actions to understand them and to incorporate them into our own. Children, in particular,
watch everything their parents do very carefully.
So, be the person you want your child to be — respect your child, show them positive behavior and
attitude, have empathy towards your child's emotion — and your child will follow suit.
2 – Show your love.
There is no such thing as loving your child too much. Loving them cannot spoil them.
Only what you choose to do (or give) in the name of love can — things like material-indulgence,
leniency, low expectation, and over-protection. When these things are given in place of real love,
that's when you'll have a spoiled child.
Loving your child can be as simple as giving them hugs, spending time with them and listening to
their issues seriously.
Showing these acts of love can trigger the release of feel-good hormones such as oxytocin, opioids,
and prolactin. These neurochemicals can bring us a deep sense of calm, emotional warmth and
contentment, from these the child will develop resilience and not to mention a closer relationship
with you.
3 – Practice kind and firm positive parenting:
Babies are born with around 100 billion brain cells (neurons) with relatively little connections.
These connections create our thoughts, drive our actions, shape our personalities and basically
determine who we are. They are created, strengthened and “sculpted” through experiences across
our lives.
Give your child positive experiences. They will have the ability to experience positive experiences
themselves and offer them to others.
Give your child negative experiences an they won't have the kind of development necessary for
them to thrive.
Sing that silly song. Have a tickle marathon. Go to the park. Laugh with your child. Ride through an
emotional tantrum. Solve a problem together with a positive attitude.
Not only do these positive experiences create good connections in your child's brain, but they also
form the memories of you that your child carries for life.
When it comes to discipline, it seems hard to remain positive. But it is possible to practice Positive
Discipline and avoid punitive measures.
Being a good parent means you need to teach your child the moral in what is right and what is
wrong. Setting limits and being consistent are the keys to good discipline. Be kind and firm when
enforcing those rules. Focus on the reason behind the child's behavior. And make it an opportunity
to learn for the future, rather than to punish for the past.
4 – Be a safe haven for your child:
Page 33
Let your child know that you'll always be there for them by being responsive to the child's signals
and sensitive to their needs. Support and accept your child as an individual. Be a warm, safe haven
for your child to explore from.
Children raised by parents who are consistently responsive tend to have better emotional develo-
pment, social development, and mental health outcomes.
5 – Talk with your child:
Most of us already know the importance of communication. Talk to your child and also listen to
them carefully.
By keeping an open line of communication, you'll have a better relationship with your child and
your child will come to you when there's a problem.
But there's another reason for communication — you help your child integrate different parts of
his/her brain.
Integration is similar to our body in which different organs need to coordinate and work together
to maintain a healthy body.
When different parts of the brain are integrated, they can function harmoniously as a whole, which
means fewer tantrums, more cooperative behavior, and more empathy.
To do that, talk through troubling experiences. Ask your child to describe what happened and how
he/she felt.
You don't have to provide solutions. You don't need to have all the answers to be a good parent.
Just listening to them talk and asking clarifying questions will help them make sense of their ex-
periences and integrate memories.

https://www.parentingforbrain.com/how-to-be-a-good-parent-10-parenting-tips/

Questions

1- Why is it important to be a good role model?

2- Can loving our children spoil them?
3- Why is it important to give children positive experiences?
4- When it comes to discipline, how should a parent behave?
5- Why is it important to be responsive to children?
6- Why is it important to communicate with children?

Practice and conversation

1- In your opinion, what's the most difficult thing about being a parent?
2- What are the most important values you want to pass on to your children?
3- What do you think of homeschooling?
4- What do you think one should do when their child throws a tantrum?
5- Many people say that children are too spoiled nowadays? What do you think of it?
6- Do you believe it's harder to deal with a child or a teenager?
7- If you could go back in time and talk to yourself as a child, what would you say?

Page 34
 Text 13 - The five most credible moder-
ns UFO sightings
Previous vocabulary

To view(ed) – ver, visualizar Believable – crível

To reveal(ed) – revelar Unbelievable – inacreditável
To fund(ed) – financiar Sighting – avistamento, visualização
To provide(d) – prover, fornecer Sight – visão
To research(ed) – pesquisar Visible – visível
To ignite(d) – acender Several – diversos
To marvel(ed) – maravilhar Existence – existência
To cause(d) – causar Threat – ameaça
To claim(ed) – alegar Investigation – investigação
To corroborate(d) – corroborar Investigators – investigadores
To note(d) – notar, anotar Program – programa
To notice(d) – notar, perceber Sign – signo, sinal
To report(ed) – reportar Aerial – aéreo
To track(ed) – rastrear Phenomenon – fenômeno
To appear(ed) – aparecer, parecer Phenomena – fenômenos
To plummet(ed) – despencar Revelation – revelação
To hover(ed) – pairar Actively – ativamente
To indicate(d) – indicar Below – abaixo
To attempt(ed) – tentar Above – acima
To intercept(ed) – interceptar Over – em cima
To accelerate(d) – acelerar Turnpike – pedágio
to spot(ted) – detectar Metro-area – área metropolitana
to investigate(d) – investigar Resident – residente
to estimate(d) – estimar Citizen – cidadão
to span(ned) – abranger Townspeople – moradores
To deny(ied) – negar Alongside – ao longo
to decline(d) – declinar, negar Toward – em direção a
to leak(ed) – vazar Upward – para cima
to emerge(d) – emergir Downward – para baixo
to shoot, shot, shot – atirar, acelerar Formation – formação
to break a hole – fazer um buraco Waterway – canal, via fluvial
To get ready – ficar pronto, aprontar-se Bridge – ponte
To date – até hoje Witness – testemunha
Employee – funcionário As well as – assim como
Saucer – pires, disco voador Marveled – maravilhado
Lieutenant (Lt.) – tenente Air traffic – tráfego aéreo
Ace – às Controller – controlador
Commander – comandante Initially – inicialmente
Squadron – esquadrão Jet – jato
Credible – crível Fighter jet – caça
Incredible – incrível Flight – voo

Page 35
Mysterious – misterioso Exhaust – saída, escapamento
Known as – conhecido como Plume – tubo
Unknown – desconhecido Tarmac – asfalto, alcatrão
Radar – radar Metallic – metálico
Data – dados, informações Gate – portão
Encounter – encontro Hole – buraco
Carrier – porta-aviões Enough – suficiente
Strike – ataque Cloud – nuvem
Vehicle – veículo News report – reportagem
Craft – nave Most read – mais lido
Aircraft – aeronave Dairy farm – fazenda de gado leiteiro
Coast – costa Dozen – dúzia
Crew – tripulação Unique – único, especial
Churning – agitado Strobe light – luz estroboscópica
Shadow – sombra Wide – largo
Oval – oval Reminiscent – reminiscente, que faz lembrar
Underneath – embaixo Technologically – tecnologicamente
Surface – superfície Advanced – avançado
Marking – marca, marcação Current – atual
Engine – motor Ability – habilidade
Wing – asa Along with – junto com
Infrared – infravermelho Simultaneously – simultaneamente
Monitor – monitor

The five most credible moderns UFO sightings

In 2017, several news organizations revealed the existence of the Advanced Aviation Threat Iden-
tification Program (AATIP), a U.S. government-funded investigation into unidentified flying objects
from 2007 to 2012. This secret $22 million program, however, was not the first of its kind. Official
government UFO studies began in the late 1940s with Project Sign, providing some of the most
credible videos of aerial phenomena to date. The 2017 revelation that the U.S. government was
actively researching UFOs re-ignited world interest in UFOs and aliens. Below are five of the most
believable UFO sightings of the 21st century.
1. The Lights Above the New Jersey Turnpike (2001)
It takes a lot for motorists to stop alongside a highway to look toward the sky, but on July 14, 2001,
drivers on the New Jersey Turnpike did just that. For around 15 minutes just after midnight, they
marveled at the sight of strange orange-and-yellow lights in a V formation over the Arthur Kill Wa-
terway between Staten Island, New York, and Carteret, New Jersey. Carteret Police Department's
Lt. Daniel Tarrant was one of the witnesses, as well as other metro-area residents from the Throgs
Neck Bridge on Long Island and Fort Lee, New Jersey near the George Washington Bridge.
Air-traffic controllers initially denied that any airplanes, military jets or space flights could have
caused the mysterious lights, but a group known as the New York Strange Phenomena Investi-
gators (NY-SPI) claimed to receive FAA radar data that corroborated the UFO sightings from that
night.

Page 36
2. The USS Nimitz Encounter (2004)
On November 14, 2004, the USS Princeton, part of the USS Nimitz carrier strike group, noted an
unknown craft on radar 100 miles off the coast of San Diego. For two weeks, the crew had been
tracking objects that appeared at 80,000 feet and then plummeted to hover right above the Pacific
Ocean.
When two FA-18F fighter jets from the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz arrived in the area, they first
saw what appeared to be churning water, with a shadow of an oval shape underneath the surface.
Then, in a few moments, a white Tic Tac-shaped object appeared above the water. It had no visible
markings to indicate an engine, wings or windows, and infrared monitors didn't reveal any exhaust.
Black Aces Commander David Fravor and Lt. Commander Jim Slaight of Strike Fighter Squadron 41
attempted to intercept the craft, but it accelerated away, re-appearing on radar 60 miles away. It
moved three times the speed of sound and more than twice the speed of the fighter jets.
3. O'Hare International Airport Saucer (2006)
Flight 446 was getting ready to fly to North Carolina from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport,
when a United Airlines employee on the tarmac noticed a dark grey metallic craft hovering over
gate C17. That day, November 7, 2006, a total of 12 United employees—and a few witnesses out-
side the airport—spotted the saucer-shaped craft around 4:15 p.m.
The witnesses say it hovered for about five minutes before shooting upward, where it broke a hole
in the clouds—enough that pilots and mechanics could see the blue sky. The news report became
the most-read story on The Chicago Tribune's website to that date and made international news.
However, because the UFO was not seen on radar, the FAA called it a “weather phenomenon” and
declined to investigate.
4. The Stephenville Sightings (2008)
The small town of Stephenville, Texas, 100 miles southwest of Dallas, is mostly known for its dairy
farms, but in the evening of January 8, 2008, dozens of its residents viewed something unique in
the sky. Citizens reported seeing white lights above Highway 67, first in a single horizontal arc
and then in vertical parallel lines. Local pilot Steve Allen estimated that the strobe lights “span-
ned about a mile long and a half mile wide,” traveling about 3,000 miles per hour. No sound was
reported.
Witnesses believed the event was reminiscent of the Phoenix Lights sightings of 1997. While the
U.S. Air Force revealed weeks later that F-16s were flying in the Brownwood Military Operating
Areas (just southwest of Stephenville), many townspeople didn't buy that explanation, believing
that what they saw was too technologically advanced for current human abilities.
5. East Coast GO FAST Video (2015)
Leaked in 2017 along with the news of the Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program, was
a video that revealed an encounter between an F/A-18 Super Hornet and an unidentified flying
vehicle. Seen along the East Coast on a Raytheon Advanced Targeting Forward-Looking Infrared
(ATFLIR) Pod, the craft was similar to that spotted off San Diego in 2004: a fast-moving white oval
about 45-feet-long without wings or exhaust plume.
The pilots tracked the object at 25,000 feet above the Atlantic Ocean as it flew away and simulta-
neously rotated on its axis. No explanation ever emerged.
https://www.history.com/news/ufo-sightings-credible-modern

Page 37
 Text 14 - Thriller

Previous vocabulary
To lurk(ed) – espreitar Sight – visão
To scream(ed) – gritar Killer – assassino
To freeze(d) – congelar Inside – dentro
To paralyze(d) – paralisar Imagination – imaginação
To slam(med) – bater Outta (out of) – sem
To realize(d) – dar-se conta, perceber Masquerade – disfarce, baile de máscaras
To wonder(ed) – imaginar, ficar imaginando Escaping – escapatória
To hope(d) – esperar, ter esperança Jaw – mandíbula
To possess(ed) – possuir Open wide – completamente aberto
To cuddle(d) – abraçar-se, acariciar Unless – a menos que
To thrill(ed) – emocionar, empolgar Dial – discagem
To share(d) – compartilhar Screen – tela
To crawl(ed) – engatinhar Across – através, por todo
To terrorize(d) – aterrorizar Blood – sangue
To face(d) – encarar Y'all's – de todos vocês
To rot(ted) – apodrecer Neighborhood – vizinhança
To seal(ed) – selar Whom – quem (oblíquo de “who”)
To shiver(ed) – tremer Whomsoever – quem quer que
To resist(ed) – resistir Soul – alma (música negra americana)
To stand, stood, stood – ficar de pé, permanecer To get down – dançar, se divertir, partir para a
To fall, fell, fallen – cair ação
To get, got, gotten – pegar Hound – cão, cão de caça
To creep, crept, crept – rastejar Shell – concha, casca
To strike, struck, struck – atacar Stench – fedor
To fight, fought, fought – lutar Foul – sujo
To close in – se aproximar Funk – funk
Close at hand – próximo, ao alcance Grisly – medonho
In search of – a procura de Tomb – túmulo, tumba
To hold you tight – te abraçar apertado Doom – desgraça, condenação
Right between the eyes – bem entre os olhos Mere – mero
All the while – enquanto isso Mortal – mortal
Thriller – suspense, terror Immortal – imortal

Page 38
 Thriller
It's close to midnight and something evil's lurkin' from the dark
Under the moonlight you see a sight that almost stops your heart
You try to scream but terror takes the sound before you make it
You start to freeze as horror looks you right between the eyes,
You're paralyzed

'Cause this is thriller, thriller night

And no one's gonna save you from the beast about to strike
You know it's thriller, thriller night
You're fighting for your life inside a killer, thriller tonight

You hear the door slam and realize there's nowhere left to run
You feel the cold hand and wonder if you'll ever see the sun
You close your eyes and hope that this is just imagination, girl
But all the while you hear a creature creepin' up behind
You're outta time

'Cause this is thriller, thriller night

There ain't no second chance against the thing with the forty eyes, girl
Thriller, thriller night
You're fighting for your life inside a killer, thriller tonight

Night creatures call

And the dead start to walk in their masquerade
There's no escaping the jaws of the alien this time (they're open wide)
This is the end of your life

They're out to get you, there's demons closing in on every side

They will possess you unless you change that number on your dial
Now is the time for you and I to cuddle close together
All through the night I'll save you from the terror on the screen,
I'll make you see

That this is thriller, thriller night

'Cause I can thrill you more than any ghoul could ever dare try
Thriller, thriller night
So let me hold you tight and share a killer, thriller, chiller
Thriller here tonight

'Cause this is thriller, thriller night

Girl, I can thrill you more than any ghoul could ever dare try
Thriller, thriller night
So let me hold you tight and share a killer, thriller

Page 39
I'm gonna thrill you tonight

Darkness falls across the land

The midnight hour is close at hand
Creatures crawl in search of blood
To terrorize y'all's neighborhood
And whomsoever shall be found
Without the soul for getting down
Must stand and face the hounds of hell
And rot inside a corpse's shell

I'm gonna thrill you tonight...

The foulest stench is in the air

The funk of forty thousand years
And grisly ghouls from every tomb
Are closing in to seal your doom
And though you fight to stay alive
Your body starts to shiver
For no mere mortal can resist
The evil of the thriller

Practice and conversation

1- What do you think of this song?

2- Have you ever watched Thriller's vídeo clip?
3- What do you think of Michael Jackson?
4- Do you like to watch horror movies?
5- Do you have nightmares when you watch them?
6- What's the most terrifying horror movie you have ever watched?

Page 40
 Text 15 - The Seven Natural Wonders
of the World
Previous vocabulary
To demonstrate(d) – demonstrar
To describe(d) – descrever
To recognize(d) – reconhecer
To ensure(d) – garantir, certificar-se
To compile(d) – compilar
To span(ned) – abranger
To dispute(d) – disputar, causar discussão
To situate(d) – situar
To measure(d) – medir
To form(ed) – formar
To estimate(d) – estimar
To speculate(d) – especular
To stipulate(d) – estipular
To reinvogorate – revigorar
To execute(d) – executar
To expect(ed) – esperar, ter expectativas
To remain(ed) – permanecer
To carve(d) – esculpir, entalhar
To prevent(ed) – prevenir, evitar
To approach(ed) – aproximar-se, abordar
To observe(d) – observar
To document(ed) – documentar
To witness(ed) – testemunhar
To erupt(ed) – entrar em erupção
To refer(red) (to) – referir-se (a)
To view(ed) – ver
To charge(d) -carregar
To enter(ed) – entrar
To interact(ed) – interagir
To cross(ed) – cruzar, atravessar
To name(ed) – nomear, dar o nome
To rename(d) – renomear
To thunder(ed) – trovejar
To announce(d) – anunciar
To consider(ed) – considerar
To qualify(ied) – qualificar-se
To stretch(ed) – esticar, estender
To host(ed) – hospedar, abrigar
To stablish(ed) – estabelecer
To wreak(ed) – causar
To manage(d) – conseguir
To capture(d) – capturar
To rank(ed) – classificar
To record(ed) – gravar, registrar
To scale(d) – escalar
To climb(ed) – escalar
To reach(ed) – alcançar
To undergo, underwent, undergone – submeter-
-se
To mean, meant, meant – ter a intenção
To grow, grew, grown – crescer
To look forward to – aguardar ansiosamente
Last, but not least – último, mas não menos
importante
To wreak havoc – causar estragos
To put in place – colocar
To set apart – separar
To go quiet – aquietar-se
Wonder – maravilha
Attraction – atração
Astonishing – surpreendente, espantoso
Impressive – impressionante
Breathtaking – de tirar o fôlego
Dazzling – deslumbrante
Statue – estátua
Ancient – antigo
Masterpiece – obra-prima
Temple – templo
Hanging – suspenso, pendurado
Proof – prova, evidência
At all – de qualquer modo
Talented – talentoso
Height – alturas
Depth – profundidade
Lesser-known – menos conhecido
Well-known – bem conhecido, famoso
Site – local
Feature – elemento
Sight – visão
Truly – verdadeiramente
Awe-inspiring – inspirador
Canyon – cânion
Path – caminho
Measure – medida
Long – longo, comprimento
Wide – largo, largura
Deep – profundo
Broad – amplo

Page 41
Unstoppable – imparável
Safety – segurança
edge – beirada
glimpse – vislumbre
Majestic – majestoso
Lifetime – uma vida toda
Entry – entrada, registro
Landmark – ponto de referência
Near-perfect – quase perfeito
Cinder – cinzas
Cone – cone
Volcano – vulcão
Stage – estágio
Lifespan – vida útil
Creation – criação
Extinction – extinção
Throughout – por toda a extensão
Fissure – fissura
Cornfield – milharal
Mountainous – montanhoso
Northern lights – Aurora Boreal
Both – ambos
Aptly – apropriadamente
Unlike – diferentemente
Aurora – aurora
Likely – provável
Charged – carregado
Cosmic – cósmico
Particle – partícula
Atmosphere – atmosfera
Vivid – vívido
Endlessly – infinitamente
Cause – causa
Night-time – noturno
Display – exibição
Norse – nórdico
Mythology – mitologia
Source – fonte
Medieval – medieval
Border – fronteira
Explorer – explorador
Reigning – reinante
Monarch – monarca
Government – governo
As such – dessa forma
Attribute – atributo
Smoke – fumaça
Indigenous – indígena
Harbor – porto, enseada
Bay – baía
Page 42
Stretch – trecho
Car-free – livre de carros
Vibrant – vibrante
Diverse – diverso
Ecosystem – ecossistema
Peril – perigo
Urbanization – urbanização
Havoc – estrago
Thankfully – reconhecidamente, agradecida-
mente
Requirement – requerimento
Attempt – tentativa
Former – ex, passado, antigo
Glory – glória
Doubt – dúvida
Whether – se
Local – local
Ecologista – ecologista
Hopeful – esperançoso
Ahead – à frente
Barrier – barreira
Reef – recife
Coral – coral
Polyp – pólipo
Mistakenly – erroneamente
Visible – visível
Globally – globalmente
Pride – orgulho
Minuscule – minúsculo
Organism – organismo
Effort – esforço
Protective – protetivo
Designation – designação
Within – dentro, dentre
Mount – monte
Certainly – certamente
Point – ponto
Iconic – icônico
Globe – globo
Amongst – entre
Elevation – elevação
Prominence – proeminência
Mountaineer – montanhista
Summit – cume
Unassailable – indisponível, inatingível
Venture – aventura
Feat – feito, proeza
Hugely – grandemente
Challenge – desafio
Mettle – coragem, valor
 The Seven Natural Wonders of the World
The Seven Natural Wonders of the world are a list of the world's most astonishing natural attrac-
tions.
The Seven Wonders of the World demonstrate humanity's most impressive creations such as the
Taj Mahal and the statue of Christ the Redeemer. In the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,
ancient masterpieces such as the Temple of Artemis and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are re-
membered. However, the Seven Wonders of the Natural World are proof — if needed at all— that
Mother Nature is just as talented an architect. Compiled by CNN and Seven Natural Wonders in
1997, this list spans all 7 continents and includes some of the greatest heights of the earth and
depths of the oceans, some lesser-known sites, and some well-known features that you may have
already visited yourself. While the locations of the world's most breathtaking wonders are often
disputed, these seven locations are generally agreed upon as being among the best natural sights
anywhere in the world.
The Grand Canyon
Situated in Arizona in the USA, the 277-mile long Grand Canyon is truly awe-inspiring. The canyon,
which measures up to a mile deep and some 18 miles wide at its broadest, was formed over time
by the unstoppable course of the Colorado River. Scientists estimate that the river first carved out
its path more than 17 million years ago. In recent years, increased safety measures have prevented
visitors from approaching the edge of the canyon. Still, the Grand Canyon site continues to be a
popular tourist destination. A distant glimpse of this powerful and majestic canyon is enough to
give memories of a lifetime.
Parícutin
One of the lesser-known entries on this list, Parícutin is just as impressive as many more well-
-known landmarks. It is an example of a near-perfect cinder cone volcano located in Michoacán,
Mexico. One thing sets Parícutin apart from the many others of its kind around the world. Modern
scientists were able to observe and document every stage of its lifespan – from creation to ex-
tinction – as it happened. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, visiting experts and residents of the
region were able to witness the volcano growing from a fissure in a cornfield to a mountainous
height of 1,391 ft. After erupting for 19 years, the volcano went quiet in 1952. It is not expected
to erupt again.
Northern Lights
Seen in both the polar regions of the planet, this dazzling light show is aptly referred to as the
Northern (or Southern) Lights. Unlike most of the entries on this list, you can view an aurora from
many different locations around the world. The higher the latitude, the more likely you are to see
them. The Northern Lights effect is brought on by charged cosmic particles entering and interac-
ting with the Earth's atmosphere. It causes vivid colors to be painted across the night sky.
For centuries, humans have speculated endlessly about the cause of this night-time display of
colors. References to the lights have been found in texts from Ancient Greece, stories from Norse
Mythology, and sources from Medieval England.
Victoria Falls
As the Zambezi River crosses the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, its waters descend 355
feet to form the astonishing Victoria Falls. The waterfall was named in 1855 by Scottish explorer
David Livingstone after Queen Victoria, the then reigning English monarch. The indigenous name
Mosi-oa-Tunya or "The Smoke that Thunders" is still in use locally. In 2013, the government of
Zimbabwe announced plans to officially rename the falls as such. Victoria Falls is not the highest
or the broadest waterfall on the planet, but upon considering both attributes, it qualifies as the
largest.

Page 43
Harbor of Rio de Janeiro
Guanabara Bay is a 19-mile stretch of land to the east of Rio de Janeiro, the second-largest city in
Brazil. More than 100 islands are situated around the bay, including the car-free Paquetá Island,
and Villegagnon Island, the site of the Brazilian Naval School.
In the past, the bay hosted a vibrant and diverse ecosystem. In recent decades, however, the perils
of urbanization have wreaked havoc on this once-beautiful environment. Thankfully, legislation
put in place ahead of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio stipulates a requirement for the
country's government to reinvigorate attempts to return the bay to its former glory. While there
are doubts as to whether these plans will be executed as expected, locals and ecologists around
the world remain hopeful that it is not too late to save this particular wonder.
Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is also a natural wonder of our planet. You need to see it to believe it. It fea-
tures nearly 3,000 individual reefs and almost 1,000 islands stretching for over 1,400 miles, While
the Great Wall of China is often mistakenly described as being visible from space, astronauts and
satellites have managed to capture images of the Barrier Reef.
The reef is a globally recognized landmark of Australia and a point of pride for Australians around
the globe. It is made of billions of minuscule organisms called coral polyps. Lots of work is done
each year to ensure that the delicate ecosystem of the reef is preserved for future generations.
Central to this effort is the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, a protective designation established in
1975 meant to protect the reef and the species within it.
Mount Everest
Last, but certainly not least, is the world's highest point. Known as Sagarmāthā in Nepal, and Cho-
molungma in Tibet, Mount Everest is one of the most iconic natural features of the globe. At 29,029
feet tall, it is ranked first amongst mountains for both elevation and prominence.
The first recorded attempts to scale Everest were made in the 1920s by British mountaineers.
However, it would take more than three decades until Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and New Zealander
Edmund Hilary managed to reach the summit in 1953.
Today, climbing Everest is no longer quite the unassailable goal that it once was. However, those
looking forward to doing so still have to be in peak physical condition and take great risks in un-
dergoing the venture. Climbing the mountain remains one of the greatest feats of man, and is a
hugely popular challenge for anyone looking to test their mettle.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-seven-natural-wonders-of-the-world.html

Questions:

1- What are some of the Seven Wonders of the World mentioned in the text?
2- What are the Seven Natural Wonders of the World?
3- Where is the Grand Canyon located?
4- What is the Parícutin and where is it located?
5- What causes the Northern Lights?
6- Why do the Victoria Falls have this name?
7- What happened to the Guanabara Bay due to urbanization?
8- Which of the Seven Natural Wonders can be seen from space?
9- How is the Everest known in Nepal and in Tibet?

Page 44
 Text 16 - Climate change: what do
scientists say?
Previous vocabulary
To publish(ed) – publicar Dangerously – perigosamente
To consist(ed) – consistir Skeptic – cético
To burn(ed) – queimar Myriad – miríade, infinidade
To heat(ed) – aquecer Input – fator, contribuição
To provide(d) – prover, fornecer Fully – completamente
To blame(d) – culpar Dominant – dominante
To grab(bed) – agarrar, apanhar Following – seguinte
To drown(ed) – afogar Ice Age – Era do Gelo
To drown out – abafar Slightly – ligeiramente
To waste(d) – desperdiçar Erratically – erraticamente
To scare(d) – assustar Mean temperature – temperatura média
To bury(ied) – enterrar Degree – grau
To deal(t) – lidar Sufficient – suficiente
To stand, stood, stood – estar, ficar Long-term – longo prazo
To grow, grew, grown – crescer, tornar-se Scenario – cenário
To play a role – ter importância Catastrophe – catástrofe
Referred to as – conhecido como Assert – afirmação
Atmospheric – atmosférico Indeed – de fato
Physicist – físico Panic striken – apavorado
Paper – trabalho, estudo Organization – organização
Scientific – científico Confirmation – confirmação
Scientist – cientista Religious – religioso
During – durante Devotion – devoção
Remarkably – notavelmente Destructive – destrutivo
Cry – choro, grito Force – força
Shrill – agudo Ideology – ideologia
Alarmism – alarmismo Headline – manchete
Alarmist – alarmista Doomsday – dia do julgamento
Accurate – acurado, preciso Meanwhile – enquanto isso
Issue – problema, questão Bandwagon – comboio
Core – núcleo Acne – acne
Politicians – políticos Crony capitalist – capitalista clientelista (que
Environmentalists – ambientalistas quer dinheiro do governo)
Media – mídia Eagerly – ansiosamente
Primarily – primariamente Subside – subsídio
Due to – devido a Lavishly – extravagantemente
Eventually – finalmente, certamente

Climate change: what do scientists say?

I'm an atmospheric physicist. I've published more than 200 scientific papers. For 30 years I taught
at MIT, during which time the climate has changed remarkably little. But the cry of “global war-
ming” has grown ever more shrill. In fact, it seems that the less the climate changes, the louder
the voices of the climate alarmists get. So, let's clear the air and create a more accurate picture of
where we really stand on the issue of global warming or, as it is now called “climate change.”
There are basically three groups of people dealing with this issue. Groups one and two are scien-
tists. Group three consists mostly, at its core, of politicians, environmentalists and the media.

Page 45
Group one is associated with the scientific part of the United Nation's International Panel on Cli-
mate Change or IPCC (Working Group 1). These are scientists who mostly believe that recent cli-
mate change is primarily due to man's burning of fossil fuels—oil, coal and natural gas. This relea-
ses C02, carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere and, they believe, this might eventually dangerously
heat the planet.
Group two is made up of scientists who don't see this as an especially serious problem. This is the
group I belong to. We're usually referred to as skeptics.
We note that there are many reasons why the climate changes—the sun, clouds, oceans, the orbi-
tal variations of the earth, as well as a myriad of other inputs. None of these is fully understood,
and there is no evidence that CO2 emissions are the dominant factor.
But actually there is much agreement between both groups of scientists. The following are such
points of agreement:
1. The climate is always changing.
2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas without which life on earth is not possible, but adding it to the
atmosphere should lead to some warming.
3. Atmospheric levels of CO2 have been increasing since the end of the Little Ice Age in the
19th century.
4. Over this period (the past two centuries), the global mean temperature has increased sli-
ghtly and erratically by about 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit or one degree Celsius; but only since the
1960's have man's greenhouse emissions been sufficient to play a role.
5. Given the complexity of climate, no confident prediction about future global mean tempe-
rature or its impact can be made. The IPCC acknowledged in its own 2007 report that “The long-
-term prediction of future climate states is not possible.”
Most importantly, the scenario that the burning of fossil fuel leads to catastrophe isn't part of what
either group asserts. So why are so many people worried, indeed, panic stricken about this issue.
Here's where Group Three comes in—the politicians, environmentalists, and media.
Global warming alarmism provides them, more than any other issue, with the things they most
want: For politicians it's money and power. For environmentalists it's money for their organiza-
tions and confirmation of their near religious devotion to the idea that man is a destructive force
acting upon nature. And for the media it's ideology, money, and headlines. Doomsday scenarios
sell.
Meanwhile, over the last decade, scientists outside of climate physics have jumped on the ban-
dwagon, publishing papers blaming global warming for everything from acne to the Syrian civil
war. And crony capitalists have eagerly grabbed for the subsidies that governments have so la-
vishly provided.
Unfortunately, group three is winning the argument because they have drowned out the serious
debate that should be going on. But while politicians, environmentalists and media types can was-
te a lot of money and scare a lot of people, they won't be able to bury the truth. The climate will
have the final word on that.
I'm Richard Lindzen, emeritus professor of atmospheric sciences at MIT, for Prager University.
https://www.prageru.com/video/climate-change-what-do-scientists-say/

Questions:

1- Who is Richard Lindzen?

2- Does he believe in climate change? Why or why not?
3- According to Richard Lindzen, what are the three groups dealing with the issue of global war-
ming?
4- What are the points of agreement between the two groups of scientists?
5- Who asserts that the burning of fossil fuels leads to catastrophe?
6- What are the reasons why media, politicians and environmentalists make so much noise about
global warming?
7- What is “crony capitalism”?
Page 46
 Text 17 - The Incredibly Gory Original
Versions of Modern Fairy tales

Previous vocabulary
To fill(ed) – cheio Straw – palha
To rape(d) – estuprar Stick – graveto, vareta
To manage(d) – conseguir Bricked house – casa de tijolos
To force(d) – forçar Glass slipper – sapatinho de cristal
To instruct(ed) – instruir, mandar Effort – esforço
To pour(ed) – servir, derramar Heel – calcanhar
To remain(ed) – permanecer Toes – dedos dos pés
To fit, fit, fit – caber Revenge – vingança
To throw, threw, thrown – jogar, arremessar Grave – túmulo
To catch, caught, caught – pegar Parental Guidance (PG) – orientação parental
To give birth – dar à luz Fairly – bastante
To try on – experimentar roupas ou sapatos Grim – sinistro, sombrio
To show up – aparecer Burning hot – ardente, que queima
Gory – sangrento Eventually – finalmente
Familiar – familiar Flesh – carne
Disney-fied – “dineyficado” Pantry – despensa
Earlier – anterior Unknowingly – sem saber
Blood – sangue Trauma – trauma
Carnage – carnificina, massacre Damage – dano
Splinter – farpa, lasca Fond – querido, bom

The Incredibly Gory Original Versions of Modern Fairy tales

Most of the following tales are probably familiar to you in a Disney-fied version which ends “hap-
pily ever after”, but earlier editions tell another story, often filled with blood and carnage.
In case you have been living in an alternate universe where there is no such thing as Disney, or
fairytales, there will be spoilers.

1. Sleeping Beauty
In the original story, a king finds a woman sleeping and rapes her.
Still sleeping, she gives birth, and her child wakes her up by sucking a splinter from under her
finger. It eventually culminates in the King trying to kill his wife (yes, he was married) who had
attempted to trick him into eating his own children.

2. Three Little Pigs

In some versions, the first two pigs, whose houses were made of straw and sticks, get eaten by the
wolf.
In other versions, the three pigs manage to catch the wolf coming down the chimney of the third,
bricked house. Then they boil and eat him.

Page 47
3. The Frog Prince
In the original Brothers Grimm version, the princess throws the frog into a wall in an effort to force
him back into a prince.
In a darker version, it isn't a kiss which transforms the frog into a prince, but cutting off his head.

4. Cinderella
Cinderella loses a glass slipper, and the prince instructs every woman to try it on. He will marry the
woman whose foot fits the slipper.
In the original Grimm version, the younger sister actually cuts off a piece of her heel in an attempt
to fit into it.
If that isn't gory enough, the eldest sister then cuts off her toes in an attempt to fit into the same
slippers.
Finally, as she is getting married to the prince, Cinderella's dead mum sends doves, who peck her
older sisters' eyes out.
Talk about revenge beyond the grave.

5. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves

The PG version of the story is still fairly dark – evil step mum pays huntsman to bring back the
heart of her stepdaughter – but the Grimm version is grimmer (sorry) still.
The evil queen shows up to the prince's wedding, not realizing her former stepdaughter will be
there.
She is quickly forced into burning hot iron shoes, and instructed to dance. Until she eventually
dies.

6 – Little Red Riding Hood

In an older version, the wolf doesn't eat the grandma whole: instead, he puts some of her flesh in
the pantry, and pours her blood in a wine bottle.
The wolf then offers Red her grandma's blood and remains to eat, which she does unknowingly.
We would like to apologize for any trauma or permanent damage that may have been caused to
fond childhood memories.
Sorry.
https://www.indy100.com/article/the-incredibly-gory-original-versions-of-nine-modern-fairytales--WkggrtJkQW

Questions:

1- What happens in the original story of “Sleeping Beauty”?

2- What happens in other versions of “Three little Pigs”?
3- What happens in the original Grimm version of “Cinderella”?
4- What happens in the Grimm version of “Snow White”?
5- And what Happens in an older version of “Little Red Riding Hood”?

Page 48
 Text 18 - Why are so many young
people unhappy?

Previous vocabulary
To cite(d) – citar Girl scout – escoteira
To report(ed) – reportar, informar Bowling – boliche
To double(d) – dobrar Non-governmental – não governamental
To confine(d) – confinar Middle class – classe média
To collect(ed) – coletar Bourgeois – burguês
To offer(ed) – oferecer Delayed – posterior, atrasado
To provide(d) – prover, oportunizar Gratification – gratificação, retorno
To enable(d) – possibilitar, capacitar Patriotism – patriotismo
To dwindle(d) – diminuir Under attack – sob ataque
To ignore(d) – ignorar Elite – elite
To recognize(d) – reconhecer Following – seguinte
To relegate(d) – relegar Majority – maioria
Severe – severo Unmarried – não casado
Rate – taxa Birth – nascimento
Self-injury – autolesão, machucar a si mesmo High – alta
Commentator – comentarista Percentage- porcentagem
Lonely – solitário Founder – fundador
Loneliness – solidão Liberty – liberdade
Prime minister – primeiro ministro Exceptional – excepcional
Data – dados Flaw – defeito
Drug – drogas Virtue – virtude
Addiction – vício Identity – identidade
Interaction – interação Root – raiz
Fear – medo Optimism – otimismo
Widely – largamente Lack – falta
Explanation – explicação Renowned – renomado
Loss – perda Psychoanalyst – psicanalista
Values – valores Masterpiece – obra-prima
Meaning – significado Aside – com exceção
Judeo-Christian – Judaico-Cristão Dustbin – lata de lixo
Set – conjunto Decline -declínio
Affluent – rico Protestantism – Protestantismo
Chauvinism – patriotismo fanático, chauvinis- Catholicism – Catolicismo
mo Judaism – Judaísmo
Chief – principal Provider – provedor
Boy scout – escoteiro Increasing – crescente

Page 49
 Why are so many young people unhappy?
To cite just one example, Reuters reported in 2019 that “Suicidal thinking, severe depression and
rates of self-injury among U.S. college students more than doubled over less than a decade.”
And unhappiness is hardly confined to Americans. As the social commentator Kay Hymowitz re-
cently wrote, “Germans are lonely, the bon vivant French are lonely, and even the Scandinavians .
. . are lonely. The British prime minister . . . recently appointed a ‘Minister of Loneliness.'”
People have more money, better health, better housing, more education, and live longer than at
any time in history, but people—especially the young—are unhappier than at any time since data
began to be collected.
Why?
There are any number of reasons: increased drug and opioid addiction, less human interaction
because of constant cellphone use, and young people's fears for their future are the most widely
offered explanations. But the biggest reason is the loss of values and meaning.
Let's begin with values, and I'll focus on America.
The United States was founded on two sets of values: Judeo-Christian and American. This combi-
nation created the freest, most opportunity-giving, most affluent country in world history. This is
not chauvinism. It is fact. That's why people from every country on Earth have wanted to emigrate
to America—and still do.
Chief among the American values was keeping government as small as possible. This enabled
non-governmental institutions—Kiwanis, Rotary and Lions Clubs; book clubs; the Boy Scouts and
Girl Scouts; bowling leagues; music societies; and, of course, churches—to provide Americans
with friends and to provide the neediest Americans with help. But as government has gotten ever
larger, many of these non-governmental groups have dwindled in number or simply disappeared.
Another set of values is referred to as middle class or bourgeois values. These include getting
married before having a child, making a family, getting a job, self-discipline, delayed gratification,
and patriotism.
All of these have been under attack by America's elites, with the following results: The majority of
births to millennials are to unmarried women. Yet, according to a 2018 Cigna study, single parents
are generally the loneliest of Americans. The percentage of American adults who have never been
married and who have no children is at an historic high.
Then there is patriotism. Until the 1960s, Americans grew up loving their country, admiring the
Founders, and believing in America's values—most especially, liberty. Americans did not ignore
the bad parts of their history, but they were wise enough to recognize that what made America
exceptional was not its flaws, which were all universal, but its virtues, which were not. This strong
American identity provided generations of Americans with roots, community, optimism, and me-
aning.
Which brings me to the most important reason for all this unhappiness: a lack of meaning. As
Victor Frankl, the renowned Austrian-American psychoanalyst, wrote in his masterpiece, Man's
Search for Meaning, aside from food, the greatest human need is meaning. And nothing has given
Americans or any other people, for that matter as much meaning as religion. But in the West since
World War II, God and religion have been relegated to the dustbin of history. The result is that
more than a third of Americans born after 1980 affiliate with no religion. This is unprecedented in
American history. And it's even worse in Europe.
Maybe, just maybe, the decline of Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism—those great provi-
ders of meaning—is the single biggest factor in the increasing sadness and loneliness among so
many young people in America and around the world. A 2016 study published in the Journal of
the American Medical Association, JAMA Psychiatry, found that American women who attended a
religious service at least once a week were five times less likely to commit suicide. And common
sense suggests this applies to men as well.
Young people have been told God is nonsense, their country is essentially evil, their past is deplo-

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rable, their future is bleak, and marriage and children are not important.
Why are so many young people depressed, unhappy, and angry? It's not capitalism, or income
inequality, or patriarchy, or even global warming. It's having no religion, no God, and no country to
believe in. And what does that leave them with? No meaning.
But there is always Instagram.

Dennis Prager.

Questions:

1- What does the author think are some of the causes of teenage unhappiness?
2- And what does he believe to be the biggest one?
3- What were the two sets of value America was founded upon?
4- What did this combination create?
5- What was the advantage of keeping government as small as possible?
6- What has been happening to these non-governmental groups?
7- What are some of the middle-class values?
8- What are the results of the attacks theses values have been suffering?
9- What used to give Americans meaning?

Practice and conversation

1- Do you believe young people nowadays lack meaning and values? Why or why not?
2- Do you believe lack of meaning can make people sad and lonely? Why or why not?
3- Do you believe religion is a good way to provide meaning and values? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe lack of religion is the reason why teenagers feel lonely? Why or why not?
5- Do you believe lack a family structure is what makes teenagers feel lonely? Why or why not?
6- What's your opinion on the text?

Page 51
 Text 19 - What happens in Vegas
Stays in Vegas
Previous vocabulary
To brand(ed) – colocar uma marca Brand – marca
To diversify(ied) – diversificar Wild West – Oeste Selvagem, Velho Oeste
To spawn(ed) – gerar Ad – anúncio
To remain(ed) – permanecer Unforgettable – inesquecível
To decline(d) – recusar Comercial – comercial
To endeavor(ed) – esforçar-se Buttoned-up – com as roupas abotoadas
To indulge(d) – satisfazer Prosthetic – artificial
To tend(ed) (to) – atender Stiff upper lip – com cara de mau
To strive, strove, striven – lutar Pushback – reação negativa
To thrive, throve, thriven – prosperar Exploitative – abusivo
To stay fresh – permanecer atualizado Potential – potencial
To turn out to be – tornar-se Visitor – visitante
To take off – decolar Deliberately – deliberadamente
Outcast – banido, pária Attractive – atraente
Outlaw – fora da lei Stranger – estranho
A-list – de primeira linha On top of the bar – em cima das mesas
Appearance – aparição Dependent – dependente
The Strip – rua mais famosa de Las Vegas Change – mudança
Paradise – paraíso Skyline – horizonte
Pool – piscina Strategy – estratégia
Tag-line – slogan Renovation – renovação
Advertising – propaganda, publicidade Addition – adição
Campaign – campanha Guest – convidado, hóspede
Marketing – marketing Desire – desejo
Image – imagem Secret – segredo

What happens in Vegas Stays in Vegas

At one time, Las Vegas was a place for outcasts and outlaws. Later, the city became the place to go
for live entertainment, with A-list celebrities such as Elvis and the Rat Pack making regular appea-
rances on the Strip. Then it became the place for families to come during summer vacations, with
attractions and amusement rides at every resort. Since 2003, Las Vegas has branded itself as an
adult's paradise with its nightclubs, pool parties, and the world-famous tag line “What Happens in
Vegas, Stays in Vegas.”
Credit for the slogan belongs to the advertising company R&R Partners. The marketing campaign
began as a way to diversify Las Vegas' image and brand beyond the Wild West, gambling, and fa-
mily-friendly activities. The campaign took off, spawning years of television and print ads, inclu-
ding some unforgettable commercials involving buttoned-up businessmen and a prosthetic stiff
upper lip. The slogan has turned out to be one of the most successful marketing campaigns in the
tourism industry.
Despite initial pushback from those who thought the idea might be too exploitative, the “what

Page 52
happens here, stays here” slogan remains popular because of the message it sends to potential
visitors. The slogan deliberately communicates freedom. When you come to Las Vegas, you can do
anything and be anything you want to be. You can spend the money you work so hard to save; you
can have the extra drink you'd normally decline after dinner. You can talk to the attractive stranger
at the bar and dance on top of the bar because, no matter the end result, no one at home has to
know.
Since the economy of Las Vegas is dependent on tourism, the city thrives on change. Whether it's
the skyline of the Strip or marketing strategies, Las Vegas strives to stay fresh in the minds of its
guests. The city endeavors, with every renovation and addition, to indulge and tend to a guest's
every desire. “What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas” lets everyone know who comes to visit that
no matter what happens, your secrets will be safe.

Questions:

1- What kind of place did Vegas use to be?

2- What happened later?
3- What does the slogan “what happens in Vegas stays in Vegas” communicate?

Practice and conversation

1- Have you ever been to Vegas? If not, would you like to?
2- Would you like to visit a cassino?
3- What do you think of gambling?
4- Do you believe cassinos and gambling should be allowed in Brazil? Why or why not?
5- What are other cities in the world that are famous for offering entertainment?
6- Which of them would you like to visit and why?

Page 53
 Text 20 - Craziest sports from around
the world

Previous vocabulary
To await(ed) – aguardar Roll,- maço, pedaço, pão
To grunt(ed) – grunhir Fat – gordura
To slap(ped) – estapear Lingerie – lingerie
Squash(ed) – esmagar Genius – gênio
To combine(d) – combinar Alchemy – alquimia
To mix(ed) – misturar Bliss – felicidade
To prance(d) – empinar-se Peanut butter – manteiga de amendoim
To race(d) – correr Scantly – escassamente, insuficientemente
To tie(d) – amarrar Clad – vestido
To ban(ned) – banir Scantly clad – com pouca roupa
To kidnap(ped) – sequestrar Conference – conferência
To force(d) – forçar Expansion – expansão
To judge(d) – julgar Coverage – cobertura
To roll(ed) – rolar Muggle – trouxa
To kill(ed) – matar Quidditch – quadribol
To swirl(ed) – girar Broomstick – cabo de vassoura
To swear, swore, sworn – jurar Golden snitch – pomo de ouro
To catch, caught, caught – apanhar Since – já que
Behold, beheld, beheld – contemplar Winged – alado
To come up with – inventar Sentient – senciente
To come by – aparecer Squealing – gritalhão
To play the part – interpretar o papel Dude – cara
To make up – inventar Dwarf – anão
At gunpoint – na mira de arma Tossing – arremesso
To enjoy yourself – se divertir Suit – terno
Strict – restrito Illegal – ilegal
Perhaps – talvez Willingly – voluntariamente
Eclectic – eclético Smile – sorriso
Exotic – exótico Rolling – rolagem
Sampling – amostragem Cheese – queijo
Downright – absolutamente Wheel – roda
Odd – estranho cash and prizes – partes íntimas
Titanically – titanicamente, incrivelmente wardrobe malfunction – mostrar uma parte do
Obese – obeso corpo sem querer
Diapers – fraldas

Page 54
 Craziest sports from around the world
While most of us keep to a strict diet of NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB and perhaps some PGA or NASCAR, an
eclectic menu of more exotic sports awaits sampling.
Let's take a tour around the world to see the craziest, goriest, sexiest and downright weirdest
athletic competitions mankind has come up with.

1 – Sumo Wrestling
Location: Japan. Sure, sumo wrestling may be a little more on the map than the other sports on
this list, but have you ever stopped and thought about just how odd this sport is? Titanically obese
men wear diapers, grunt, slap each other in the face and squash their rolls of fat into each other.
Can you believe these guys are rock stars in Japan?

2 – Lingerie Football
Location: USA. Back in the day, some genius of alchemy had the idea of combining chocolate and
peanut butter; bliss was born. And now it's been done again.
Mix one part football with one part scantily clad women. Behold, lingerie football. With six te-
ams in two conferences, major expansion plans in the works, and national television coverage on
MTV2, the sport is here to stay.

3 – Quidditch
Location: the Muggle world. Yeah, you read that right. Quidditch is now a real (ahem!) sport. Star-
ted at Middlebury College in Vermont (OK, first at Hogwarts) in 1997, Quidditch now has a profes-
sional league, even a world cup.
Players prance around a field with a broomstick between their legs racing to catch the golden sni-
tch. Since winged, sentient golden balls are hard to come by in the real world, a squealing dude
dressed in all yellow with a ball in sock tied to him plays the part. Snigger at will.

4 – Dwarf Tossing
Origin: Australia. Dwarf tossing was originally a sport about distance, but then some people in the
US decided to dress them in a suit and throw them onto a wall made of velcro. I am not making this
up, I swear.
This sport is now banned. I know, I can't believe it either. Personally, I don't see why it is illegal.
Do people think these dwarfs were kidnapped and then forced at gunpoint to take part in this
"sport?" Of course not. They did this willingly and judging by the smiles on their faces, they seem
to be enjoying themselves.

5 – Cheese Rolling.
Origin: Gloucester, England. Every May, competitors climb Cooper's Hill in Gloucester and roll
down a seven pound wheel of cheese. They then kill themselves to try and catch their wheel whi-
ch can reach speeds up to 70 mph.
People seriously do get hurt. They cancelled this year's event.
If I had any idea Borat was going to be a part of this competition in 2009, I would have killed a man
to get there.
But then again, would I really want to be scarred for life after inevitably seeing this man's cash and
prizes after he has a wardrobe malfunction rolling down the hill? This debate has been swirling in
my head for days now.
https://bleacherreport.com/articles/663025-craziest-sports-from-around-the-world#slide15
https://bleacherreport.com/articles/857061-the-10-absolute-craziest-sports-on-the-planet#slide6

Page 55
 Text 21 - Some Crazy Olympic Moments
Previous vocabulary
To compete(d) – competir Inconsistence – inconsistência
To reserve(d) – reservar Odd – estranho
T grab(bed) – agarrar, apanhar Fluke – acaso, casualidade
To clutch(ed) – agarrar, apertar While – enquanto, ao mesmo tempo em que
To rejoice(d) – regozijar-se, alegrar-se Roast – assado
To recruit(ed) – recrutar Dove – pomba, pombo
To swear, swore, sworn – jurar Like that – assim
I swear I am not making this up – eu juro que Timeless – atemporal, eterno
não estou inventando isso Peace – paz
Tug of war – cabo de guerra Literally – literalmente
To raise awareness – chamar atenção Stands – arquibancadas
To light something on fire – tocar fogo Opponent – oponente
According to accounts – de acordo com o que Competitor – competidor
dizem Barefoot – descalço
Last but not least – por último, mas não mesmo Impressively – impressionantemente
importante Intruder – intruso
All the rage – muito popular Kilt – saia escocesa
Tuned in – sintonizado Kilted – usando um “kilt”
Celebration – celebração Priest – padre
Symbol – símbolo Self-proclaimed – autoproclamado
Symbolism – simbolismo Nearing – iminente, que se aproxima
Throughout – por todo, através Apocalypse – apocalipse
Courage – coragem Exclusively – exclusivamente
Bravery – bravura Battle – batalha
Dedication – dedicação Rage – fúria, raiva
Victor – vitorioso Reigning – reinante, dominante
Representation – representação Champ – campeão
Nation – nação Muddy – enlameado
Stage – palco Origin – origem
Smoothly – suavemente, facilmente Except – exceto
Groundbreaking – inovador Either way – de qualquer forma
Fail – falha Bobsled – trenó
Shocking – chocante

Some Crazy Olympic Moments

The Olympic Games. They are a great time of celebration and symbolism. Throughout the years,
the athletes who compete are symbols of courage, bravery, and dedication. They are, when they
medal, true victors of their sport, but also representations of their nation.
But even on this great international stage, not everyone is perfect and not everything always goes
so smoothly. Through the Games' history, even with all of its amazing, groundbreaking moments,
there are still some serious fails, some shocking inconsistencies, and some odd flukes. And while

Page 56
we love to watch people win, we also love to see things fail a little.
1 – 1988 Seoul roast of the doves
The opening ceremonies are one of the most watched parts of the Olympics, and it's been like that
for decades. Nothing was different during the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. Millions tuned in and
thousands watched in the stands as the ceremony went on and led to the iconic torch lighting mo-
ment. However, at this particular games, they decided to involve doves, which doesn't necessarily
seem like a bad idea, as doves are the timeless symbol of peace.
But there is a problem when you light the doves on fire. You read that right, the doves were lite-
rally roasted, marking the last time that doves were allowed at the Olympic Games.

2 – No shoes? No problem.
If you were an Olympic athlete preparing to run a marathon, you probably wouldn't think much
about the opponent without shoes on. This was the mistake of every one of Abebe Bikila's compe-
titors during the 1960 Rome Games. According to accounts, Bikila couldn't find a pair of shoes that
he preferred before the games and decided to run barefoot through the streets of Rome.
Impressively, the Ethiopian athlete not only finished the race, but finished it first, setting a world
record and becoming the first black African to win in that sport.

3 – The kilted intruder

During the 2004 Athens Games, the long-distance Brazilian runner Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima
was running a marathon when he was interrupted by Neil Horan. Also known as “The Grand Prix
Priest” or “The Dancing Priest,” he is a self-proclaimed Irish Roman Catholic priest who interrup-
ted both the 2003 British Grand Prix and the 2004 Summer Athens Olympics to raise awareness of
the nearing apocalypse. I swear I'm not making this up.

4 – Tug of war
Yes, that's right. Tug of war was—at one point—an Olympic sport. Nowadays, tug of war is almost
exclusively reserved for picnics and middle school class battles, but in the 20th century, tug of
war was all the rage. In the 1904 St. Louis Games, tug of war history was made when neither Great
Britain or Scandinavia, two of the reigning tug of war champs, grabbed the gold, but the United
States. The Milwaukee Athletic Club clutched the gold in the muddy ground and their origin city
rejoiced. Except for the fact that not one member was from Milwaukee (most were recruited from
Chicago) and that none of the members of the team were even part of the Milwaukee Athletic
Club. Either way, they still got the gold.

5 – Cool Runnings
Last but not least, Jamaica had a bobsled team to the Winter Games in 1988 in Calgary, Canada.
Really. There is even a movie about it.

https://thetempest.co/2016/08/11/entertainment/20-weirdest-moments-olympic-history/

Questions:

1- What do athletes who compete in the Olympics represent?

2- What do doves symbolize?
3- What happened to the doves involved in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in 1988?
4- Who was Abebe Bikila and what did he do in the Olympics of 1960?
5- Who was Neil Horan and why did he interrupt a marathon?
6- Is tug of war still an olympic sport?
7- Who practices tug of war nowadays?
8- When did Jamaican bobsled team participated in the Winter Olympics?

Page 57
 Text 22 - The six atributes of courage
Previous vocabulary
To battle(d) – batalhar, enfrentar Endurance – resistência
To exemplify(ied) – exemplificar Stamina – vigor, resistência
To define(d) – definir Quote – frase, citação
To persevere(d) – perseverar Throne – trono
To roar(ed) – rugir Terrified – aterrorizado
To defeat(ed) – derrotar Scared – assustado
To expand(ed) – expandir Fool – tolo
To demand(ed) – exigir Intuition – intuição
To bear, bore, borne – suportar Somehow – de alguma forma
To bear witness – dar testemunho Secondary – secundário
To stand up for – defender, lutar Adversity – adversidade
To melt away – desaparecer, desfazer-se, derre- Ordinary – comum
ter Against – contra
To go ahead – ir em frente Selfless – altruísta
To make up your mind – decidir-se Caring – amor, cuidado
Atribute – atributo Youth – juventude
Character – caráter Will – vontade
Worthy – digno Predominance – predominância
Ancient – antigo Timidity – timidez
Myth – mito Apetite – apetite
Exemplar – exemplar Ease – facilidade, conforto
Self-sacrifice – autossacrifício Over – acima
Cowardly – covarde Suffering – sofrimento
Inspirational – inspirador Dignity – dignidade
Colorful – colorido Faith – fé
Activist – ativista Grace – graça
Entrepreneur – empreendedor Ashamed – envergonhado
Knight – cavaleiro Tear – lágrima
Reward – recompensa Circumstances – circunstâncias
Accolade – elogio

Page 58
 The six atributes of courage
Courage is something that everybody wants—an attribute of good character that makes us worthy
of respect. From the Bible to fairy tales; ancient myths to Hollywood movies, our culture is rich
with exemplary tales of bravery and self-sacrifice for the greater good. From the cowardly lion in
The Wizard of Oz who finds the courage to face the witch, to David battling Goliath in the Bible, to
Star Wars and Harry Potter, children are raised on a diet of heroic and inspirational tales.
Yet courage is not just physical bravery. History books tell colorful tales of social activists, such as
Martin Luther King, who chose to speak out against injustice at great personal risk. Entrepreneurs
such as Steve Jobs and Walt Disney, who took financial risks to follow their dreams and innova-
te, are like modern-day knights, exemplifying the rewards and public accolades that courage can
bring.
There are different types of courage, ranging from physical strength and endurance to mental
stamina and innovation. The below quotes demonstrate six different ways in which we define
courage. Which are most relevant to you?
1 – Feeling Fear Yet Choosing to Act
“Bran thought about it. 'Can a man still be brave if he's afraid?' 'That is the only time a man can be
brave,' his father told him.” —George R.R. Martin, A Game of Thrones
"Fear and courage are brothers." —Proverb
"There is no living thing that is not afraid when it faces danger. The true courage is in facing danger
when you are afraid." —L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
"Being terrified but going ahead and doing what must be done—that's courage. The one who feels
no fear is a fool, and the one who lets fear rule him is a coward." —Piers Anthony
"Courage is about doing what you're afraid to do. There can be no courage unless you're scared.
Have the courage to act instead of react." —Oliver Wendell Holmes
2 – Following Your Heart
“Passion is what drives us crazy, what makes us do extraordinary things, to discover, to challenge
ourselves. Passion is and should always be the heart of courage.” —Midori Komatsu
"And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already
know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.” —Steve Jobs, Stanford com-
mencement speech, June 2005
3. Persevering in the Face of Adversity
"A hero is no braver than an ordinary man, but he is braver five minutes longer." —Ralph Waldo
Emerson
"Most of our obstacles would melt away if, instead of cowering before them, we should make up
our minds to walk boldly through them." —Orison Swett Marden
"Courage doesn't always roar. Sometimes courage is the little voice at the end of the day that says,
'I'll try again tomorrow.'" —Mary Anne Radmacher
“It's not the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight in the dog.” —Mark Twain.
4. Standing Up For What Is Right
"Sometimes standing against evil is more important than defeating it. The greatest heroes stand
because it is right to do so, not because they believe they will walk away with their lives. Such
selfless courage is a victory in itself." —N.D. Wilson, Dandelion Fire
"From caring comes courage." —Lao Tzu
5. Expanding Your Horizons;
"Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore." —Lord
Chesterfield
“This world demands the qualities of youth; not a time of life but a state of mind, a temper of the
will, a quality of the imagination, a predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for ad-
venture over the life of ease.” —Robert F. Kennedy
6. Facing Suffering With Dignity or Faith
“There is no need to be ashamed of tears, for tears bear witness that a man has the greatest of

Page 59
courage, the courage to suffer.” —Viktor Frankl
"The ideal man bears the accidents of life with dignity and grace, making the best of circumstan-
ces." —Aristotle
"Until the day of his death, no man can be sure of his courage." —Jean Anoulh
"A man of courage is also full of faith." —Marcus Tullius Cicero

https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201208/the-six-attributes-courage

Questions:

1- What does courage make us worthy of?

2- Where in our culture can we find examples of courage?
3- Is courage only related to physical bravery?
4- Who are some exemples of courageous people according to the text??
5- What are six ways by which we define courage?

Practice and conversation

1- Why does the proverb say “fear and courage are brothers”?
2- Why do you think Marcus Tullius Cicero say that “a man of courage is also full of faith”?
3- Why do you think Lao Tze said “from caring comes courage”?
4- Which of the quotes listed in the text are the most relevant to you?
5- Do you believe it's important to be courageous? Why?
6- Do you consider yourself a corageous person?
7- Where do you think courage comes from?
8- Can you give more exemples of courageous people? Why are these people corageous?

Page 60
 Text 23 - Seven of the Toughest Jobs
on the Planet

Previous vocabulary
To reconsider(ed) – reconsiderar Bomb – bomba
To defuse(d) – desarmar, desativar Fairly – bastante
To kill(ed) – matar Wire – fio
To erect(ed) – erguer Split – fração
To face(d) – encarar Repo person – pessoa que retoma bens que não
To endure(d) – suportar, enfrentar foram pagos.
To strap(ped) – amarrar Sultan – sultão
To smash(ed) – esmagar Cartel – cartel
The old-fashioned way – do jeito antigo Bounty Hunter – caçador de recompensas
To chase down – perseguir Fortitude – fortaleza, coragem moral
Good luck – boa sorte Enemy – inimigo
To take back – pegar de volta Criminal – criminoso
To make sense – fazer sentido Jail – cadeia
Challenging – desafiador Without – sem
Chronic – crônico Deadly – mortal
At risk – em risco Average – média
Hardship – dificuldade, sofrimento Tower – torre
Pro – profissional Bolt – parafuso
Diver – mergulhador Demand – exigência
Treasure – tesouro Comparison – comparação
Underwater – debaixo d'água Drowning – afogamento
Pearl – pérola Humongous – enorme, gigantesco
Surface – superfície

Page 61
 Seven of the Toughest Jobs on the Planet
Think your job is difficult? Well, if it is not on this list, you might want to reconsider how bad you
actually have it.
The jobs on this list are considered tough for different reasons. Some of them are physically chal-
lenging, some are mentally challenging, and even more are emotionally challenging.
If you think the emotional aspect of a job doesn't matter, you should think again. Studies have
shown that chronic stress puts your health at risk, and for me, poor health is definitely a hardship.
If your job is on this list I hope you are getting paid well enough – and of course be safe!
1 – Pro diver
Diving for treasures while on vacation is one thing, but doing it for a living is another. One of the
most physically dangerous jobs on the planet is anything that involves being underwater. This in-
cludes diving for pearls, underwater manufacturing, and deep underwater drilling. And yes, there
is also the chance that you may not make it back to the surface.
2 – Bomb technician
At the top of my list for being emotionally challenging is working as a bomb technician. Although
it is fairly easy to understand why someone might want to save the world by defusing a bomb,
does anyone really want to take that risk? I mean really? I can only imagine the amount of stress
that is experienced in the split second when you do not know if you cut the right wire. No thank
you.
3 – Airplane repo person
I have a confession, I had never heard of an airplane repo man until I began researching this list.
But if you think about it, it makes a lot of sense. Someone has to go take back airplanes when the
owners don't pay. Why is this on my tough jobs list? Well, think about who buys airplanes: multi-
-millionaires, princes and sultans, drug cartels … I'm not trying to be the one who takes back their
plane.
4 – Bounty Hunter
If you have just the right amount of physical strength, mental know- how, and emotional fortitude
to make it as a bounty hunter, you may make a lot of money. However, I wouldn't wish the job on
my worst enemy. Not only are you responsible for chasing down criminals, you are also responsi-
ble for sending them to jail without killing them. Good luck with that, super hero.
5 – Communications-Tower Climber
Tower climbing was the deadliest job in the U.S. earlier in the decade. While Things have gotten
a bit safer, this job still results in 20 deaths each year on average in the US. In order to erect or
maintain communication towers, employees regularly climb towers, using fixed ladders, support
structures or step bolts, from 100 feet to heights in excess of 1000 or 2000 feet. They often have
to do this in extreme weather conditions – cause that's when things go wrong.
6 – Professional Fisherman
Recreational fishing is no comparison to what commercial fisherman in the most remote parts of
the planet endures. Besides the obvious risk of drowning, the fact that the fishing is done where
the fish are (far out in the ocean in areas humans tend to stay away from) is the reason it is so dan-
gerous. The workers face emotional stress of separation from land, as well as physical demands
of the job.
7 – Logger
So you like climbing trees? Great! Now strap on loads of equipment, make those humongous trees
come down without getting smashed and do it in terrible weather. At that point, you might have
an idea of what it takes to be a logger. Despite all of our innovations, most of logging is still done
the old fashioned way- with a man and a tree. Last time I checked, trees are a lot bigger than men.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that logging is America's most dangerous job. Workers lost
their lives at a rate of 127.8 per 100,000 full-time workers. In total, 62 loggers were killed on the
job last year in the US alone, and many, many more around the world.
https://www.lousycv.com/the-10-toughest-jobs-on-the-planet/5/

Page 62
Text 24 - Resumés

Page 63
Page 64
 Text 25 - Eight Cutting-edge Technolo-
gies that will change the world

Previous vocabulary
To shape(d) – moldar, dar forma Earbuds – fones de ouvido
To print(ed) – imprimir Proficiency – proficiência
To simplify(ied) – simplificar Barrier – barreira
To capture(d) – capturar Fuel – combustível
To collect(ed) – coletar Liquid – líquido
To deflect(ed) – desviar Conversion – conversão
To navigate(d) – navegar Mimicking – imitação
To hook(ed) – conectar, fisgar Photosynthesis – fotossíntese
To lie, lay, lain – encontrar-se Potable – potável
To get a glance – dar uma olhada Array – conjunto
As well as – assim como Vast – vasto
Intended – com a intenção Collection – coleta
Conveniente – conveniente Atomic – atômico
Printing – impressão Molecular – molecular
Proven – provado, comprovado Level – nível
Manufacturing – produção Manipulation – manipulação
Radically – radicalmente Consultation – consulta
Pattern – padrão Wherein – em que
Enterprise – empreendimento Available – disponível

Eight Cutting-edge Technologies that will change the world

Just by looking at where we are today, we can already see how powerful technology has been in
shaping our world. Through the years, scientists have introduced innovative technology intended
to make life a lot more convenient for humans. Technological advancements happen so fast that
people's current way of life always seems out of date relative to these advancements. Are you
ready to get a glance at what the future might look like? Here is a list of eight cutting-edge tech-
nology examples you won't believe exist.

1 – 3D Metal Printing
While 3D printing has been around for a while now, printing metal has proven difficult and expen-
sive. However, now, new 3D metal printers are simplifying the process and could radically change
manufacturing as we know it, but also present many dangers, including at-home gun manufactu-
ring.

2 – Deep data mining

Deep data mining refers to the strategy of data collection that involves analyzing patterns as well
as predicting and influencing behavior. This technology will soon help commercial and govern-
ment enterprises to predict the psychological profiles of individuals, the way Pandora analyzes
internet users' personalities through their favorite movies and music. The purpose of this techno-
logy is to understand human nature more easily.
Page 65
3 – Babel Fish Earbuds
Right now, Google has already developed earbuds that can translate forty languages in real-time.
It won't be long before this technology can translate even more languages with greater proficien-
cy. Once they hit the market, they may close an ancient barrier.
4 – Solar Fuel
The idea behind the development of solar fuel lies in the direct conversion of solar energy into a
liquid fuel. The production of fuel through solar energy is much like mimicking how plants produ-
ce energy through the process of photosynthesis. This technology will make possible the creation
of fuel using just sunlight, carbon dioxide, and non-potable water.

5 – Space-Based Solar Energy

Space-based solar energy technology involves assembling and maintaining vast arrays of solar
panels in space to better capture the energy of the sun while getting rid of the Earth's atmosphere.
This technology is the solution to earth-based solar collection, which involves a great deal of solar
energy deflected by the atmosphere.

6 – Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of materials in the atomic and molecular levels for
revolutionizing computing, not just by making the process faster but also by making computing
devices a lot smaller. Scientists believe that devices as small as cells may someday navigate throu-
gh the human body to serve as artificial immune systems.

7 – Neural Interfaces
The idea behind this technology is providing humans with the ability to hook their brains directly
into the internet. The giant leap into the realm of wetware recently became possible after a bionic
eye got the approval of FDA. Neural interfaces involves brain wave mapping, which refers to the
process of controlling remote robotics directly from neural impulses.

8 – Self-diagnostic medicine
Self-diagnostic medicine is a technology that will soon provide an effective alternative to medical
consultations wherein diagnostic hardware becomes available in the comfort of people's homes.

Questions :

1- What's a danger of 3D metal printing technology?

2- What's the objective for the use of deep data mining?
3- What can Google earbuds do?
4- What natural process does the production of solar fuel try to imitate?
5- What is the main adavntage of space-based solar energy?
6- What does nanotechnology refer to?
7- What do scientists believe nanotechnoloy can serve as in the future?
8- What's the idea behind neural interfaces?
9- What do neural interfaces involve?

Page 66
 Text 26 - Roger Scruton –
Why Beauty Matters
Previous vocabulary
To aim(ed) – visar Desire – desejo
To reply(ied) – responder Pleasure – prazer
To disturb(ed) – perturbar Response – resposta
To reflect(ed) – refletir Except – exceto
To argue(d) – argumentar Philosopher – filósofo
To surround(ed) – rodear Trade – negócio
To persuade(d) – persuadir Civilization – civilização
To redeem(ed) – redimir Pursuit – busca
To display(ed) – mostrar Being – ser
To enter(ed) – entrar, inscrever Alienation – alienação
To shock(ed) – chocar Path – caminho
To endorse(d) – endossar, aprovar Chaos – caos
To justify(ied) – justificar Suffering – sofrimento
To go on – continuar Consolation – consolo
Just like that – de qualquer jeito, num passe de Sorrow – tristeza
mágica Affirmation – afirmação
To be worthwhile – valer a pena Joy – alegria
No longer – não mais Weary – cansado, exausto
Go for it – manda ver Sacred – sagrado
To turn your back (on) – virar as costas (para) Task – missão, tarefa
For over two thousand years – por mais de dois Randomness – aleatoriedade
mil anos Urinal – urinol
To go on and off – ligar e desligar Fictitious – fictícia
Out of touch – sem contato, sem conexão Signature – assinatura
First time round – primeira vez Exhibition – exibição
Aim – objetivo, alvo Gesture – gesto
Poetry – poesia Satirical – satírico
Point – razão, motivo Snobbery – esnobismo
Value – valor Can – lata
Goodness – bondade Excremento – excremento
Increasingly – cada vez mais Pile – pilha
Taboo – tabu Brick – tijolo
Originality – originalidade Plane – plano
Prize – prêmio Vacuous – vazio
Cult – culto Boring – chato
Ugliness – feiura Shocking – chocante
Soulless – sem alma Elaborate – elaborado
Sterile – estéril Joke – piada
Surroudings – arredores Critics – críticos
Raucous – estridente Emperor – imperador
Self-centered – autocentrado, egoísta Appropriation – apropriação
Offensive – ofensivo Label – rótulo
Profit – lucro
Page 67
 Roger Scruton – Why Beauty Matters
At any time between 1750 and 1930 if you had asked educated people to describe the aim of
poetry, art or music, they would have replied, “beauty.” And if you had asked for the point of that,
you would have learned that beauty is a value – as important as truth and goodness.
Then in the twentieth century, beauty stopped being important. Art increasingly aimed to disturb
and to break moral taboos. It was not beauty, but originality, however achieved and at whatever
moral cost that won the prizes.
Not only has art made a cult of ugliness, architecture too has become soulless and sterile.
And it's not just our physical surroundings that have become ugly.

Our language, our music and our manners are increasingly raucous, self-centered, and offensive,
as though beauty and good taste have no real place in our lives. One word is written large on all
these ugly things, and that word is “me.” My profits, my desires, my pleasures. And art has nothing
to say in response to this except, “Yeah, go for it!” I think we are losing beauty and with it there is
the danger that we will lose the meaning of life.

I'm Roger Scruton, philosopher and writer. My trade is to ask questions. During the last few years I
have been asking questions about beauty. Beauty has been central to our civilization for over two
thousand years. From its beginnings in Ancient Greece, philosophy has reflected on the place of
beauty in art, poetry, music, architecture, and everyday life. Philosophers have argued that throu-
gh the pursuit of beauty we shape the world as a home.
We come to understand our own nature as spiritual beings. But our world has turned its back on
beauty. And because of that, we find ourselves surrounded by ugliness and alienation.
I want to persuade you that beauty matters. That it is not just a subjective thing. But a universal
need of human beings. If we ignore this need we find ourselves in a spiritual desert. I want to show
you a path leading out of that desert. It is a path leading home.

The great artists of the past were aware that human life is full of chaos and suffering. But they had
a remedy for this; and the name of that remedy was beauty. The beautiful work of art brings con-
solation in sorrow and affirmation in joy. It shows human life to be worthwhile.
Many modern artists have become weary of this sacred task. The randomness of modern life they
think cannot be redeemed by art. Instead, it should be displayed. The pattern was set nearly a
century ago by the French artist, Marcel Duchamp. Who signed a urinal with a fictitious signature,
R. Mutt, and entered it for an exhibition (in 1917).
His gesture was satirical; designed to mock the world of art and the snobberies that go with it. But
it has been interpreted in another way, showing us that anything could be art.
1) Like a light going on and off.
2) A can of excrement.
3) Or even a pile of bricks.
No longer does art have a sacred status raising us to a higher moral or spiritual plane, it is just one
human gesture among others, no more meaningful than a laugh or shout. “I think they are making
fun of us. It's a pile of bricks!” – says a lady.
Art once made a cult of beauty. Now we have a cult of ugliness instead. Since the world is dis-
turbing, art should be disturbing too. Those who look for beauty in art are just out of touch with
modern realities.
Sometimes the intention is to shock us. But what is shocking first time round, is boring and va-
cuous when repeated. This makes art into an elaborate joke though by now that has ceased to be
funny, yet the critics go on endorsing it, afraid to say that the emperor has no clothes.
Creative art is not achieved, just like that, simply by having an idea. Of course, ideas can be inte-
resting and amusing, but this does not justify the appropriation of the label “art.”
If a work of art is nothing more than an idea, anybody can be an artist. And any object can be a
work of art. There is no longer any need for skill, taste or creativity.
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 https://orthosphere.wordpress.com/2017/09/16/roger-scruton-why-beauty-matters/

Questions

1- How would educated people between 1750 and 1930 describe the aim of art?
2- What would the same people say the point of art is?
3- What happened to art in the twentieth century?
4- What happened to architecture in the twentieth century?
5- What is happening to our language, music and manners?
6- What word is written large on these ugly things? Why?
7- Why has the author been asking questions about beauty?
8- What is the difference between the artists in the past and many modern artists?
9- What did Marcel Duchamp do a century ago? What did he mean by that?
10- What happens when an artist intends to shock people?
11- What happens if art is nothing more than an idea?

Practice and conversation

1- Do you believe our language, music and manners are increasingly raucous, self-centered, and
offensive? Why?
2- What do you think about the so-called “modern art”?
3- What do you think of modern architecture?
4- What do you think of modern music?
5- Do you agree with Roger Scruton on thi issue? Why or why not?

Page 69
 Text 27 - State Vs Nation
Previous vocabulary
To characterize(d) – caracterizar Full – cheio
To fulfill(ed) – cumprir, atender Bond – laço
To possess(ed) – possuir Possession – posse
To secure(d) – assegurar Definite – definitivo
To aspire(d) – aspirar Defined – definido
To extend(ed) – estender Fixed – fixo
To claim(ed) – alegar Requirement – requisito
To regain(ed) – reconquistar Motherland – pátria
To punish(ed) – punir Source – fonte
To order(ed) – ordenar Jews – judeus
To persuade(d) – persuadir Soul – alma
To back(ed) – ajudar, apoiar Existence – existência
To integrate(d) – integrar Association – associação
To blend(ed) – misturar Rule – governo
To play an important role – ter um papel impor- Wide – largo, grande
tante Boundary – fronteira
Usage – uso Bound – limite
Synonym – sinônimo Within – dentro
Nevertheless – não obstante Complex – complexo
Absence – ausência Ethnicity – etnia
Contrary – contrário Race – raça
Sense – senso Multinational – multinacional
Unity – unidade Stable – estável
Conciousness – consciência Conscious – consciente
Aspiration – aspiração Endeavor – esforço
Formation – formação Steadly – firmemente, constantemente
Essencial – essencial Integrity – integridade
Security – segurança Bound – vinculado
Welfare – bem-estar Link – ligação, conexão
Need – necessidade Majority – maioria
Concerned – preocupado Minority – minoria
External – externo Diversity – diversidade
Entity – entidade Plurality – pluralidade
Unit – unidade Guiding – guia
United – unido Principle – princípio

Page 70
 State Vs Nation
In common usage, the terms State and Nation are often used as synonyms. For example, when we
say ‘Western nations' or ‘Asian nations' or ‘African nations', we do not mean nations but States.
Similarly, the ‘United Nations' is in reality an organization of nation-states. Each modern state
is a Nation State; nevertheless there are some important distinctions between the State and the
Nation.
1. The elements of State and Nation are different:
The State has four elements—population, territory, government, and sovereignty. In the absence
of even one element, a State cannot be really a State. A state is always characterized by all these
four elements. On the contrary, a nation is a group of people who have a strong sense of unity and
common consciousness.
Common territory, common race, common religion, common language, common history, common
culture and common political aspirations are the elements which help the formation of a nation,
and yet none of these is an absolutely essential element. The elements which go to build a nation
keep on changing.
2. State is a Political Organization while Nation is a social, cultural, psychological, emotional and
political unity:
The State is a political organization which fulfills the security and welfare needs of its people. It is
concerned with external human actions. It is a legal entity. On the other hand, a Nation is a united
unit of population which is full of emotional, spiritual and psychological bonds. A nation has little
to do with the physical needs of the people.
3. Possession of a Definite Territory is essential for the State but not for a Nation:
It is essential for each State to possess a fixed territory. It is the physical element of the State.
State is a territorial entity. But for a nation territory is not an essential requirement. A nation can
survive even without a fixed territory. Love of a common motherland acts as a source of unity. For
example, before 1948 the Jews were a nation even though they had no fixed territory of their own.
When, in 1948, they secured a definite and defined territory, they established the State of Israel.
4. Sovereignty is essential for State but not for Nation:
Sovereignty is an essential element of the State. It is the soul of the State. In the absence of so-
vereignty, the State loses its existence. It is the element of sovereignty which makes the state
different from all other associations of the people. It is not essential for a nation to possess sove-
reignty.
The basic requirement of a nation is the strong bonds of emotional unity among its people which
develop due to several common social cultural elements. Before 1947, India was a nation but not
a State because it did not have sovereignty. (State = Nation + Sovereignty).
After its independence in 1947, India became a State because after the end of British imperial rule
it became a sovereign entity. However, each nation always aspires to be sovereign and indepen-
dent of the control of every other nation.
5. Nation can be wider than the State:
The State is limited to a fixed territory. Its boundaries can increase or decrease but the process
of change is always very complex. However a nation may or may not remain within the bounds
of a fixed territory. Nation is a community based on common ethnicity, history and traditions and
aspirations.
Obviously its boundaries can easily extend beyond the boundaries of the State. For example in
a way the French nation extends even to Belgium, Switzerland and Italy because people in these
countries belong to the same race to which the French claim to belong.
6 – There can be more than one Nationality in one State
There can be two or more than two nations within a single State. Before the First World War, Aus-
tria and Hungary were one State, but two different nations. Most of the modern states are multi-
national states.

Page 71
7. Nation is more stable than State:
A nation is more stable than the State. When sovereignty ends, the State dies, but not the nation.
A nation can survive even without sovereignty. For example, after their defeat in the World War II,
both Germany and Japan lost their sovereign statuses and outside powers began to control them.
They ceased to exist as States. But they continued to live as nations, which after some months
regained their sovereign statuses and became sovereign independent states.
8. A State can be created while a Nation is always the result of evolution:
A State can be created with the conscious endeavors of the people. Physical elements play an im-
portant role in the birth of a State. For example, after the Second World War, Germany got divided
into two separate states West Germany and East Germany. But Germans remained emotionally as
one nation.
Ultimately in October 1990 the Germans again got united into a single state. In 1947 Pakistan was
created out of India as a separate State. A nation is a unity of the people which emerges slowly and
steadily. No special efforts go into the making of a nation.
9. The State uses police power (force) for preserving its unity and integrity, the Nation is bound by
strong cultural and historical links:
State has police power. Those who dare to disobey it are punished by the state. A nation does not
have police power or force or coercive power. It is backed by moral, emotional and spiritual power.
A nation survives on the power of sense of unity of the people. A nation appeals, the State orders;
a nation persuades, a States coerces; and a nation boycotts, the State punishes. State is a political
organization, while the nation is a unity.

State and Nation do not have the same boundaries, and yet there is a tendency for a Nation and
State to be one. Most of the nations today stand organized into different states. Most of the mo-
dern States are multinational States. The modern state is called a nation-state because all the
nationalities living in one state stand integrated into one.
A State continuously pursues the objective of national integration. The State tries to achieve this
objective by securing a willing blending of the majority nationality and all the minority nationali-
ties, through collective living, sharing of all the ups and the downs in common and development
of strong emotional, spiritual and psychological bonds. Unity in diversity or more really, unity in
plurality stands accepted as the guiding principle by all the modern civilized multinational states
like India, USA, Russia, China, Britain and others.

Questions:

1- What are the four elements of a State? Which of them is essencial?

2- What are the elements of a Nation? Which of them is essencial?
3- What are the needs a State fulfills?
4- What are the needs a Nation fulfills?
5- Is the existence of a Nation without a territory possible? Why?
6- Is sovereignty essencial to a State and to a Nation? Why?
7- Can a Nation be wider than a State? Why?
8- Can there be more than a Nation in a State? Why?
9- Which is more stable, a Nation or a State? Why?
10- How do a State and a Nation emerge?
11- How do a Nation and a State preserve their integrity?
12- What objective does a State continuously pursue? How does it try to do it?
13- What's the guiding principle accepted by all modern civilized multinational states?

Page 72
 Text 28 - The Government isn't supposed
to fix your life

Previous vocabulary
To fake(d) – fingir Long haul – transporte de longa distância
To gear(ed) – direcionar Repair – reparo, conserto
To sue(d) – processar Thus – então, portanto
To meld(ed) – mesclar 18-wheeler – caminhão com dezoito rodas
To review(ed) – revisar Wrongfully – ilegalmente
To atrophy(ied) – atrofiar Slip and fall – escorregar e cair (termo usado
To clap(ped) – bater palmas para pequenos acidentes)
To immerse(ed) – mergulhar, imergir Attorney – advogado
To wither away – murchar, secar Ever enlarging – que não para de crescer
To tuck in – cuidar Butt – bunda
To get off – levantar Screwed up – estragado
To let go – demitir Taxes – tributos
Level playing field – oportunidades iguais Stuff – coisas
I can handle that – eu posso resolver Plague – peste
To come apart at the seams – estar perto de um Discriminated against – discriminado
colapso Brillo head – cabelo crespo, esquisito, desarru-
To hate your guts – te odiar mado
To hit the road – pegar a estrada Land mine – mina terrestre
To make a good living – conseguir uma vida boa Barbed wire – arame farpado
Crap – porcaria Eventually – certamente
Sap – coitado, idiota Resistence -resistência
Probation – condicional A bunch of – um monte de
Junior college – faculdade Handouts – folhetos
Daytime TV – programas de TV que passam Outer space – espaço sideral
durante o dia In between – no meio de
Commercial – comercial Void – vazio
Trucking – dirigir caminhões Massive – imenso, massivo

Page 73
 The Government isn't supposed to fix your life
Well I'm not here to tell you who to vote for. But I am here to tell you who not to vote for. Don't vote
for anyone who says, “I'll fight for you.” Because that person is full of crap and has no intention
of not only fighting for you, he doesn't know who you are. He or she is just moving on to the next
town where they can point at the next sap and say, “I'll fight for you.”
I'm so tired of these politicians and their town hall meetings when somebody stands up and says,
“I'm pregnant with quadruplets. I've been put on academic probation at the junior college. And my
milkman hates my guts. What are you going to do for me?”
And my answer is, “Nothing. But here's the good news. We live in the United States. You can do
something for you. Feel free to get a job and fight to keep it.”
Let me give you a really good example of people doing too much for others and us coming apart at
the seams as a society. You guys remember when you were kids and you'd fake an illness and you'd
stay home from school, and you'd sit there on your sofa and you'd watch daytime TV?
“Hey! I'm Wally Thorpe. School of Trucking! You can get into trucking too! Be a long haul trucker!
Get your license! Hit the open road! Make a good living!”
“Learn typewriter repair.” – “Learn toaster repair.”
Remember all those commercials? Every single commercial was geared to somebody who was
out of work but who wanted to work. Why? Well it's Tuesday. It's noon. Who's going to be home
watching this TV show? People who are out of work. What do people who are out of work want to
do? They want to get to work, thus they learn to drive an 18-wheeler.
Now look at every commercial that's on during daytime TV.
“Wrongfully let go by an employer?”
“Slip and fall in a supermarket?” – “You can sue. Hi, I'm attorney Lance Bassman, and I'll fight for
you.”
See? The same people that say they're going to fight for you are the same people trying to get you
free crap when you won't get off your ever enlarging butt that's now melding and becoming one
with your sofa.
Fixing your screwed up life is not the government's job. And by the way, when does the govern-
ment do a good job at fixing anything? I mean, I live in Los Angeles. We pay the most in taxes, and
we get the least in education.
I want the government to do stuff that I can't do. Stop a war, end a plague. That kind of stuff. Stuff
involving me? Stuff involving my family? Stuff involving my community? I can handle that.
Also, don't vote for the politician who says, “I know it's not a level playing field. I'm going to level
it for you.” That's impossible. It's mathematically impossible to have a level playing field.
What are we going to do about fat people being discriminated against? Some people are born with
one limb shorter than the other. Other people are born with a Brillo head.
There's nothing we can do about it. The government's job is to clear the playing field, not level the
playing field, since it's impossible for them to level the playing field. Just clear it of all the land
mines and all the barbed wire and let us get to work. And don't worry, this is a great country. The
harder you work the more you score and eventually your team goes to the Super Bowl.
So let's review. I'm not going to tell you who to vote for. I'll tell you who not to vote for. Don't vote
for the guy who says he's going to get rid of all your problems, take care of you, and tuck your kids
in at night
You see, humans need challenges to overcome, just like a muscle needs resistance to grow. In a
zero gravity environment an astronaut's muscles atrophy because there is no resistance. The go-
vernment giving you a bunch of handouts and living your life for you is basically the equivalent of
doing pushups in outer space.
“Look ma I can clap five times just like Rocky in between sets!”
Big government is like the void of space. It's massive, constantly expanding and if we immerse
ourselves in it, we'll simply wither away.
Adam Carolla for Prager University.
Page 74
 Text 29 - The Three Generations of
Human Rights

Previous vocabulary
To lack(ed) – faltar, não ter
To state(d) – declarar
To introduce(d) – introduzir
To respond(ed) – reponder
To require(d) – requerer, exigir
To guarantee(d) – garantir
To take roots – criar raízes
Proposal – proposta
Czech – tcheco
Jurist – jurista
Socio-economic – socioeconômico
Norm – norma
Treaty – tratado
Convention – convenção
Covenant – pacto, aliança
Conflictive – conflituoso
Recognition – reconhecimento
Ruler – governante
Omnipotente – onipotente
Struggle – luta
Monarchic – monárquico
Absolutism – absolutismo
Absolute – absoluto
Policy – política, programa
Constitutional – constitucional
Center – centro
Institution – instituição
Taxes – tributos
Prior – prévio, anterior
Approval – aprovação
Arrest – arresto, prisão
Confiscation – confisco
Private property – propriedade privada
Judicial procedure – procedimento judicial
Guarantee – garantia
Access – acesso
Basic – básico
Goods – produtos
Industrialization – industrialização
Emerging – surgimento
Working class – classe trabalhadora
Claim – demanda, exigência
Dignified – digno
Recreation – recreação
Medical care – cuidados médicos
Privacy – privacidade
Non-discrimination – não discriminação
Housing – moradia
Degrading – degradante
Detriment – detrimento
Pension – pensão
Disability – deficiência
Elderly – idosos
Standard – padrão
Continuity – continuidade
Idiosyncrasy – idiossincrasia, estrutura
Solidarity – solidariedade
Sustainable – sustentável
Heritage – herança
Humanitarian – humanitário
Assistance – assistência

Page 75
 The Three Generations of Human Rights
The three generations of human rights respond to the proposal made in 1977 by Karel Vasak, a
Czech jurist whose theories have primarily taken root in European legislation. There are three
types of human rights: civil and political, socio-economic and collective development.
The first two refer to the individual demands of the people against the State, they are well accep-
ted norms and regulated in various international treaties and conventions. The third type refers to
the demands of the peoples and communities against the State; It is the most conflictive and lacks
legal as well as political recognition.
1 – First generation of human rights
The first generation of human rights refers to civil and political rights. In the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries these rights were born; peoples began to recognize that the rulers should not be
omnipotent and it is recognized as the beginning of the struggle against monarchical absolutism.
It was stated that there had to be limits and things that could not be done by the government. In
addition, it was believed that the people should be able to have some influence on the policies
that affected their lives. There are two ideas as the center of the movement:
- Personal freedom.
- Protection of the individual against the State.
Philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, Hobbes and Rousseau exposed these ideas that were
later shaped in legal documents in different countries (Magna Carta of 1215, Declaration of Rights
of England in 1689, Letter of Rights of the United States 1776 and French Declaration of the Ri-
ghts of Man and the Citizen 1789).
These documents with constitutional value limited the absolute power in several aspects:
- Limits were introduced on the institution of taxes by the king, without the prior approval of the
Parliament.
- Limits were established on arrests and confiscation of property without the necessary prior ju-
dicial procedure.
- Freedom of expression and freedom of thought were proclaimed.
2 – Second generation of human rights
The second generation of human rights refers to economic, social and cultural rights. They are ri-
ghts that are based on ideas of equality and guarantee of access to basic goods, services and social
and economic opportunities.
Industrialization and the emergence of the working class brought new claims and new ideas about
what a dignified existence was. People realized that human dignity required more than non-inter-
ference by the State. This was what civil and political rights proposed.
These economic, social and cultural rights are described in the International Covenant on Econo-
mic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and also in the European Social Charter of the Council of
Europe.
Social rights
Social rights allow a total participation of life in society. They include at least the right to edu-
cation and a family, but also rights known as civil (right to recreation, medical care, privacy and
non-discrimination).
Economic rights

Page 76
Economic rights guarantee a minimum level of material security necessary for human dignity. It
is stated that the lack of employment or housing is psychologically degrading to the detriment of
human dignity.
Normally, economic rights include the right to work, housing, a pension for people with disabili-
ties and the elderly, and the right to an adequate standard of living.
Cultural rights
Cultural rights are those related to the cultural way of life. They include the right to education and
the right to participate in cultural life.
However, there are other rights not officially classified as cultural, but which are vital to guarantee
the continuity of the cultural idiosyncrasy of minority communities. Some are the right to non-dis-
crimination and equal protection of the law.
3 – Third generation of human rights
The third generation of human rights refers to solidarity rights. This includes the right to sustai-
nable development, peace or a healthy environment, to participate in the common heritage of
humanity, to communication and humanitarian assistance, among others.
Unfortunately, in much of the world, advances in human rights have been limited by the existing
conditions of extreme poverty, wars or natural catastrophes.

Some experts are against the idea of the second and third generations of human rights due to their
collective and positive nature; for the first generation of human rights is all about negative laws.
In other words, it tells what governments and people should not do. The second and third genera-
tions, on the other hand, demand action from others and from the government, making them much
harder to be achieved. Many times, by the way, second and third generations imply a necessary
disrespect to the first one.

https://www.lifepersona.com/the-three-generations-of-human-rights

Questions:

1- How many types of human rights are there? What do they refer to?
2- When was the first generation of human rights born? What does it refer to?
3- What are the two ideas in the center of the first generation of human rights?
4- What are some of the legal documents that expressed the first human rights?
5- What did these constitutional documents limit?
6- What does the second generation of human rights refer to? What ideas are they based on?
7- What are some of the social rights?
8- What are some of the economic rights?
9- What are some of the cultural rights?
10- What does the third generation of human rights refer to? What does it include?
11- Why do some experts disagree on the possibility of achievement of the second and third ge-
nerations of human rights?

Practice and conversation

1- What do you think of human rights?

2- Are human rights respected in Brazil? Why or why not?
3- Do you believe the realization of human rights is possible? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe some people take advantage of human rights?

Page 77
 Text 30 - Five inspirational people with
disabilities

Previous vocabulary
To share(d) – compartilhar Researcher – pesquisador
To earn(ed) – ganhar Known – conhecido
To prevent(ed) – impedir Mathematician – matemático
To cease(d) – parar, cessar Acute – agudo
To raise(d)- levantar Aware – ciente
To star(red) – estrelar Tenor – tenor
To withdraw, withdrew, withdrawn – retirar-se Record – disco
To break the mold – quebrar os padrões (mol- Law – direito
des) Partially – parcialmente
To be named after – receber o nome em home- Blow – impacto, batida
nagem a algo ou alguém Numerous – numerosos
Inspirational – inspirador Award – prêmio
Inspiration – inspiração Prestigie – prestígio
Besides – além de Peak – pico, auge
Improvement – melhoramento Stage – palco
Precisely – precisamente Depression – depressão
Theoretical – teórico Alcoholism – alcoolismo
Physicist – físico Foundation – fundação
Astrophysicist – astrofísico Speaker – palestrante
Cosmologist – cosmólogo Motivational – motivacional
Eminent – eminente Survivor – sobrevivente
Paralysed – paralisado Limbs – membros
Synthesizer – sintetizador Ridicule – escárnio
Voice – voz Founder – fundador
Slight – ligeiro, leve Regular – assíduo
Exemplar – exemplar

Five inspirational people with disabilities

If these famous people with disabilities share something, besides their professional success, it
is their ability of self-improvement. The lives of most of them have not been easy and precisely
because of that, they are an example and inspiration.
1 – Stephen Hawkin
A theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, cosmologist, and eminent scientist, Stephen Hawking was
diagnosed with ALS at age 21: he was given 2 more years to live. He lived until he was 76-years-
-old.
He had been paralysed from head to toe for over thirty years and used a voice synthesizer to be
able to communicate, and a wheelchair that he operated through slight movements of the head
and eyes.
None of this prevented him from developing his activity as an exemplary researcher and professor,
and intense personal life that allowed him to make his illness known to the world.

Page 78
2 – John Nash
Another example of a celebrity with a disability who broke the mold is John Nash, an American
mathematician whose life, marked by acute paranoid schizophrenia, is known to us thanks to the
film "A Beautiful Mind" Aware of his illness, Nash fought against it and developed a successful
academic career that earned him the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994.
3 – Andrea Boccelli
Tenor, musician, writer and music producer of Italian origin, Andrea Boccelli has sold more than 75
million records. He also studied law.
He was born with congenital glaucoma, which left him partially blind. But that did not prevent him
from taking piano lessons until the age of 6. However, at the age 12, he suffered a blow during a
soccer game that left him completely blind.
Boccelli has received numerous awards of international prestige and even has a beach named
after him on the Adriatic.
4 – Michael J. Fox
The Back to the Future star was diagnosed with Parkinson's in 1991 when he was just 29 years old
and his career was at its peak. He was told that he should withdraw from the stage, but he did not
cease to be an actor.
Michael found it hard to accept his illness, suffering with depression and alcoholism for some
time. But, he now works to promote his foundation, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Re-
search, to help find a cure for this progressive disease.
After more than 25 years and with the condition at a very advanced stage, Michael J. Fox continues
to maintain his spirit of improvement. His foundation has already raised $233 million for Parkin-
son's research.
5 – Nick Vujicic
Nick Vujicic is an Australian motivational speaker born with tetra-amelia syndrome, a disability
where the person affected is born without arms and legs. He is one of the seven known survivors
in the world who has the syndrome.
Born in 1982 with no limbs, he claims that as a child he suffered ridicule and discrimination, and
tried to commit suicide. However, with time, he learned to see his own potential. He is the founder
of Life Without Limbs – an organization for people with physical disabilities.
He is currently giving motivational talks around the world, has written several books and is a re-
gular on talk shows and TV programs. He became very famous after starring in the short film The
Butterfly Circus.
https://disabilityhorizons.com/2017/12/top-10-disabled-celebrities-across-world/
https://www.sunrisemedical.co.uk/blog/famous-people-with-disabilities

Questions:

1- Who was Stephen Hawking? What kind of disability did he have?

2- Who was John Nash? What kind of disability did he have?
3- Who is Andrea Boccelli? How did he go blind?
4- How old was Michael J. Fox when he was diagnosed with Parkinson's?
5- Was it easy for him to accept his condition? What does he do now?
6- Who is Nick Vujicic? What kind of disability does he have?
7- What is he currently doing?

Page 79
 Text 31 - What was the Enlightenment?

Previous vocabulary

To replace(d) – substituir Religious – religioso

To elaborate(d) – elaborar Dogma – dogma
To articulate(d) – articular Dogmatic – dogmático
To secure(d) – assegurar Medieval – medieval
To found(ed) – fundar Claim – alegação
To sponsor(ed) – financiar Jurist – jurista
To admit(ed) – admitir Bill – carta
To insist(ed) – insistir Source – fonte
To impose(d) – impor Statesmen – estadistas
To skip(ped) – pular, ignorar Credit – crédito
To promote(d) – promover Modernity -modernidade
To engineer(ed) – projetar Universal – universal
To claim(ed) – alegar Infallible – infalível
To emphasize(d) – enfatizar Extraordinarily – extraordinariamente
To urge(d) – incitar Dogmatic – dogmático
To cultivate(d) – cultivar Morality – moralidade
To clamor(ed) – clamar Chain – corrente
To desserve(d) – merecer View – visão
To greet(ed) – saudar, receber Constraints – limitações
To rebuild, rebuilt, rebuilt – reconstruir Notion – noção
To seek, sought, sought – procurar Abstract – resumo, escrito
To hold, held, held – manter Army – exército
To overthrow, overthrew, overthrown – derru- Supposedly – supostamente
bar, destituir Contrast – contraste
To take place – acontecer Skeptical – cético
To free yourself – libertar-se Skepticism – ceticismo
To cut loose – libertar-se Unreliability – inconfiabilidade
To pull down – derrubar Idolization – idolatria
To pass over – passar por cima Pursuit – busca
To end up – acabar (fazendo algo) Rigid – rígido
To stick close – ficar perto Moderate – moderado
Checks and balances – freios e contrapesos Combination – combinação
Private property – propriedade privada Elite – elite
Due process – devido processo legal Fashionable – chique, na moda
Path-breaking – pioneiro Certainty – certeza
Leading figures – líderes Contempt – desprezo
Skeptics open – livre de ceticismo Unenlightened – não iluminado
Common law – direito consuetudinário Illiberal – iliberal
Market economy – economia de mercado Deplorable – deplorável
Science – ciência Overconfidence – confiança excessiva
Sort – tipo Astray – desnorteado
Miracle – milagre
Suddenly – de repente
Page 80
 What was the Enlightenment?
Modern science, medicine, political freedom, the market economy—all of them, we're told, are the
result of a sort of miracle that took place 250 years ago. That miracle is called the Enlightenment,
a moment in history when philosophers suddenly overthrew religious dogma and tradition and
replaced it with human reason. Harvard professor Steven Pinker puts it this way: “Progress is a gift
of the ideals of the Enlightenment.”
There's just one problem with this claim. It isn't really true.
Consider the U.S. Constitution, which is frequently said to be a product of Enlightenment thought.
But you only need to read about English common law—which Alexander Hamilton and James Ma-
dison certainly did—to see that this isn't so. Already in the 15th-century, the English jurist John
Fortescue elaborated the theory of “checks and balances,” due process, and the role of private
property in securing individual freedom and economic prosperity. Similarly, the U.S. Bill of Rights
has its sources in English common law of the 1600s.
Or consider modern science and medicine. Long before the Enlightenment, tradition-bound En-
glish kings sponsored path-breaking scientific institutions such as the Royal College of Physicians,
founded in 1518, and the Royal Society of London, founded in 1660.
The truth is that statesmen and philosophers, especially in England and the Netherlands, articula-
ted the principles of free government centuries before America was founded.
So why give the Enlightenment all the credit? Apparently because it doesn't look good to admit
that the best and most important parts of modernity were given to us by individuals who nearly
all held conservative religious and political beliefs.
The claim that all good things come from the Enlightenment is most closely associated with the
late-18th-century German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. For Kant, reason is universal, infallible,
and independent of experience.
His extraordinarily dogmatic philosophy insisted that there can be only one correct answer to
every question in science, morality and politics. And that to reach the one correct answer, mankind
had to free itself from the chains of the past—that is, from history, tradition and experience.
But this Enlightenment view is not only wrong, it's dangerous. Human reason, when cut loose from
the constraints imposed by history, tradition and experience, produces a lot of crazy notions.
The abstract “Enlightenment Philosophy” of Jean Jacques Rousseau is a good example. It quickly
pulled down the French state, leading to the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror, and the Napo-
leonic Wars. Millions died as Napoleon's armies sought to rebuild every government in Europe in
light of the one correct political theory he believed was permitted by Enlightenment philosophy.
Today's cheerleaders for the Enlightenment tend to skip this part of the story. They also pass
over the fact that the father of communism, Karl Marx, saw himself as promoting universal reason
as well. His new “science” of economics ended up killing tens of millions of people in the 20th
century. So did the supposedly scientific race theories of the Nazis. The greatest catastrophes of
modernity were engineered by individuals who claimed to be exercising reason.
In contrast, most of the progress we've made comes from conservative traditions openly skeptical
of human reason. The Enlightenment's critics, including John Selden, David Hume, Adam Smith,
and Edmund Burke, emphasized the unreliability of “abstract reasoning” and urged us to stick clo-
se to custom, history, and experience in all things.
Which brings us to the heart of what's wrong with today's idolization of the Enlightenment. Its
leading figures were not skeptics open to what history and experience might teach us.
Their aim was to create their own system of supposedly infallible truths independent of experien-
ce. And in that pursuit, they were as rigid as the most dogmatic medievals.
Anglo-Scottish conservatives had a very different goal. They defended national and religious tra-
dition, even as they cultivated what they called a “moderate skepticism”—a combination that

Page 81
became known as “common sense.”
I think a lot about common sense these days, as I see American and European elites clamoring for
“Enlightenment Now.” They rush to embrace every fashionable new “ism”—socialism, feminism,
environmentalism, and so on—declaring them to be universal certainties and the only “politically
correct” way of thinking. They display contempt towards those who won't embrace their dogmas,
branding them “unenlightened,” “illiberal,” “deplorable,” and worse.
But these new dogmas deserve to be greeted with some of that old Anglo-Scottish skepticism.
Enlightenment overconfidence in reason has led us badly astray too many times.
Yoram Hazony, author of The Virtue of Nationalism, for Prager University.

Questions:

1- What are we told are the result of Enlightenment?

2- Does the author agree with it?
3- Does the author consider the U.S. Constitution a product of the Enlightenment thought? Why
not?
4- Are modern science and medicine a product of Enlightenment? Why not?
5- Why does Enlightenment receive all the credit?
6- What did Kant think of human reason?
7- Why is this Enlightenment view dangerous?
8- What were the results of Rousseau's abstract “Enlightenment Philosophy”?
9- What were the results of Karl Marx's communism?
10- Where does most progress come from?
11- What's wrong with today's idolization of the Enlightenment?
12- What's Enlightenment's aim?
13- What's “common sense”?
14- What are American and European elites clamoring for?
15- What do theses elites display against those who will not embrace their dogmas?

Page 82
 Text 32 - Capitalism Vs Socialism
Previous vocabulary
To prove(d) – provar
To encourage(d) – encorajar
To satisfy(ied) – satisfazer
To determine(d) – determinar
To point(ed) – apontar
To praise(d)– elogiar, louvar
To criticize(d) – criticar
Beware – tenha cuidado
The less fortunate – os menos afortunados
To sing the praises – enaltecer
to take pain – sofrer
To give away – doar
To get it wrong – errar
To get people off – tirar as pessoas de
Right up until it wasn't – até que não fosse
Out of luck – sem sorte
To sum up – resumir
In effect – com efeito, na verdade
Restaurant chain – rede de restaurantes
Late-stage – nos últimos estágios
Pun intended – trocadilho intencional
Pun – trocadilho
Backwards – de trás pra frente, ao contrário
Ultimate – final, definitivo
Supply – suprimento
Failure – fracasso
Toilet paper – papel higiênico
Ditch – vala
Unfair – injusto
Scandinavian – escandinavo
Paragon – modelo, exemplo
Robust – robusto
Expansion – expansão
Welfare – ajuda governamental
Frustrating – frustrante
Prospects – perspectivas
Page 83
 Capitalism Vs Socialism
Capitalism versus socialism. We can sum up each economic system in one line: Capitalism is based
on human greed. Socialism is based on human need. Right?
No. Wrong. So wrong, it's exactly backwards. And I'll prove it to you.
Been on Amazon lately? Each of the thousands of products Amazon offers represents the work of
people who believe they have something you want or need. If they're right, they prosper. If they're
wrong, they don't.
That's how the free market works. It encourages people to improve their lives by satisfying the ne-
eds of others. No one starts a business making a thing or providing a service for themselves. They
start a business to make things or provide services for others.
I speak from personal experience.
When I was the CEO of the company that owns Carl's Jr. and Hardee's restaurant chains, we spent
millions of dollars every year trying to determine what customers wanted. If our customers didn't
like something, we changed it--and fast, because if we didn't, our competitors would (pun inten-
ded) eat us for lunch.
The consumer--that's you--has the ultimate power. In effect, you vote with every dollar you spend.
In a socialist economy, the government has the ultimate power. It decides what you get from a
limited supply it decides should exist.
Instead of millions of people making millions of decisions about what they want, a few people-
--government elites--decide what people should have and how much they should pay for it. Not
surprisingly, they always get it wrong. Have you ever noticed that late-stage socialist failures
always run out of essential items like toilet paper?
Of course, this isn't a problem for those who have the right connections with the right people.
Those chosen few get whatever they want. But everyone else is out of luck.
Venezuela, once the richest country in South America, is the most recent example of socialism
driving a prosperous country into an economic ditch. Maybe you think it's an unfair example. I'm
not sure why, but okay. We'll ignore the fact that leftist activists celebrated it as a great socialist
success--right up until it wasn't.
But what about Western European countries? Don't they have socialist economies? People seem
pretty happy there. Why can't we have what they have--free health care, free college, stronger
unions?
Good question. And the answer may surprise you.
There are no socialist countries in Western Europe. Most are just as capitalist as the United States.
The only difference--and it's a big one--is that they offer more government benefits than the U.S.
does.
We can argue about the costs of these benefits and the point at which they reduce individual ini-
tiative, thus doing more harm than good. Scandinavians have been debating those questions for
years. But only a free-market capitalist economy can produce the wealth necessary to sustain all
of the supposedly "free stuff" Europeans enjoy. To get the "free stuff," after all, you have to create
enough wealth to generate enough tax revenue to pay for everything the government gives away.
Without capitalism, you're Venezuela.
In a 2015 speech at Harvard, Denmark's prime minister took great pains to make this point: "I know
that some people in the U.S. associate the Nordic model with... socialism, therefore I would like
to make one thing clear. Denmark is far from a socialist planned economy. Denmark is a market
economy."
So when you point to Denmark as a paragon of socialism, you're really singing the praises of ca-
pitalism.
The more capitalism, the less "socialism" you need. Look at America since 2017. A policy of lower
taxes and less government regulation (that's more capitalism) has led to a robust economic ex-
pansion, something thought impossible just a few years earlier. Unemployment, notably among
minority groups typically most at risk for poverty, is at a generational low. Economic expansion

Page 84
gets people off welfare and into work (that's less "socialism").
None of this requires a degree in economics. Common sense is all you need. That's why it's so
frustrating to see young people praising socialism and criticizing capitalism. It's bad enough that
they're working against their own interest--better job prospects, better wages, personal freedom-
--but they are also working against the interest of the less fortunate.
Capitalism leads to economic democracy. Socialism leads to the economic dictatorship of the eli-
te. Always. And everywhere.
So beware what you ask for. You just might get it.

Andy Puzder, author of The Capitalist Comeback, for Prager University.

https://www.prageru.com/video/capitalism-vs-socialism/

Questions

1- What does free market encourage people to do?

2- What do people need to do when they start a business?
3- Who has the ultimate power in a market economy? Why?
4- Who has the ultimate power in a socialist economy? Why?
5- What happens in late-stage socialist failures?
6- Who can get whatever they want in a socialist economy?
7- Are Scandinavian countries socialist?
8- What's the big difference between West European countries and the U.S?
9- How can people get “free stuff”?
10- What did Denmark's prime minister say in a 2015 speech at Harvard University?
11- What has been happening in America since 2017?
12- What does capitalism lead to?
13- What does socialism lead to?

Practice and conversation

1- Do you agree with the author when he talks about Venezuela? Why or why not?
2- Do you agree with the author when he talks about the Scandinavian countries? Why or why
not?
3- Can you point other socialist failures?
4- Do you believe capitalism is successful? Why or Why not?
5- Do you believe there is an “alternative” to capitalism?
6- What do you think of Brazilian economy?
7- Why do you think Brazil is not a developed country?

Page 85
 Text 33 - Should Government Bail
Out Big Banks?
Previous vocabulary

To experience(d) – experimentar Enabling parent – pai acolhedor

To assume(d) – presumir In the wee hours – nas primeiras horas da ma-
To guarantee(d) – garantir nhã
To unmoore(d) – desamarrar, desatracar Too big to fail – grande demais para quebrar
To underpin(ned) – sustentar, dar suporte It's that simple – é simples assim
To pump(ed) – bombear Meltdown – derretimento, catástrofe
To plead(ed) – pleitear Conventional – convencional
To stem(med) – conter Wisdom – sabedoria
To teeter(ed) – balançar Failure – fracasso
To threaten(ed) – ameaçar Subsequent – subsequente
To drag(ged) – arrastar Rescue – resgate
To broker(ed) – intermediar Ironically – ironicamente
To sponsor(ed) – financiar, patrocinar Unmoored – solto
To police(ed) – policiar Brief – breve
To withstand, withstood, withstood – aguentar Bondholders – detentor de títulos
To work your way around – dar um jeito em, Average – média
livrar-se de Freeze – congelamento
To set off – iniciar, provocar Dependente (on) – dependente (de)
To be able – ser capaz Primary – principal
To file for bankruptcy – declarar falência Insurer – segurador
To go belly up – falir, cair Taxpayer – pagador de impostos
To bring about – ocasionar, causar Market-oriented – que acredita no mercado
To get into trouble – ter problemas Credit-worthy – digno de crédito
To step in – entrar em jogo Edge – beira, beirada
To seize up – encalhar Panic – pânico
To go on strike – entrar em greve, não trabalhar Likely – provável
To pull out – tirar Borrower – tomador de empréstimo
To pass regulations – aprovar regulamentações Relic – relíquia
In the short run – a curto prazo Sanity – sanidade
Bail out – socorro, fiança Army – exército
Out of whack – fora de sintonia Lobbyist – lobista

Page 86
 Should Government Bail Out Big Banks?
In 2008, America experienced the biggest meltdown of its financial sector since the Great Depres-
sion. The conventional wisdom is that this failure and subsequent government rescue, commonly
known as "the bailout" was brought about by three decades of bank de-regulation. There were a
lot of causes for the meltdown, but deregulation wasn't one of them. Ironically, it wasn't because
the banks had become unmoored from government control that led them into the financial storm,
it was because they had become too closely tied to government. For three decades Uncle Sam,
like an enabling parent, had always "been there" when the big banks got into trouble. The shock
in 2008 was that for one brief moment, Uncle Sam wasn't there.
In the wee hours of September 15, 2008, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. The financial in-
dustry waited for the Feds to step in and save Lehman bondholders like it saved those of Bear
Stearns some months earlier. That didn't happen. Global financial markets seized up. As the Dow
Jones Industrial average fell 498 points, or nearly 4.4 percent, financial institutions effectively
went on strike. Banks wouldn't lend money to other banks and thus, indirectly, to the public be-
cause they had no idea which financial institution might go belly up next. The economy can wi-
thstand a stock-market crash, but a credit-market freeze -- essentially a cash freeze -- can cause
a Depression, as credit underpins almost all business and personal activities. Indeed, some large
companies, including General Electric, were so dependent on these short-term credit markets that
they were in danger of not being able to pay their workers.
The financial industry pleaded with the government to act. Later in the same day, September 15,
it did. The Feds wouldn't save Lehman's but it would save AIG, the primary insurer of mortgage lo-
ans. A month later, the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), a $700 billion plan to pump taxpayer
cash into America's banks and financial institutions was approved by Congress.
Public officials generally agreed that the free market had failed. In November 2008, President Ge-
orge W. Bush came to New York to explain why he, a Republican president, had signed TARP into
law. "I'm a market-oriented guy, but not when I'm faced with the prospect of a global meltdown,"
he said.
But free-market capitalism had not melted down. Again, the problem was not that banks had been
too free, but that they had grown too dependent on government over the last few decades. Here's
a brief history.
America's first post-Depression bailout of a big bank came in 1984 when the Republican adminis-
tration of Ronald Reagan, with help from the Federal Reserve bailed out Continental Illinois, the
eighth largest commercial bank in the nation. The bailout introduced the phrase "too big to fail"
to the financial media's vocabulary.
The premise for rescuing Continental was simple: the bank had many global bondholders, big
investors, and the government feared that the bondholders might pull their money out of all Ame-
rican banks if they saw that a bank like Continental could fail. That might have stemmed a short-
-term panic, but it created a long-term monster. The government had effectively said to financial
markets: if you lend money to a big bank, it's just like lending money to the U.S. Treasury -- only it's
better because the banks will pay you more interest than you can get from your Treasury bonds.
And so money poured in from investors. The banks got bigger... and more reckless. And when the
next crisis rippled through the financial industry, there was Uncle Sam, ready with his checkbook.
In 1998 the government, this time under Democrat Bill Clinton bailed out Long-Term Capital Ma-
nagement, a hedge fund that teetered at the edge of bankruptcy and threatened to drag some big
banks down with it. The message to the banks was clearer than ever: take bigger risks. Uncle Sam
would be there, if any thing went wrong.
Indeed, as I noted, early in the crisis, in March 2008, the government brokered the purchase of the
Bear, Stearns investment bank (to JP Morgan) to save its bondholders and other creditors from su-
ffering huge losses. And that summer, Washington rescued Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the giant
government sponsored mortgage companies.
It's the fact that the government didn't rescue Lehman Brothers that set off the 2008 panic be-

Page 87
cause the financial world simply assumed that Uncle Sam would. Would we have been better off
had the government saved Lehman's? Maybe in the short run. But it's likely that crisis would have
occurred anyway. Because banks assumed that the government would always bail them out, their
risk models by 2008 were all out of whack; conservative practices, like lending only to credit-wor-
thy borrowers, a relic of the past.
What's the solution? How do we bring sanity back to the financial industry? Not by passing thou-
sands of new regulations. The banks' army of accountants, lawyers and lobbyists can always work
their way around those. The solution is that the government must stop guaranteeing the big banks'
losses. Only then will bondholders, the big investors like pension funds and insurance companies,
who lend the financial sector the money they need to operate, have an incentive to police the
industry.
It's that simple.

Nicole Gelinas, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, for Prager University.

https://www.prageru.com/video/should-government-bail-out-big-banks/

Questions:

1- What's the conventional wisdom on the 2008 financial meltdown in America?

2- What, in the author's opinion, led the banks into a financial storm?
3- What did the financial industry wait for when Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy?
4- What happened instead?
5- What happened when the financial industry pleaded with the government to act?
6- When did America's first post-Depression bailout of a bank come in?
7- What was the premise for rescuing Continental?
8- Why kind of message did the government give to the banks when Continental was saved?
9- What's the solution to this problem?

Practice and conversation

1- Do you believe governments should bail out banks? Why or why not?
2- Do you believe governments should bail out big companies? Why or why not?
3- Do you believe governments should invest in the private sector? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe governments should protect businesses? Why or why not?
5- Do you think governments should somehow intervene in the economy? Why or why not?

Page 88
 Text 34 - Who Should Win the Nobel
Peace Prize?
Previous vocabulary
To deprive(d) – privar Far from it – longe disso
To imprison(ed) – aprisionar Peaceful – pacífico
To murder(ed) – assassinar Award – prêmio
To station(ed) – posicionar Purpose – propósito
To resolve(d) – resolver Ultimately – em última análise
To ship(ped) – embarcar, transportar Domination – domínio
To skyrocket(ed) – chegar às alturas Exaggeration – exagero
To disarm(ed) – desarmar Security – segurança
To return(ed) – retornar Protection – proteção
To thwart(ed) – frustrar External – externo
To reignite(d) – reascender Victorious – vitorioso
To spring up – surgir Brutally – brutalmente
To stay out of – ficar fora de Assembly – reunião
In short – em resumo Unfree – não livre
Like it or not – goste você ou não Adversary – adversário
On the beat – de plantão, em serviço Consequence – consequência
In retreat – em retirada, diminuindo Involvement – envolvimento
Let's put it this way – vamos colocar da seguinte Soy beans – soja
forma Shipping lane – rotas de navegação
To grind to the halt – se acabar aos poucos Sheriff – xerife
To stand guard – ficar de guarda State actors – atores estatais
To this day – até este dia Islamists – islâmico
Nobel Peace Prize – Prêmio Nobel da Paz Vicious – brutal, cruel
Thanks to – graças a Dystopian – distópico
For so long – por tanto tempo Decisive – decisivo
It's not a given – não vem de graça

Who Should Win the Nobel Peace Prize?

If the Nobel Peace Prize was given out to people who truly made the world a more peaceful place,
one group would win every year: the United States military—the US Army, Air Force, Navy, and
Marines.
Now, you may be thinking, how can you award a peace prize to a group whose purpose is to fight
wars? Fair question. I'll tell you how: because the reason we are free, the reason anyone on earth
today is free, is ultimately thanks to the US military.
They saved the free world from German domination in the First World War. They saved the free
world from Japanese and German fascism in the Second World War. They saved the free world
from communism in the Cold War. And they're saving it now.
That might sound like an exaggeration, but only because they've protected us for so long. National
security—the protection of citizens from an external foe—is not a given; far from it. It's the pro-
duct of the hard work of American military men and women who stand guard 24 hours a day, 365
days a year, every year. And, they've been doing so for as long as any of us can remember.
The First World War, the Second World War, the Cold War, the Korean War, both Iraq Wars, the
Afghan War—these were all conflicts that the US tried to avoid. But they were wars that the US
fought not only for itself, but for good, decent and free people everywhere.
Page 89
Where the US military was not ultimately victorious—the Vietnam War—50 million people were
deprived of freedom of speech, of assembly, of press, of travel, and of religion. As many as two
million were brutally imprisoned and murdered.
The only reason South Korea isn't an open-air concentration camp like its northern neighbor is be-
cause America came to South Korea's defense nearly 70 years ago. To this day, we still have 30,000
troops stationed there to protect the free South from the unfree North.
And it's not just the open conflicts the American military resolves; it's the not-wars—all the con-
flicts that were never fought because our adversaries feared the consequences of American mili-
tary involvement.
Let's put it this way: The reason Iowa soybeans can be shipped from Seattle to Shanghai, or cof-
fee from Colombia to Cleveland is because the American military—specifically, the Navy—stands
guard over the world's shipping lanes. Block those lanes and the price of everything skyrockets,
and international commerce grinds to a halt.
Like it or not, the US military has been, and remains, as close to a global sheriff as exists on planet
Earth—on the beat, keeping the peace.
Don't believe me? Ask yourself this very simple question: What if China disarmed? Or Iran? Or
North Korea? Or Russia? Think the world would be a better or worse place? The question answers
itself.
Now, imagine if America disarmed. Think China stays out of Taiwan or Hong Kong? Iran out of Isra-
el? North Korea out of South Korea? Russia out of eastern Europe? And those are just state actors.
Islamists would quickly return, bolder and more vicious than ever.
In short, new conflicts would spring up and old ones reignite all over the world. Freedom would
be in retreat every single day.
That's the dystopian future of a world without the US military. And that's because across the globe
for the last 100 years and more, the bad guys have been thwarted—not only by the American mi-
litary, of course. But in every major conflict, American military force has been decisive.

Pete Hegseth, U.S. Army Major, for Prager University.

Questions:

1- What group should win the Nobel Peace Prize every year?
2- What's the reason why we are free today?
3- Who did the American Army save the free world from?
4- Is nacional security a given?
5- What happened where the US military was not ultimately victorious?
6- Why isn't South Korea an open-air concentration camp?
7- What are the not-wars?
8- What would happen if the American military didn't stand guard over the world's shipping lanes?

Practice and conversation

1- What do you think would happen if USA disarmed today?

2- Do you also believe the USA military should win the Nobel Peace Prize? Why or why not?
3- What do you think of America's influence all over the world?
4- Who was the last Nobel Peace Prize winner? What do you think of this person?
5- Do you remember any other names who won the Nobel Peace Prize? Who? What do you think
of them?
6- Who, in your opinion, should win the Nobel Peace Prize?

Page 90
 Text 35 - Insane US laws you won't
believe exist
Previous vocabulary
To bother(ed) – se incomodar Knowingly – intencionalmente, sabendo
To repeal(ed) – repelir, tirar de circulação Drunken – bêbado
To pass(ed) – aprovar Judgment – julgamento
To remain(ed) – permanecer Enough – suficiente
To enforce(d) – impor, forçar Moose – alce
To reinforce(d) – reforçar Flamingo – flamingo
To fork(ed) – garfar, usar um garfo Proper – apropriado
To view(ed) – ver Strictly – estritamente, rigorosamente
To lick(ed) – lamber Alligator – jacaré
To carry(ied) – carregar Whatsoever – seja o que for
To get drunk – ficar bêbado Catchy – cativante, que fica na cabeça
To kick out – chutar, colocar para fora Literally – literalmente
To stick around – ficar por perto, continuar Utensils – utensílios
To get fined – ser multado Poultry – ave, frango
To get charged – ser acusado Stunt – façanha
To recapture(d) – recapturar Cockamamie – ridículo
To honk your horn – buzinar Pocket – bolso
To oil up – engraxar, passar óleo Profanity – profanidade
To grease up – engraxar, passar gordura Corpse – corpo, cadáver
Bobbing your hair – cortar o cabelo na altura do Donkey – burro
pescoço Bathtub – banheira
Finger-lickin' – de lamber os dedos Slippery – escorregadio
Laugh all you want – ria o quanto quiser Naked – nu, pelado
Self-proclaimed – autoproclamado Junk – lixo
No longer – não mais Scrap metal – ferro velho
Let alone – quanto mais, pra não dizer Rubber – borracha
Dumb – idiota Rag – trapo, retalho
Nonsensical – sem sentido Alcohol – álcool
Quirky – peculiar Prohibited – proibir
Weird – esquisito Mine – mina
Outlandish – estranho Rabbit – coelho
Confusing – confuso Fence – cerca
Technically – tecnicamente
Misdemeanor – contravenção You could find yourself in hot water – ter pro-
Context – contexto blemas
Specifically – especificamente

Insane US laws you won't believe exist

Ah, dumb laws. Every state in the US has them, every state in the US knows they're nonsensical at
best, and yet they stick around because few states bother to repeal them, let alone strictly reinfor-
ce them. But the fact is, as quirky, weird, stupid, outlandish, and highly confusing these regulations
are, they are still technically the law in these states. Even though they were passed many years
ago and no longer make any sense in today's context. Even weirder, you can still get fined or char-
ged with misdemeanors for breaking some of them without having any idea they existed!
1. No getting drunk in bars
Where: Alaska
It's illegal to be drunk while in a bar in Alaska. Yes, a bar. You know, the one place people go speci-
fically to get drunk. People who are already drunk must not “knowingly” enter a bar to drink more
Page 91
either, nor can they remain in the bar where they got drunk in the first place. Basically, you must
use your own drunken “judgment” to decide the point at which you've had enough and kick your-
self out. Laugh all you want, but police still enforce this law.
Also illegal in Alaska: viewing moose from an airplane -- or pushing moose out of an airplane for
that matter, waking a sleeping bear to take a photo of it, and bringing flamingos into barber shops.
2. You must pronounce our state name correctly
Where: Arkansas
Before you make any plans to visit Arkansas, you better practice the proper pronunciation of the
state's name, or you could find yourself in hot water. State code strictly reinforces that “Arkansas”
is pronounced one way and one way only -- three syllables with the accent on the first and last
syllable, and a silent ‘s' at the end. They're having none of your Arkan-sass.
Also illegal in Arkansas: keeping alligators in bathtubs, getting a raise as a teacher after bobbing
your hair, killing any living creature whatsoever, and honking your horn at a sandwich shop after
9 pm.
3. No eating fried chicken with anything but your fingers
Where: Georgia
In Gainesville, Georgia, finger-lickin' chicken is not just a catchy slogan. It's literally the law. Since
1961, it has been illegal to use utensils to eat fried chicken in the self-proclaimed “poultry capital
of the world”, thanks to a publicity stunt that has remained part of the city code to this day. And
don't think they're too chicken to actually reinforce this cockamamie law nowadays. A tourist was
arrested for forking his fried chicken in 2009.
Also illegal in Georgia: carrying an ice cream cone in your back pocket on Sundays, using profanity
in front of a corpse at a funeral home, and keeping donkeys in bathtubs.
4. No greasing up pigs
Where: Minnesota
Okay, we understand that it gets a little boring in Minnesota sometimes during those long winters,
but oiling up pigs in your living room with the goal of trying to recapture the slippery swine is not
the most healthy or productive use of anyone's time. Apparently, pig greasing was so much of a
problem in the state that this ban had to be written into law in 1971.
Also illegal in Minnesota: sleeping naked, entering the state wearing a chicken or duck on your
head, driving a red car down Lake Street, eating hamburgers on Sundays, and standing around any
public building without having a reason to be there.
5. Don't buy junk from a drunk
Where: Wyoming
The fact this state regulation sounds more like a country music lyric than a law doesn't make it any
less real. Buying any kind of scrap metal or rubber, rags or paper from someone who is under the
influence of alcohol is strictly prohibited in the state.
Also illegal in Wyoming: being drunk in a mine, taking pictures of a rabbit between January and
April, shooting fish, failing to close a fence, and women standing within five feet of a bar while
drinking.
https://facty.com/network/answers/culture/insane-us-laws-you-wont-believe-exist/?style=quick&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=m-sear-
ch&utm_term=stupid%20laws%20in%20the%20us&adid=397931562907&utm_campaign=FA-USA_-_Search_-_insane_us_laws_you_wont_be-
lieve_exist_-_Mobile&gclid=Cj0KCQjw3qzzBRDnARIsAECmrypwl7ZZ6TA1yvT-S74rivGUiqMWySsSjM8N1vRqOk0YeU4Q1V23Wn4aAllqEALw_wcB

Practice and conversation

1- Why do you think it's forbidden to be drunk in a bar in Alaska?

2- Do you believe people obey this law? Why or why not?
3- Why do you think a teacher couldn't get a raise after bobbing her hair in Arkansas?
4- Why do you think people oil up pigs in Minnesota?
5- Do you believe any of the laws above make sense? Which one and why?
6- Do you remember any stupid laws we have in Brazil?
7- Do you remember any stupid laws in your city?
8- Why do you think there are so many stupid laws all over the world?
Page 92
 Text 36 - Prison may not work for them,
but it works for us
Previous vocabulary

To encourage(d) – encorajar Intellectuals – intelectuais

To entrench(ed) – entrincheirar Powerfully – poderosamente
To subscribe(d) (to) – filiar-se, assinar Dullard – estúpido, burro
To break, broke, broken – quebrar Dolt – idiota, pateta
To uphold, upheld, upheld – Desirable – desejável
Broken home – lar desfeito Wilful – intencional
Drug-taking – uso de drogas Amenable – dócil, submisso
Single parenthood – pai ou mãe solteira Removal – remoção
Serial stepfatherhood – padrastos em série Tumor – tumor
To mete out – por um fim, acabar com Disastrous – desastroso
Long-held – de longa data Mistaking – confusão
Bad Faith – má fé Wish – desejo
Once more – mais uma vez Fact – fato
At once – de primeira, de uma vez Victim – vítima
On the run – fugindo, amedrontado Unjust – injusto
No use – não adianta Unequally – desigualmente
Of use – útil Inequitably – sem equidade
Lawbreaking – descumprimento da lei Alcoholism – alcoolismo
Awakening of conscience – despertar da consci- Norm – norma
ência Iron filings – limalhas de ferro
Cell-mate – companheiro de cela Magnet – ímã
Crook – bandido Inanimately – sem querer, sem ter vontade
Mug – imbecil Will – vontade
Intelligentsia – intelligentsia, os intelectuais Inevitable – inevitável
Therapeutic – terapêutico Product – produto
Protective – protetivo Police – polícia
Deterrent – dissuasão Neutrality – neutralidade
Worthless – sem valor Perpetrator – perpetrador
Cruel – cruel Prospect – perspectiva
Effectiveness – efetividade Sudden – súbito
Utmost – máximo Fine – multa
Celerity – celeridade severely – severamente
Warped – distorcido Doctrine – doutrina
Code – código Collective – coletivo
Sentimentally – sentimentalmente Responsibility – responsabilidade
Sentimentalists – sentimentalistas

Page 93
 Prison may not work for them, but it works for us
Crooks who are in prison are not burgling your house. They themselves understand that perfectly
clearly: it is only sentimental mugs who don't.
The British intelligentsia and its long-held wish that the punishment imposed by the criminal
justice system should be therapeutic rather than merely protective and deterrent. According to
this view, if punishment fails to reform the criminal, then it is not only worthless but primitive and
cruel. This is so even if prison conditions are good.
However, criminals know very well the effectiveness of punishment: which is why they mete it out
to each other with the utmost celerity if one of them breaks their code.
By accepting the sentimentally therapeutic view of prison, intellectuals powerfully encourage the
bad faith of so many criminals, who know that, once more, they have society on the run. Here I am
reminded of a conversation I once had with a career burglar in prison.
‘I don't need prison, doctor,' he said. ‘I need help. Prison's no use to me.'
‘But it is of use to me,' I said.
‘What do you mean?'
‘Well, while you're in prison you're not burgling my house.'
The prisoner laughed that kind of laugh that I came to love, and that demonstrated to me that pri-
soners are by no means the dullards and dolts that they are often taken (by sentimentalists) to be.
He understood my point at once, without further explanation.
Whether it is desirable that wilful human behaviour such as criminality should be amenable to
some technical treatment or other – just like the removal of a brain tumor by surgery – is an open
question; what is hardly in doubt is that such ‘treatment', except for general anesthesia, does not
exist.
An important feature of sentimentality — one that is disastrous in deciding policy — is the mis-
taking of a wish for the fact. We would like there to be some better method of dealing with crimi-
nals than imprisonment, therefore there is, and must be, such a method.
Criminologists tend to believe the criminal is the victim of an unjust society in which the goods
of this world were unequally, and therefore inequitably, distributed. Unemployment and poverty
cause crime, because there is a statistical association between them. Many criminals come from
broken homes, where alcoholism, drug-taking, single parenthood and serial stepfatherhood are
the accepted norm. Criminals are drawn to crime, therefore, as iron filings to a magnet: inanima-
tely, without a will of their own. And of course, it makes no more sense to punish them.
Indeed, to punish criminals would be both cruel and unjust, for they are now the inevitable pro-
ducts of their environment.
And this is the version of themselves that criminals have learned to present to doctors, social
workers, probation officers, lawyers and judges. The connection between a disastrous childhood
and lawbreaking is now so deeply entrenched in the public's mind that even the police accept it.
This often leads to a neutrality between the innocent victim and the guilty perpetrator of a crime.
Everyone knows in any case that the prospect of punishment has an effect on behaviour. The
slowing of drivers in the presence of police cameras is not caused by the sudden awakening of
conscience among them, who suddenly remember that excessive speed might kill innocents. It is
the prospect of fines that makes them slow down.
Criminals too know that punishment is effective. It is by means of punishment that prisoners
uphold their warped code of conduct in prison. Anyone who breaks that code is punished at once,
and severely; indeed, prisoners subscribe to the doctrine of collective responsibility. If for some
reason they can't punish the man himself, they'll punish his brother, cousin, friend or cell-mate.
Criminals understand the effects of punishment better than anyone else.

https://www.spectator.co.uk/2010/07/prison-may-not-work-for-them-but-it-works-for-us/

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/4251478/Criminologists-are-the-real-menace-to-society.html

Page 94
 Text 37 - Gun Rights Are Women's Rights

Previous vocabulary

To protect(ed) – proteger Harm – dano

To occupy(ied) – ocupar Shooting range – estande de tiro
To add(ed) – adicionar Magnet – ímã
To fire(d) – disparar Disparity – disparidade
To brandish(ed) – brandir, mostrar Occupants – ocupantes
To assault(ed) – atacar Occupied – ocupado
To blare(d) – disparar, tocar Assailant – assaltante
To go off – disparar, tocar Whistle – apito
To push for – insistir Mail carrier – entregador dos correios
To pay the price – pagar o preço Rough – duro, difícil, violento
Let alone – quanto mais, imagine só Rare – raro
To snap up – pegar, agarrar Issue – problema, questão
To take guns away – tirar as armas Intruder – intruso
To file for – requisitar Telling – revelador
To line up – enfileirar-se Clerk – balconista
To take a step back – dar um passo atrás Handgun – arma curta
Which is why – é por isso que Co-host – co-apresentador
That's why – é por isso que Bat – bastão, taco
Equalizer – equalizador Wicker basket – cesta de vime
Premise – premissa Luckily – por sorte
Controversial – controverso Incident – incidente
Muscle mass – massa muscular
Bone density – densidade óssea I'll be dead by then – eu estarei morto até lá
Against – contra I practice what I preach – eu faço o que eu digo

Page 95
 Gun Rights Are Women's Rights
Do you want equality between men and women? I do. Which is why I own a gun. My Glock 43 is
my equalizer.
Too NRA for you? Then, let's take a step back and think about this. I will start with this premise:
Men are physically stronger than women.
I know: even this is controversial these days. But men have more muscle mass and greater bone
density; they run faster, and punch harder. It's called “biology.”
If a woman is going to protect herself against a man who intends to do her serious harm, she needs
to even the odds. And what's the best way for her to do that? Own a gun — and know how to use it.
Given this, you would think that feminists would be lining up in front of gun shops, spending qua-
lity time at the shooting range, and filing for concealed carry permits. But when was the last time
you heard a feminist speak out for women owning guns? You haven't, because feminists aren't for
gun ownership. They're for taking guns away from women.
Well, you might say, if no one owned a gun, then everybody would be safer. Yes…and it would be
nice if cheesecake was a diet food.
There are over 300 million guns in the United States and that's not going to change any time
soon. But even if we could build a giant magnet, fly it across the country and snap up every gun, it
wouldn't much matter to women's safety.
In Great Britain, where it's almost impossible to get a gun, a woman is three times more likely to
be raped than in America, according to a study by David Kopel, a professor of constitutional law at
Denver University.
Here's another telling comparison between gun-free UK and gun-owning US: In the United States,
only about 13 percent of home burglaries take place when the occupants are home, but in the UK,
almost 60 percent do.
Professor Kopel explains the disparity: “American burglars . . . avoid occupied homes because of
the risk of getting shot. English burglars prefer occupied homes, because there will be wallets and
purses with cash.”
And, by the way, an assailant doesn't need a gun to be dangerous. What do you do if you're a wo-
man and a man comes at you with a knife? Or just his bare hands? If you want to depend on pepper
spray or a whistle, okay—but I think your finger on the trigger of a gun would be more effective.
Take the example of mail carrier Catherine Latta. After she had been assaulted and raped by her
ex-boyfriend, Latta tried to purchase a firearm. She was told it might take a month to get a permit.
“[I'll] be dead by then,” she recalls telling the clerk. That afternoon, she went to a rough part of
town and bought a handgun. Five hours later, her ex-boyfriend attacked her outside of her home.
She shot him in self-defense, and saved her life.
I should add that firing a gun is very rare. Just carrying it—let alone brandishing it—is a deterrent.
And, isn't that the issue? Personal safety? How is a woman supposed to defend herself? What if an
intruder breaks into her home?
Liberal TV personality Sherri Shepherd answered this question a few years ago.
“At one in the morning, the alarm in our house went off,” Shepherd told her co-hosts on the po-
pular daytime show, “The View.” As the alarm blared, her husband, Sal, went downstairs to look
around. If something happened to him, a terrified Shepherd realized, she had no way to protect
herself or her son, Jeffrey. “ ...All I had was this wicker basket…[I] don't have a bat, nothing.”
“‘We're going to get a gun,'” I told Sal. “[This] just made me realize how vulnerable you are if you
can't protect your home. And the police [were] wonderful; they came about seven minutes later,
but to me, that's seven minutes too late.”
Luckily for Shepherd, the incident was a false alarm. But there are lots of cases where the alarm
is real, especially in high crime areas. Yet every year, progressives push for more and more gun
Page 96
control without ever considering who will pay the price.
It won't be the bad guys. They always get the guns they want. It will be the good women who need
to equal the odds in a dangerous confrontation with a man.
Women owning guns shouldn't be a partisan issue. In fact, it's a women's rights issue.
I'm all for equality between the sexes. And I practice what I preach.
That's why I own a gun.
Katie Pavlich for Prager University.
https://www.prageru.com/video/gun-rights-are-womens-rights/

Questions:

1- Why does the author have a gun?

2- What physical advantages do men have over women?
3- Do feminists think women should have guns?
4- Is it possible to create a gun-free world?
5- What does the author say about crime rates in Britain and in the U.S?
6- What does Professor Kopel say about the disparity?
7- What happened to mail carrier Catherine Latta?
8- What did TV personality Sherri Shepherd say on TV?

Practice and conversation

1- Do you agree with the author's point of view? Why or why not?
2- Would you like to have a gun to protect yourself?
3- Do you think there are other ways to stop a psycho who holds a gun? If so, what ways are tho-
se?
4- Do you believe gun ownership increases violence? Why or why not?
5- Do you believe people should be allowed to have guns? Why or why not?

Page 97
 Text 38 - Was America founded to be
secular?
Previous vocabulary

To bestow(ed) – conceder Boundary – limite

To endow(ed) – dar, dotar Pleasure – prazer
To unite(d) – unir-se Bondage – servidão, escravidão
To demand(ed) – exigir Unrestrained – irrestrito
To police(d) – policiar Restraint – restrição
To exalt(ed) – exaltar Variety – variação
To portray(ed) – retratar Divines – religioso
To affirm(ed) – afirmar Statesmen – estadista
To devolve(d) – causar, desenvolver-se Rooted- enraizado
To unleash(ed) – desencadear Conviction – convicção
To annihilate(d) – aniquilar Frequency – frequência
To confound(ed) – confundir Firm – firme
To substitute(d) – substituir Basis – base
To chastise(d) – castigar Secure – seguro
To undermine(d) – minar Wrath – ira
To claim (ed) – demandar, reclamar Likewise – da mesma forma
To labor(ed) – trabalhar Sovereign – soberano
To subvert(ed) – subverter Wholly – inteiramente
Judeo-Christian values – valores Judaico-Cris- Inadequate – inadequado
tãos Inseparable – inseparável
To play a role – ter um papel Union – união
Self-government – autogoverno Joint – conjunto
It's no wonder – não é de se admirar Flourishing – florescente
Quite the contrary – bem pelo contrário Meanwhile – enquanto isso
In vain – em vão Unlike – diferentemente
Founder – fundador Distinction – distinção
Foundation – fundação, fundamentação Mild – leve, suave
Issue – problema, questão Beneficent – beneficente
Inextricably linked – indissoluvelmente ligado Gloomy – sombrio
Unalienable – inalienável Desolating – desolador
Purpose – propósito Simply – simplesmente
Compatriots – compatriotas Farewell – despedida, adeus
Virtue – virtude Pillar – pilar
Morality – moralidade Props – adereços
Spring – mola, propulsor Duty – dever, obrigação
Merely – meramente Secular – secular, laico

Page 98
 Was America founded to be secular?
What role should religion play in a free society? More and more people today would answer: none.
That would not have been the answer of the Founders of the United States – the men who fought
the American Revolution and wrote the country's Constitution.
To them the issue of religion and freedom were inextricably linked. You couldn't have freedom
without religion. In fact, the political philosophy of the Founders necessitated a divine foundation.
Thomas Jefferson makes this clear in the Declaration of Independence when he writes that “all
men…are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights.” The purpose of government,
Jefferson and his compatriots believed, was not to bestow rights; rather, it was to protect those
rights already endowed upon human beings by God.
But government isn't enough for a free society. A moral people is also required; that is, a people
moral enough to police itself. “Virtue or morality,” George Washington observed, “is a necessary
spring of popular government.” Thus, for the Founders, liberty was not merely the ability to do
what one wanted; it came with moral demands and boundaries.
They all accepted the rule of life expressed by Benjamin Franklin: “Nothing brings more pain than
too much pleasure; nothing more bondage than too much liberty.”
The Founders knew that the absolute enemy of freedom was – ironically – a freedom that was
absolute and unrestrained. And where was this restraint going to come from? Their answer was re-
ligion, which for them – because of when and where they lived – was some variety of Christianity.
“Let Divines, and Philosophers, Statesmen and Patriots unite,” Samuel Adams wrote, “[in] instruc-
ting [citizens] in the Art of self-government…in short, of leading them in the Study, and Practice of
the exalted Virtues of the Christian system.”
The Christian system to which Adams refers is composed of Judeo-Christian values – the values
rooted in the Old and New Testaments, both of which were referred to by the Founders with equal
conviction and frequency.
Jefferson – yes, the very same Thomas Jefferson who is so often portrayed as anti-religious – con-
firmed this sentiment in his Notes on the State of Virginia, when he asked: “[C]an the liberties of
a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds
of the people that these liberties are of the gift of God? [And] that they are not to be violated but
with his wrath?”
James Madison likewise affirmed the essential connection between religion and morality: “The
belief in a God All Powerful, wise, and good is. . . essential to the moral order of the world and to
the happiness of man. . . .”
John Adams believed that “the doctrine of a supreme, intelligent, wise, almighty sovereign of the
universe,” a doctrine he credited to Judaism, was the “great essential principle of all morality, and
consequently of all civilization.” And he applied this thinking specifically to the new nation he
helped to create: “Our Constitution,” he said, “was made only for a moral and religious people. It
is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.”
As President, he replied to a letter from university students in a way that would surprise many
today: “Science, liberty, and religion . . . have an inseparable union. Without their joint influence
no society can be great, flourishing, or happy.”
Meanwhile another Founder, Alexander Hamilton, looked at the French Revolution and saw some-
thing much different. That revolution, unlike the American Revolution, had devolved into violence
and chaos. Hamilton believed he understood why. The anti-religious force it unleashed, he wrote,
“annihilates the foundations of social order and true liberty, confounds all moral distinctions and
substitutes [for] the mild and beneficent religion of the Gospel a gloomy, persecuting, and deso-
lating atheism.”

Page 99
For the Founders, a free society divorced from religion simply could not work and would not sur-
vive. It is no wonder then that in his Farewell Address, George Washington chastised those who
would claim to be patriots, and yet undermine the influence of religion: “Of all the dispositions
and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports.
In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great
pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens.”
The Founders did not demand that anyone believe in any particular religion or even in God – quite
the contrary. But while they understood the value of a secular government, they feared a secular
society – one without religion.
So should we.
Joshua Charles, writer and researcher at the Museum of the Bible, for Prager University.

https://www.prageru.com/video/was-america-founded-to-be-secular/
Questions:

1- Do the Founding Fathers believe religion was important?

2- What did Thomas Jefferson write about it in the Declaration of Independence?
3- What did Jefferson and his compatriots believe to be the purpose of government?
4- Is government enough for a free society? What else is required?
5- What did the Founding Fathers believe to be the absolute enemy of freedom?
6- Where would restraint come from?
7- What did John Adams write about the American Constitution?
8- What did John Adams write about Science, liberty and religion when he was President?
9- Why did Alexander Hamilton believed the French Revolution led to violence and chaos?
10- According to the Founding Fathers, what would happen to a society divorced from religion?
11- Did the Founders demand any specific religion?

Practice and conversation

1- Is Brazil a secular State?

2- Can people express their religious beliefs in Brazil?
3- Is religion respected in Brazil? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe the existence of two or more religions in a country is possible? Why or why
not?

Page 100
 Text 39 - Introduction to the Sermon on
the Mount (Matthew, 5-6)

Previous vocabulary

To mourn(ed) – lamentar Mercy – piedade

To comfort(ed) – confortar Peacemakers – pacificador, apaziguador
To inherit(ed) – herdar Hypocrite – hipócrita
To fill(ed) – satisfazer Synagogue – sinagoga
To reward – recompensar Honored – homenageado, honrado
To babble(ed) – balbuciar Truly – em verdade
To trespass(ed) – pecar, transgredir Reward – recompensa
To deliver(ed) (from) – livrar, libertar Corner – esquina
In full – por completo Unseen – não é visto
So that – para que Pagan – pagão
Crowd – multidão Hallowed – santificado
Mountainside – morro, monte Thy – vosso
Meek – manso Trespass – pecado, transgressão
Righteousness – justo, justiça Temptation – tentação
Merciful – piedoso

Introduction to the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew, 5-6)

5 Now when Jesus saw the crowds, he went up on a mountainside and sat down. His disciples
came to him, 2 and he began to teach them.
The Beatitudes
He said:
3 “Blessed are the poor in spirit,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
4 Blessed are those who mourn,
for they will be comforted.
5 Blessed are the meek,
for they will inherit the earth.
6 Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness,
for they will be filled.
7 Blessed are the merciful,
for they will be shown mercy.

Page 101
8 Blessed are the pure in heart,
for they will see God.
9 Blessed are the peacemakers,
for they will be called children of God.
10 Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
(...)
6 “Be careful not to practice your righteousness in front of others to be seen by them. If you do,
you will have no reward from your Father in heaven.
2 “So when you give to the needy, do not announce it with trumpets, as the hypocrites do in the
synagogues and on the streets, to be honored by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their
reward in full. 3 But when you give to the needy, do not let your left hand know what your right
hand is doing, 4 so that your giving may be in secret. Then your Father, who sees what is done in
secret, will reward you.
5 “And when you pray, do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the syna-
gogues and on the street corners to be seen by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their
reward in full. 6 But when you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray to your Father, who
is unseen. Then your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you. 7 And when you
pray, do not keep on babbling like pagans, for they think they will be heard because of their many
words. 8 Do not be like them, for your Father knows what you need before you ask him.
9 “This, then, is how you should pray:
“‘Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be Thy name,
10 Thy kingdom come,
Thy will be done,
on earth as it is in heaven.
11 Give us today our daily bread.
12 And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us.
13 And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.

Amen

Practice and conversation

1- How should one practice righteousness?

2- How should one pray?
3- What do you think about the Sermon on the Mount?
4- What does the Sermon try to teach us?

Page 102
 Text 40 - The United States Declaration
of Independence

Previous vocabulary

To dissolve(d) – dissolver Colony – colônia

To assume(d) – assumir, supor End – finalidade
To require(d) – requerer Design – projeto
To impel(led) – impelir, obrigar Despotism – despotismo
To endow(ed) – conceder, dotar Absolute – absoluto
To entitle(d) – intitular, autorizar The governed – os governados
To dissolve(d) – dissolver Principle – princípio
To assume(d) – assumir Prudence – prudência
To require(d) – requerer, exigir Transient – transitório
To declare(d) – declarar Sufferance – sofrimento
To impel(led) – impelir, forçar Sufferable – suportável
To secure(d) – assegurar Accustomed – acostumado
To institute(d) – instituir Train – sucessão
To derive(d) – derivar Abuse – abuso
To alter(ed) – alterar Usurpation – usurpação
To effect(ed) – efetuar, conseguir Invariably – invariavelmente
To dictate(d) – ditar Duty – dever
To evince(d) – evidenciar Guard – guarda
To constrain(ed) – constranger Former – anterior, antigo
To appeal(ed) – apelar General – geral
To levy(ied) – impor Assembled – reunidos
To conclude(d) – concluir, estabelecer Rectitude – retidão
To contract(ed) – contratar Authority – autoridade
To lie, lay, lain – repousar Solemnly – solenemente
To hold, held, held – sustentar Allegiance – lealdade, fidelidade
Ought to – dever Crown – coroa
To throw off – destituir Aliance – aliança
Hath shewn (has shown) – tem mostrado Commerce – comércio
Whenever – sempre que Act – ato
Course – curso, história Reliance – confiança
Bands – laços Mutually – mutuamente
Station – posto, lugar Fortune – destino, fortuna
Decente – decente Honor – honra
Destructive – destrutivo
Separation – separação We mutually pledge to each other – nós mutua-
Independence – independência mente nos comprometemos/confiamos

Page 103
 The United States Declaration of Independence
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of hu-
man events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con-
nected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the sepa-
ration.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit
of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their
just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as
to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dicta-
te that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and
accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are
sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But
when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design
to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Gover-
nment, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance
of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Sys-
tems of Government.
(...)
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assem-
bled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the
Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That
these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Ab-
solved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and
the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent
States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce,
and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pled-
ge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

https://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/
Questions:

1- What does one people should when it becomes necessary to declare their independence?
2- What are some unalienable rights of every human being?
3- Why is a government instituted? Where do its powers come from?
4- What's the right of the people if a government becomes destructive to those unalienable ri-
ghts?

Practice and conversation

1- Why did Americans declare their independence from England?

2- Do you also believe that a government that attacks the people's lives, freedom and the right
to the pursuit of happiness should be thrown off? Why or why not?

Page 104
 Text 41 - Best places to travel for
extreme sports
Previous vocabulary

To sign up – inscrever-se Fauna – fauna

To provide(d) – proporcionar, prover Flora – flora
To plan(ed) – planejar Zip lining – tirolesa
To pump(ed) – bombear Through – através
To slide(d) – deslizar Dense – denso
To return(ed) – retornar Across – em meio, atravessando
To suspend(ed) – suspender, pendurar Cables – cabos
To opt(ed) – optar Platform – plataforma
To offer(ed) – oferecer Canopy – cobertura
Get your blood pumping – fazer seu sangue Plenty of – de sobra
bombear, pulsar Destination – destino
Be sure – certifique-se Enthusiast – entusiasta
Thought – pensamento Again – de novo
Below – abaixo Over – acima
Terrifying – aterrorizante Thanks – graças
Latter – último Harness – cinto
Junkie – viciado Flip – volta
Fair – justo Twist – torção
Share – parte, parcela stunt – acrobacia
Thrilling – emocionante joyful – alegre
Surely – certamente swing – balanço
Beach – praia which – o qual
Jungle – selva paragliding – parapente
Rainforest – floresta tropical either...or – ou...ou
No wonder – não admira top – topo

Best places to travel for extreme sports

To some, the thought of jumping hundreds of feet off a cliff into a pool of water below is terrifying.
And then there are those who think, Where can I sign up?
If you’re part of the latter group of adrenaline junkies, you’ve probably done your fair share of
thrilling activities. But there are some places around the world that can provide an experience like
no other.
If you’re planning on visiting any of these three areas below, be sure to try an activity that will
surely get your blood pumping:
Costa Rica: From beaches to jungles to tropical rainforests, it’s no wonder Costa Rica is a popular
tourist favorite. But one of the best ways to see the local fauna and flora? Zip lining through the

Page 105
dense tropical region. Climb across cables and platforms, and slide down lines through the rainfo-
rest canopy. While there are plenty of places to go, Monteverde, Arenal, and Manuel Antonio are
known to have some of the best zip lining in the country.
New Zealand: Known as one of the best destinations in the world for extreme sports enthusiasts,
New Zealand will be a place you want to return to again and again. Try the Ledge Urban Bungy,
whose jumping point is located 1,312 feet over Queenstown. And thanks to a special harness, you
can even do flips, twists, and other stunts after you jump. Or, you can always go for a joyful swing
on the Nevis Swing, which is the highest of its kind in the world. If being suspended at high heights
isn’t your thing, you can always opt for white water rafting, mountain biking, skydiving, and more.
Switzerland: A popular destination for adrenaline junkies in Europe, Switzerland offers bungee
jumping, river rafting, canyon jumping, skydiving, rock climbing, and snowboarding through the
Alps. Paragliding is another popular option— if you do go, try it at either Interlaken (1,870 feet
high) or from the top of Schilthorn, which is 9,744 feet high.

Adapted from
www.healthytravelblog.com/2013/09/05/best-places-to-travel-for-extreme-sports/

Answer according to the text:

1- What is one of the best ways to see Costa Rica’s fauna and flora?
2- What’s the highest swing in the world? Where is it located?
3- What else can you do in New Zealand if being suspended at high heights isn’t your thing?
4- What does Switzerland offer for those who enjoy extreme sports?

Page 106
 Text 42 - Seven activities that are far
more dangerous than you think

Previous vocabulary

To perform(ed) – realizar, desempenhar Bull – touro

To toss(ed) – arremessar Bulletproof – à prova de balas
To miss(ed) – perder, errar Vest – colete
To protect(ed) – proteger So – para que
To consider(ed) – considerar Helmet – capacete
To cause(d) – causar Gored – chifrado
To kill(ed) – matar Optional – opcional
To surface(ed) – emergir, subir, aparecer That’s it – é isso
To bump(ed) – bater Pissed off – irritado
To imagine(d) – imaginar Harmless – inofensivo
To crash(ed) – bater Speed – velocidade
To survive(d) – sobreviver Rate – taxa
To wish(ed) – desejar On top of that – além disso, em cima disso
To sustain(ed) – sustentar, sofrer Often – frequentemente
To result(ed) (from) – resultar (de) Reef – recife
To catch, caught, caught – pegar All around – enfim
To beat, beat, beaten – bater, espancar Pretty – muito
To fight, fought, fought – lutar Into – dentro, para dentro
To ride, rode, ridden – montar, cavalgar Either...or – ou ... ou
To walk away (from) – afastar-se (de) Chance – chance
To get tossed – ser arremessado Slim – pequeno, fino, magro
To take a toll on – afetar Upon – para, em
Cheerleading – ser líder de torcida Whether...or – seja... ou
Cheerleader – líder de torcida Black eye – olho roxo
Actually – na verdade Fat lip – lábio inchado
Aerobatics – acrobacia Approximately – aproximadamente
Athlete – atleta Each – cada
Air – ar Each year – cada ano
Teammate – companheiro de time Bout – luta
Catch – pegada, alvo Prolonged – prolongado
Way – caminho, forma Career – carreira
Down – para baixo Mountaineering – montanhismo
Aside from – além de Out there – lá fora, por aí
Obvious – óbvio Wilderness – região selvagem
Drowning – afogamento almost – quase
Surface – superfície insurmountable – intransponível, imensurável
Mix – mistura common – comum
Gas – gás more so – ainda mais
Tank – tanque missing – desaparecido
Shark – tubarão
Page 107
 Seven activities that are far more dangerous than you think

Cheerleading. If you actually think about it, this is one of the most dangerous activities you could
do. NFL cheerleaders don’t always perform crazy aerobatics, but some of the athletes are getting
tossed 30 feet in the air. If their teammates miss the catch on the way down, there’s nothing to
protect their head. It is also considered one of the most dangerous high school sports in America.
More head injuries are caused by cheerleading than high school football.
Scuba diving. Aside from the obvious risk of drowning, scuba diving can kill you in so many ways.
You can surface way too quickly, there could be a bad mix of gas in your tank, you could bump your
head on a rock, and let’s not forget about sharks!
Bull riding. This activity used to be way more dangerous. Now they wear bulletproof vests so they
don’t get gored, but the helmet is still optional, so that’s it. We still don’t understand why someo-
ne would want to sit on top of a pissed off bull.
Surfing. Surfers are true adrenaline junkies. Falling into the water from sea level might sound like
a harmless thing, but surfers are usually traveling at a very high rate of speed. On top of that, they
don’t just hit the water; they often hit the reef below. If the water and the reef don’t kill them, then
the sharks will. All around, you have to be pretty crazy to want to surf.
Racing. Racing is an extremely dangerous sport. Imagine crashing into a wall at 200 miles per hour
in either a vehicle or a motorcycle. The chances of surviving that are pretty slim. On top of that, the
fuel could ignite and then you’ll be burned to death. It’s a death we wish upon no one.
Boxing. Boxing, and its cousin MMA, are sports where literally every athlete walks away from with
an injury. Whether they be small injuries like a black eye or a fat lip or more severe injuries, they
can really take a toll on people. Approximately 10 people die each year in boxing from head and
neck injuries sustained during a bout. The number grows much larger when you consider the num-
ber of people who die after a prolonged career of getting their heads beaten in. The same could
be said about all fighting sports.
Mountaineering. You wouldn’t expect it, but mountaineering can be one of the most dangerous
sports out there. Each year, there are thousands of people who are injured while mountaineering.
Most of those injuries result from slipping on a rock or falling. But the number of dangers in the
wilderness is almost insurmountable. Death is common, but more so are missing persons.

Adapted from:
www.sportscasting.com/deadliest-dangerous-professional-sport-isnt-think/

Answer according to the text:

1- Why is cheerleading so dangerous?

2- What are the risks of scuba diving?
3- Is there any protection for those who bullride?
4- What are the main risks of surfing?
5- Why is racing so dangerous?
6- How many people die each year in boxing?
7- Are are tha main dangers og mountaineering?

Page 108
 Text 43 - 10 habits of truly polite people

Previous vocabulary

To gain(ed) – ganhar Esteem – estima

To increase(d) – aumentar Rude – rude
To come down (to) – resumir-se (a) Rudeness – grosseria
To emphasize(d) – enfatizar On the other hand – por outro lado
To expect(ed) – esperar Fair – justo
To lack(ed) – ter falta Propensity – propensão
To concentrate(d) – concentrar-se Exposure – exposição
To respond(ed) – responder That is – isto é
To resist(ed) – resistir Household – lar
To waste(d) – desperdiçar Probably – provavelmente
To dismiss(ed) – livrar-se, dispensar Proper – apropriado
To complain(ed) – reclamar Habit – hábito
To acknowledge(d) – reconhecer, dar impor- Clue – dica
tância Excellent – excelente
To air(ed) – expressar Listener – ouvinte
To follow(ed) – seguir Active – ativo
To damage(d) – danificar Skill – habilidade
To drain(ed) – drenar Fully – completamente
To proselytize(d) – fazer proselitismo, catequi- Urge – impulso, urgência
zar Own – próprio
To force(d) – forçar Literally – literalmente
To touch(ed) – tocar, encostar Contagious – contagioso
To judge(d) – julgar Drama – drama, exagero
To drone on (about) – ficar falando Genuinely – genuinamente
To smile back – sorrir de volta Abrasive – abrasivo
To pay no mind (to) – não dar bola (para) Drama queen – rainha do drama
To teach, taught, taught – ensinar Tidbit – petisco
To lead, led, led – levar, liderar I see – entendo
To break, broke, broken – quebrar, partir Subject -assunto
Needless to say – não é preciso dizer Harm – dano
Simple – simples Foul – falta
Act – ato Complainer – reclamador
Relationship – relacionamento Complaining – reclamação
Respect – respeito Constructive – construtivo
Self-confidence – autoconfiança Former – antigo, ex, primeiro

Page 109
Tool – ferramenta Boundary – fronteira, limite
Grievance – queixa Few – poucos
Latter – último, posterior Sacred – sagrado
Extreme – extremo Space – espaço
Inconvenience – inconveniência Pat – tapa
Capacity – capacidade Intention – intenção
Obligation – obrigação Equal – igual
Argument – argumento, briga verbal Dignity – dignidade
Neither...nor – nem...nem Regardless – independentemente
Mature – maduro So-called – assim chamado
Period – ponto final Status – status
Pointless – sem sentido Reason – razão, motivo
Annoying – irritante Epitome – epítome, exemplo perfeito
Despicable – desprezível Ignorance – ignorância
Belief – crença Truth – verdade
Precious – precioso Deeply – profundamente
Immature – imaturo Unhappy – infeliz
Personal – pessoal

10 habits of truly polite people

The simple act of being polite can improve your life. You can have better relationships, gain res-
pect, and increase your self-confidence and esteem. Being rude, on the other hand, can make life
much more difficult.
It is fair to say that one’s propensity for polite behavior comes down to exposure. That is, if you
grew up in a household where being polite was emphasized (or expected) you probably have
proper behaviors and habits. On the other hand, if you were not taught the importance of being
polite, you may lack some needed social rules.

1- They are excellent listeners. Polite people always seem to have excellent active listening skills.
Active listening is the act of fully concentrating, understanding, responding to, and remembering
what the other person says. Active listeners resist the urge to speak over someone. You allow pe-
ople to finish their thoughts before introducing your own.

2- They smile often. What do you think of when you see someone smiling? Well, if you’re like most
people, you want to smile back. Have you ever considered why you often want to smile back when
someone smiles? Well, besides being the polite thing to do, it turns out that smiling is (literally)
contagious.

3- They pay no mind to drama. Genuinely polite people don’t waste their time or energy listening
to drama. Dismissing drama needn’t be abrasive or uncomfortable. When the local drama queen
comes your way with a juicy tidbit, simply acknowledge with an “I see” and change the subject.
No harm, no foul.

Page 110
4- They are not complainers. Okay, there is a time and place for (constructive) complaining. But
there’s complaining and complainers. The former is used as a conversational tool to air grievances;
the latter is a type of person who takes the former to the extreme – by complaining about every
little inconvenience.

5- They think before speaking. We’re all adults now, and as adults we have the capacity – in fact,
the obligation – to think before we speak. Not following such simple advice has led to many argu-
ments, broken hearts, and damaged relationships.

6- They neither gossip nor listen to it. Gossip is something that mature adults shouldn’t do, pe-
riod. Anyone who despises gossip will tell you that it’s pointless, energy-draining, annoying, and
despicable.

7- They don’t proselytize. Having beliefs and opinions is okay. It’s not okay to try and force your
beliefs or opinions onto someone else. Needless to say, polite people don’t drone on about their
precious beliefs and opinions knowing that such behavior is immature and rude.

8- They respect personal boundaries. Few things are more sacred to most people than personal
space. Speaking of personal space, not everyone is okay with casual touching or patting, even
when done with the best of intentions.

9- They treat others as equals. Treat everyone he meets with dignity and respect, regardless of
so-called status. Polite people treat others with respect and as equals.

10- They don’t judge others. Truly polite people do not judge others. The reason is quite simple:
they don’t know the other’s story – and neither do we. Judging someone is the epitome of igno-
rance, not to mention rudeness.
The truth is that when we judge, there’s something about ourselves – not someone else – with
which we’re deeply unhappy.
Adapted from:
www.powerofpositivity.com/polite-people-habits/

Answer according to the text:

1- How can being polite improve one’s life?

2- Is there any influence of family when it comes to politeness?
3- What does it mean to be an active listener?
4- What do most people do when they see somebody smiling?
5- Does anyone need to be abrasive to dismiss drama?
6- What’s the difference between complaining and complainers?
7- Why is it important to think before speaking?
8- Is gossip a good thing?
9- What does it mean to proselytize?
10- Why should we not judge others?

Page 111
 Text 44 - Rent vs. Buy

Previous vocabulary

To drain(ed) – drenar Largely – grandemente

To depend(ed) (on) – depender (de) Specific – específico
To consider(ed) – considerar, ponderar Circumstance – circunstância
To relocate(d) – realocar, mudar-se Basic – básico
To tie(ed) – amarrar Likely – provavelmente
To review(ed) – revisar Enough – suficiente
To determine(d) – determinar A few – alguns
To allocate(d) – alocar A bit more – um pouco mais
To associate(d) – associar Budget – orçamento
To fit, fit, fit – caber Bank statement – extrato bancário
To figure out – descobrir Once – uma vez que
To add up – somar Toward – para com
To drive, drove, driven – guiar Monthly – mensal
Can afford – ter condições de pagar Payment – pagamento
To be worth it – valer a pena Figure – cifra
To put an end – colocar um fim Principal – principal
A couple of – alguns Interest – juro
Decision-making – tomada de decisão Tax – tributo
Rest – resto Insurance – seguro
Appealing – atrativo Besides – além de
Escalating – crescente Additional – adicional
Equity – capital próprio Closing costs – custos finais
Reality – realidade Legal – legal
Routine – rotina Fee – taxa
Maintenance – manutenção Expense – gasto
Repair – reparo Such as – tais como
Quickly – rapidamente Inspection – inspeção
Account – conta Moving – mudança
In general – em geral Improvement – melhoramento
Whether – se

Page 112
 Rent vs. Buy
When looking for a new place to live, the first question you ask yourself will help drive the rest of
your decision-making. Should you rent or buy? Buying may seem appealing because you will put
an end to escalating rent and can build equity. But the reality of routine home maintenance and
repairs can quickly drain a bank account.
In general, whether renting or buying is better for you largely depends on your specific circums-
tances.
Here are some basic questions to consider when thinking about buying a home:
• How long do you plan to stay there? If you expect to relocate in just a couple of years, renting is
likely a better option.
• How much home can you afford? If you can’t afford a home large enough to fit your family in a
few years, it may be worth it to rent while you save a bit more.
• What’s on the market? If you can’t find a home you like, it’s likely not worth tying yourself to
something you’re unhappy with.
Before buying yourself a home, you should find out how much you can spend one. First, take a
close look at your budget. Review your bank statements and spending habits for the last couple
of months to figure out how much you are spending on everything from cellphone bills to restau-
rants.
Once you have a better picture of your spending habits, determine how much you want to allocate
toward a monthly home payment. This figure includes your principal, interest, tax and insurance
payment, which add up to your monthly mortgage sum.
But remember that besides the mortgage, buying a home includes additional one-time payments
that can quickly add up, including closing costs, legal fees and other expenses associated with
buying, such as a house inspection. And don’t forget about moving fees or home improvements.

Adapted from:
https://www.nytimes.com/guides/realestate/how-to-buy-a-house

Answer according to the text:

1- Why is buying a place to live more appealing?

2- What can quickly drain a bank account?
3- What are the three basic questions one should consider before buying a home?
4- What should one do before buying a home?
5- What is included in a monthly home payment?
6- What additional costs are included when buying a home?

Page 113
 Text 45 - Five future car technologies
that truly have a chance

Previous vocabulary

To revolutionize(d) – revolucionar Specifically – especificamente

To communicate(d) – comunicar, comunicar-se Sort – tipo
To research(ed) – pesquisar Focus – foco
To enable(d) – permitir, habilitar Exciting – empolgante
To approach(ed) – aproximar-se In general – em geral
To warn(ed) – alertar, avisar For sure – com certeza
To reduce(d) – reduzir Based on – baseado em
To identify(ied) – identificar Currently – atualmente
To display(ed) – exibir, mostrar Likely – provavelmente
To deploy(ed) – acionar Production – produção
To experiment(ed) – experimentar, fazer expe- Like – como
riências Manufacturer – fabricante
To predict(ed) – prever Government – governo
To store(d) – armazenar Seriously – seriamente
To charge(d) – carregar Intersection – cruzamento
To mold(ed) – moldar Signal – sinal
To come in – entrar Directly – diretamente
To take up – ocupar Path – caminho
To make it to – chegar a Potential – potencial
To kick back – relaxar Collision – colisão
To look into – estudar Even – até mesmo
Truly – verdadeiramente Automatically – automaticamente
Latest – último Called – chamado
Advancement – avanço Developing – em desenvolvimento
The next thing coming down the line – o pró- Self-driving – autônomo
ximo passo a seguir Exactly – exatamente
Auto – automobilística Closer – mais próximo
Constantly – constantemente Augmented reality – realidade aumentada
Whether it be for – seja para Display – monitor
Entertainment – entretenimento High-end – sofisticado
Usefulness – utilidade External – externo
Simply – simplesmente Terminator – exterminador
Pure – puro Robot – robô
Innovation – inovação Ever since – desde quando
Either...or – ou...ou Measure – medida

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Underneath – embaixo Lithium – lítio
Crash – batida, acidente Ion – íon
Half – metade Significant – significante
Body – carroceria Conventional – convencional
Panel – painel Polymer – polímero
Production line – linha de produção Fiber – fibra
Hybrid – híbrido Resin – resina
Environment – meio ambiente Carbon – carbono
Battery – bateria Pliable – flexível
Space – espaço Weight – peso
Heavy – pesado Up to – até

Five future car technologies that truly have a chance

In the technology world, the latest advancement is only as good as the next thing coming down
the line. The auto industry is constantly bringing us new technologies, whether it be for safety,
entertainment, usefulness or simply for pure innovation.
Many new car technologies are either specifically built for safety or at least have some sort of
safety focus to them. Some of the latest car innovations we've found are some truly exciting te-
chnologies that could revolutionize not just the automotive industry but human transportation in
general.
Well, we don't know for sure, but based on what's currently being tested and what's on the road
today, we have an idea of some new technology that will most likely make it into production. Some
of it will help keep us safe, some will give us information like never before and some will let us
kick back and just enjoy the ride.
1 – Cars that communicate with each other on the road
Car manufacturers and the U.S. government are seriously looking into and researching technolo-
gies that would enable future cars to communicate with each other and with objects around them.
Imagine approaching an intersection as another car runs a red light. You don't see them at first, but
your car gets a signal from the other car that it's directly in your path and warns you of the poten-
tial collision, or even hits the brakes automatically to avoid an accident. A developing technology
called Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication, or V2V, is being tested by automotive manufacturers
like Ford as a way to help reduce the amount of accidents on the road.
2 – Self-driving cars
The idea of a self-driving car isn't a new idea. Many TV shows and movies have had the idea and
there are already cars on the road that can park themselves. But a truly self-driving car means
exactly that, one that can drive itself, and they're probably closer to being a reality than you might
think.
3 – Augmented reality dashboards
GPS and other in-car displays are great for getting us from point A to point B, and some high-end
vehicles even have displays on the windshield, but in the near future cars will be able to identify
external objects in front of the driver and display information about them on the windshield.
Think of the Terminator, or many other science fiction stories, where a robot looks at a person or an
object and automatically brings up information about them and can identify who or what they are.

Page 115
4 – Airbags that help stop cars
Ever since airbags were been added to vehicles, they've continued to make their way around the
inside of our vehicles. We now have curtain airbags, side airbags, knee airbags, seat belts airbags
and even ones that deploy under us. Maybe all of us don't have them in our cars, but they're on the
road. And Mercedes is working on a new way to use airbags that moves them away from a passive
safety measure and makes it part of an active safety system.
Mercedes is experimenting with airbags that deploy from underneath the car that will help stop a
vehicle before a crash.
5 – Energy-storing body panels
Exxon Mobil predicts that by 2040, half of all new cars coming off the production line will be
hybrids. That's great news for the environment, but one of the problems with hybrids is that the
batteries take up a lot of space and are very heavy. Even with advances in lithium-ion batteries,
hybrids have a significant amount of weight from their batteries. That's where energy-storing
body panels come in.
In Europe, a group of nine auto manufacturers are currently researching and testing body panels
that can store energy and charge faster than conventional batteries of today. The body panels
being tested are made of polymer fiber and carbon resin that are strong enough to be used in
vehicles and pliable enough to be molded into panels. These panels could reduce a car's weight
by up to 15 percent.

Adapted from:
www.auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/5-future-car-technologies4.htm

Answer according to the text:

1- What does V2V mean?

2- Are self-driving cars a new idea?
3- What is an augmented reality dashboard?
4- What kind of airbag is Mercedes developing?
5- What are the main problems with lithium-ion batteries?
6- What kind of body panel is being tested in Europe today?

Page 116
 Text 46 - 10 tips to help you make the
most important decisions

Previous vocabulary

To contemplate(d) – contemplar Prayer – oração

To attempt(ed) – tentar Whatever – o que quer que
To clarify(ied) – esclarecer Thought – pensamento
To swirl(ed) – girar Centered – centrado
To achieve(d) – alcançar Foundation – fundamento, fundação
To gather(ed) – juntar Effective – efetivo
To check(ed) – verificar, checar Ineffective – ineficaz
To require(d) – requerer Decision-making – tomada de decisão
To recognize(d) – reconhecer Clear – claro
To reflect(ed) – refletir Multiple – múltiplo
To rely(ied) – confiar Goal – objetivo
To discern(ed) – discernir Confused- confuso
To glean(ed) – ganhar, coletar Process – processo
To envision(ed) – visualizar Willing – disposto
To solidify(ied) – solidificar Result – resultado
To set aside – separar Outcome – resultado
To keep in mind – manter em mente Such – tal
To ring, rang, rung – tocar, soar Clarity – clareza
To quit, quit, quit – abandonar, desistir Workable – viável
To rise, rose, risen – subir Sound – sólido, sadio
To strive, strove, striven – esforçar-se Further – adicional
Major – maior, mais importante Source – fonte
Point – ponto, razão Certain – certo
Surrounded – rodeado Amount – quantidade
Distraction – distração Matter – questão
Nonstop – sem parar Bias – preconceito, viés, parcialidade
Constant – constante Unusual – anormal
Buzz – zumbido Trusted – de confiança
Chatter – conversa Allowance – concessão
Overworked – sobrecarregado Prior – antes de
Deal – quantidade Weighty – de peso, pesado
Pressure – pressão Objectivity – objetividade
Undoubtedly – indubitavelmente Paramount – fundamental
Noise – barulho When it comes to – quando se trata de
Meditation – meditação Crucial – crucial

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Life-altering – que altera a vida Experience – experiência
Sense – sentido Co-worker – colega de trabalho
Gut – vísceras Consequence – consequência
Instinct – instinto Action – ação
Plus – mais, vantagem Ahead – para frente, para o futuro
Minus – menos, desvantagem Acceptable – aceitável
Obvious – óbvio Desirable – desejável
Through – através Anyway – de qualquer forma
Careful – cuidadoso Likely – provável
Analysis – análise Fallout – precipitação
Fact – fato Ultimate – último, maior
Knowledge – conhecimento

10 tips to help you make the most important decisions

Decision-making doesn’t always come easy. We’ve come up with the following list of 15 tips that,
hopefully, will help make importante choices in life:
1. Set aside some quiet time.
If you’re contemplating making a major decision, there’s no point attempting to do so surrounded
by distractions, ringing phones, nonstop emails, the constant buzz of chatter from those around
you. Likewise, avoid working on important decisions when you’re tired, hungry, don’t feel well, or
are emotionally upset, physically overworked or under a great deal of pressure and stress.
2. Clarify your thoughts.
Undoubtedly, there’s a lot going on in your head, much of which has nothing to do with the deci-
sion you’re trying to make. Clear the noise by doing some meditation, deep breathing exercises,
yoga, prayer or whatever helps you clarify your thoughts. A calm and centered mind is the best
foundation for effective decision-making.
3. Be clear about your goals.
Often, there are multiple goals swirling in your head. You might be confused and want to quit the
decision-making process because you can’t decide which goal should rise to the top. Take some
time to think about what it is you want, what you’re willing to work for and what result you want
to achieve. Such goal clarity is necessary to arrive at a workable, sound decision.
4. Gather information.
Not every decision can be made without further research, gathering information and checking
sources. Any major decision requires a certain amount of information that you may need to locate.
Be sure information gathering is part of your decision-making process on important matters.
5. Recognize bias.
Sometimes, you’re not aware that you hold bias in certain areas. Everyone has bias, so this is no-
thing unusual. However, if you fail to recognize your bias, your choices will reflect your bias and
not be as effective as they could be. If you need help in this area, ask a trusted friend to tell you
what they believe to be your biases, so you can make allowances for that prior to making a weighty
decision.

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6. Strive to be objective.
Objectivity is paramount when it comes to making crucial choices, some of which may be life-al-
tering. In addition to recognizing any bias you have, also strive to be objective in your decision-
-making process.
7. Consider what your instincts tell you.
Some call it a sixth sense, while others say it’s relying on your gut. Listen to what your instincts
tell you, for they’re often right when it comes to what’s best for you or what you should be paying
attention to before making a key decision.
8. Weigh pros and cons.
Every decision has pluses and minuses to consider. Some are obvious, while others can only be
discerned through a careful analysis of the facts, other knowledge gleaned from experience, the
advice of trusted friends, loved ones or family members, co-workers and experts.

9. Envision the consequences of your actions.

Look ahead and think about what will happen if you take this course of action you’re considering.
See in your mind the consequences of this decision. If what you envision is acceptable, even desi-
rable, this will help solidify your choice. If it’s negative, are you willing to go ahead anyway? Is the
likely outcome worth the risk or fallout for the ultimate good?
10. Act on your decision.
Keep in mind that thoughts without action are ineffective.

Adapted from:
https://psychcentral.com/blog/15-tips-to-help-you-make-the-most-important-decisions/

Answer according to the text:

1- When should one avoid working on important decisions?

2- What can one do in order to clarify their thoughts?
3- Why should one be clear about their goals?
4- What happens if you fail to recognize your bias?
5- How can one weigh the pros and cons when these are not obvious?
6- Why should one try to envision the consequences of their actions?
7- What happens if one doesn’t act their decision?

Page 119
 Text 47 - 10 ways to conquer fear

Previous vocabulary

To conquer(ed) – conquistar, vencer Tool – ferramenta

To immobilize(d) – imobilizar Inactive – inativo
To prevent(ed) – prevenir, evitar Instruction – instrução
To kill(ed) – matar Action – ação
To embrace(d) – abraçar, aceitar Merely – meramente
To design(ed) – projetar Strength – força
To generate(d) – gerar Unknown – desconhecido
To name(d) – dar nome a Based on – baseado em
To state(d) – declarar Knowledge – conhecimento
To ignore(d) – ignorar Rather than – em vez de
To educate(d) – educar Speculation – especulação
To prepare(d) – preparar Long-standing – de longa data
To practice(d) – praticar Survey – pesquisa
To rank(ed) – classificar Death – morte
To egg(ed) (on) – incentivar, incitar Related to – relativo a
To wield(ed) – exercer Performance – desempenho
To surround(ed) – cercar Peer – pares, iguais
To push(ed) – empurrar, incentivar Scary – assustador
To visualize(d) – visualizar Like – como
To ensure(d) – garantir Completion – realização
To gain(ed) – ganhar Task – tarefa
To value(d) – valorizar Mapping – mapeamento
To provide(d) – fornecer, proporcionar Likely – provável
To pivot(ed) – girar, rodar Pre-ordained – predestinado, preordenado
To drop(ped) – deixar cair Path – caminho
To deal, dealt, dealt (with) – lidar (com) Practice – prática
To shrink, shrank, shrunk – encolher Sense – sentido
To write down – anotar Proportion – proporção
To work out – funcionar Caught up – envolvido, preso
To figure out – descobrir Quest – missão
To role play – interpretar um papel Mentor – mentor
To fit in – encaixar-se Support – apoio
Resolution – resolução Group – grupo
Hustle – agitação, vontade Coach – treinador
Inherently – inerentemente Adage – ditado

Page 120
Insanity – insanidade A bit of – um pouco de
Over and over again – repetidamente Wind – vento
Altogether – completamente Raindrops – chuva
Motivation – motivação Still – ainda
Quickly – rapidamente Edge – beirada
Fearlessly – sem medo Opposite – oposto
Willing – disposto Under – sob
I beam – viga em formato de "I" Circumstance – circunstância
Standard – padrão

10 ways to conquer fear

At the beginning of each new year many people consider making resolutions to change for the
better. Of those who succeed in making resolutions many fail. But many fail before they give suc-
cess a chance because of fear. Some are afraid of failure, others are afraid of success. Regardless
of the source of the fear, it immobilizes too many and prevents them from achieving what they
desire and are capable of.
There is no more sure way to fail than to never try. This year, don’t let fear kill your hustle before
you even get moving. Here are 10 ways to overcome fear and make this year the one where no-
thing holds you back.
1. Understand fear and embrace it. Fear exists to keep us safe. It is not inherently bad or good but a
tool we can use to make better decisions. Fear isn’t designed to keep us inactive, but to help us act
in ways that generate the results we need and want. Embrace fear as instruction and let it inform
your actions, but not control them.
2. Name the fear. Sometimes merely stating what your fear is gives you the strength to deal with
it. Say your fear out loud, write it down, or focus your mind on it. When you try to ignore your fear,
it grows. When you face it, it shrinks.
3. Educate yourself. We are afraid of nothing so much as the unknown. If your fear is based on a
lack of information, then get the information or knowledge you need to examine the situation
based on facts rather than speculation.
4. Prepare, practice, role play. The long standing top fear in the United States is public speaking. In
many surveys, death itself ranks in second place to standing in front of a group and opening your
mouth. If your fear is related to your performance in a certain activity then prepare, practice, and
role play.
5. Utilize peer pressure. Have you ever done something scary, like jumping off a high bridge into a
river below, only because you were with friends who were egging you on? Peer pressure, like fear
itself, can be positive or negative depending on how it’s wielded. Surround yourself with people
who will push you to overcome the fears that are holding you back from what you want.
6. Visualize success. Athletes may imagine the successful completion of a physical task thousands
of times before achieving it. This mental mapping ensures that when the body moves, it’s more
likely to follow its pre-ordained path. The same practice will prepare you to succeed at whatever
you’re trying to achieve.

Page 121
7. Gain a sense of proportion. How big of a deal, really, is the thing you’re afraid of? We sometimes
get so caught up in the success or failure of a particular quest that we lose sense of where it fits
in with everything else we value. Ask yourself what’s the worst that can happen? Sometimes the
reality is bad, but often you might find that the fear itself is worse than whatever it is you’re afraid
of happening.
8. Get help. Whatever you’re afraid of, is it something you have to do alone? Can you find a mentor
or support group to help you through it? Athletes have coaches. Students have teachers. Some-
times friends, even if they have no expertise in the area you’re struggling with, can provide the
needed support to face your fear.
9. Be willing to pivot. As the adage goes, “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” But there’s
also the saying “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different re-
sults.” If you’re afraid to do something again because it didn’t work out the last time, figure out
why it didn’t work, and try something different before you give up trying altogether.
10. Focus on others as your motivation. There are things we would never do for ourselves that we
would quickly and fearlessly do for others. Hyrum Smith, the co-founder of Franklin Covey, once
asked a mother in his audience during a presentation if she would be willing to cross a standard
metal “I beam” placed from the roof of one skyscraper to another. She said no, she wouldn’t. He
asked her if she would do it for a million dollars, and added that now there was a bit of wind and
some raindrops falling. She still wouldn’t. Then he told her to imagine he was holding her child
over the edge of the opposite building, and if she wasn’t there in 10 seconds he would drop the
child. What do you think her answer was under those circumstances?

Adapted from:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshsteimle/2016/01/04/14-ways-to-conquer-fear/#7080366d1c48

Answer according to the text:

1- Why do many people fail before giving success a chance?

2- What does fear do to people?
3- Why is it importante to understand and embrace fear?
4- What happens when we face fear?
5- Why is it important to educate oneself?
6- What’s the top fear among Americans?
7- What kind of people should one surround themselves with?
8- Why is it important to have a sense of proportion?
9- What one should do when they fail?
10- Why should one focus on others as motivation?

Page 122
 Text 48 - Simple strategies for
building trust

Previous vocabulary
To form(ed) – formar Converse – contrário
To accept(ed) – aceitar Situation – situação
To depend(ed) (on) – depender (de) Tricky – complicado
To stablish(ed) – estabelecer Rate – taxa
To view(ed) – ver Entire – inteiro
To repeat(ed) – repetir Commitment – compromisso, acordo
To avoid(ed) – evitar For the sake of – pelo bem de
To require(d) – requerer Negotiation – negociação
To communicate(d) – comunicar Effectively – efetivamente
To treat(ed) – tratar Main – principal
To mention(ed) – mencionar Properly – apropriadamente
To clarify(ied) – esclarecer Rarely – raramente
To earn(ed) – ganhar por merecimento Issue – problema, questão
To protect(ed) – proteger Cause – causa
To recognize(d) – reconhecer Argument – discussão, briga
To appreciate(d) – apreciar, ser grato Disagreement – divergência, discordância
To demonstrate(d) – demonstrar Sadly – tristemente
To sacrifice(d) – sacrificar Policy – política
To share(d) – compartilhar Attempt – tentativa
To acknowledge(d) – reconhecer Trouble – problema
To hide, hid, hidden – esconder Talent – talento
To seek, sought, sought – buscar, procurar Effort – esforço
To break, broke, broken – quebrar Leadership – liderança
To arise, arose, arisen – surgir Teamwork – trabalho em equipe
To self-promote – autopromover Approval – aprovação
To fall apart – desmoronar Possibly – possivelmente
To follow through – continue, siga Value – valor
When it comes to – quando se trata de Belief – crença
To get the job done – fazer o trabalho Humanity – humanidade
Basis – base Opportunity – oportunidade
Relationship – relacionamento Vulnerable – vulnerável
Essential – essencial Like – como

Page 123
 Simple strategies for building trust
Trust forms the basis of every relationship. It is essencial that people can accept that you are who
you say you are and you will do what you say you will do. The converse is also true, in other words,
you must be able to trust others. Without trust, you would have to do absolutely everything your-
self as you could not depend on others to get the job done. When you are trying to stablish a rela-
tionship, in any area of your life, you must first succeed at building trust. Building trust in certain
situations can be tricky. While you may be looking to trust people, have you thought about how
people view you when it comes to trust?
These are some strategies that will probably improve your success rate when building trust:
1-Keep your word and follow through with your actions.
The entire purpose of building trust is that people will be able to believe you when you say that
you will do something.
There will be times when you regret making a commitment but for the sake of the relationship, it’s
generally best that you follow through on your commitment and then avoid repeating it. There will
be some situations where you are required to break a commitment, but this should be communi-
cated early and treated as a negotiation.
The reason you so often end up breaking your agreements is that you are afraid to say “no”.
2-Learn how to communicate effectively with others.
This is usually the main reason why relationships fall apart, because of bad communication skills.
As mentioned above, there will be times when you have to break a commitment but if communica-
ted early and properly, this rarely becomes a major issue. One of the biggest causes of arguments
between people is the failure to clarify what has been agreed to.
3-It takes time to build and earn trust.
Building trust should be viewed as a daily activity. Don’t expect too much too soon. Focus on small
steps and small commitments.
4-Take time when making decisions and think before acting too quickly.
A lot of disagreement and broken trust arises due to one person agreeing to something that they
didn’t really want to agree to. Don’t be that person. Before you make a commitment, make sure
that you are happy to agree to it.
As unpleasant as it may seem, if you do not really want something you should say “no”.
5-Always be honest.
It shouldn’t really need to be said but sadly, it does: “honesty is the best policy”. People often tell
small lies in an attempt to protect others or, to avoid trouble. However, when the other person
finds out that you lied, they automatically assume that you are prepared to lie about everything.
6-Don’t always self-promote.
Think about others. When you recognize and appreciate the efforts of others you demonstrate
your talent for leadership and teamwork.
7-Always do what you believe to be right.
You might think that life would be easier if you just did everything that others wanted. You would
have all the approval that you could possibly want and, approval is nice. The problem with seeking
approval is that you have to sacrifice your own values and beliefs to get it. In other words, you
don’t trust yourself, or your values and your beliefs.

Page 124
8-Admit your mistakes.
Everybody makes mistakes. When you try to hide your mistakes, you are hiding your own humani-
ty. People know that you are being dishonest. When you accept and acknowledge your mistakes,
you have the opportunity to share what you have learned from it. Showing your vulnerable side
helps build trust with others as they see you as somebody who is more like them.

Adapted from:
https://www.liveyourtruestory.com/13-simple-strategies-for-building-trust-communication/

Answer according to the text:

1- Why is trust essencial?

2- What would one have to do without trust?
3- What’s the entire purpose of building trust?
4- What’s the reason why some people often end up breaking their agreements?
5- What’s usually the main reason why relationships fall apart?
6- What happens to people who tell small lies?
7- What’s the problem with seeking approval?
8- Why is it good to admit mistakes?

Page 125
 Text 49 - Seven key skills for
successful negotiation

Previous vocabulary

To involve – envolver Effectively – efetivamente

To recruit – recrutar Successful – bem-sucedido
To lead – levar Innate – inato
To improve – melhorar Ability – habilidade
To desire – desejar Fruitful – frutífero
To indulge – entrar, satisfazer-se No matter – não importa
To focus – focar Challenging – desafiador
To get – conseguir May – poder
To seek – procurar Preparation – preparação
To settle – resolver The more – quanto mais
To include – incluir Likely – provável
To stimulate – estimular Party – parte
To take place – acontecer Patient – paciente
To implement – implementar Agreement – concordância
Skill – habilidade In common – em comum
Result – resultado Issue – problema, questão
In fact – de fato Active – ativo
Main – principal Attentively – atenciosamente
Mainly – principalmente Variety – variedade
Employer – empregador Ethics – ética
Staff – equipe Reliability – confiança
Nowadays – hoje em dia Standard – padrão
Advancement – avanço Effective – efetivo
Organization – organização Side – lado
Supplier – fornecedor Bargaining – barganha, negociação
Relationship – relacionamento Towards – para com
Sustainable – sustentável Counterpart – contraparte, o outro lado

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 Seven key skills for successful negotiation
Negotiation is the key to business success. Successful negotiation involves good interpersonal
and communication skills, used together to bring a desired result. In fact, negotiation is one of the
main qualities employers look for when recruiting staff nowadays. This is because a good nego-
tiator can close the best deals, leading to the advancement of an organization. Improved supplier
relationships, sustainable competitive advantage and managing conflicts effectively are all ad-
vantages of successful negotiations.
Some people have the innate abilities to indulge in a fruitful negotiation process and they have
the capacity to bring a positive result no matter how challenging the negotiation may seem. Howe-
ver, this may not be the case for most employees. The good news is that negotiation skills can be
learned and practiced for better results. Some of the key skills for a successful negotiation are:
• Preparation
Preparation is responsible for 90% of negotiating success. The more prepared you are preceding a
negotiation, the more likely it is that the result of the negotiation will be acceptable for all parties
involved.
• Patience
Good negotiators are normally very patient. They focus mainly on getting agreement on all the
parts of the contract that the two parties have in common before they go on seeking for cordial
ways to settle the other issues. Besides, it is important to prepare good questions to ask to clarify
and understand each point. This will help to avoid confusion later.
• Active Listening
Negotiators have the ability to listen attentively to the other party during the conversation. Active
listening includes the ability to read body language as well as verbal communication.
• Emotional Control
It is important that a negotiator has the ability to keep his emotions under control during the ne-
gotiation.
• Verbal Communication
Skilled negotiators must be able to communicate clearly and efficiently to the other party during
the negotiation.
• Problem Solving
Employees with good negotiation skills have the capability to find a variety of solutions to pro-
blems.
• Ethics and Reliability
Ethical standards and reliability in a skilled negotiator stimulate a trust for effective negotiation to
take place. Both parties in a negotiation must trust that the other side will keep up with promises
and agreements. A negotiator must have the skills to implement his promises after bargaining
ends.
Adapted from:
https://www.procurement-academy.com/7-key-skills-successful-negotiation/

Answer according to the text:

1- What can a good negotiator do?

2- Is it possible to learn how to be a good negotiator?
3- What are the key skills for succesful negotiation?
4- Is trust important in negotiations?
Page 127
 Text 50 - Five tips for creating a
friendly work environment

Previous vocabulary

To clash(ed) – colidir Connection – conexão

To state(d) – declarar Decent – decente
To overstate(d) – exagerar Reciprocal – recíproco
To owe(d) – dever Balance – equilíbrio
To undervalue(d) – subvalorizar, subestimar Interest – interesse
To balance(d) – equilibrar Knowledge – conhecimento
To cloud(ed) – nublar, obscurecer As though – como se
To provide(d) – prover, proporcionar Drone – zangão
To note(d) – notar, perceber Fair – justo
To come into play – entrar no jogo Blatant – flagrante, óbvio
To turn a blind eye to – fingir que não vê preferable – preferível
To go out of your way – fazer o possível route – rota
Concern – preocupação rather – do contrário
Warm – caloroso bright – brilhante
Foremost – principal else – mais
Along – juntamente reasoning – raciocínio
Friendship – amizade approach – abordagem

Five tips for creating a friendly work environment

It is the managers job to get the best out of their employees. Employees have the skills to perform
their jobs, but it is up to the manager to allow their workforce to operate in a way that ensures
the highest quality of work is being produced. Therefore, the comfort and well-being within the
workforce should be of great concern to any manager. Happy employees make for good work and
in most cases, what makes employees happy doesn’t conflict with running an effective workplace.
A friendly and warm working environment can make all the difference to an employee. Working
in a place where they feel welcome and respected allows them to just focus on their work and
motivates them to produce good work. So if you’re a manager looking to create a friendly work
environment where your employees can thrive, here are some tips to help you.
Respect, first and foremost.
The easiest thing you to curate a friendly work environment is promote respect between everyo-
ne who works there. In any office, there can be a lot of different personalities, some of which will
clash with others. The occasional conflict is bound to come up, but what helps you avoid letting
those differences become toxic is by showing respect for everyone. Value different opinions wi-
thout dismissing them outright. If you start to think negative thoughts about people in the office,
or allow negativity to grow between employees, then each interaction will first have to overcome

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that negativity and that can be difficult. Respect the people in your office and help them to respect
each other.
Listen.
Along the same lines of respect, open communication leads to a happier work environment. We
don’t need to once again state the great importance of communication within the workplace (even
though it really can’t be overstated), but it is especially relevant to how your workforce feels
valued. When they bring up an issue, a question, or an idea, you owe it to them to listen. You might
not agree with them, but understand their position, discuss it with them and leave them feeling
like they were heard. When employees are missing this quality at work, they feel as though they
are an undervalued part of the operation.
Invest personal interests.
Some managers maintain that it is a bad idea to form friendships or personal connections to their
employees. To them I say this; grow up. If you can’t balance having a decent and reciprocal rela-
tionship with someone while keeping up your professional duties, then maybe you shouldn’t be a
manager. A real effective manager gets to know their employees. They learn about their families,
their life outside of work, their background, their interests. This kind of knowledge is not just
being a decent person, but it makes employees feel as though they are a part of something instead
of just a worker drone.
Be positive, even in the tougher situations.
Positivity can be hard for some people but it is a quality that is essential for managers. Whether it
is fair or not, and whether it is blatant or not, employees often look to managers as the example of
the established attitude of the office. Of course, a positive attitude is the preferable route to take,
but that goes beyond saying good morning to everyone at the start of a new day. Every office has
difficult situations they have to deal with, and staying positive in these situations can be a little
more difficult. Positivity doesn’t mean turning a blind eye to real issues, but rather that you don’t
allow the negativity to cloud the bright aspects of the workplace.
Give feedback.
Above all else, you employees want to know that their work is being valued. As a manager, your
job is to be aware of the work your employees are doing and provide them with the appropriate
feedback. When giving feedback, many of the qualities we’ve discussed above come into play. You
have to be respectful of their work, listen to their reasoning for their approach, be positive about
going forward. And when someone is doing a good job, go out of your way to acknowledge it and
show them that their hard work it noted and appreciated.

Answer according to the text:

1- Who is responsible for a high-quality work?

2- Why is it important to have a friendly and warm working environment?
3- What happens if a manager allows negativity to grow among employees?
4- How do employees feel when they are not heard?
5- Is it a bad idea to form personal connections at work?
6- Why should managers have a positive attitude?
7- Why should managers give feedback?

Page 129
O método Beway é o ÚNICO que trabalha memorização, fala e segurança de
acordo com necessidades reais. Esse é o mesmo método que meus alunos usa-
ram para:

• Viajar sem depender de ninguém ;

• Conversar e fazer negócios com pessoas do mundo inteiro ;
• Mudar para um emprego melhor;
• Conseguir crescimento acadêmico;
• Ler o trabalho do seu autor preferido em sua língua original, assistir a fil-
mes e programas de TV em inglês sem legendas e cantar sua música favorita;
• Estudar no exterior.