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F.S. Navarra
navarra@if.usp.br
edisciplinas.if.usp.br
Avaliação
Três provas : P1 P2 P3
Leis da termodinâmica
Variáveis macroscópicas :
pressão
volume
temperatura
Temperatura
2 mv 2 /2kT
f (v) = C v e
Fora do equilíbrio T1 T2
T1 > T2
Parede diatérmica
(deixa passar calor)
Parede adiabática
(não passa calor)
No equilíbrio
T1 = T2
Lei zero da termodinâmica
”Se A está em equilíbrio com C e B está em equilíbrio com C,
então A está em equilíbrio com B”
Pressão
pi = p t pf = p
F p
P = F =
A t
p = pf pi = p p= 2p
2p 2p 2mv
F = P = =
t A t A t
maior velocidade (temperatura) maior pressão !
Em geral:
parede
móvel
L1 L1 L2
T1 T2
Como
calibrar ?
Escala Celsius
L L0
T = 100 . (o C)
L100 L0
Escala Kelvin
L L0
T = 100 . + 273 (K)
L100 L0
TK = TC + 273
Dilatação Térmica Linear de Sólidos
Variação de temperatura produz variação
de tamanho de um corpo
L = L0 [1 + ↵ (T T0 )]
T0 ↵ = coeficiente de
dilatação linear
T
L
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L0 = L0 ↵ (T T0 )
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L2
L2 L2
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L1 <latexit sha1_base64="oLZcaGFAJUDgD0q9tCiC9lUwMbQ=">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</latexit>
L1
0
A L1 L2 + L2 L1 + L1 L2 L1 L2
= = +
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A L1 L2 L1 L2
A
=↵ T +↵ T = 2↵ T
A
Dilatação Térmica Volumétrica de Sólidos
L3
L2
L1
V L1 L2 L3
= + +
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V L1 L2 L3
V
= ↵ T + ↵ T + ↵ T = 3↵ T
V
Dilatação Térmica Volumétrica de Líquidos
V
= T
V
Porque
Porque ? ?
gelo água
T (oTTC)
águas profundas...
Ludwig
Boltzmann
O ”Endurance”
?
frio quente
Problemas do capítulo 7
=
latão aço
20 cm 10 cm
Fim