203

8. P R E S T R E S S I N G O F R O C K A N D L I N I N G O F P R E S S U R E T U N N E L S B Y G R O U T I N G

R o c k a n c h o r s a n d t e n d o n s o n e e n d o f w h i c h is fixed i n a b o r e h o l e b y g r o u t i n g a r e u s e d for p r e s -
t r e s s i n g r o c k v o l u m e s a n d v a r i o u s c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s . W h e n t h e injected c o m p o u n d h a s g a i n e d the
n e c e s s a r y s t r e n g t h , t h e steel a n c h o r is s t r e s s e d a n d it t r a n s m i t s a f o r c e i n t o t h e m a s s w h i c h i n c r e a s e s
t h e a m b i e n t s t r e s s e s a n d i n c r e a s e s its s t r e n g t h . S u c h s t r e n g t h e n e d r o c k m a s s c a n r e p l a c e s u p p o r t i n g
walls of deep rock cuts.

A n o t h e r field o f p r e s t r e s s i n g b y g r o u t i n g is t h e l i n i n g o f p r e s s u r e t u n n e l s i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t the
d e v e l o p m e n t o f t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s a n d fissures i n t h e l i n i n g t h r o u g h w h i c h w a t e r l o s s e s o f i m p o r t a n t
magnitude would occur.

8.1. Rock anchors

T h e a r e t w o k i n d s o f r o c k a n c h o r s . O n e k i n d c o n s i s t s o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t steel b a r s p l a c e d i n drilled
h o l e s , a n d t h e w h o l e l e n g t h is i m b e d d e d i n c e m e n t m o r t a r . W h e n t h e m o r t a r h a s h a r d e n e d t h e b a r s
p r e v e n t t e n s i l e d e f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e r o c k , as a r e i n f o r c e m e n t b a r d o e s i n r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u c -
tures.

T h e o t h e r k i n d o f r o c k a n c h o r s is a l s o p l a c e d i n d r i l l e d h o l e s b u t t h e i r i n n e r e n d is o n l y set in m o r -
t a r b y g r o u t i n g a n d fixed t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g r o c k . W h e n t h e m o r t a r h a s d e v e l o p e d s t r e n g t h , the b a r s
a r e t e n s i o n e d a n d t h e i r free e n d is fixed t o t h e r o c k s u r f a c e , t r a n s m i t t i n g a c o m p r e s s i v e f o r c e t o the
surrounding v o l u m e of rock, thus creating a prestressed structure.

S e v e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f r o c k a n c h o r s for r e i n f o r c e m e n t a n d p r e s t r e s s i n g o f r o c k v o l u m e s a n d s t r u c -
tures are presented in Fig. 8 . 1 .

I n t h e c a s e o f a s u p p o r t i n g w a l l , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a s i m p l e a n c h o r a n d a p r e s t r e s s e d o n e is
illustrated in F i g . 8.2.

I n o r d e r t o a c t i v a t e f o r c e A i n t h e a n c h o r w h i c h is n e e d e d for e q u i l i b r i u m o f t h e a c t i v e w e d g e abc
b e h i n d t h e w a l l , a d e f o r m a t i o n L2 o f t h e a n c h o r is n e e d e d a n d a c o r r e s p o n d i n g r o t a t i o n o f t h e w a l l
w i l l o c c u r . If t h e a n c h o r is p r e t e n s i o n e d , t h e n e e d e d a n c h o r f o r c e is a c t i v a t e d b y fixing t h e e l o n g -
ated a n c h o r to the wall, and n o rotation of the wall will occur.

R o c k a n c h o r s a r e o f t e n u s e d for t e m p o r a r y s u p p o r t o f e x c a v a t i o n s b e f o r e t h e final s u p p o r t is c o n -
structed. In such cases passive anchors are very often used. T h e y are e m b e d d e d in m o r t a r without
p r e s t r e s s i n g , a n d k n o w n as t h e " P e r f o " a n c h o r . I n a 3 4 m m d i a m e t e r h o l e d r i l l e d b y p n e u m a t i c h a m -
m e r a l o n g i t u d i n a l l y slit p e r f o r a t e d p i p e filled w i t h p l a s t i c c e m e n t / s a n d m o r t a r is i n s e r t e d , as s h o w n
in F i g . 8 . 3 .