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CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 119 - 132
GUARULHOS
2023
CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 119 – 132
1
but at one basic level he may be characterized as an itinerant
antiimperial activist blessed with exceptional personal magnetism.
Raised and educated in Iran, he took up residence in Egypt in 1871 and
attracted a group of young men to his ideas of political and religious
reform. His activities were unwelcome to Khedive Tawfiq, who ordered
him deported to India in 1879. Al-Afghani resurfaced in Paris in 1884;
he and one of his disciples, Muhammad Abduh, published an Arabic
newspaper, al-Urwah al-Wuthqa (The Indissoluble Bond), that
emphasized the importance of religiously based political solidarity. (p.
125)