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Morfologia
Subárea Histologia
Morfologia Estrutural dos Tecidos Básicos e do
Sistema Neuromotor (MFG1062)
▪ Origem
▪ Arquitetura
▪ Interrelações mecânicas
▪ Interrelações funcionais
▪ Processos biológicos
Ao responder...
❑ Origem
❑ Arquitetura
❑ Interrelações mecânicas
❑ Interrelações funcionais
❑ Processos biológicos
Lembrar que...
❑ A simplicidade é a sofisticação máxima. (da Vinci)
❑ O simples pode ser mais difícil que o complexo. Você tem
de trabalhar muito para chegar a um pensamento claro e
fazer o simples. (Steve Jobs)
Reconhecer as estruturas em
esquemas e imagens
Relacionar à sua função
Decorar e Reconhecer
Entender e Discutir
Morfologia Normal e Alterada
▪ Saúde X Adaptação X Doença
▪ Normalidades X Anormalidades
▪ Genéticas
▪ Fisiológicas
▪ Bioquímicas
▪ Estruturais
▪ Localização e abrangência
▪ Restrita
▪ Sistêmica
Morfologia Normal e Alterada
▪ Adaptações biológicas
▪ Fisiológicas X Estruturais
▪ Atividade celular
▪ Aumentada
▪ Diminuída
▪ Morfologia
▪ Atrofia
▪ Hipertrofia
▪ Involução
▪ Hiperplasia
▪ Metaplasia
Quantos tipos de células possui um
ser humano?
Quantos tipos de células possui um
ser humano?
1. Keratinizing Epithelial Cells
2. Cells of Wet Stratified Barrier Epithelia
3. Epithelial Cells Specialized for Exocrine Secretion
4. Cells Specialized for Secretion of Hormones
5. Epithelial Absorptive Cells in Gut, Exocrine Glands, and Urogenital Tract
6. Cells Specialized for Metabolism and Storage
7. Epithelial Cells Serving Primarily a Barrier Function, Lining the Lung, Gut,
Exocrine Glands, and Urogenital Tract
8. Epithelial Cells Lining Closed Internal Body Cavities
9. Ciliated Cells with Propulsive Function
10. Cells Specialized for Secretion of Extracellular Matrix
11. Contractile Cells
12. Cells of Blood and Immune System
13. Sensory Transducers
14. Autonomic Neurons
15. Supporting Cells of Sense Organs and of Peripheral Neurons
16. Neurons and Glial Cells of Central Nervous System
17. Lens Cells
18. Pigment Cells
19. Germ Cells
20. Nurse Cells
Cells of the adult human body–a catalogue. From Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell (2014)
Cells of the Adult Human Body: A Catalogue?
How many distinct cell types are there in an adult human being? In other words, how many normal
adult ways are there of expressing the human genome? A large textbook of histology will mention about
200 cell types that qualify for individual names. These traditional names are not, like the names of colors,
labels for parts of a continuum that has been subdivided arbitrarily: they represent, for the most part,
discrete and distinctly different categories. Within a given category there is often some variation - the
skeletal muscle fibers that move the eyeball are small, while those that move the leg are big; auditory hair
cells in different parts of the ear may be tuned to different frequencies of sound; and so on. But there is
no continuum of adult cell types intermediate in character between, say, the muscle cell and the auditory
hair cell.
The traditional histological classification is based on the shape and structure of the cell as seen in the
microscope and on its chemical nature as assessed very crudely from its affinities for various stains.
Subtler methods reveal new subdivisions within the traditional classification. Thus modern immunology
has shown that the old category of "lymphocyte" includes more than 10 quite distinct cell types. Similarly,
pharmacological and physiological tests reveal that there are many varieties of smooth muscle cell -
those in the wall of the uterus, for example, are highly sensitive to estrogen, and in the later stages of
pregnancy to oxytocin, while those in the wall of the gut are not. Another major type of diversity is
revealed by embryological experiments of the sort discussed in Chapter 21. These show that, in many
cases, apparently similar cells from different regions of the body are nonequivalent, that is, they are
inherently different in their developmental capacities and in their effects on other cells. Thus, within
categories such as "fibroblast" there are probably many distinct cell types, different chemically in ways
that are not easy to perceive directly.
For these reasons any classification of the cell types in the body must be somewhat arbitrary with
respect to the fineness of its subdivisions. Here, we list only the adult human cell types that a histology
text would recognize to be different, grouped into families roughly according to function. We have not
attempted to subdivide the class of neurons of the central nervous system. Also, where a single cell type
such as the keratinocyte is conventionally given a succession of different names as it matures, we give
only two entries - one for the differentiating cell and one for the stem cell. With these serious provisos,
the 210 varieties of cells in the catalogue represent a more or less exhaustive list of the distinctive ways
in which a given mammalian genome can be expressed in the phenotype of a normal cell of the adult
body.
Cells of the adult human body–a catalogue. From Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell (2014)
Quantos tipos de células possui um ser
humano?
CELLPEDIA is a repository database for current knowledge about human cells. It contains various types of
information, such as cell morphologies, gene expression and literature references. The major role of CELLPEDIA
is to provide a digital dictionary of human cells for the biomedical field, including support for the
characterization of artificially generated cells in regenerative medicine. CELLPEDIA features (i) its own cell
classification scheme, in which whole human cells are classified by their physical locations in addition to
conventional taxonomy; and (ii) cell differentiation pathways compiled from biomedical textbooks and journal
papers. Currently, human differentiated cells and stem cells are classified into 2260 and 66 cell taxonomy
keys, respectively, from which 934 parent–child relationships reported in cell differentiation or
transdifferentiation pathways are retrievable.
http://shogoin.stemcellinformatics.org/
Quantas células possui um ser humano?
Quantas células possui um ser humano?
Bianconi E, et al. (2013) An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol 40(6):301–4460.
Quantas células possui um ser humano?
Bianconi E, et al. (2013) An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol 40(6):301–4460.
Quantas células possui um ser humano?
Bianconi E, et al. (2013) An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol 40(6):301–4460.
Quantas células possui um ser humano?
Bianconi E, et al. (2013) An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol 40(6):301–4460.
Quantas células possui um ser humano?
▪ 37.200.000.000.000
▪ 3,72 x 1013
▪ 37 trilhões de células
https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/building-blocks-life
Quantas células possui um ser humano?
http://www.lance-ufrj.org/ceacutelulas-tronco.html
▪ Diferenciação e
comprometimento
celular
▪ Células tronco
▪ Indiferenciadas = não-
especializadas
▪ Com autorenovação
▪ Com potencial de
diferenciação
▪ Tipos
▪ Cél. totipotentes
▪ Cél. Pluripotentes
▪ Cél. multipotentes
▪ Lateral
▪ Junção de oclusão
▪ Adesão
▪ Desmossomos
▪ GAP
▪ Basal
▪ Interdigitações
▪ Hemidesmossomos
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
O desenvolvimento envolve...
▪ Divisão
▪ Formação de padrão
▪ Polarização
▪ Assimetria citoplasmática
▪ Morfogênese e mudança de forma
▪ Diferenciação celular
▪ Migração (destino)
▪ Interação (indução)
▪ Posição
▪ Inibição
▪ Redundância
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neutrophil_MRSA_II.jpg
http://what-when-how.com/acp-medicine/nonmalignant-disorders-of-leukocytes-part-1/
▪ Funções
▪ Composição
▪ Carioteca
▪ Proteínas
▪ Histonas
Atentos:
▪ Heterocromatina
▪ Eucromatina
▪ Nucléolo
http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/histolog/classes_stud/en/med/lik/ptn/1/06%20Blood.%20Lymph.%20Hematopoiesis..htm
www.lookfordiagnosis.com
Atentos:
▪ Acidófilo
▪ Basófilo
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
▪ Funções
▪ Elementos
http://163.178.103.176/tema1g/grupos1/germant1/gatp3/membrana3.htm
LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz 2008
▪ Funções
▪ Elementos
▪ Atentos:
▪ Proteínas de membrana
▪ Receptores
▪ De reconhecimento
▪ Especializações
http://163.178.103.176/tema1g/grupos1/germant1/gatp3/membrana3.htm
LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz 2008
Atentos:
Funções
➢ Adesão
➢ Oclusão
➢ Comunicação
➢ Absorção
➢ Movimento
● Estereocílios
⚫ De adesão célula-matriz
● Contato focal ⚫ De movimento
● Cílios
● Hemidesmossomos
● Flagelos
⚫ Oclusão (impermeáveis)
● Zônula de oclusão (junções estreitas)
Cílios, Flagelos, Estereocílios e
Microvilos
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
Cílios e Flagelos
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
Cílios
Flagelos
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
Microvilos
Estereocílios
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
Proteínas (Claudinas e ocludinas)
▪ Proteínas - Caderinas
▪ Desmogleínas
▪ Desmocolinas
▪ Desmoplaquinas
https://bigpictureeducation.com/cells-under-microscope-images
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/cell_lab/smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum_em.php
▪ Funções
▪ Estrutura
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
▪ Funções
▪ Estrutura
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
▪ Funções
▪ Elementos principais
▪ Microtúbulos (20nm)
▪ α-tubulina, β-tubulina
▪ Transporte intracelular e movimentação
▪ Filamentos intermediários (10 nm)
▪ Citoqueratina, desmina, vimentina, etc.
▪ Resistência mecânica
▪ Microfilamentos (5 nm)
▪ Actina fibrilar e Miosina
▪ Forma e movimentação da célula, organelas e
vesículas
https://www.google.com.br/imghp
▪ Necessitamos um microscópio?
▪ Que é um tecido?
▪ Células e matriz extracelular
▪ Como é a interação intratecidual e intertecidual?
▪ De luz ultravioleta – como o óptico mas individualiza estruturas que se quer analisar
▪ Microscópios eletrônicos
▪ M.E. de Transmissão – estruturas internamente