Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ANÁLISE DO COMPORTAMENTO / BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS, 2017, Vol. 13, No.1, 53-68.
UNIVERSITY OF BRASÍLIA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON BEHAVIOR, COGNITION AND TEACHING (INCT-
ECCE), BRAZIL
Resumo
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
1
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
2
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
3
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
4
respostas reflete uma situação de escolha deles só pode ser determinado em relação
(e.g., entre pressionar a barra e se coçar, a outro bem que por ele pode ser trocado.
fareja as grades, ou qualquer outra forma Quanto maior a disponibilidade de um
de distração; Gonçalves, 2005; McDowell, bem em relação a outro, menor o valor
1989, 1988). A equação que reflete a subjetivo da aquisição de uma unidade
frequência de comportamento em que não adicional desse bem (menor o valor
há mais de uma alternativa programada é marginal do bem). Conforme exposto por
R1 = k.SR1 / (SR1 + SRe) Rachlin (1989), considerando que
podemos somar o valor de dois bens, uma
(4) função utilidade que poderia expressar o
em que k corresponde à taxa de resposta valor total de uma cesta de dois bens para
assintótica na ausência de alternativas e um indivíduo é:
SRe corresponde à somatória de todos os VA = k1 (Q1)s + k2 (Q2)s
outros reforçadores com exceção daquele
programado (De Villiers, 1977; De Villiers (5)
& Herrnstein, 1976; Gonçalves, 2005). em que VA é o valor total de uma cesta
Na interface entre Análise do composta pela quantidade Q1 de um bem 1
Comportamento e Economia, a igualação mais uma quantidade Q2 de um bem 2,
foi teoricamente colocada no contexto da sendo k1 e k2 constantes que representam a
teoria da evolução (Logue, 1988) contribuição de cada bem para o valor e o
associada ao comportamento racional, ou expoente s uma medida da
seja, ao comportamento maximizador, substituibilidade entre os bens 1 e 2.
seguindo a ideia de que os organismos têm Percebe-se que, caso s seja igual a 1,0, os
melhores chances de sobrevivência quando bens são perfeitamente substituíveis e o
se comportam de maneira a maximizar, ao valor total depende apenas da soma
longo de certo período de tempo, a ponderada do valor de cada bem. Caso se
obtenção de reforços possíveis em uma tivesse que escolher apenas um desses dois
dada situação (Rachlin, 1989; Rachlin, itens, a solução maximizadora seria
Battalio, Kagel, & Green, 1981). simplesmente a escolha pelo bem presente
Para melhor explicar a em maior quantidade. No entanto, caso os
maximização, é necessário introduzir o itens não sejam perfeitamente substituíveis
conceito de substitutabilidade, que indica o (s < 1), a escolha depende não só da
quanto determinado indivíduo está quantidade mas também da
disposto a trocar um bem por outro (para substitutabilidade.
comparações terminológicas entre Análise A teoria econômica prevê também
do Comportamento e Economia, ver a existência de uma outra equação que
Tabela 1). Caso os bens sejam representa a restrição orçamentária à
perfeitamente substituíveis, é indiferente escolha, partindo do pressuposto que não
para um sujeito ter apenas um bem, ter há disponibilidade infinita de bens. A
apenas o outro, ou ter qualquer teoria da maximização prediz que, dado
combinação dos dois. A única dimensão de um conjunto possível de alternativas
interesse é a quantidade total dos bens. representadas pela linha de restrição, a
Caso os bens não sejam perfeitamente escolha será feita para o ponto em que a
substituíveis, o valor econômico de um
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
5
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
6
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
7
Tabela 1.
Comparação da Terminologia Empregada em Experimentos de Escolha-Operante e em
Economia (Rachlin, 1989; tradução livre dos autores)
Escolha Operante Escolha Econômica
Contingência objetiva Esquema de reforçamento Restrições
Resultados positivos Reforço Bens (commodities)
Resultados negativos Punição Prejuízos (commodities)
Escolha simétrica Esquemas concorrentes de Alocação de renda entre
reforçamento bem 1 ao preço 1 e do bem
2 ao preço 2
Escolha assimétrica Esquema simples de Alocação de tempo entre
reforçamento trabalho e lazer
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
8
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
9
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
10
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
1
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
2
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
3
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
4
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
5
eles são longos relativamente aos tamanhos dos Além da suposição sobre o papel
elos iniciais, e que os elos terminais terão crucial da redução do atraso, a DRT difere do
menos efeito na preferência quando são CCM em sua suposição de que o
relativamente curtos. comportamento de escolha é também uma
Grace (1994) partiu da suposição básica função das frequências totais de reforçamento
da Lei de Igualação de Herrnstein (1961) para (SR1 e SR2), comparado à suposição do CCM de
a elaboração do CCM: a frequência relativa de que ele é uma função das frequências de
comportamento é proporcional à frequência reforçamento nos elos iniciais (SRi1 e SRi2)
relativa de reforçamento. Grace supôs que (Mazur, 2006).
esquemas do elo terminal são reforços Mazur (2001) construiu, para esquemas
condicionados cujos valores são uma função de concorrentes encadeados, o modelo hyperbolic
suas frequências de reforçamento (SRt1 e SRt2). value-added (HVA), baseado em três
Além da Lei de Igualação, Grace partiu da suposições fundamentais: em primeiro lugar,
proposta de Baum e Rachlin (1969) de que nos como no CCM e no DRT, o HVA adota o
casos em que os reforços diferem em duas ou principio da igualação como suposição básica,
mais dimensões (e.g., frequência, atraso, reduzindo-se à Lei de Igualação caso não
magnitude), esses diversos fatores podem ser existam elos terminais; em segundo lugar,
combinados multiplicativamente para obter considera-se que o valor do reforço declina
uma medida do valor total dos reforços. De com aumentos no atraso segundo uma função
maneira semelhante, Grace argumentou que as hiperbólica; e em terceiro lugar, o modelo
frequências de reforçamento nos elos iniciais prevê que a escolha depende do incremento
(SRi1 e SRi2) podem ser multiplicadas pela experimentado pelo valor do reforço
frequência de reforçamento nos elos terminais condicionado quando o elo inicial termina e o
(SRt1 e SRt2) para obter os valores dos dois elo final tem início. Cabe assinalar que
esquemas alternativos em procedimentos Davison (1988) já havia adaptado o modelo
concorrentes encadeados. hiperbólico para esquemas concorrentes
Grace (1994) interpretou que a encadeados com relativo sucesso, mas com
expressão comportamental dos valores dos elos especificidades de procedimento que
terminais depende do contexto no qual eles são comprometiam sua generalização. A equação
apresentados (ou seja, das durações dos elos do HVA é:
terminais comparadas àquelas dos elos R1 / R2 = (SRi1 / SRi2) (Vt1 – Vi / Vt2 –
iniciais). Seguindo o trabalho de Baum (1974) Vi) (19)
sobre a Lei Generalizada da Igualação, que As duas expressões mais à esquerda são
conta com um expoente que reflete a idênticas ao CCM. A expressão nos parênteses
sensibilidade do comportamento a diferenças à direita inclui Vt1 e Vt2, os valores dos dois
nas taxas de reforçamento (o parâmetro a na elos terminais, e Vi, o valor dos elos iniciais.
Equação 3), Grace usou o expoente Tt/Ti para Todos esses valores são calculados por meio de
expressar o fato de que a sensibilidade às taxas uma variação da função hiperbólica (Mazur,
de reforçamento nos elos terminais depende 1984).
das durações relativas dos elos iniciais e Empiricamente, os três modelos
terminais. O resultado final deste conjunto de mostraram-se bastante adequados como
suposições foi o CCM. Note que a Equação 18 preditores do comportamento de escolha. Em
se reduz à simples Lei de Igualação nos casos uma comparação realizada por Mazur (2001,
em que não há elo terminal (Tt = 0). 2006), o CCM explicou em média 90,8% da
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
6
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
7
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
8
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
9
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
10
Referências
Ainslie, G. (1975). Special reward: A saving and economic performance (pp. 305-
behavioral theory of impulsiveness and 43). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
impulse control. Psychological Bulletin, 82 Chavarro, A. & Logue, A. W. (1988).
(4), 463-496. Sensitivity to amount and delay of
Azzi, R., Fix, D. S. R., Keller, F. S., & Rocha e reinforcement: Effects of different types of
Silva, M. I. (1964). Exteroceptive control of concurrent variable-interval schedules. The
response under delayed reinforcement. Psychological Record, 38, 421-35.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Chung, S. H. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1967).
Behavior, 7, 159-62. Choice and delay of reinforcement. Journal
Baum, W. (1974). Choice in free-ranging wild of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
pigeons. Science, 185, 78-79. 10, 67-74.
Baum, W. (1979). Matching, undermatching, Coller, M., Harrison, G., & Ruström, E.
and overmatching in studies on choice. (2005). Does Everyone Have Quasi-
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Hyperbolic Preferences? University of
Behavior, 32, 269-281. Central Florida, Mimeo.
Baum, W. (1982). Choice, changeover and Coller, M. & Williams, M. B. (1999). Eliciting
travel. Journal of the Experimental Analysis individual discount rates. Experimental
of Behavior, 38, 35-49. Economics, , 2, 107–127.
Baum, W. (2004). Molar and molecular views Commons, M., Mazur, J., Nevin, J., & Rachlin,
of choice. Behavioural Processes, 66(3), H. (1987). Quantitative analysis of
349-59. behavior. Vol. 5, The effects of delay.
Baum, W. & Rachlin, H. (1969). Choice as Cambridge: Ballinger.
time allocation. Journal of the Experimental Cunha, R. N. (1988). Análise das equações de
Analysis of Behavior, 12, 861-874. Baum e Davison: esquemas de tempo e
Benton, M., Meier, S., & Sprenger, C. (2007). razão. Dissertação (Mestrado),
Overborrowing and undersaving: Lessons Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de
and policy implications from research in Psicologia.
behavioral economics. Federal Reserve Davison, M. (1988). Delay of reinforcers in a
Bank of Boston Discussion Paper Series. concurrent-chain schedule: An extension of
Boelens, H. & Kop, P. (1983). Concurrent the hyperbolic-decay model. Journal of the
schedules: Spatial separation of response Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1988,
alternatives. Journal of the Experimental 50(2), 219-36.
Analysis of Behavior, 40, 35-45. Deaton, A. (1992). Understanding
Böhm-Bawerk, E. (1889/1970). Capital and consumption. Oxford: Oxford University
interest. South Holland: Libertarian Press. Press.
Böhm-Bawerk, E. (1914/1970). History and Deluty, M. Z., Whitehouse, W. G., Mellitz, M.,
critique of interest theories. South Holland: & Hineline, P. N. (1983). Self-control and
Libertarian Press. commitment involving aversive events.
Carroll, C. D. & Summers, L. H. (1991). Behaviour Analysis Letters, 3 (4), 213-219.
Consumption growth parallels income De Villiers, P. (1977). Choice in concurrent
growth: Some new evidence. In B. D. schedules and a quantitative formulation of
Bernheim & J. B. Shoven (Orgs.), National the law of effect. In W. K. Honig & J. E. R.
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the
Graduate Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was
supported by resources granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and
National Council of Scientific and Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail:
flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br, elenicehanna@gmail.com
11
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
12
Herrnstein, R. (1970). On the law of effect. Loewenstein, G. (1992). The fall and rise of
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of psychological explanations in the economics
Behavior, 13, 243-266. of intertemporal choice. In G. Loewenstein
Herrnstein, R. & Vaughan, W. (1980). & J. Elster (Orgs.), Choice over time (pp. 3-
Melioration and behavioral allocation. In J. 34). New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Staddon (Org.), Limits to action: The Loewenstein, G. & Elster, J. (1992). Choice
allocation of individual behavior (pp. 143- over time. New York: Russell Sage
176). New York: Academic Press. Foundation.
Huffman, D. & Barenstein, M. (2004). Riches Logue, A. (1988). Research on self-control: An
to rags every month? The fall in integrating framework. Behavioral and
consumption expenditures between paydays. Brain Sciences, 11, 665-679.
Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Logue, A., Peña-Correal, T., Rodriguez, M., &
Paper Series. Kabela, E. (1986). Self-control in adult
Ishikawa, T. & Ueda, K. (1984). The bonus humans: Variation in positive reinforcer
payment system and japanese personal amount and delay. Journal of the
savings. In M. Aoki (Org.), The Economic Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 46, 159-
Analysis of the Japanese Firm (pp. 133- 173.
192). Amsterdam: North-Holland. Mazur, J. E. (1984). Tests of an equivalence
Iyengar, S. (2010). The art of choosing. Nova rule for fixed and variable reinforcer delays.
York: Twelve. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Jevons, W. S. (1871). Theory of political Animal Behavior Processes, 10, 426-436.
economy. Londres: MacMillan. Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for
Kacelnick, A. & Bateson, M. (1996). Risky studying delayed reinforcement. In M. L.
theories - the effects of variance on foraging Commons, J. E. Mazur, J. A. Nevin & H.
decisions. American Zoologist, 36, 402-434. Rachlin (Eds.), Quantitative Analysis of
Keller, F. S. & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Behavior. Vol. 5, The effects of delay (pp.
Principles of psychology. Nova York: 55-73). Cambridge: Ballinger.
Appleton-Century-Crofts. Mazur, J. E. (2001). Hyperbolic value addition
Laibson, D. (1997). Goleen eggs and and general models of animal choice.
hyperbolic discounting. Quarterly Journal Psychological Review, 108, 96-112.
of Economics, 112(2), 443-477. Mazur, J. E. (2006). Mathematical models and
Laibson, D., Repetto, A., & Tobacman, J. the experimental analysis of behavior.
(2003). A debt puzzle. In P. Aghion, R. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Friedman, J. Stiglitz, & M. Woodford Behavior, 85(2), 275-91.
(Orgs.), Knowledge, information and McDowell, J. J. (1988). Matching theory in
expectation in modern economics: In honor natural human environments. The Behavior
of Edmund S. Phelps (pp. 228-266). Analyst, 11, 95-109.
Princeton, Princeton University Press. McDowell, J. J. (1989). Two modern
Laibson, D., Repetto, A., & Tobacman, J. developments in matching theory. The
(2007). Estimating discount functions with Behavior Analyst, 12, 153-166.
consumption choices over the lifecycle. McKerchar, T., Green, L., Myerson, J.,
University of Oxford, Department of Pickford, T. S., Hill, J., & Stout, S. (2009).
Economics, Economics Series Working A comparison of four models of delay
Papers, 341.
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
13
discounting in humans. Behavioural Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J., & Green, L.
Processes, 81(2), 256-259. (1981). Maximization theory in behavioral
Meier, S. & Sprenger, C. S. (2007). Impatience psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
and credit behavior: Evidence from a field 4, 371-417.
experiment. Research Center for Behavioral Rachlin, H. & Green, L. (1972). Commitment,
Economics and Decision-Making Working choice and self-control. Journal of the
Papers Series, 07-3. Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17, 15-
Myerson, J. & Green, L. (1995). Discounting 22.
of delayed rewards: Models of individual Rachlin, H., Green, L., & Tormey, B. (1988).
choice. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Is there a decisive test between matching
Behavior, 64(3), 263-276. and maximizing? Journal of the
Myerson, J., Green, L., & Warusawitharana, Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50(2),
M. (2001). Area under the curve as a 113-23.
measure of discounting. Journal of the Rachlin, H., Logue, A. W., Gibbon, J., &
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 76(2), Frankel, M. (1986). Cognition and behavior
235-243. in studies of choice. Psychological Review,
O’Donoghue, T. & Rabin, M. (1999). Doing it 93, 33-45.
now or later. American Economic Review, Rodriguez, M. L., & Logue, A. W. (1986).
89(1), 103-104. Independence of the amount and delay
O’Donoghue, T. & Rabin, M. (2002) Addiction ratios in the generalized matching law.
and present-biased preferences. University Animal Learning and Behavior, 14, 29-37.
of California, Berkeley, Economics Samuelson, P. (1937). A note on measurement
Department, Working Paper, E02-312. of utility. Review of Economic Studies, 4,
Oscós, A., & Todorov, J. C. (1978). On 155-161.
frequency and magnitude of reinforcement Schneider, J. W. (1973). Reinforcer
in concurrent schedules. Revista Mexicana effectiveness as a function of reinforcer rate
de Análisis de La Conducta, 4, 217-21. and magnitude: A comparison of concurrent
Pliskoff, S. S. & Fetterman, J. G. (1981). performances. Journal of the Experimental
Undermatching and overmatching: The Analysis of Behavior, 20, 461-71.
fixed-ratio changeover requirement. Journal Schoenfelder, T. & Hantula, D. (2003). A job
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, with a future? Delay discounting, magnitude
36, 21-7. effects, and domain independence of utility
Rachlin, H. (1970). Modern behaviorism. San for career decisions. Journal of Vocational
Francisco: Freeman. Behavior, 62, 1, 43-55.
Rachlin, H. (1974). Self-Control. Behaviorism, Senior, N. W. (1836). An outline of the science
2, 94-107. of political economy. Londres: Clowes and
Rachlin, H. (1976). Behavior and learning. San Sons.
Francisco: Freeman. Shapiro, J. (2005). Is there a daily discount
Rachlin, H. (1989). Judgment, decision and rate? Evidence from the food stamp
choice: A cognitive/behavioral synthesis. nutrition cycle. Journal of Public
New York: Freeman. Economics, 89(2-3), 303-25.
Rachlin, H. (2000). The science of self-control. Shui, H. & Ausubel, L. (2005). Time
Cambridge/London: Harvard University inconsistency in the credit card market.
Press. University of Maryland, Mimeo.
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
14
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com
15
This paper is partially based on the first author’s Doctoral Dissertation, under supervision of the second author, for the Graduate
Program in Behavioral Sciences from the University of Brasilia, Brazil. Manuscript preparation was supported by resources
granted to INCT-ECCE (São Paulo State Foundation [FAPESP: grant# 2014/50909-8] and National Council of Scientific and
Technological Development [CNPq: grant # 465686/2014-1]. Contact by E-mail: flavio.bettarello@itamaraty.gov.br,
elenicehanna@gmail.com