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CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 37 - 117
GUARULHOS
2023
CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 37 - 117
1
shah in 1501, he also proclaimed Twelver Shiism to be the official and
compulsory religion of the state. (p. 52)
Não obstante, Cleveland e Buton pontuam que, o sultão Murat IV, que
liderou a campanha vitoriosa, enviou imediatamente comandantes militares
otomanos ao campo para restaurar os ritos sunitas entre a população e para
banir Shi, um ulemá, da região. É importante destacar que, o Iraque permaneceu
nas mãos dos otomanos até a Primeira Guerra Mundial.
2
Dar alUlum, founded in 1872 at Ali Mubarak’s urging, was
intended to retrain graduates of the religious schools to become
teachers of Arabic in the new national primary and secondary system.
As the principal modern teacher training college in the country, Dar al-
Ulum became one of the largest and most successful of the new
postsecondary institutions. The School of Languages, reopened in
1868, was far more elitist and European-oriented. By 1886 the
institution had evolved into the Cairo School of Law, offering its students
a French-based legal education that made them among the most
sought-after candidates for state employment. Ismail also revived the
practice of sending student educational missions to Europe and began
the process of turning female education into a responsibility of the state.
In addition to making these educational reforms, Ismail founded a
national library in 1871 and later established a number of learned
societies and museums. (p. 95)
3
egípcia e otomana, também trouxe dificuldades económicas, perturbações
sociais e exploração política.