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CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 149 - 237
GUARULHOS
2023
CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 149 - 237
A leitura dos capítulos 9, 10, 11 e 12, apesar de expor com detalhes dados
históricos, nos remetem a uma intertextualidade com altas doses de opinião,
mais acentuadas aqui, considerando a quantidade de adjetivos utilizados, que
talvez sejam explicados pelas demais leituras de mundo e contexto dos autores,
podendo assumir a natureza de resenha crítica neste periódico.
1
irresponsibly high casualty rate that what was left of his army was in no
condition to resist a Russian counterattack in spring 1915. As the
Russians pushed the Ottoman eastern army back from Erzurum, Enver
retired to Istanbul. He remained in charge of the Ottoman war effort, but
he did not again command an army in the field. The Ottoman forces on
the eastern front adopted a defensive posture until the Russian
withdrawal in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. At that
point, after four years of fighting, the Ottomans still retained sufficient
resources to mount an offensive that retook most of their prewar
territory. It was in this eastern theater that the CUP carried out its
notorious operations against the Armenian community. (p. 151)
2
exército e das instituições da monarquia, liderando pela coerção e não no
consenso
Although Reza Shah never articulated his goals with the clarity
of Atatürk, his reforms were intended to accomplish in Iran results
similar to those that Atatürk was achieving in Turkey. Indeed, Reza
Shah borrowed many of his programs directly from the Kemalist
experience. The two rulers have often been likened, but Reza Shah’s
background and political attitudes were more akin to those of
Muhammad Ali of nineteenth-century Egypt than to Atatürk’s. Born to a
Turkish-speaking family in the Caspian province of Mazandaran in
1878, Reza Shah had a limited education and joined the Cossack
Brigade at an early age. He may have known some Russian, but he
was unschooled in any European language and rose through the ranks
to become a colonel. His unusual height and proud bearing endowed
him with a commanding presence and made him a successful officer
and a formidable autocrat. He is rightly regarded as a reformer, but his
reforms were selective and were not intended to restructure the existing
political order. Although elections to the Majlis were held regularly,
Reza Shah’s manipulation rendered them meaningless. He controlled
the entire political system and reduced the Majlis to a rubber stamp for
his legislation. (p. 186)
3
com os políticos locais que beneficiaram do domínio britânico e, portanto, não
conseguiram opor-se a ele. Rashid Ali no Iraque, liderado por jovens oficiais
militares, também foi uma reação de descontentamento com o domínio britânico
e com os políticos civis apoiados pelos britânicos que monopolizavam o poder.
4
exchanges that French enterprises had undertaken during the last
Ottoman decades. (p. 218)
Quase que unânime e com poucas exceções, a elite política regional evitou
o pan-arabismo, sendo invocado apenas em princípio para construir parcerias
locais objetivando fortalecer seu domínio se houvesse a retirada do alto
comissário e apoiadores.