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FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS
CDU: 615.2.07
Bibliotecárias responsáveis:
Margarida Maria Cordeiro Fonseca Ferreira, CRB 10/480
Heloísa do Canto Canabarro, CRB 10/1036
Este trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de
Ensino e Pesquisa em Controle de Qualidade
(LEPCQ) de Medicamentos da Faculdade de
Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul com bolsa de estudos financiada
pelo CNPq.
AGRADECIMENTOS
À Prof. Nadia Maria Volpato pela orientação e pela imensa dedicação oferecidas
durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho.
À Cooperativa dos Suinocultores do Caí Superior pela doação das orelhas para os
estudos de penetração/permeação cutânea.
Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação, à Faculdade de Farmácia da UFRGS e a todos os
professores e funcionários dessa instituição.
Aos meus pais, Pedro e Lélia, e ao meu irmão Mateus, pela compreensão e
principalmente pelo apoio incondicional na busca de meus sonhos.
vi
RESUMO
Objetivos: os objetivos gerais deste trabalho foram desenvolver, validar e comparar
métodos indicativos de estabilidade para a análise do cloridrato de butenafina (BTF),
matéria-prima e forma farmacêutica, bem como determinar a cinética de degradação
do fármaco em condição de estresse. Adicionalmente, o trabalho visou à validação
de método para avaliar e comparar a penetração/permeação cutânea da BTF de
diferentes formulações. Métodos: Um método indicativo de estabilidade para análise
da BTF por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi desenvolvido e
validado, conforme normas do ICH. A cinética de degradação do fármaco (matéria-
prima e creme) frente à luz UVC foi determinada. Testes para o desenvolvimento de
método quantitativo por eletroforese capilar para a análise do fármaco isoladamente
e presente na formulação foram realizados. O método analítico cromatográfico
previamente desenvolvido para a formulação semi-sólida foi validado para a
quantificação de BTF na pele suína. Em seguida, as penetrações/permeações
cutâneas do fármaco utilizando células de Franz foram analisadas visando à
comparação de duas formulações comerciais (uma delas brasileira e a outra
americana). Resultados e Conclusões: O método de CLAE indicativo de
estabilidade desenvolvido demonstrou ser adequado para a determinação da
substância ativa na formulação mesmo na presença de produtos de degradação,
bem como para a quantificação do fármaco na pele suína e no fluído receptor. Os
principais fatores extrínsecos que promovem a degradação do fármaco foram
estabelecidos: luz, oxidação e meio básico (este último somente na presença de
excipientes). A determinação da cinética de fotodegradação como sendo de primeira
ordem demonstra que o processo é dependente da concentração do fármaco,
reforçando a necessidade de proteção frente à luz. Já o método por eletroforese
capilar mostrou-se não específico frente à formulação placebo simulado,
inviabilizando seu uso para o creme. Na avaliação da permeação cutânea das
formulações brasileira e americana não foi detectada presença considerável do
fármaco no fluído receptor para ambos os produtos. Já na verificação da penetração,
não houve diferença significativa na retenção do fármaco na epiderme, entretanto,
na derme a diferença foi estatisticamente significativa, com maior concentração
retida na análise da formulação americana (α = 0,05).
Unitermos: cloridrato de butenafina, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência,
validação, estabilidade, eletroforese capilar, pele suína e célula de Franz.
ABSTRACT
REVISÃO DE LITERATURA:
Figura 1.1. Curva de aquecimento obtida por DSC para a BTF SQR........................39
Figura 1.2. Espectro no IV da BTF SQR em pastilhas de KBr ...................................40
Figura 1.3. Estrutura química da butenafina e de terbinafina. ...................................41
Figura 1.4. Cromatograma e valores de Rf obtidos por CCD na análise de BTF SQR,
BTF extraída do creme dermatológico e terbinafina ..................................................42
xii
Figure 2. Chromatograms from: extraction solution from epidermis in contact with
formulation T and with excipients from formulations T and L ..................................104
Figure 3. Chromatograms from: extraction solution from dermis in contact with
formulation L and with excipients from formulations T and L ..................................104
Figure 4. Plots of the mean concentration of formulations L and T in the epidermis
with the respective standard deviations. ..................................................................106
Figure 5. Plots of the mean concentration of formulations L and T in the dermis with
the respective standard deviations. .........................................................................106
xiii
LISTA DE TABELAS
REVISÃO DE LITERATURA:
Table 1. Factors and levels applied to the robustness test by LC method .................57
Table 2. BTF Precision study by LC method. ............................................................61
Table 3. BTF accuracy study by LC method. .............................................................61
Table 4. Plackett-Burman design factors and the obtained response to each
experiment. ................................................................................................................65
Table 5. Effects from the seven-factor Plackett-Burman design for two wavelengths
...................................................................................................................................66
Table 6. Determination coefficients from the photodegradation kinetics of BTF . ......68
Table 1. Precision and Accuracy from the analytical method: BTF extracted from
Epidermis and Dermis. ............................................................................................103
SUMÁRIO
INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 1
1. Micoses superficiais..............................................................................................9
2. Fármacos Antifúngicos .......................................................................................12
2.1. Cloridrato de Butenafina ..................................................................................16
3. Validação de métodos analíticos .......................................................................18
4. Estabilidade de fármacos e medicamentos ......................................................21
5. Quantificação de fármacos na pele - testes in vitro .........................................22
6. Referências ..........................................................................................................25
1. Introdução ............................................................................................................35
2. Produtos Farmacêuticos e Material de Referência ...........................................36
Produtos Farmacêuticos..............................................................................36
Material de Referência ................................................................................37
2.1 Caracterização do cloridrato de butenafina - substância química de
referência (SQR): .....................................................................................................37
2.1.1 Análise Qualitativa ..........................................................................................37
Solubilidade .................................................................................................37
Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial ...........................................................38
Espectrofotometria na Região do Infravermelho .........................................39
Cromatografia em Camada Delgada ...........................................................41
2.1.2 Análise Quantitativa .......................................................................................43
Titulação Potenciométrica em meio não-aquoso.........................................43
3. Conclusão ............................................................................................................44
4. Referências ..........................................................................................................45
Manuscrito submetido ao Journal of Chromatographic Science ........................47
Abstract ....................................................................................................................50
Introduction ..............................................................................................................51
Materials and Methods ............................................................................................52
Materials ......................................................................................................52
Chromatographic system.............................................................................53
Sample preparation for LC analysis ............................................................53
Validation procedure ...................................................................................54
BTF photodegradation kinetics ....................................................................58
Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................59
Selection and optimization of the chromatographic conditions ....................59
Validation of LC methods ............................................................................60
BTF Photodegradation kinetics ...................................................................67
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................68
References ...............................................................................................................70
1. Introdução ............................................................................................................75
2. Metodologia..........................................................................................................78
2.1. Solventes e reagentes ......................................................................................78
2.2. Sistema de Eletroforese Capilar ......................................................................78
2.3. Desenvolvimento de Método Analítico ...........................................................78
Utilização de tampão fosfato .......................................................................79
Utilização de tampão citrato ........................................................................81
Utilização de tampão acetato ......................................................................81
Utilização de tampão TRIS com SDS ..........................................................81
Seleção do padrão interno ..........................................................................83
Utilização de tampões Borato e Tetraborato com SDS ...............................85
3. Conclusões ..........................................................................................................86
4. Referências ..........................................................................................................86
xviii
Application of the Method to in vitro Skin Penetration Studies ..................100
Results and Discussion ........................................................................................101
Butenafine Hydrochloride Extraction Procedure ........................................101
Method Validation ......................................................................................102
Method Application in a comparative cutaneous retention study ...............105
Conclusion .............................................................................................................107
References .............................................................................................................109
xix
INTRODUÇÃO
Introdução
3
Introdução
4
Introdução
5
REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Revisão de Literatura
1. Micoses superficiais
9
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10
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de Tinea pedis vesicular é a forma menos comum e ao mesmo tempo mais severa,
sendo caracterizada pela presença de bolhas ou vesículas inflamadas. T.
mentagrophytes é o microrganismo predominantemente causador da doença. A
forma mais branda da doença inclui a presença de vesículas com líquido claro de
tamanho pequeno e isoladas que podem se romper, ocorrendo cura espontânea.
Formas mais severas são caracterizadas por coalescência das vesículas em uma
grande bolha erosiva caracterizada por prurido, ulceração e por seu espalhamento
(GUPTA, 2005).
A Tinea corporis é caracterizada por infecções cutâneas do corpo, geralmente
envolvendo o tronco, ombros ou membros e, ocasionalmente, o rosto (excluindo a
área da barba em homens) e pode ser causada por qualquer dermatófito. A infecção
pode manifestar-se de forma suave a severa, caracterizando-se por lesão única ou
múltipla, anular e escamosa com o centro claro e borda elevada e avermelhada com
marginação fina (abrupta transição de pele anormal a normal). A borda das lesões
pode conter pústulas ou pápulas foliculares (WEITZMAN & SUMMERBELL, 1995;
HAINER, 2003). Cada lesão pode ter um ou mais anéis concêntricos com pápulas
vermelhas ou placas centrais. Com a progressão da lesão, o centro se torna limpo
com uma hiperpigmentação ou hipopigmentação pós-inflamatória (WEINSTEIN &
BERMAN, 2002).
A Tinea cruris é uma infecção da região da virilha, perianal e perineal, bem
como ocasionalmente na parte superior das coxas, sendo mais comum em homens
do que mulheres. T. rubrum e T. floccosum são os agentes etiológicos mais comuns.
As lesões são eritematosas podendo desenvolver tom amarelo tostado a marrom
(WEITZMAN & SUMMERBELL, 1995). A lesão é geralmente bilateral e assimétrica
na parte interna da coxa exibindo uma borda elevada e finamente marginada,
podendo ser vermelha e com textura escamosa, sendo frequentemente preenchida
com pequenas vesículas (WEITZMAN & SUMMERBELL, 1995; HAINER, 2003).
Muitas pessoas infectadas com Tinea cruris também são infectadas por Tinea pedis
e tem sido postulado que a Tinea cruris é disseminada pela mão a partir da Tinea
pedis (WEINSTEIN & BERMAN, 2002; HAINER, 2003).
A manifestação clínica é a evidência mais importante para diagnóstico e
tratamento corretos (WEINSTEIN & BERMAN, 2002). Os métodos de diagnóstico
para infecções por dermatófitos incluem: exame microscópico direto (material colhido
11
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é tratado com hidróxido de potássio, que atua como clarificante) que possibilita a
visualização de hifas; exame com lâmpada ultravioleta (lâmpada de Woods) que tem
uso limitado já que muitos dermatófitos não fluorescem; cultura de fungos e biopsia
de pele (HAINER, 2003).
2. Fármacos Antifúngicos
12
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13
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tratamentos sistêmicos (ZHANG et al, 2007). O cetoconazol foi o primeiro azol a ser
administrado por via oral no tratamento das infecções fúngicas sistêmicas. O
fármaco possui alta afinidade pela queratina e é transportado ao estrato córneo
através do suor. Seu principal risco é hepatotoxicidade, que é rara, mas pode se
tornar fatal. Outras reações adversas estão relacionadas com distúrbios
gastrintestinais. O cetoconazol também está disponível para terapia tópica na forma
de creme 2% (RANG et al., 2001).
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Para a maioria das infecções por Tinea algumas medidas podem ser tomadas
para evitar reinfecção. A reinfecção por Tinea cruris pode ser reduzida pelo uso de
roupas íntimas largas de algodão. Redução de peso, limpeza e secagem da área
afetada e uso de pó absorvente podem ajudar na redução da probabilidade de
reinfecção. Nas infecções por Tinea pedis, os pés devem ser limpos regularmente e
completamente secos antes do uso de meias e sapatos. As unhas devem ser
mantidas curtas e limpas (GUPTA et al, 1998).
15
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HCl
16
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17
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18
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19
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Quantitativo Ensaio
limite
20
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21
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Figura 3. A pele com suas três camadas: epiderme, derme e hipoderme. Fonte:
http://www.saudetotal.com.br/prevencao/topicos/images/pele3d.jpg
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Medicamentos aplicados via tópica sobre a pele podem ser divididos em duas
categorias: de ação local e de ação sistêmica. A ação local pode ocorrer na pele ou
sobre a superfície da mesma (estrato córneo) e também na epiderme e/ou derme.
Formulações de ação local incluem cremes, géis, pomadas, pastas, suspensões,
loções, espumas, sprays, aerossóis e soluções. Já os produtos aplicados na pele
visando à ação sistêmica são, principalmente, os adesivos transdérmicos ou
sistemas de liberação transdérmica de fármacos (USP, 2009a; USP, 2009b). A
liberação de fármacos por via transdérmica possui uma série de vantagens para
alguns fármacos em relação a outras vias de administração: evita o efeito de
primeira passagem no intestino e a metabolização no fígado, possui menor risco de
efeitos colaterais com reduzido risco de toxicidade e é uma via de fácil administração
(DE PAULA, 2008).
Permeação cutânea é a passagem de uma substância pela pele, chegando
até suas camadas mais profundas, inclusive circulação sanguínea. Testes para
determinação da permeação cutânea de formulações transdérmicas são importantes
para determinação de sua eficácia. Já para produtos dermatológicos, a
determinação da quantidade de fármaco capaz de chegar à circulação não tem
influência direta no efeito terapêutico. No entanto, a extensão da possível absorção
sistêmica é um dado importante quanto à segurança e possíveis efeitos colaterais de
formulações tópicas (BEMVINDO, 2006).
Como os produtos dermatológicos tratam doenças nas diferentes camadas da
pele ou em apêndices cutâneos, sua eficácia depende da concentração do fármaco
nesses locais (PERSHING et al, 1994; ALBERTI et al, 2001a; ALBERTI et al, 2001b).
A presença do fármaco na pele depende da liberação do mesmo da formulação
(ALBERTI et al, 2001a), sendo fatores críticos o veículo utilizado e o modo de
preparo do mesmo. Após a liberação da formulação, a penetração através do estrato
córneo irá determinar a disponibilidade local do fármaco (BEMVINDO, 2006).
Existem deferentes rotas pelas quais os fármacos cruzam o estrato córneo:
intercelular, transcelular e por meio de apêndices (podendo ser através das
glândulas sudoríparas ou folículos pilosos). Em condições normais a penetração
pela rota dos apêndices não é muito significante, em parte, devido à baixa superfície
ocupada pelos mesmos. As duas demais rotas de permeação através do estrato
córneo são intercelular (passagem do fármaco entre as células pela matriz lipídica
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24
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6. Referências
ALBERTI, I.; KALIA, YN; NAIK, A; BONNY, JD; GUY, RH. In vivo assessment of
enhanced topical delivery of terbinafine to human stratum corneum. Journal of
Controlled Release, v. 71, p. 319-327,2001a.
ALBERTI, I.; KALIA, YN; NAIK, A; BONNY, JD; GUY, RH. Effect of ethanol and
isopropyl myristate on the availability of topical terbinafine in human stratum
corneum, in vivo. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, v. 219, p. 11-19, 2001b.
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AZULAY, R.D. & AZULAY, D.R. Dermatologia. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-
Koogan, 1999.
BARBERO, AM & FRASCH, H.F. Pig and guinea pig skin as surrogates for human in
vitro penetration studies: a quantitative review. Toxicology in Vitro, v. 23, p. 1-13,
2009.
BRENNAN, B. & LEYDEN, J.J. Overview of topical therapy for common superficial
fungal infections and the role of new topical agents. Journal of American Academy
Dermatology, v. 36, n. 2, p. S3-S8, 1997.
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GUPTA AK; RYDER, JE; CHOW, M., COOPER, EA. Dermatophytosis: the
management of fungal infections. Skinmed, v.4, n.5, p.305-310, 2005
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JACOBI U., KAISER M., TOLL R., MANGELSDORF S., AUDRING H., OTBERG N.,
STERRY W. AND LADEMANN J. Porcine ear skin: an in vitro model for human skin.
Skin Research and Technology, v.13, p.19–24, 2007.
KLICK, S.; MUIJSELAAR, O.; WATERVAL, J.; EICHINGER, T.; KORN, C.; GERDIN,
T.; DEBETS,A.; CRIEND, C.; BELD, C.; SONSEN, G.; JONG, G. Toward a generic
approach for stress testing and drug products. Pharmaceutical Technology, V.29,
N.2, p. 48-66, 2005.
KOSHIKAWA, S.; YAMASHITA, I.; SONODA, R.; WATANABE, N.; OHTANI, I.;
TANJI, S.; MAEDA, T.; ISHIYAMA, N.; TAKASE, M. Chemical structure,
physicochemical properties and stability of butenafine hydrochloride. Iyakuhin
Kenkyu, v. 23, p. 533-46, 1992. Disponível em SciFinder Scholar CAN 118:154264,
1993. Abstract.
LESHER JL, BABEL DE, STEWART DM, JONES TM, KAMINESTER L, GOLDMAN
M, WEINTRAUB JS. Butenafine 1% A multicenter,cream in the treatment of tinea
cruris: vehicle-controlled, double-blind trial. Journal of American Academy
Dermatology, v. 36, p. S20-S24, 1997.
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LEVEQUE, N.; MAKKI, S.; HADGRAFT, J.; HUMBERT, Ph. Comparision of Franz
cells and microdyalisis for assessing salicylic acid penetration through human skin.
International Journal of Pharmaceuticals, v.269, p.323-328, 2004.
LING, Y.; BAO, Y.; ZAI, H.; ZHANG, Y.; ZHAN, W. Determination of butenafine in
creams by HPLC. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, v. 20, p 333-334, 2000.
Disponível em SciFinder Scholar CAN 133:168500, 2000. Abstract.
LING, S.; JIE, D.; GONG, W. RP-HPLC determination of content and related
substances in butenafine hydrochloride cream. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical
Analysis, v. 26, p. 463-465, 2006. Disponível em SciFinder Scholar CAN 147:
173907, 2007. Abstract.
MOSER, K.; KRIWET, K.; NAIK, A.; KALIA, Y.N.; GUY, R.H. Passive skin penetration
enhancement and its quantification in vitro. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics, v. 52, p. 103-112, 2001.
NAHM, W.; ORENGO, I.; ROSEN, T. The antifungal agent butenafine manifests anti-
inflammatory activity in vivo. Journal of American Academy Dermatology, v. 41, p.
203-206, 1999.
NEWTON, G.D. & POPOVICH, N. Fungal skin infections. In: BERARDI, R.R. (Ed.)
Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. 14. ed. Washington: American Pharmacists
Association, 2004.
ODOM, R.B. Update on topical therapy for superficial fungal infections: focus on
butenafine. Journal of American Academy Dermatology, v. 36, n. 2, p. S1-S2, 1997.
RANG, H.P.; DALE, M.M.; RITTER, J.M.; MOORE, P.K. Farmacologia. 5.ed. Rio de
Janeiro: Elsevier, 2004.
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RIBANI, M.; BOTTOLI, C.B.G.; COLLINS, C.H.; JARDIM, I.C.S.F.; MELO, L.F.C.
Validação em métodos cromatográficos e eletroforéticos. Química Nova, v. 27, p.
771-780, 2004.
SCHMOOK, F., P.; MEINGASSNER, J., G.; BILLICH, A. Comparision of human skin
or epidermis models with human and animal skin in-vitro percutaneous absorption.
International Journal of Pharmaceuticals, v.215, p.51-56, 2001.
TANUMA, H.; DOI, M.; OHTA, Y.; ABE, M.; KUME, H.; MUKAI, H.; KATSUOKA, K.
Butenafine hidrochloride (Mentax) cream for the treatment of hyperkeratotic type
tinea pedis and its transfer into the horny layer, with or without concomitant
application of 20% urea ointment (Keratinamin). Mycoses, v. 44, p 287-299, 2001.
USP. Topical and transdermal drug products. Pharmacopeial Forum, v.35, n.3,
p.750-753, 2009a.
USP. Topical and transdermal drug products – product quality tests. Pharmacopeial
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WAGNER, H.; KOSTKA, K-H.; LEHR, C-M.; SCHAEFER, U.F. Drug distribution in
human skin using two different in vitro test systems: comparison with in vivo data.
Pharmaceutical Research, v. 17, p. 1475-1481, 2000.
WU, L., MA, L., CHEN, J. Preparation and determination of coumpound butenafine
hydrochloride cream. Huaxi Yaoxue Zazhi, v.21, p. 394-396. Disponível em SciFinder
Scholar CAN 146:468954, 2006. Abstract.
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ZHANG, A.Y., CAMP, W.L., ELEWSKI, B.E. Advances in topical and systemic
antifungals. Dermatologic Clinics, v.25, p.165-183, 2007.
31
CAPÍTULO I. Caracterização do padrão, desenvolvimento e validação de
método analítico por CLAE para análise do cloridrato de butenafina em forma
farmacêutica semi-sólida e estudo de estabilidade
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
1. Introdução
35
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
Produtos Farmacêuticos
36
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
Material de Referência:
Solubilidade
37
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
Tabela 1.1. Determinação da solubilidade da BTF SQR, conforme F. Bras. IV, 1988.
Solvente Solubilidade
Etanol Solúvel
Metanol Facilmente solúvel
Água pH neutro Muito pouco solúvel
Acetonitrila Pouco solúvel
Acetona Muito pouco solúvel
Diclorometano Ligeiramente solúvel
Hexano Muito pouco ou insolúvel
Ácido Acético Facilmente solúvel
Ácido cloródrico 0,1 M Muito pouco ou insolúvel
n-propanol Ligeiramente solúvel
38
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
Figura 1.1. Curva de aquecimento obtida por DSC para a BTF SQR.
39
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
Tabela 1.2. Atribuição das principais bandas do espectro da BTF na região do IV.
40
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
41
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
Rf TER:0,78
Rf BTFSQR:0,74
Rf BTFcreme:0,74
Rx: 0,95
42
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
A titulação foi realizada conforme preconizado pela F. Bras. IV, 1988 que descreve
as condições para a volumetria de bases fracas em meio não-aquoso. Inicialmente
foi procedida a padronização do ácido perclórico 0,05 M em ácido acético. Para
tanto, 8,5 mL de ácido perclórico foram dissolvidos sob agitação em 250 mL de ácido
acético glacial. Foram acrescentados 20 mL de anidrido acético, seguido de diluição
com acido acético glacial a 1 litro e repouso por 24 horas. Foram pesados
exatamente, cerca de 180 mg de biftalato de potássio, previamente dessecado a 120
ºC por 2 horas, e dissolvidos em 50 mL de ácido acético glacial em frascos
erlenmeyer de 250 mL de capacidade e foi realizada a titulação com a solução de
ácido perclórico (n=3). Paralelamente foi realizada a titulação do branco. Para
verificar a variação do potencial em milivolt (mV) e determinação do ponto final foi
utilizado aparelho medidor de pH Digimed DM-20 equipado com eletrodo de
membrana de vidro.
43
Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
3. Conclusão
44
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4. Referências
DONG, M.W. Modern HPLC for Practicing Scientists. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons
Inc., 2006.
GÖRÖG, S. Drug safety, drug quality, drug analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Analysis, 2008, v.48, p.247-253, 2008.
MATHKAR, S.; KUMAR, S.; BYSTOL, A.; OLAWOORE, K.; MIN, D.; MARKOVICH,
R.; RUSTUM, A. The use of differential scanning calorimetry for the purity verification
of pharmaceutical reference standars. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Analysis, v.49, p.627-631, 2009.
RAHMAN, N.; AZMI, S.N.H.; WU, H.-F. The importance of impurity analysis in
pharmaceutical products: an integrated approach. Accreditation and Quality
Assurance, v.69, p.69-74, 2006.
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Aline Bergesch Barth*, Gabriela Bolfe de Oliveira, Marcelo Donadel Malesuik, Clésio
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Abstract
hydrochloride (BTF) in a cream was developed and validated using the Plackett-Burman
experimental design for robustness evaluation. Also, the drug photodegradation kinetics was
determined. The analytical column was operated with acetonitrile, methanol and a solution of
triethylamine 0.3% adjusted to pH 4.0 (6:3:1) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection at 283
nm. BTF extraction from the cream was done with n-butyl alcohol and methanol in ultrasonic
bath. The performed degradation conditions were: acid and basic media with HCl 1M and
NaOH 1M, respectively, oxidation with H2O2 10% and the exposure to UV-C light. No
interference in the BTF elution was verified. Linearity was assessed (r2 = 0.9999) and
ANOVA showed non-significative linearity deviation (p > 0.05). Adequate results were
obtained for repeatability, intra-day precision and accuracy. Critical factors were selected to
examine the method robustness with the two-level Plackett-Burman experimental design and
no significant factors were detected (p > 0.05). The BTF photodegradation kinetics was
determined for the standard and for the cream, both in methanolic solution, under UV light at
254 nm. The degradation process can be described by first-order kinetics in both cases.
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Introduction
structure that resembles the allylamines; however, a butylbenzyl group replaces the allylamine
group (Figure 1) (1). This antifungal agent has activity against dermatophytes such as
tinea infections (2, 3). The drug inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase, blocking the
vivo, as demonstrated by reduced cutaneous erythema response after UVB irradiation (4).
indicative for both BTF raw material and commercial cream, objectifying to quantify the drug
in presence of its degradation products (DP) and to elucidate inherit stability characteristics of
the standard and the active substance in the semisolid formulation. Due to these reasons, a LC
method was developed and validated by specificity, enclosing placebo and stress conditions as
acid, basic, oxidation and UV light, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision,
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A two-level experimental design approach was applied for the robustness test in order
small number of experiments (5, 6). Therefore, the reliability of the analysis with respect to
Guideline (7).
According to ICH (8), stress testing of the drug substance can help identify the likely
degradation products, which can cooperate to establish the degradation pathways and the
intrinsic stability of the molecule. In agreement with this guide, the light testing should be an
integral part of the stress testing. Consequently, a study of the BTF photodegradation kinetics
was performed in order to provide evidence on how the quality of the drug varies with the
time under the influence of light. To realize this study, the developed stability-indicating
The objective of the present study was to develop and validate a stability-indicating
LC method in compliance with the ICH Guideline (7) and the USP (9) for the determination
of BTF in creams using the Plackett-Burman experimental design for robustness evaluation as
Materials
The reference standard was kindly supplied by Brainfarma (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and
the commercial cream Tefin® was obtained in the local market. Creams are claimed to contain
1% (w/w) of BTF and the following inactive ingredients: benzyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, cetyl
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stearate, liquid petrolatum, polysorbate 60, propylene glycol, simethicone, white petrolatum,
sodium hydroxide and water. All reagents were analytical or HPLC grade. Acetonitrile and
methanol were purchased from Tedia (Fairfield, USA), the phosphoric acid from Merck
(Darmstadt, Germany) and the n-butyl alcohol from Synth (Diadema, Brazil). Purified water
Chromatographic system
The HPLC system (Agilent 1200 series, Santa Clara, USA) consisted of a G1311A
G1329A standard auto sampler and G1315B diode array detector set at 283nm. The analytical
column, a Shim-pack CLC – C8 (M) (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) (Shimadzu
Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and the guard column, a Shim-pack CLC G-C8 (4) (4.0 mm i.d.,
(25 ºC). The final selected mobile phase was acetonitrile, methanol and a solution of
triethylamine 0.3% adjusted to pH 4.0 with phosphoric acid 10% (6:3:1; v/v/v) in isocratic
mode at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and the sample injection volume was 20µL. The
The stock solution of BTF reference standard was prepared in methanol. The working
standard solution (20 μg/mL) was obtained by the dilution of the stock solution in a mixture
of acetonitrile, methanol and water (6:3:1, v/v/v). The use of water instead of a solution of
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triethylamine and phosphoric acid in the diluent mixture was verified and no modification in
mL volumetric flask, and then it was added 15 mL of co-solvent n-butyl alcohol (that was
selected after the testing of several solvents), followed by 5 minutes in ultrasonic bath. After
that, 15 mL of methanol were added to the volumetric flask, followed by more 5 minutes in
ultrasonic bath. Methanol was added until the concentration of 200 μg/mL of BTF. This
solution was filtered and one aliquot of the filtrated fluid was diluted with a mixture of
acetonitrile, methanol and water (6:3:1; v/v/v) until the final concentration of 20 μg/mL. Also,
here the use of water instead of a solution of triethylamine and phosphoric acid in the diluent
mixture was verified and no modification in the chromatographic profile or in the measured
areas was observed. Both sample and standard solutions were then filtered through a 0.45μm
Validation procedure
suitable for its intended purpose (7). The method was validated for linearity, detection limit,
To test linearity, standard plots were constructed with six concentrations in the range
of 10-40 μg/mL of the drug prepared in triplicates. The linearity was evaluated by linear
regression analysis that was calculated by the least square regression and by ANOVA for
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Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
approach. The background noise was obtained after injection of the blank, observed over a
distance equal to 20 times the width at half-height of the peak in a chromatogram obtained by
the injection of 20 μg/mL of the reference standard (10, 11). The signal-to-noise ratio applied
was 10:1 for the LOQ and 3:1 for the LOD. The results were verified experimentally.
The repeatability was verified from six independent sample preparations in the same
day, obtained as described in Sample preparation for LC analysis. The intermediate precision
was tested by assaying freshly prepared sample solutions at the same concentration in two
The accuracy was determined by the recovery of known amounts of BTF reference
standard added to the samples in the beginning of the preparative process. The added levels
were 20, 40 and 60% of the nominal drug concentration. The results were expressed as the
Two types of specificity experiments were performed. In the first one, it was assessed
by comparing the chromatograms obtained from the pharmaceutical preparation and the
standard solution with those obtained from excipients which take part in the commercial
cream and verifying the absence of interferences. In the second type, forced degradation
protocols were performed in order to provide suitable analytical conditions for stability study
of BTF. The accelerated degradation conditions applied were: light, acid, basic and oxidant
media. Samples were analyzed against a freshly prepared control sample (with no degradation
treatment) and under light protection. The peak purity was determined using the tools of the
Agilent Chemstation software. Excipient solutions were submitted to the same degradation
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Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
methanol was placed in a closed 1cm quartz cell. The cells were exposed to a UV chamber
(100 x 18 x 17cm) with internal mirrors and UV fluorescent lamp CSR F30W T8 emitting
radiation at 254nm for 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The same procedure was realized for
sample solution from the commercial cream, after the BTF extraction as described in Sample
preparation for LC analysis. Protected samples, wrapped in aluminum foil (in order to protect
from light) were submitted simultaneously to identical conditions and used as control. After
the degradation treatment, the samples were diluted to 20 μg/mL with a mixture of
- Effect of oxidation: BTF reference standard was dissolved in methanol (1 mg/mL) and 5 mL
of this solution were transferred to a volumetric flask, where hydrogen peroxide solution
(30%) was added until the final concentration of 10% and the volume was completed with
methanol. After 20 hours the solution was diluted until the final concentration of 20 μg/mL,
filtered and analyzed. Similar procedure was realized for the commercial cream, when 25 mL
of the initial solution 200 μg/ml of BTF, obtained as described in Sample preparation for LC
solution containing the excipients was prepared under the same circumstances of the
- Effect of acid and alkaline hydrolysis: 5 mL of the BTF reference standard solution were
transferred to a volumetric flask and HCl (acid degradation) or NaOH (alkaline degradation)
was added until the final concentration of 1M in both cases. After 5 hours (basic degradation)
and 1 and 6 days (acid degradation), one aliquot of the solution was neutralized HCl 1M
(alkaline degradation) or with NaOH 1M (acid degradation) and diluted with acetonitrile,
methanol and water (6:3:1, v/v/v) until the final concentration of 20 μg/mL for LC analysis.
Similar procedure was realized with the commercial cream, when 25 mL of the initial solution
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Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
200 μg/mL of BTF (obtained as described in Sample preparation for LC analysis) were
containing the excipients was prepared under the same circumstances of the commercial
cream.
During the stability assays the peak purity tool was applied to confirm the absence of
The robustness of the analytical method was investigated with the factors summarized
experiments) (5, 6). The BTF standard and the sample were analyzed under identical
experimental conditions and for this reason no additional experiments were necessary. The
estimation of the error from the distribution of effects was done according to the Dong
algorithm that is a suitable tool to identify significant effects in small designs (6).
pH of the triethylamine
- 3.9 4.1 4
solution
Concentration of the
% 88* 92* 90
organic phase
◦
Column temperature C 20 30 25
* The modification on the organic phase composition was done proportionally to the nominal composition
(30% methanol and 60% acetonitrile).
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The system suitability was verified through the evaluation of the obtained parameters
for the standard elution, such as theoretical plates, peak asymmetry and retention factor,
verified in different days of the method validation. The resolution was calculated according to
USP (9) using the chromatogram obtained from the worst case of accelerated degradation
conditions, which is the chromatogram that presented the nearest degradation product peak
(DP) to the BTF peak. The injection precision was calculated according to USP (9) and also
from the difference of duplicate injections of five sample solutions, as described by Ermer and
Ploss (12).
The study was carried out with quartz cells containing 0.5 mL of BTF standard in methanolic
solution 400 g/ml exposed to UVC radiation (254 nm). The experiment conditions for the
drug irradiation were the same described for the specificity analysis under UV light as
described in Validation procedure at pre-established times (40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140
minutes), the total volume contained in the quartz cell was transferred to a volumetric flask (n
= 3) and diluted with acetonitrile, methanol and water (6:3:1, v/v/v) to achieve the final
theoretical concentration of 20 μg/mL. These solutions were protected from light and
The photodegradation kinetics of BTF in the presence of the cream excipients was
evaluated through the same experimental conditions described for the BTF standard. The
cream solution, prepared as described in Sample preparation for LC analysis, was diluted in
methanol. Aliquots of 1 mL of this solution (100 μg/mL) were transferred to quartz cells and
exposed to UVC light (254 nm). Also, a solution containing the excipient ingredients was
submitted to this stress condition to evaluate a possible interference of its degradation in the
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Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
BTF elution. At pre-established times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes), the
total volume contained in the quartz cell was transferred to a volumetric flask (n = 3) and
diluted with acetonitrile, methanol and water (6:3:1, v/v/v) to achieve the final theoretical
concentration of 20 μg/mL. As described for the standard, these solutions were protected from
protected samples prepared from the standard and the commercial cream were wrapped in
aluminum foil and exposed to the same conditions described above. They were kept in the
chamber until the withdrawn of the last samples and analyzed. In addition, the temperature
inside the chamber was controlled during the experiment in both cases.
The BTF photodegradation kinetic rate was determined by plotting the drug
concentration (zero-order process), the log (first-order process) and the reciprocal (second-
order process) concentration versus time. The determination coefficients (R2) were obtained
and the best observed fit indicated the reaction order. The kinetic parameters constant (k) and
The effect of the composition of the column and mobile phase on the retention time of
BTF and on its chromatographic parameters was initially investigated. At the first stage, C18
column chemistry (15 cm) and a solution 0.3% triethylamine in water were used with
acetonitrile as the organic solvent. Modifications in the organic phase percentage did not
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Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
parameters were obtained. Due to the high quantity of acetonitrile required, methanol was
tested, as a part of the organic phase, to reduce the analysis costs. The composition of the
mobile phase varied from: 45 to 80% (acetonitrile), 10 to 45% (methanol), 10% (triethylamine
solution 0.3%) and both 3 and 4 pH values were evaluated (as BTF is a basic compound with
pKa value 7.87 ± 0.5, calculated with the ACD/ChemSketch software). A composition of
acetonitrile, methanol and triethylamine solution (6:3:1; v/v/v) with pH value of 4.0 was
finally chosen.
Validation of LC methods
Before the beginning of the validation procedure, a stability test was performed with
two solutions: one of them containing reference standard and the other containing the
commercial cream, both in a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol and water (6:3:1, v/v/v) and
prepared according to section 2.3. After 20 h of analysis there was no significant alteration in
Linearity, LOD and LOQ: over the concentration range of 10 – 40 μg/mL, the slope
and the intercept obtained from the three standard curves analyzed together were 22.415 and
6.524, respectively, and the determination coefficient was 0.9999. The analysis of variance
revealed that the obtained results correspond to a linear regression (p<0.05) with adequate
fitting (p>0.05). Regarding the intercept, it was significantly different from the theoretical
zero value (p< 0.05), although it was less than 2% of the area obtained for 20μg/mL of BTF
reference standard (100% of analyte level), therefore, there is no interference on the validation
(10).
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Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
standard deviations (%R.S.D.). The %R.S.D. values presented in Table 2 were low for both
the repeatability and the intermediate precision (%R.S.D. maximum 1.64%), demonstrating
the good precision of the developed method for the semisolid dosage form.
Accuracy: the data for accuracy were expressed in terms of percentage recoveries of
BTF from the real samples. These results are summarized in Table 3. The mean recovery data
were within the range of 100.48 to 103.21% and the mean %R.S.D. was 0.86%, satisfying the
20 4 103.21 ± 0.90
40 8 101.28 ± 1.32
60 12 100.48 ± 0.38
interference of the excipients components with the BTF elution. The results demonstrate that
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there was no interference of other materials from the cream formulation, as shown in Figure 2
(a).
Figure 2. (a) Representative chromatograms obtained for 1) BTF reference standard 20 μg/mL
and for the 2) placebo. (b) Photodegradation of BTF 20 μg/mL from the commercial cream in
methanolic solution exposed to 254 nm UV light. 1) 30 minutes of exposure and 2) 17.5 hours
of exposure.(c) Chromatograms obtained from 1) reference standard 20 μg/mL and from the
2) commercial cream solution 20 μg/mL of BTF, both in 1M hydrochloridric acid for 6 days.
(d) Chromatograms from the 1) BTF reference standard 20 μg/mL and from the 2)
commercial cream solution 20 μg/mL of BTF, both in 1M sodium hydroxide for 5 hours. (e)
1) BTF and 2) its DP in a chromatogram from the commercial cream solution 20 μg/mL of
BTF in hydrogen peroxide 10% for 19 hours. 3) H2O2 stabilizing. Chromatographic
conditions: see Chromatographic system.
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Under UV radiation (254nm), total degradation was observed after 17.5h for the standard and
for the commercial cream solutions. After 30 minutes the BTF content in both analytes
exhibited some decrease and additional peaks were detected quicker than in other stress
conditions (Figure 2(b)). The results obtained in this preliminary stability study indicate that
BTF is very susceptible to the photodegradation. However, UV spectra’s from BTF peak and
from other two peaks of DP were overlaid (Figure 3). Two of them presented similarity to the
BTF peak, suggesting that these DP molecules have few differences from the BTF molecule
or that the structures just present the same absorptive properties. These findings indicate that
the developed LC method is capable of providing separation among similar molecules and/or
Figure 3. (a) Chromatogram from the BTF reference standard exposed to UV light for 2 h. 1)
BTF, 2) DP, 3) majority DP.(b) The overlapping of the UV spectra from peaks indicated in
chromatogram (a), indicating similarity between the molecules 1, 2 and 3 or same absorptive
properties. Chromatographic conditions: see Chromatographic system.
When acid degradation was performed, no degradation peaks were detected and the
concentration of butenafine hydrochloride remained constant during the exposure time to the
conditions the standard remained stable, although the drug from the commercial cream
solution did not (Figure 2(d)). The possible reason can be due to the action of one or more
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The oxidation by H2O2 caused the degradation of standard and commercial cream and
just one DP peak could be observed. However, the extent of oxidation was not the same for
the sample solutions. After 20 hours it remained 96.23% of BTF on the standard solution and
only 62.42% of the drug lasted on the commercial cream solution (Figure 2 (e)). Also, this
higher degradation in sample solution can be due to the action of one or more excipient
Robustness: the Plackett-Burman design selected factors and the obtained response to
each experiment are summarized in Table 4 for both wavelength variations of 1nm and 2nm.
The responses are the percentages of BTF in the commercial cream (relative to its label
After the calculation of the effects for each parameter, the statistical interpretation,
through the t-test, allowed to define what is significant and what is not. No significant factors
were detected for all the experiments in the tested wavelengths (Table 4), as t-calculated
Another way to evaluate the results is creating a half normal-plot, to rank the effects
according to the increasing absolute effect size. The effects are plotted against a scale defined
by portioning the right half of the normal distribution in equal parts and by taking the median
of each slice. These values are called rankits (6). The effect of each factor was calculated and
the results are summarized with the respective rankit in Table 5 (just for the wavelength
variation of two nm). In figure 4, these effect values were plotted with the critical effect
values of margin of error (ME) (0.44) and of simultaneous margin of error (SME) (0.89).
When one effect is positioned between ME and SME is called possibly significant and one
effect that is above SME is considered significant (6). None of the results exceeded the ME or
SME values, so the effects of each parameter were not significant, confirming the results
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Table 4. Plackett-Burman design factors and the obtained response to each experiment.
Experiment pH Column Dummy Wave- % Tempe- % TEA* Response Response
lenght Organic rature (± 1nm) (± 2nm)
Phase
1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 99.41 99.46
2 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 99.67 99.91
3 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 99.15 99.12
4 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 99.11 99.08
5 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 99.57 99.5
6 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 99.22 99.24
7 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 99.35 99.35
8 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 99.45 99.47
tcritical 5.408
*TEA= triethylamine
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Table 5. Effects from the seven-factor Plackett-Burman design for the wavelengths of 281 nm
and 285 nm
Figure 4. Half-normal probability plot for the effects of Table 5 with identification of the
critical effects ME and SME.
Also, the performance parameters were analyzed. In all the performed experiments the
theoretical plates were higher than 5000 and the tailing factor was smaller than 1.4, in
agreement with the literature (14, 15). The retention factor observed in all analysis was higher
than 1 (16).
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System suitability: the analysis of the BTF standard evaluated at each day presented
the approximate results: 16600 theoretical plates, 0.97 peak asymmetry and 2.09 for the
retention factor. The resolution of BTF and DP was obtained through the analysis of the
oxidative degradation chromatogram that has the nearest DP from the BTF peak and the
calculated value was 12.4. For injection repeatability, calculated according to two different
ways (as described in Validation procedure), a R.S.D. of 0.2% was determined for the
standard and sample solution. The obtained results establish that the LC system and procedure
Through the evaluation of the determination coefficients obtained by plotting the drug
concentration (zero-order process), the log (first-order process) and the reciprocal (second-
order process) concentration versus time, the degradation of BTF in methanolic solutions
could be better described as first order kinetic for both the standard solution and the cream
solution, under the applied experimental conditions (Table 6). Therefore, the degradation
speed is proportional to one component (17), the BTF itself. The obtained degradation rate
constants (k) and t0.5 were: 0.284 h-1 and 2.44 h for the standard solution; 0.422 h-1 and 1.64 h
for the drug in the cream solution. The rate constants were quite different probably because of
the action of one or more excipient ingredients that influence the drug degradation in the
cream solution. The plots containing the logarithm of the remaining BTF in the standard and
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Capítulo 1: CLAE e estabilidade
Figure 5. First-order reaction plots of remaining BTF from the standard and from the cream
versus time, after photodegradation with UV-C light.
The temperature inside the chamber was always below 34◦C. There was no
considerable variation in the BTF concentration in the solutions containing BTF standard and
conditions, as thermal controls. The peaks generated by the solution containing the excipient
ingredients and exposed to the same UV-C radiation had no interference in the BTF migration
time.
Conclusion
The reverse phase LC method proposed was found to be simple, fast, accurate, precise,
linear, robust and specific and it is a powerful tool to investigate chemical stability of BTF.
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The robustness of the method was verified with small variations on pH, concentration of
examine potential sources of variability. All the parameters meet the criteria of the ICH
guidelines for method validation. Its chromatographic retention time of 6.8 min allows the
analysis of a large number of samples in an adequate period of time. The method could
therefore be recommended for routine quality control analysis of raw material and of
The method applicability to stability studies was proved through the evaluation of the
main factors that affect the drug content in solution and through the BTF degradation kinetics
in methanolic solution exposed to UVC light. Both methanolic solutions of BTF, reference
standard and commercial cream, showed stability in relation to the applied acid condition and
instability when submitted to basic, oxidation and light conditions. The degradation kinetics
was defined as first order for the drug in both standard and cream methanolic solutions,
establishing that its speed is dependent on the drug concentration. The developed method and
the stability study are essential to future studies of isolation and identification of the
degradation products, objectifying the analysis of biological and toxicological aspects, aiming
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank CAPES (Brazil) and CNPq (Brazil) for the financial
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References
1. A.K. Gupta; T.R. Einarson; R.C. Summerbell and N.H. Shear. An overview of topical
674 (1998).
3. A.K. Gupta. Butenafine: An update of its use in superficial mycoses, Skin Ther. Lett., 7(7):
1-5 (2002).
4. Nahm W., Orengo I., Rosen T., 1999. The antifungal agent butenafine manifests anti-
7. ICH Q2 (R1). Validation of Analytical Procedure: Text and Methodology. In: Proceedings
8. ICH Q1A (R2). Stability Testing of New Drug Substance and Products: Text and
10. G.P. Carr and J.C. Wahlich. A practical approach to method validation in pharmaceutical
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11. J. Ermer and C. Burgess. Method Validation in Pharmaceutical Analysis. A Guide to Best
Practice, 1 nd, J. Ermer and J.H.McB. Miller, Eds. Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co., Weinheim,
12. J. Ermer and H.J. Ploss. Validation in pharmaceutical analysis. Part II: central importance
of precision to establish acceptance criteria and for verifying and improving the quality of
nd, J. Ermer and J.H.McB. Miller Eds. Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co., Weinheim, 2005, pp.
355-386.
14. FDA CDER. Reviewer Guidance: Validation of Chromatographic Methods. FDA, 1994.
requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration, the US Pharmacopeia and the
Learning, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, London, 1992, pp. 17-42.
17. N.E.S. Nudelman, Estabilidad de Medicamentos, 1nd ed., El Ateneo, Buenos Aires, 1975,
pp. 5 – 22.
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72
CAPÍTULO II. Estudos para o desenvolvimento de metodologia por
eletroforese capilar para a análise de cloridrato de butenafina presente na
formulação semi-sólida
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
1. Introdução
75
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
76
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
77
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
2. Metodologia
78
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
por serem usuais na literatura, portanto, quando não indicado no texto, estes foram
os valores utilizados.
79
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
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Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
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Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
Como foi possível reproduzir o método, foi conduzido estudo para avaliar a
sua especificidade frente à luz como fator de degradação, já que o fármaco é
sensível a este agente de estresse. Na degradação forçada da BTF SQR frente à luz
UVC (254 nm), conduzida conforme indicado para a metodologia de CLAE,descrita
no capítulo 1, houve uma redução a 75,09% na área do fármaco após 1 hora de
exposição. Foi detectado pico do produto de degradação em 3,3 minutos, conforme
Figura 2.6 A análise da pureza pelo software indicou ausência de migração conjunta
de outra substância. Pelo conhecimento prévio da suscetibilidade ao meio oxidativo,
a BTF SQR também foi exposta a este meio (mesmas condições descritas para o
método de CLAE), sendo verificado decaimento na área do pico em análise
realizada após 24 horas de contato com o agente estressor. A análise da pureza
pelo software indicou novamente a ausência de migração conjunta de outra
substância.
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Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
Figura 2.6. Eletroferograma de BTF SQR (50 μg/mL) exposta à luz UVC (254 nm)
por uma hora. Condições eletroforéticas: TRIS 50mM, SDS 20 mM em pH 10,5,
tensão de 25 Kv, temperatura de análise 25 ºC e tempo de injeção de 5 segundos.
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Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
Figura 2.7. Eletroferograma de: a) Rosiglitazona (50 μg/mL) e b) BTF SQR (50
μg/mL). Condições eletroforéticas: TRIS 50mM, SDS 20 mM em pH 10,5, tensão de
25 Kv, temperatura de análise 25 ºC e tempo de injeção de 5 segundos.
Figura 2.8. Eletroferograma de BTF (50 μg/mL) obtida do creme (a), com
alargamento de sua base e eletroferograma do placebo simulado (b) com sinal no
mesmo tempo de migração do fármaco, sugerindo a migração concomitante dos
mesmos como fator de alargamento do eletroferograma “a”. Condições
eletroforéticas: TRIS 50mM, SDS 20 mM em pH 10,5, tensão de 25 Kv, temperatura
de análise 25 ºC e tempo de injeção de 5 segundos.
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Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
Para confirmar a causa deste alargamento, foi analisada uma solução placebo
e observou-se um pequeno sinal no tempo de migração da BTF, conforme
eletroferograma “b” da Figura 2.8. Uma solução padrão de BTF SQR foi adicionada
ao placebo e o perfil eletroforético obtido foi semelhante ao da solução amostra da
formulação semi-sólida, confirmando a suposição de interferência dos excipientes do
produto na migração da butenafina nas condições desenvolvidas.
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Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
3. Conclusões
4. Referências
ALTRIA, KD; KELLY, MA; CLARK, BJ. Current applications in the analysis of
pharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis.I. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v.17,
n.4, p. 204 -214, 1998.
ALTRIA, K.D. & ELDER, D. Overview of the status and applications of capillary
electrophoresis to the analysis of small molecules. Journal of Chromatography A, v.
1023, p. 1-14, 2004.
CREGO A., L., MARINA M., L., LAVANDERA, J., L. Optimization of the separation of
a group of antifungals by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography
A, v.917, p.337-345, 2001.
DOSE, EV & GUIOCHON, GA. Internal Standardization Technique for Capillary Zone
Electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry, n.63, p. 1154-1158, 1991.
86
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
LIU, H., WEN, Y., LUAN, F., GAO, Y. Application of experimental design and radial
basis function neural network to the separation and determination of active
components in traditional Chinese medicines by capillary electrophoresis. Analytical
Chimica Acta, v. 638, p. 88-93, 2009.
TAVARES, M.F.M. Eletroforese capilar: conceitos básicos. Química Nova, v.19, n.2,
p. 173-181, 1996.
87
Capítulo 2: Eletroforese Capilar
TOASAKSIRI, S., MASSART, D.L., HEYDEN, Y.V. Study of method validation criteria
in capillary electrophoresis method for separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. Analytica Chimica Acta, v.416, p. 29-42, 2000.
USP 31. THE UNITED STATES Pharmacopoeia. 31th ed. Rockville: United States
Pharmacopeial Convention, 2008.
88
CAPÍTULO III. Validação de metodologia para a quantificação do cloridrato
de butenafina em segmento de pele e estudo comparativo de retenção
cutânea de duas formulações presentes no mercado.
Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
91
Manuscrito a ser submetido ao Biomedical Chromatography
A simple and rapid method to assess butenafine hydrochloride in skin samples and a
Aline Bergesch Barth*, Rúbia Lazzaretti Pereira, Bethânia Andrade de Vargas, Nadia Maria
Volpato.
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
Abstract
hydrochloride (BTF) formulation was validated for the analysis of the drug in the main skin
layers. To evaluate the specificity of the method, the influence of the components of the skin
was analyzed, as well as the skin in contact with the excipient ingredients and no signal was
detected on the elution of the drug. Linearity was assessed with 8 different solution
concentrations in the range of 0.1 a 10 g/mL (r2 = 0.9999) and ANOVA showed non-
significantly linearity deviation (p > 0.05). Adequate results were obtained for repeatability,
intra-day precision and accuracy, which were analyzed in the following concentrations: 0.5,
3.0 and 8.0 g/mL of BTF extracted from six layers spiked with the drug. The limit of
quantification and the limit of detection were determined using the signal to noise ratio and
the obtained values were: 68.4 ng/mL and 17.7 ng/mL, respectively. After the validation of
the analytical method, a comparative study of BTF cutaneous penetration through porcine skin
was performed applying two different formulations: Tefin, present in the Brazilian market,
and Lotrimin Ultra®, available in the American market, and no statistical difference was found
in the epidermis (p > 0.05) although in the dermis the difference was significant (p < 0.05).
During the experiment period (8 hours) no drug permeation from both formulations was
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
Introduction
1), a broad-spectrum topical antifungal agent (Mingeot-Leclercq et al, 2001; Singal, 2008),
shows excellent therapeutic efficacy in humans with dermatomycoses (Arika et al, 1993;
Gupta et al, 1998; Mcneely and Spencer, 1998; Mingeot-Leclercq et al, 2001). The drug
readily interacts with lipids and is incorporated into membrane phospholipids which may
explain the excellent antifungal efficacy and long duration of action when it is used as a
topical antifungal agent in humans (Mingeot-Leclercq et al, 2001). The drug mechanism of
action is based on the inhibition of the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase, blocking the
et al, 1998; Mcneely and Spencer, 1998; Gupta, 2002). Butenafine hydrochloride (BTF) was
essential to understand the permeation and/or retention of drugs through/into the skin. Crucial
parameters include the amount of active agent accumulated in the different strata of the skin,
as well as the flux through the skin into the systemic circulation. For topical delivery systems,
accumulation in the skin with minimal permeation is desired, while for systemic delivery, the
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
opposite behavior is preferred (Touitou et al, 1998). In spite of the use of BTF in topical
formulations, there are only few studies that quantify the drug in the skin: two animal studies
(Arika et al, 1990; Arika et al, 1993) and a human study (Tanuma et al, 2001), but only one of
them quantifies the BTF in different layers of the skin (Arika et al, 1993), however it applies
an in vivo model. The applied method is complex, expensive, multi-step, time-consuming and
demand the use of animals. Consequently, it is not a convenient method for assessing the drug
delivery in different skin layers as usually necessary in skin penetration studies performed to
assess drug delivery to the skin during development of new topical formulations (Wagner et
al, 2000; Lopes et al, 2010; USP, 2009b), to allow the comparison of generic products with an
innovator (De Paula et al, 2008; USP, 2009b) and in post-approval drug product monitoring
(USP, 2009b). The use of excised human skin in an in vitro model is an alternative (Wagner et
al, 2000), however, its availability is limited and animal skin is therefore preferred (Moser et
al, 2001; SCCP, 2006). Studies have been demonstrating that porcine skin is the most relevant
animal model for human skin (Touitou et al, 1998; Moser et al, 2001; Schmook et al, 2001;
SCCP, 2006, Jacobi et al, 2007; Meyer et al, 2007; Barbero & Frasch, 2009). In this context,
the diffusion cell model is the standard for measuring drug permeation across the skin. This
model consists of donor and receptor compartments separated by the skin sample and the
permeation rate through the skin into the receptor compartment as well as the drug retention in
the skin are quantified with an analytical method as LC (Touitou et al, 1998; Moser et al,
Considering that dermatophytosis are superficial fungal infections (Singal, 2008) with
treatment efficacy dependent on the drug localization in the skin and that BTF is strictly for
topic use with limited data about systemic toxicity (Lesher et al, 1997), the objective of the
present study was to validate the previously developed LC method in compliance with the
CDER/FDA Guideline (2001) for the in vitro determination of the permeation and penetration
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
of BTF from creams in porcine ear skin using the Franz cell diffusion model, as well as to
compare the penetration of BTF from two products: formulation T (Tefin), available in the
Brazilian market, and formulation L (Lotrimin Ultra®), present in the American market.
Materials
The reference standard was kindly supplied by Brainfarma (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and
both creams T and L were obtained in the local Brazilian and American market, respectively,
and are claimed to contain 1% (w/w) of BTF. The following inactive ingredients are present in
formulation T: benzyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, emulsifying
wax, edetate disodium, polyethylene glycol 40 stearate, liquid petrolatum, polysorbate 60,
propylene glycol, simethicone, white petrolatum, sodium hydroxide and water. The American
formulation L contains the following excipient ingredients: benzyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol,
polyoxyethylene (23) cetyl ether, propylene glycol dicaprylate, white petrolatum and purified
water
All reagents used in this work were analytical or HPLC grade. Acetonitrile and
methanol were purchased from Tedia (Fairfield, USA) and the phosphoric acid from Merck
(Darmstadt, Germany). Purified water was obtained by a Millipore® Direct-Q 3UV with pump
(Molsheim, France). The porcine ears were obtained from a local slaughterhouse (Harmonia,
Brazil).
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
Chromatographic system
The LC method was previously developed for the stability study of the semi-solid
formulation and its validation for this matrix was done according to the ICH Guideline (2005)
with the analysis of the specificity enclosing degradation conditions as: acid and basic media
with HCl 1M and NaOH 1M, respectively, oxidation with H2O2 10% and the exposure to UV
light (254nm). For the robustness evaluation, critical factors (pH and concentration of
manufacturer and analysis temperature) were selected to examine the method robustness with
the two-level Placket-Burman experimental design. The method consists on: LC system
(Agilent 1200 series, Santa Clara, USA) containing a G1311A quaternary pump, G1322A
vacuum degasser, G1316A thermostat column compartment, G1329A standard auto sampler
and G1315B diode array detector set at 283nm. The analytical column, a Shim-pack CLC –
C8 (M) (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) (Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)
and the guard column, a Shim-pack CLC G-C8 (4) (4.0 mm i.d., 10 mm long) (Shimadzu
Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were operated in ambient temperature (25 ºC). The mobile phase
4.0 with phosphoric acid 10% (6:3:1; v/v/v) in isocratic mode at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and
Calibration Standards
The stock solution of BTF reference standard was prepared in methanol. The working
standard solutions (25, 150 e 400 μg/mL) were obtained by the dilution of the stock solution
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
in the same solvent. This series was applied to spike skin samples during the validation. To
execute the permeation studies, solutions of 0.5, 3.0 and 8.0 μg/mL were obtained from the
dilution from the working solution with methanol, spiked with porcine skin as described for
Skin Preparation
During transport from the slaughterhouse the fresh porcine ears were kept at 4 ºC.
After cleaning with water, skin samples (central region from the outer side of the auricle)
were excised by the use of scissors and a scalpel. Then all the skin was cut in round pieces to
be placed in the Franz diffusion cells. These pieces had the thickness measured with a caliper
and the range of thickness between 1.0 and 1.2 mm was accepted to be used in the
experiments (OECD, 2004). After that, they were packed in PVC film and aluminum foil,
than stored at -20 ºC and used within a month. The ears were obtained from a local
slaughterhouse and the following criteria were applied: they had to be from the same porcine
race, age between 4 and 6 months, white and the excision procedure had to be done before the
usual scalding of the animals. No skin with wounds, warts or hematomas was accepted.
Porcine ear skin sliced in round pieces with 1.5 cm diameter (same internal diameter
that is in contact with the receptor media, of the Franz cell) had the dermis and epidermis
separated. The skin was placed in a water bath at 60 ºC for 1 minute and the layers were
separated with a scalpel. Then, the skin pieces were cut in small pieces, placed in tubes and
100 μL of a solution containing 5 mg/mL of BTF was carefully added on the skin. A weak
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
hand agitation was performed and after the solvent had evaporated, 5 mL of methanol was
added (final concentration of 100 μg/mL). As BTF is highly soluble in methanol, this was the
first and unique tested solvent. Five different series combining ultrasonic bath and vortex–
stirring were tested: 2 min of vortex–stirring followed by 5 min in ultrasonic bath, the same
series 2 times, the same series 3 times, just 10 min in ultrasonic bath and just 20 min in
ultrasonic bath. After the selection of the extraction procedures, a second extraction was
performed to the same skin layers to verify a possible residual presence of the drug.
Method Validation
To test linearity, standard plots were constructed with eight concentrations in the range
of 0.1-10 μg/mL of the drug prepared in triplicates. The final dilution of each volumetric flask
was done with methanol spiked with porcine skin according to the proportion obtained during
the permeation studies (round skin of 1.5 cm diameter cut in small pieces to each 5 mL of
diluent). The linearity was evaluated by linear regression analysis that was calculated by the
least square regression and by ANOVA for compliance of the linear model.
approach. The background noise was obtained after injection of the blank, observed over a
distance equal to 20 times the width at half-height of the peak in a chromatogram obtained by
the injection of 3 μg/mL (intermediate concentration from the accuracy curve) of the reference
standard. The signal-to-noise ratio applied was 10:1 for the LOQ and 3:1 for the LOD. The
results were verified experimentally and the diluent was composed by methanol spiked with
skin according the proportion described in the linearity test. Therefore, a possible interference
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
The repeatability was verified from five independent sample preparations in the same
day. The intermediate precision was tested by assaying freshly prepared sample solutions at
different concentrations in other day. Each day, rounded skins with 1.5 cm of diameter had the
dermis separated from the epidermis and they both were cut in small pieces and placed in
tubes. These layers were spiked with 100 μL of working standard solutions (25, 150 or 400
μg/mL) and after the methanol evaporation, 5 mL of methanol were added to obtain the
theoretical concentrations of 0.5 (first day), 3.0 and 8 μg/mL (second day). Precision was
reported as %R.S.D.
The accuracy was determined by the recovery of known amounts of BTF reference
standard added to the skin to verify the agreement between the measured and nominal
concentrations of the analytes in the spiked drug-free matrix samples. The results were
obtained from the three levels also assayed for repeatability and expressed as the percentage
The specificity was assessed by comparing the chromatograms obtained from the
extraction solution of the skin in contact with pharmaceutical preparation, with the extraction
solution of the skin only and also with the extraction solution of the skin in contact with the
excipient ingredients of the formulations. The absence of interferences was verified in all
cases.
Prior to the use, the skin specimens were defrosted at ambient temperature and then
placed in the Franz–type diffusion cell (Hanson Research, Chatsworth, USA), with the
epidermis facing the donor compartment and the dermis facing the receptor compartment. The
nominal diffusion area of the Franz cell was 1,77 cm2 and the receptor volume contained 7 mL
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
of degassed water adjusted to pH 3.0 with phosphoric acid 10%. As in our previous study the
drug showed stability in strong acid conditions (HCl 1M) for 6 days at room temperature, the
drug was stated as stable in this media (Barth et al, 2010). Butenafine hydrochloride
solubility in the receptor phase was determined, achieving sink conditions to have a high
capacity to dissolve and carry away the drug (USP et al, 2009a). One infinite dose of the
Brazilian or the American formulation (200 mg) was placed on the skin surface in the donor
chamber. At given times intervals (1h, 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h) aliquots of 1 mL were collected to
be analyzed and the same volume of receptor fluid was replaced. The receptor medium was
maintained at 37 ºC, in order to keep the skin surface at 32 ºC (the ambient temperature was
21 ºC) and magnetically stirred at 500 rpm. Eight replicates of the formulation plus two of
After eight hours of experiment, the skin was removed from the Franz diffusion cell
and the excess of formulation was removed with the help of a spatula followed by the
separation of the dermis from the epidermis using a scalpel. The skin layers were weighted
previously described.
The results are reported as means ± R.S.D. (n = 8). Data were statistically analyzed
using the t – test, after assuring the normal distribution. The level of significance was set at α
= 0.05.
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
The results for the five different tested series combining ultrasonic bath and vortex –
stirring ranged from 90.57 to 107.94 % for the dermis and 89.95 to 97.52 % for the epidermis.
Although all the obtained values could be acceptable, the easiest procedure was not chosen, as
the spiking of the skin with the drug solution does not truly represent the complete penetration
of a drug, then the sequence of 2 min of vortex – stirring followed by 5 min in ultrasonic bath
executed 2 times was selected for the study. After the extraction of a skin penetration study, a
second extraction was performed with the same skin samples (two dermis and two epidermis)
and no drug was detected in the methanolic solution. This result confirms the efficiency of the
Method Validation
Linearity, LOD and LOQ: over the concentration range of 0.1 – 10 μg/mL, the slope
and the intercept obtained from the three standard curves analyzed together were 22.613 and
0.3686, respectively, and the determination coefficient was 0.9999. The analysis of variance
revealed that the obtained results correspond to a linear regression (p<0.05) with adequate
fitting (p>0.05). Regarding the intercept, it was not significantly different from the theoretical
zero value (p>0.05). LOQ and LOD were 0.0684 and 0.0177 μg/mL, respectively.
standard deviations (%R.S.D.). The %R.S.D. values presented in Table 1 were low for both
the repeatability and the intermediate precision (%R.S.D. maximum 5.16% for epidermis in
the inter-day precision), demonstrating the adequate precision of the developed method for
penetration studies.
Accuracy: the data for accuracy were expressed in terms of percentage recoveries of
BTF from the samples. These results are summarized in Table 1. The mean recovery data
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
were within the range of 100.50 to 111.04% for the epidermis and in the range of 99.11 to
101.10 % for the dermis, in accordance to the literature recommendations of overall recovery
in the range of 85-115 % for bioanalytical methods (Causon, 1997; CDER/FDA, 2001; SCCP,
2006).
Table 1. Precision and Accuracy of the analytical method: BTF extracted from Epidermis and
Dermis.
Specificity: the analyses of the chromatograms obtained from the skin itself and from
extraction solution from the skin with excipient ingredients demonstrated the absence of
interference from the matrix with the BTF elution, as shown in Figure 2 and 3.
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
Figure 3. Chromatograms from: a) extraction solution from dermis in contact with formulation
L eight hours after the permeation study, b) extraction solution from dermis in contact with
the excipient ingredients from formulation L eight hours after the permeation study, c)
extraction solution from dermis in contact with the excipient ingredients from formulation T
eight hours after the permeation study, d) BTF peak in the concentration of 1.20 μg/mL. The
scale from the Y axis corresponds to the scale from chromatogram c.
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
BTF in both porcine skin layers samples (dermis and epidermis) and samples of the receptor
fluid compartment of diffusion cells after in vitro cutaneous penetration study. To perform
this experiment the two different formulations T and L containing BTF were used as donor
phase. The penetration experiment was carried out over 8 hours. The amount of BTF retained
in the skin layers was: 308.60 and 8.45 ng/mg of skin (T) and 225.88 and 14.14 ng/mg of skin
(L), for the epidermis and dermis, respectively. Another approach for exposing the results
related to the total amount of drug and skin is: 3.12 μg and 4.14 of BTF in 331.42 mg of
dermis (mean weight) for formulation T and L, respectively. In the epidermis the amount of
BTF detected was: 15.14 μg (T) and 14.56 μg (L) in a mean epidermis weight of 55.86 mg.
Two epidermis samples from formulation L where detected as outliers, according to the
Dixon’s Q Test (Burgess, 2005), and excluded from the data analysis.
The statistical interpretation, through the t-test, allowed to define if the amount of drug
was significantly different in the skin layers for the different formulations. The penetration in
the epidermis was not statistically different (p > 0.05) for them. However, in the dermis there
was a statistically significant difference between the penetrations of BTF from the semi-solids
(p < 0.05) and the higher penetration was achieved with formulation L. The graphical
representation of the results can be seen in Figure 4 and 5. Dermatophytosis normally occur in
the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis (Weitzman and Summerbell, 1995; Crawford
and Hollis, 2007). Therefore, the antifungal action is exerted in this layer and it is desired that
the drug remains in this localization and does not penetrate to deeper tissues or achieve the
circulation.
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
450
400
350
300
250
L
T
200
150
100
50
0
Epidermis
Figure 4. Plots of the mean concentration of formulations L and T in the epidermis with the
respective standard deviations.
20
18
16
14
12
L
10
T
0
Dermis
Figure 5 Plots of the mean concentration of formulations L and T in the dermis with the
respective standard deviations.
Finally, the presence of BTF in the receptor compartment was detected in just one cell
of the formulation T. The drug quantity was low: under the LOQ at 4 hours of experiment and
at 6 and 8 hours the concentration was slightly over the LOQ, which after the calculation of
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
Conclusion
The developed performance test for butenafine hydrochloride from creams enclosing
the use of Franz diffusion cell with quantification of the drug in the main layers of the skin
and in the receptor compartment has the necessary characteristics for a good bioanalytical
method: reproducibility, reliability, ability to measure drug release from the finished dosage
form and capacity of measuring changes in drug release characteristics from the finished
variables, shipping and storage effects, aging effects, and other formulation factors critical to
In this context, the reverse phase LC method proposed was found to be simple, fast,
accurate, precise, linear and specific and it is a powerful tool to investigate the presence of
BTF in skin samples and in the receptor compartment after in vitro permeation/retention
studies. All the parameters meet the criteria of the FDA guidelines for method validation. Its
chromatographic retention time of 6.8 min allows the analysis of a large number of samples in
The method applicability to permeation studies was proved through the evaluation of
two formulations: T and L and there were no significantly differences between the BTF
penetration in the epidermis, but in the dermis the difference was significantly (α = 0.05) and
no expressive drug permeation of both formulations was detected through porcine skin in vitro
during 8 h.
to learn about the penetration profile of the drug in the cutaneous tissue, including the quantity
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Capítulo 3: Permeação/penetração cutânea
of active substance in the different layers of the skin and the flow from it to the systemic
circulation, which could cause toxic effects as the systemic safety of this drug is not known.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank CNPq (Brazil) for the financial support, Brainfarma for
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