Caderno de Resumos - III Sessão Internacional - 2022

ISBN: 978-85-8227-305-0
UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO
Prof. Dr. Gustavo Pereira da Costa, Reitor

Prof. Dr. Walter Canales Sant’Ana, Vice-reitor
Prof. Dr. Thales Passos de Andrade, Superintendente de Relações Internacionais

Prof. Dr. Alamgir Khan, Assessor Técnico
Stefanie Zerba Monteiro, Chefe da Divisão de Mobilidade Internacional
Liana da Silva Pavão, Projetos Especiais
Elkenson Costa, Assistente Técnico
Alessandra Pinto Ribeiro Medina, Jornalista/Projeto Gráfico
III SESSÃO INTERNACIONAL DA UEMA
CADERNO DE RESUMOS
Comissão Organizadora
Superintendência de Relações Internacionais
ISBN 978-85-8227-305-0
São Luís
2022
Realização e Organização
Superintendência de Relações Internacionais - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
Apoio - Banca Examinadora das Apresentações

Prof. Dr. Alamgir Khan
Profa. Dra. Andréa Araújo do Carmo
Profa. Dra. Andrea Duailibe
Prof. Dr. José Ailson Lemos
Profa. Dra. Ligia Tchaicka
Profa. Dra. Marluce Wall
Me. Claudia Costa
Me. Bruno Pompeu
CONSELHO EDITORIAL
DIVISÃO DE EDITORAÇÃO
Jeanne Ferreira de Sousa da Silva
EDITOR RESPONSÁVEL
Jeanne Ferreira de Sousa da Silva
CONSELHO EDITORIAL
Alan Kardec Gomes Pachêco Filho
Ana Lucia Abreu Silva
Ana Lúcia Cunha Duarte
Cynthia Carvalho Martins
Eduardo Aurélio Barros Aguiar
Emanoel Cesar Pires de Assis
Emanoel Gomes de Moura
Fabíola Oliveira Aguiar
Helciane de Fátima Abreu Araújo
Helidacy Maria Muniz Corrêa
Jackson Ronie Sá da Silva
José Roberto Pereira de Sousa
José Sampaio de Mattos Jr
Luiz Carlos Araújo dos Santos
Marcelo Cheche Galves
Marcos Aurélio Saquet
Maria Medianeira de Souza
Maria Claudene Barros
Rosa Elizabeth Acevedo Marin
Wilma Peres Costa
APRESENTAÇÃO
A Sessão Internacional é realizada pela Superintendência de Relações Internacionais com

o objetivo de dar oportunidade aos estudantes de vivenciarem a experiência de apresentar
trabalhos em inglês. A intenção é que os alunos se sintam motivados a participar de eventos
internacionais. Ao apresentar a pesquisa em outras línguas nesse tipo de evento, há
visibilidade nacional e internacional para o trabalho e para a instituição. A ação abre portas
para colaborações científicas, por exemplo.
A terceira edição da Sessão Internacional, realizada no dia 04 de dezembro de 2022, é
parte da programação do VIII Café Internacional da UEMA. O VIII Café Internacional,
realizado pela Superintendência de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Estadual do
Maranhão de 03 s 05 de dezembro de 2022 tem o objetivo de discutir a temática de
internacionalização com a comunidade acadêmica e o público geral. A programação contém
debates sobre as Experiências Internacionais Exitosas do e convidados nacionais e
internacionais. Além disso, o Café é um momento para o público conhecer detalhes das
atividades desenvolvidas pela Superintendência no processo de internacionalização da
universidade. A novidade desta edição do Café é a realização das apresentações presenciais da
Sessão Internacional.
PROGRAMAÇÃO VIII CAFÉ INTERNACIONAL
03 DE NOVEMBRO - EIXO TEMÁTICO: EXPERIÊNCIAS EXITOSAS
09h - Cerimônia de Abertura - Atividade Presencial no Auditório UEMAnet com

Transmissão on-line (Plataforma de Eventos UEMAnet e YouTube)
Magnífico Reitor da UEMA, Prof. Gustavo Pereira da Costa
Vice-Reitor Prof. Walter Canales Sant'Ana
Superintendente de Relações Internacionais, Prof. Dr. Thales Passos de Andrade
Secretário Adjunto de Estado de Programas Estratégicos, Geraldo Cunha Carvalho Júnior
Secretária de Estado da Educação, Leuzinete Pereira da Silva
Vice - Presidente da Associação Brasileira de Educação Internacional (FAUBAI), José Celso
Freire Junior
10h - Educação Internacional: Experiências Exitosas - Atividade On-line com Transmissão

no Auditório da UEMAnet e transmissão on-line (Plataforma de Eventos UEMAnet e
YouTube)
Relatos e experiências do Prof. Dr. Roberto Claudio Rodrigues Bezerra, Mestre e PhD em
Saúde Pública pela Universidade do Arizona (EUA), Ex- Deputado Estadual (CE) e Ex-
Prefeito de Fortaleza
Moderação: Magnífico Reitor Prof. Dr. Gustavo Pereira da Costa; Prof. Dr. Timothy Finan
(Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade do Arizona).
14h - David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies - Centro de Estudos
Latinoamericanos - Universidade de Harvard - Atividade On-line com Transmissão no
Auditório da UEMAnet e transmissão on-line (Plataforma de Eventos UEMAnet e YouTube)
Convidada: Helena Monteiro - Diretora Executiva do David Rockefeller Center for Latin
American Studies da Universidade de Harvard
15h - Mesa Redonda: Perspectivas de Internacionalização pelas Redes Internacionais

(BRAMEX, PILAvirtual e INILAT) - Atividade On-line com Transmissão no Auditório da
UEMAnet e transmissão on-line (Plataforma de Eventos UEMAnet e YouTube)
Convidadas: Profa. Dra. Eliane Segati Rios, da Câmara de Internacionalização e Mobilidade
da ABRUEM - Associação Brasileira dos Reitores das Universidades Estaduais e Municipais
Cristina Isabel Muñoz González, Coordenadora Nacional de Programa de Experiência
Internacional - Universidade Santo Tomas
Moderadora: Stefanie Zerba Monteiro - Chefe de Mobilidade Internacional da
Superintendência de Relações Internacionais da UEMA
16h - Experiências Exitosas - Deputada Federal Tabata Amaral

Relatos e experiências da Deputada Federal Tabata Amaral, formada em
Ciência Política e Astrofísica pela Universidade de Harvard. Foi reeleita para o segundo
mandato como Deputada Federal pelo estado de São Paulo.
04 DE NOVEMBRO - EIXO TEMÁTICO: INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO PARA
COMUNIDADE DISCENTE
09h-12h - Sessão Internacional - Atividade Presencial e On-line com transmissão on-line

(Plataforma de Eventos UEMAnet e YouTube)
Apresentação dos trabalhos em inglês de estudantes da UEMA, nas categorias Iniciação
Científica, Extensão, ODS e Livre. Os estudantes apresentarão os trabalhos de forma
presencial e on-line.
14h - Experiências exitosas em internacionalização do UEMAnet - Atividade Presencial

no Auditório UEMAnet com Transmissão on-line (Plataforma de Eventos UEMAnet e
YouTube)
Convidada: Profa. Dra. Ilka Márcia Ribeiro de Souza Serra - Coordenadora Geral do Núcleo
de Tecnologias para Educação - UEMAnet.
15h - Palestra e Minicurso: TOEFL (Test of English as Foreign Language) da empresa

ETS (Educational Testing Service) - Exame de Proficiência em Inglês para admissão em
universidades de língua inglesa.
Convidado: Prof. Edson Canela - Diretor Associado da ETS no Brasil
05 DE NOVEMBRO - EIXO TEMÁTICO: RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS
9h - Mesa de Diálogos - “Identidade e Transdisciplinaridade em Relações

Internacionais: convergências para pensar o mundo contemporâneo”
Convidados: Fabiana Moura, Internacionalista e Servidora Pública Estadual;
Plácido Freire, Internacionalista e Executivo de Negócios/Grupo Maersk;
Marina Aragão, Internacionalista e bolsista do Erasmus Mundus em Relações Interculturais
na Alemanha;
Christian Burle, Internacionalista e professor no curso de RI/Uema;
Ana Luíza, graduanda em RI/Uema e pesquisadora Pibic/Uema;
Lorena Barbosa, Representante de turma e do Centro Acadêmico de Relações
Internacionais/CARI-Uema.
Moderador: Prof. Dr. Thiago Allison Cardoso de Jesus (Diretor Bacharelado de RI)
11h30 - Cerimônia de Encerramento

Superintendência de Relações Internacionais.
SUMÁRIO
INICIAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA 9
A BRIDGE BETWEEN WORLDS - THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE BRIDGE OVER THE PERICUMÃ RIVER IN THE
QUILOMBOLA COMMUNITIES OF BEQUIMÃO-MA Maria Paula Correia Ramos;
Marivania Leonor Souza Furtado 10
BETWEEN FATOS AND CAMISOLAS: The clothes in Portuguese Language literatures

Jonas Vinicius Albuquerque da S. Santos; Emanoel Cesar Pires de Assis 14
CITY OF SÃO LUÍS: FORMATION, HISTORY AND SEGREGATION Petunia Galvão

Bezerra; Marco Antônio Martins Da Cruz 18
DIALOGUING WITH ALEXANDER AND LEFEBVRE, IDENTIFYING PATTERNS

ADOPTED IN THE SOCIO-SPATIAL TRAJECTORY OF RESIDENTIAL SPACES IN
SÃO LUÍS, MARANHÃO Raquel Miranda dos Santos; Marluce Wall 22
MODERN WOMEN: FEMININE ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTION IN 20TH AND

21ST CENTURY IN SÃO LUÍS - MA Hilquias de Castro Feitosa da Silva; Grete Soares Pflueger26
EXTENSÃO 31
COMPOSITION: TEACHING WRITING SKILLS TO BEGINNERS Ellen Leite de Sousa;
José Ailson Lemos de Souza 32
EDUCATIONAL ACTIONS ACCORDING TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

GOALS TO COMBAT THE WILD BIRDS TRAFFIC IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN SÃO
LUÍS, MARANHÃO Thalia Matos Aguiar Viana; Claudilene Santo da Silva; Ramon Francisco Corrêa
Barbosa; Lígia Almeida Pereira 37
OPENING THE TRUNK OF LEGENDS AND STORIES FROM CAXIAS Saulo Vinicius
Rodrigues da Silva; Antonia Miramar Alves Silva Almada Lima 41
POETICS IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF SÃO LUÍS: RUA DO SOL Bianca Silveira;

Rosilan Mota Garrido 46
THE STORYTELLING IN ENGLISH AS A TEACHING STRATEGY IN THE

COURSE OF MODERN LANGUAGE AT CAMPUS BALSAS Luan Ribeiro Costa; Laira de
Cássia Barros Ferreira Maldaner 51
CATEGORIA LIVRE 54
ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND: THE AUTHOR'S LIFE FROM A
PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Ináira Kellen dos Santos Amorim; Vilma Rodrigues
Mascarenhas 55
CYBERDEMOCRACY: THE RISING AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE POWER OF

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AT WRONG HANDS Camila Helena Espínola Schliebe;
Sophia Pontes Feres; Christian Burle 58
DISTANT READING AND DIGITAL HUMANITY Fernando José Santos Araújo; Vilma
Rodrigues Mascarenhas; Emanoel Cesar Pires de Assis 60
IMMIGRANT WORKER RIGHTS IN BRAZIL: A STUDY BASED ON BRAZILIAN

LAW, JURISPRUDENCE AND ILO CONVENTIONS José Alciran Fernandes Oliveira Junior;
Petunia Galvão Bezerra; Jaqueline Alves da Silva Demétrio 63
KNOWLEDGE OF NINTH GRADE STUDENTS ABOUT ASTRONOMY IN A

PUBLIC SCHOOL IN PINHEIRO, MARANHÃO, BRAZIL Lucas Silva Moraes; Daniel de
Jesus da Silva Monteiro 67
LEARNING ENGLISH THROUGH VISUAL ART Emanuelly Aguiar Passos; Vilma

Rodrigues Mascarenhas 72
REFLECTIVE EDUCATION AND TEACHER EDUCATION: A STUDY IN THE

LIGHT OF MODERNITY Raimundo Nonato Pinheiro Pires; Taiza Helena da Luz Corrêa; Thiago
Allisson Cardoso de Jesus 75
SOFT POWER AND SOUTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY Lara Karine Austríaco Almeida;
Priscila Oliveira 80
STILL STANDING: THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH FROM THE

PERSPECTIVE OF TOM KING’S MR. MIRACLE Yuri de Sousa Melo; Vilma Rodrigues
Mascarenhas 85
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LITERA-MA APPLICATION: LITERARY QUIZ

INTERFACE Francisco Xavier Rocha; Emanoel Cesar Pires de Assis 89
THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN IDEOLOGICAL-POLITICAL RELATIONS Luiza

Helena Amorim de Sousa; Geovanna Silva Pinheiro; Thiago Allisson Cardoso de Jesus 93
WILL THE TYRANT FALL? THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AUTHORITARY

CHARACTER IN THE BOOK ANIMAL FARM, BY GEORGE ORWELL Max Mateus
Moura da Silva; Thais Andrade da Silva; Vilma Rodrigues Mascarenhas 97
CATEGORIA ODS 107

REASONS BEHIND BRAZIL'S RETURN TO THE UNITED NATIONS HUNGER
MAP Lorenna Vitória Barbosa da Costa; Thays Regina de Macedo Araújo; Ariadne Enes Rocha; Cláudia
Costa 108
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ITAQUI PORT COMPLEX TO MARANHÃO:

CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES IN LIGHT OF THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS Ana Luiza Luz; Paulo Victor Arouche; Thiago Allisson Cardoso de Jesus
111
THE POST-PANDEMIC BRAZIL ON THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY: SOCIAL

PROGRAMS AND THE UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME Amanda Falcão and Rebeca Teles;
Thiago Allison Cardoso de Jesus 118
9
INICIAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA
10
A BRIDGE BETWEEN WORLDS - THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE

CONSTRUCTION OF THE BRIDGE OVER THE PERICUMÃ RIVER IN THE
QUILOMBOLA COMMUNITIES OF BEQUIMÃO-MA
Maria Paula Correia RAMOS; Law School;

mariapaulacorreia.r@gmail.com
Prof. Drª. Marivania Leonor Souza FURTADO
State University of Maranhão
INTRODUCTION
The present analysis call forth the social and territorial effects of the construction of
the Central-Bequimão Bridge, which extends over the Pericumã river, on the quilombola
communities located in the municipality of Bequimão - MA, in order to understand their locus
as subjects of rights in the face of government projects that prioritize a concept of
“development” that is opposed to the perspective of well-being of traditional communities,
based on the fundamental guarantees constitutionally granted to ethnic minorities. The Ramal
de Quindiua's territory has in its disposition the communities of Mafra and Santa Rita and
their strategies of struggle and resistance are valid as an instrument for maintaining their
territoriality and asserting their rights.
A theoretical-normative and bibliographic systematization was used to understand the
territoriality of traditional communities, according to Acosta's logic of Living Well (2016),
with the aim of discerning the current repercussions of government interventions in the light
of Pierre Bourdieu's reflexive sociology (1989). It is noticed that the traditional communities
affected remain in a limbo of uncertainties, lacking adequate information, while natural
resources are removed from within the areas of common use and real estate speculation
divides the territory, as the definitive titling process at ITERMA has not been concluded until
the present moment. Therefore, in order to balance the Public Administration principles, that
conduct the 1988 Constitution, it's important to devise that there is an imbalance in
governmental actions that start from a Eurocentric colonizing epistemology, as they
reverberate position of 'Modernity' that is endowed with symbolic violence.
METHODOLOGY
The theoretical foundation involves the understanding of 'modernity and development'
conducted by the State, using the decolonial proposal of Quijano (2002) and showing its
incompatibility with the Well Living (ACOSTA, 2016) of traditional communities, which
results in the resistance of the Territorial Association Quindiua, Mafra and Santa Rita branch.
11
Furthermore, Pierre Bourdieu's studies were also added to a normative and journalistic basis
resulting from governmental media, in search of an understanding of the reasons that initiated
the intervention in the region. A posteriori, the fieldwork information gathered from 2021 to
2022 was aligned in order to understand more deeply about the specific territoriality of the
aforementioned communities and identify their strategies of resistance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The territory of the Ramal de Quindiua brings together the communities of Mafra and
Santa Rita, but, a priori, there were small communities in the region, such as Carará, where
Guilhermina Amorim, a fugitive slave from Alcântara-MA and great-grandmother of many
residents of the Territorial Association Quindiua, Mafra and Santa Rita branch, settled. Seu
Reginaldo, one of her descendants, calls the displacement “migration of the whip”. Mafra is
originally from the Jucurutu community, while Santa Rita was called São Sebastião. In this
region - different from the 'troca-dia' relationship that other quilombos established with
Engenho do Baiano - there was slavery, evidenced by the existence of the Poço da Casa
Grande.
With the end of the mill, many workers settled in Baiano and it was only in 1970 that
the villages were united in their current configuration, after rumors that a road would be built
connecting Bequimão to Central do Maranhão. It was noted that in the following decades,
many conflicts arose: with farmers (due to illegal extensive buffalo livestock in the region's
natural fields); with the indictment of the owner of the company responsible for the work,
who acquired a property within the territory; and even among members of the community
itself who acquired a particular title through ITERMA, due to guidelines contrary to those of
the quilombo.
In 2010, the community was certified by the Palmares Cultural Foundation and in
2016, the work order was signed, starting the construction of the bridge-road complex, with
no prior communication with the residents. The work was justified by the “development” it
would bring to the region in terms of mobility, tourism, economy, among others. The contract
established with the company Epeng-FN defined the period of execution of 24 months, but the
bridge was only completed in April 2022 with the MA 211 still unfinished. The raw material
used comes from within the quilombola territories, without any type of state intervention in
favor of the communities, whose definitive titling process takes a long time at ITERMA. If it
weren't for the manifestations of those affected, there would be no existing compensation such
as the construction of the well in Ramal de Quindiua, the construction of the Association's
12
headquarters in Santa Rita and the company's current negotiation with Mafra due to the
extraction of sand deposits.
The notion of modernity present in the discourse results from the marginalization of
the idea of place, which is of paramount importance for the maintenance of culture and
territoriality (ESCOBAR, 2008). It is perceived that the existence of a developmental work is
a split within society, separating those who will be contemplated and a portion of the
population that “[...] is excluded or receives only a few crumbs. In many cases, they don't
even have the 'privilege' of being exploited as labor.” (ACOSTA, 2016, p. 35). The
construction of this bridge means the recognition of the formal presumption of legal-political
equality of bodies that are subject to the domination of the nation-state (QUIJANO, 2002), a
true legal fiction, considering the necropolitics that compels minorities and sustains the
colonial pattern of domination ad eternal.
The State, according to Pierre Bourdieu, is constantly rooted in the mental structures
of the citizen, acting objectively through decrees and other acts that are characteristic of it.
Symbolic power confers authority to claim supposedly unison discourses, thus being able to
define what types of relationships will be formed by the different fields existing within the
nation and what is the hierarchy between them. These fields dispute the authority to impose
themselves on others. Therefore, even though they are subjects of rights, traditional
communities are made invisible by the Government and marginalized in the name of
'modernity'.
CONCLUSION
The research demonstrated the implications of the "development" announced by the
Government through the construction of the bridge over the Pericumã river and the MA 211
in the rural region of the municipality of Bequimão, where the Territorial Association Ramal
de Quindiua, Mafra and Santa Rita is located. The authorities are inert regarding the damage
to the quilombolas, and it is up to the residents to negotiate compensatory arrangements with
the construction company. The conflict demonstrates how they are considered invisible within
the proposal of 'modernity' based on globalization and that colonizing European epistemology
still reverberates in the State structure. In addition, the Ramal de Quindiua is in the midst of a
lengthy process of titling within ITERMA, mainly due to the influence of individuals and
internal disagreements, raising questions about the competence and existence of the necessary
funds for the completion of the process by the organ of state. Therefore, the community
13
remains in constant vigilance regarding the maintenance of its territory and uses various
means necessary to make itself visible to the public authorities, in search of legal land claims.
REFERENCES
ACOSTA, Alberto. O bem viver: uma oportunidade para imaginar outros mundos. São Paulo:
Autonomia Literária, Elefante, 2016. 264 p.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. O poder simbólico. 1.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil. 1989
BRASIL. [Constituição (1988)]. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de

1988. Brasília, DF: Presidência da República, [2020]. Disponível em:
<http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm>. Acesso em: 5
fev. 2021
ESCOBAR, Arturo. O lugar da natureza e a natureza do lugar: globalização ou pós-

desenvolvimento?. In: LANDER, Edgardo (org.). A colonialidade do saber: eurocentrismo e
ciências sociais. Perspectivas latino-americanas.ColecciónSurSur, CLACSO, Ciudad
Autónoma deBuenos Aires, Argentina. setembro 2005. p. 63-74.
FURTADO, Marivania Leonor Souza. Terra e Territorialidade Tradicionais: A

(de)formação do caso brasileiro. In: FURTADO, Marivania Leonor Souza. Aquilombamento
no Maranhão: um Rio Grande de possibilidades. 2012. Tese
(Doutorado em Geografia, área de concentração Produção do Espaço Geográfico) -
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente
Prudente, 2012. f. 41-63.
NETO, João José Ferreira. Impactos Socioambientais Causados pela Construção da Ponte
Central-Bequimão (sobre o Rio Pericumã) e da Rodovia MA 211 nas Comunidades
Quilombolas de Ramal do Quindiua, Santa Rita e Mafra. Orientador: Fábio José da Silva
Neto. 2021. Monografia (Geografia Licenciatura) - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São
Luís, 2021.
QUIJANO, Aníbal. Colonialidade, poder, globalização e democracia. Novos Rumos, [s. l.], v.
17, n. 37, p. 4-28, 2002. DOI https://doi.org/10.36311/0102-5864.17.v0n37.2192. Disponível
em: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/novosrumos/issue/view/183. Acesso em: 15
jan. 2022.
KEYWORDS: Quilombola’s Territory. Ramal de Quindiua. Central-Bequimão Bridge.

14
BETWEEN FATOS AND CAMISOLAS: The clothes in Portuguese Language

literatures
Jonas Vinicius Albuquerque da S. Santos,

Language course Portuguese and English,
jonasviniciusa@gmail.com
Emanoel Cesar Pires de Assis
INTRODUCTION
The rise of technology made the research in literature vaster, having as one of its
marks the emergence of computational tools. In this way, programs such as AC/DC, that
make the corpus Literateca searchable, were created, making it possible to overcome the
barrier of complete reading of a book. After a short observation, it was noticed that during the
XIX century there was a strong presence of clothing in the lusophone literature. That way, we
aim to analyze works from Brazilian and Portuguese literature from the supracited century
presented in the Literateca corpus based in terms connected to clothing. Beyond that, we have
the finality to prove if the cloth is on the lusophony literature in the XIX century as an agent
of social discrimination; establish a relation between the description of weather and clothing
between works written in Brazil and Portugal in the XIX century and presents in Literateca
corpus and to fortify the initiations of cooperation between UEMA and University of Oslo.
For that we have as theoretical base authors like Franco Moretti (2013), Brandini (2012), Orsi
and Almeida (2019) and Ribeiro (1996).
METHODOLOGY
Based on the conceptions of Franco Moretti (2013) about what the author defines as
Distant Reading we divided the work in different phases. Initially we did a survey of which
terms are connected to clothing in Literateca corpus (www.linguateca.pt). Then the results
were divided by country to know which words related to clothing prevail in which nation. In
the end, we did bibliography research in the fashion and literature field to build analyzes of
the data obtained. In this way, there is, beyond the practical part, the phase in which the
subjectivity of the researcher is stronger. Since there is a part of the research that has as base
the data found that can justify the way of how clothing presents itself in the corpus. Beyond
these parts, we also build rules to improve Literateca, working in a way that future researches
can be done by us or other researchers. It’s important to highlight that interdisciplinarity it’s
inevitable since the knowledge of different areas were essential for the development of the
study.
15

To get the data we used different types of configurations in the Linguateca website in
which the tool AC/DC that adds different corpora, being one of them the Literateca that was
used in this research. In this way we searched the configuration [sema=”roupa”] and found
64.904 occurrences, in other words, that’s the number of times that clothing is present
between the words in the corpus. That being, we did some divisions for the occurrences to be
in the requests of the research’s aim. The first division done it’s forma, resulting in 1.149
formas, being the five principals: vestido (3.298 occurrences), chapéu (2.956 occurrences),
roupa (1.927 occurrences), seda (1.901 occurrences), and coroa (1.878 occurrences). From
that we did many divisions to get the results in other ways and to analyze the data found.
We can see that, although the weather is an important factor inside the way that the
country is organized, for Brazilian society in the XIX century it is not something that could
stop them from wearing dresses, extravagant and uncomfortable clothes, according to the
literature works that were analyzed. This way of thinking can be explained by the desire to try
to replicate France that, by that time, had a strong connection to the idea of modernity, not to
mention the significant influence it has in our country and Europe in general. Even though,
according to Brandini (2012) there was a trying to amenizate the uncomfortability through
thinner tissues but in the Brazilian literature from this period we found a confirmation coming
from the characters in wearing such clothes.
Even putting this in matter, PT (european portuguese) is still the variant that we can
find more mentions of cold clothes in the literature from such a period of time. Using terms
like manta (mantle), casaco (coat), sobretudo (overcoat) in a total of 399,709 times in their
works. Although we can observe a considerable use of terms in Brazilian works. The use of
such pieces even putting the climate change in question is justified by Orsi and Almeida
(2019) as something that “reinforces the idea of dependency that Brazilian fashion used to
have of French fashion.” (ORSI; ALMEIDA, p. 202, 2019).1
Fashion was something almost exclusive to the rich. That is justified because the
making and buying of clothes were very expensive, making it impossible for the lower classes
to do. Having that in sight, we can say that fashion was also a social defining. In addition we
can say that the use of some colors and kind of clothes are essential to the definition of a
personality. Both facts can be observed in the literature of the XIX century, and that shows
the analytic capability that fashion has upon a society.
1
“reforça a ideia de dependência que a moda brasileira tinha da moda francesa.”
16
These researches had a line of error having in sight that some words cannot be read by
this system with the sema that they have. To identify some mistakes, we use configurations
like [sema!=”roupa” & lema=”casaco”], so we can discover how many times the word
“casaco” is read by the system as something that is not a cloth. When the configuration above
was used, it showed 33 occurrences that can be added to the 567 that are read correctly.
It is important to highlight that only in cases with words that have just one meaning, we can
be sure about the preciseness of the search. In case of finding some mistakes made by the
system, we can create what we call “rules”, they will tell the system how to read certain parts
of the text in the corpus. To create rules, we set apart some cases that the system shows us and
we cut one part of the phrase and then use a letter (as a exemple we can use “a”) and the
signal >> and with this, we can tell the system in which sema to attribute the word highlighted
by the letter.
With this, we can see how important the creation of rules is so we can improve the
corpus Literateca, once there’s a lot of causes that can make the system not read the phrases
correctly. In addition, even with a considerable advance in the technology field, this kind of
work is made to be done by a human being, once that the identification of the mistakes can
only be done through reading and research. We should also have in sight that this work can
not only be good for our research but for other researchers that wish to use the tools in the
future, since they are available for everyone to use.
A study of fashion made by Brandini (2012) points out that during the XIX century
there were a lot of changes that came from the industrial revolutions that were happening in
Europe. This is something that directly influenced private life and, as consequence, fashion
and literature also. A society that was once dominated by aristocracy now sees itself in a new
phase in which private life is going to be influenced by the bourgeoisie2. Between those
changes, fashion started to be more patronized like what happened to the work done in fabrics.
This change is important because people started to look more alike since they were wearing
all the same clothes that are made in a fabric in thousands. Only those who were rich enough
to pay, used different types of clothes.
2
Here bourgeoisie is understood not only as people that are rich but also as the part of society that had to work to
earn money.
17
CONCLUSION
It is possible to consider that what was worked is a different bias of the usual way that
some literary works of this period are analyzed. When we observed these two literatures as
one without ignoring their differences, following the ideas of Moretti (2007), we related it
with fashion and technology. What we traced as aims guided us and with that we related to
researches that helped us to understand clothes during the XIX century and their influence in
different social, cultural and political aspects. From what we analyze it is also possible to find
similarities between historical moments and literature, with that we can see and analyze the
way that facts influence the literary creation process of authors.
REFERENCES
BRANDINI, Valéria. Moda, comunicação e modernidade no século XIX: a fabricação
sociocultural da imagem pública pela moda na era da industrialização. Revista Interin, São
Paulo, v. 6, ed. 2.
MORETTI, Franco. Distant reading. Nova York: Verso, 2013.
ORSI, Vivian; ALMEIDA, Marciele Cristina. Moda e literatura no Brasil: considerações
sobre o léxico do século XIX. Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos, Belo Horizonte, v.
24, ed. 2, p. 193-207, 2019. Disponível em:
http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/caligrama/article/view/14226/1125612288.
Acesso em: 14 abr. 2021.
RIBEIRO, L. Mulheres de papel: um estudo do imaginário em José de Alencar e Machado
de Assis. Niterói: EDUFF, 1996.
KEYWORDS: LITERATURE. DISTANT READING. FASHION.

18
CITY OF SÃO LUÍS: FORMATION, HISTORY AND SEGREGATION
Petunia Galvão Bezerra, Law,

petuniabezerra@aluno.uema.br
Research Supervisor Marco Antônio Martins Da Cruz
INTRODUCTION
The growth of urban space with the expansion of inhabited areas in the city, under the
perspective of the economic dynamism associated with the demand for occupation
opportunities by the offer of jobs, implied not only the relocation of people to this space, but
also the urgency of services which could provide displacements that were less grueling and
according to the structure necessary for the continuity of this expansion.
The urban mobility system has experienced improvements, despite repeated decision-
making with regard to the creation of conditions for urban mobility have prestigious
individual transport. These choices, which affect urban composition, are materialized due to
the hegemony of the great political, economic and social power. That said, it was fundamental
for the understanding of such processes in São Luís the examination of the theoretical
conceptions of writers who conducted research related to the object of the city, considering
the urban space and its production.
The research theme focuses on the expansion process of the city of São Luís and the
conditions of urban mobility today. The problem focuses on the reflexes of the growth model
of the capital of Maranhão and, therefore, the segregation observed in the disposition of its
urban fabric, whose configuration had impacts on the conditions of urban mobility.
In this sense, the study of the theme is relevant when considering the reflexes
generated in everyday life regarding the difficulties linked to the urban circular. The objective
of the work plan is to investigate, with regard to the urbanization of São Luís, its expansion
and related legislation, in order to correlate how urban construction provides the city with a
certain structure and means of mobility, considering the logic of power in the urban
configuration and how it composes the process of social exclusion and denial of the right to
the city.
METHODOLOGY
The research has an exploratory character, whose methodologies used correspond to
the historical, comparative and statistical methodology. Thus, the formulation of the problem
19
and the central hypothesis, necessary for the construction of the research, was carried out. In
this line, bibliographic research instruments were used based on the consolidation of
theoretical and documentary materials, through documents from the urban sphere, as well as
literature relevant to the themes of the city, mobility and leisure. It is added the brief analysis
made in relation to mobility statistics in Brazil and São Luís, based on reports and statistical
data and the simulation of trips (movements within the city) through the use of the
information platform on transport and locomotion: “MOOVIT”, also used to simulate the
displacement of a passenger to certain places. In addition, a questionnaire was prepared and
applied via the internet (virtually), through the Google Forms tool, which was later analyzed
and organized in the form of graphics.

From the research undertaken, it was noted that the construction of the urban fabric of
the city of São Luís, whose expansion took place in a sprawling way (BURNETT, 2007),
from the current historic center of the city to the other areas, under the influence of small
power-holding groups, characterized as agents that participate in the production of urban
space (CÔRREA, 1989; FERREIRA, 2014), according to the literature studied, fragmented
the configuration of the city in reference and, in the same way, the circulation in it.
In this way, real urban voids were formed, as alluded to by Burnett (2008) and Ferreira
(2014), distancing certain locations from the benefit of public services and facilities in the city,
which the circular acts as a factor despite their access, as the displacements in its road
network by means of collective transport are too exhausting, given that many inhabitants need
this means to travel daily.
In this environment, it was understood that the preference for investing in
neighborhoods domiciled by middle and high income classes was predominant, also bringing
consequences to the way in which the bus lines are arranged that should facilitate the arrival
to leisure places and, however, make access difficult for people who live in more remote
regions.
In addition, it was found that, for the most part, the most popular leisure spaces for
recreation and walks are concentrated in the Historic Center and adjacent regions or on the
beach strip, whose displacement is even more difficult for those who need to use public
transport to get around. They are characterized as distant, in some cases, even for those who
have individual vehicles, however they live far from these places, making the option of leisure
in spaces closer to their homes more attractive, for example, the Shopping Centers that had
20
their paper added from just a place of consumption to also a place of recreation (BURNET,
2012).
Furthermore, as for the answers obtained with the questionnaire applied remotely
(online), it was found that 55% of respondents are users of individual transport, compared to
34% who use public transport more. The relevance of the displacement made by individual
motor vehicles is perceived, considering their impacts on life in traffic, as well as for the
allocation of resources directed to infrastructure, which, from the increasing take of the roads
by these vehicles, start to focus on , especially, for the best adjustment, not to the city traffic
as a whole, but to improve the circulation of individual cars, which fill the traffic jams and
conform the configuration of the city (MARICATO, 2008, VASCONCELLOS, 2000).
Regarding the question regarding the ease of commuting in São Luís, it is emphasized
that a total of 73% of the answers indicated that the exercise of getting around the city is not
considered easy, while only 25% of users said the opposite. For this reason, the item
highlighted by the majority should be highlighted, bearing in mind that this characteristic
demonstrates that the city is still not well articulated for the displacement of its inhabitants,
being, in fact, difficult to circulate fully.
It was noted that the sum of individuals who use the public transport system at least
once a week is 43%, and for this reason, maintenance and attention to the public transport
system is an essential activity for the continuity of public transport. daily displacements of
city dwellers from Ludovica, from the micro perspective produced by the sample.
It appears that the main reasons listed by the participants for the preference for not
using public transport in São Luís are related to problems such as the “lack of safety in public
transport”; the “low quality of transport”; the existence of “few direct lines and long routes”,
in addition to other reasons such as discomfort, the price of the fare in relation to the service
and the preference for another means of transport.
CONCLUSION
In summary, it was noticed that, in the same way that it was set as the objective of the
work, the interests of the agents that concentrated power and the capitalist logic directly and
indirectly influenced the configuration of the city, as in other Brazilian metropolises, causing
repercussions both in the ordering of the urban fabric and in the conditions of mobility in this.
Among the observed results, it is noted that, in the contemporary situation in the
capital of Maranhão, there is a great intensity of circulation of motor vehicles, especially
automobiles, favoring individual displacement. Furthermore, taking into account the
21
questionnaires, it was noticed that “the lack of security, the delay, discomfort and low quality
of public transport offered”, in addition to other factors, have caused an even greater rejection
of this means of transport.
REFERENCES
BURNETT, F. L. Da Cidade Unitária à Metrópole Fragmentada: Crítica à Constituição da
São Luís Moderna, In: LIMA, Antonia Jesuíta (org.) Cidades Brasileiras, Atores, Processos
e Gestão Pública. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2007.
BURNETT, C. F. L. Urbanização e desenvolvimento sustentável: a sustentabilidade dos

tipos de urbanização em São Luís do Maranhão. 1 ed. São Luís: EDITORA UEMA, 2008.
230 p.
BURNETT, Frederico Lago. São Luís por um triz: escritos urbanos e regionais. São Luís:
EDITORA UEMA, 2012.
CORRÊA, Roberto Lobato. O espaço urbano. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 1989.
FERREIRA, Antonio J. de A. A produção do espaço urbano em São Luís do Maranhão:

passado e presente; há futuro? São Luís: EDUFMA, 2014.
KEYWORDS: Urban. Mobility. Settings.

22
DIALOGUING WITH ALEXANDER AND LEFEBVRE, IDENTIFYING PATTERNS

ADOPTED IN THE SOCIO-SPATIAL TRAJECTORY OF RESIDENTIAL SPACES
IN SÃO LUÍS, MARANHÃO
Raquel Miranda dos Santos, Architecture and Urbanism,
raquelmiranda626@gmail.com
Drº Marluce Wall
INTRODUCTION
The present document consists in a summary of the work of study and analysis of
Christopher Alexander's "Pattern Language" theory in contrast with the reality of the city of
São Luís - MA. This work aims at proving the applicability of the approached theory and is
justified by the very nature of the knowledge generation process that takes place in the
academic environment.
The general objective of this research is to identify the patterns that are revealed in the
transformations of housing in São Luís housing developments. Furthermore, the specific
objectives are: To map the housing developments of São Luís; to carry out documentary
research on the housing development chosen as research object; to identify transformations
undergone by the houses in the development; and, finally, to look for convergences between
Alexander's patterns and the changes and characteristics of the development.
METHODOLOGY
The first moment is dedicated to the theoretical-methodological deepening aiming at a
better understanding of the referential theoretical model and the verification strategies adopted,
through a reading of Alexander's works (1977) as well as the bibliography about São Luís,
with the purpose of rescuing the history of the origin of the housing developments in the city
and to facilitate the choice of an appropriate research object.
The second moment is focused on choosing the housing developments to be studied,
preparing and starting the field research that follows the following steps:
1. Mapping of the housing developments in São Luís and neighbor municipalities;
2. Localization of the original floor plans of the housing units;
3. Choice of the development to be investigated based on the possibilities of field
research;
4. Survey of the modifications suffered by the housing units through interviews and
photographic cataloging;
23
5. Identification of patterns aiming to characterize convergences with Alexander's

patterns;
6. Identification of common patterns considering the group of housing developments
investigated;
7. Data systematization.

The theory of The Pattern Language was developed for 8 years and published in 1977
in the book entitled “A Pattern Language”. In this book Alexander and his team detail 253
patterns in problem-solution scheme: a problem that occurs several times and its possible
solution, which can be used in a million different ways. The construction of this language
addresses various levels of space - Towns, buildings, construction - which makes it relevant
enough to study everything from the functionality of a room to the relationships of an entire
city.
Thus, Alexander's theory (1977) proved to be relevant as the main theoretical
reference of this research work as the patterns exposed can be identified in the reality of the
city of São Luís. One of the ways in which the city expanded was through the creation of
housing developments built to supply the housing needs of a population unable to enter the
real estate market (Ribeiro, 1999). In this sense, the chosen clipping for the study were the
houses in housing developments in Ilha do Maranhão, more specifically those in the
neighborhood of Parque Vitória, because this rapid expansion left room for the development
of several constructive pathologies.
In studying Parque Vitória, a historical rescue of the origins of the place was carried
out through interviews and documentary surveys. In addition, urban maps and photographic
cataloging were prepared to better understand how the neighborhood functions. From this
stage of research, both bibliographic and field, it was possible to survey the changes
undergone over the years by the original houses of the development, popularly known as
embryo: a house divided into two rooms and with an area of about 20.16 m². Such changes
happened with a succession of "fillings" of the lateral and frontal set-backs that already
existed in the conception of the original lot.
24
Figure 1 - Initial embryo
Personal archive (2022)
Figure 2 - Modified house
Personal archive (2022)
Finally, after systematizing the data obtained, it was possible to reveal the
convergences between Alexander's (1977) patterns and the reality of the Parque Vitória
neighborhood. In all, there were 16 patterns whose solutions can be observed on site in
several categories: urbanism, the form the neighborhood has taken through the years;
buildings, how they relate to each other and to the street; and construction, the ways residents
use to build their houses.
CONCLUSION
It is evident, therefore, that Pattern Language is still relevant, despite having been
developed in the 1970s, and that the efforts of Alexander and his team are applicable even in
realities very different from the one in which they were inspired for their research. It is
imperative, then, to replicate the results obtained here in future research projects, which also
use Pattern Language as theoretical support, in order to broaden the understanding we have
25
about the city of São Luís. Finally, leaving the field of ideas, it is necessary to reproduce the
theory in Parque Vitória, guiding projects based on it, making more patterns apply in reality.
REFERENCES
ALEXANDER, C., ISHIKAWA, S, SILVERSTEIN, M., JACOBSON M., KING, I.
ANGEL, S. A Pattern Language. New York. Oxford University Press, 1977.
ALEXANDER, Christopher. The Timeless Way of Building. New York. Oxford

University Press, 1979.
BURNETT, Frederico Lago. Urbanização e desenvolvimento sustentável: a

sustentabilidade dos tipos de urbanização em São Luís do Maranhão. São Luís:
EDUEMA, 2008.
LOPES, José Antônio Viana (org). São Luís Ilha do Maranhão e Alcântara: Guia de
arquitetura e paisagem. Sevilla: Consejeria de Obras Públicas y Transportes, Dirección
General de Arquitectura y Vivienda, 2008.
RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, José R. B. Formação do espaço urbano de São Luís. São Luís:
Edições FUNC, 1999.
VASCONCELOS, Paulo Eduardo Silva de. Política habitacional e estado autoritário em

São Luís (1964-1985). São Luís, 2014.
KEYWORDS: Housing development. Pattern Language. Parque Vitória. Solution.

26
MODERN WOMEN: FEMININE ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTION IN 20TH AND

21ST CENTURY IN SÃO LUÍS - MA
Hilquias de Castro Feitosa da Silva, Architecture and Urbanism,
hilquias-10@hotmail.com
Research Supervisor: Grete Soares Pflueger
INTRODUCTION
Inside of the modified dynamics in the social and labor context during the modern
period, the bigger feminine representativity in the labor environments may be considered the
biggest of all. This is considered due to the series of facts that were direct consequences of the
Industrial Revolution, as well as the comprehension of women trajectory inside of the society
and the entrance of women in the labor market as workers, as said by Fontes (2016).
This research has as goal to know and value the feminine modernist architecture
produced in the city of São Luís in the 20th and 21st century, that contributed a lot to the
formation and expansion of the city for so many years, however without the correct
recognition, looking forward to understand the impacts and influences that those buildings
had in the urban context.
METHODOLOGY
According to the work plan proposed to the research, it has started in August 2021,
respecting all the OMS’s protocols and recommendations related to the corona virus
pandemic, therefore, the first meetings with the research supervisor and colleagues were done
online, by video conference in the Microsoft Teams Platform.
The methodology was consisted initially, in the deepening in the theorical referential,
to understand the modern movement itself, as well as the women role in architecture job
market and academic environment; field research; the research for material in public agencies;
the realization of interviews that had as goal to know better the women context and vision
about their role in architecture labor market, more specifically in São Luís architecture; the
photographic survey of the projects studied.
27
Figure 1 – Documents in the library of CAU/MA.
Fonte: Author himself, 2022.

The feminine body, in the first stages of the modern movement, was still
comprehended as the weaker side and inferior in certain points, yet maintaining the gender
stereotypes highly spread in the 19th century, with women attending exclusively to the
housework, and men dedicating themselves to the studying and exercise of all the other
professions, precisely explained by Borges (2018, p. 01, our translation): “Soon, even if the
changes due to industrialization in which women start to occupy more expressively the labor
market, the society was still rooted in the concept of men as the main model.”
In a more embracing context, the insertion of women in the architecture context
properly said, starts to change since the 20th century, when after the change of the century, a
lot of transformations occurred in so many levels, both in education and the professional
exercise, that allowed women to have a bigger participation in architecture, even if it weren’t
yet in a full autonomous way, as said by Borges (2018, p. 02).
28
Feminine regional production

Graci Perez
A personality present in the exercise of the design architecture in São Luís, is Graci
Perez. According to Ana Luiza de Carvalho Borges in her graduation project in Architecture
and Urbanism “São Luís por Elas” (2018, our translations):
Graci Bogéa Perez, architect graduated in the University of Brasilia, that since 1975
acted in the capital in the elaboration of small, medium and big projects, in interior
and institutional architecture. In the bogéa&perez architecture office, company
maintained alongside her husband Ricardo Perez, Graci was awarded a lot of times:
in special, is quoted here the Big Awards in Corporative Architecture that she
received between 2005 and 2006, with the commercial buildings Cristal and
Zircônio (in the Professional Office Building category in 2005 and 2006 respectively)
and in multifamily habitational building Lazuli (in Residencial Building category, in
2005).
The architect’s house

Inside of the most known architects, a point that always calls the attention is the house
of the architect. Graci Perez’s house is a project of the past century that, through the plans and
details is possible to perceive the influences of the modernism in the production of the
architect, strongly presents in the period the building was designed. Along the plans of project,
was found hand sketch proposals, with the date of September 1978.
Between the plans of the project, is possible to identify the influences of the
modernism through the more straight and firm shapes, as well identified in the front elevation
that projects itself in set of volumes between the simpler ones. Is also possible to perceive the
presence of materials like concrete, wood and rock in raw ways and more visible, with other
elements like brise-soleil and glasses panels.
29
Figura 2 – Front elevation and sections of Graci Perez’s house
Fonte: CAU/MA documents, 2022.
CONCLUSION
Considering the information already presented, it’s clear the way women have been
and still are underprivileged inside the general context of the world, brazilian and in São Luís
architecture, having the modern movement, besides all the controversies with the movement,
as an impulse to modify this situation, that over the time has been suffering transformations
and attributing to women their correct place and recognition in the labor market. It is of
extreme importance the development of works like that one, that look forward to exalt, map
and make known the examples that compose the history of the city and make reference to a
period and a movement that were so important in the world and architecture history.
REFERENCES
BENEVOLO, L. História da arquitetura moderna. Tradução de Ana M. Goldberger. São
Paulo: Perspectiva, 1989.
BORGES, Ana Luiza. São Luís por elas: a contribuição feminina para a arquitetura na
cidade contemporânea. TCC UEMA, 2020.
30
DE FONTES, Marina Lima. Mulheres Invisíveis: A produção feminina brasileira na

arquitetura impressa no século XX por uma perspectiva feminina. Universidade de
Brasília,2016.
PFLUEGER, Grete S.; NASCIMENT, Lúcia. A memória da arquitetura moderna na
cidade de São Luís no Maranhão (Brasil) no período de 1930 a 1960. Docomomo,
Modernidade no Norte Nordeste Brasileiro: o diálogo entre arquitetura, tectônica e lugar /
organização, Alcília Afonso. Teresina: EDUFPI, 2017; Editora Gráfica Cidade Verde.
KEYWORDS: Modern architecture. Feminine. São Luís.

31
EXTENSÃO
32
COMPOSITION: TEACHING WRITING SKILLS TO BEGINNERS3

Ellen Leite de Sousa, Portuguese, English and Literatures,
ellenleitedesousa90@gmail.com
Professor José Ailson Lemos de Souza
INTRODUCTION
Writing is a fundamental skill in higher education settings. It is the means by which
students, teachers, and researchers communicate their studies, findings and other results. As a
global language, English is used for carrying out multifarious technological innovations and it
enables communication across diverse cultures. These facts resonate greatly to the teaching
and learning of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Ilona Leki (2001, p.198) points out that
"[...] academics in different disciplines have been under a lot of pressure to publish
internationally, and, to many academic disciplines, publishing internationally means, for
better or worse, publishing in English". Because of that, the project Composition, a writing
workshop for beginner level students in English, emerged as an attempt to practice writing
since simple and basic sentences to short paragraphs and some textual genres common to
academic settings such as e-mails, forms, letters of application, and paper abstracts. In
addition to that, the workshop follows the fundamentals of procedural writing in which
writing is an ongoing step-by-step task. Procedural writing steps can be summarized as
brainstorming, drafting, reviewing, correcting, editing, evaluating and publishing (ARAÚJO,
2004).
The aim of this work is to present Composition, how it is designed and the partial
results we have collected from the workshop. In methodology, we discuss the course plan and
the pedagogical resources we have used for teaching writing to beginner EFL college students.
In the results and discussion section, we briefly present the teaching experience. Based on the
research supervisor’s account, students enrolled in the workshop demonstrated a clearly more
accurate knowledge of English syntax and vocabulary than students that did not participate in
Composition classes. In order to present these results, a more detailed analysis is currently
being written for further publication.
3
Composition refers to the Extension Project of the same name that takes place in the Campus of Balsas at State
University of Maranhão. The project has been selected and implemented by the university’s Extension Program
of scholarships (PIBEX) since 2021 and it is now about to start its second academic term.
33
METHODOLOGY
The writing workshop conceived as Composition departs from a perspective that the
ability to write is better worked out as process rather than product. By that, we mean the
production of a writing piece goes through different acts of composing, starting with a pre-
writing activity or brainstorming, in which students are motivated to list free ideas and words
associated with the task. After that, a draft is written as a first version of the task required.
Here, students are not supposed to worry about grammar rules or strict textual conventions.
Then, there is a response to the student’s draft by the teacher or a classmate. This feedback is
thought to help students correct their own texts for the next step, which is the revision. Yet,
after revision, students are also supposed to edit their text, taking into account the final
presentation of the text that will be finally evaluated.
The concept of writing as process derives from an article by Araújo (2004), which, by
its turn, is based on the ideas proposed by Hayes and Flower (1980, 1981). We believe writing
seen as a process is better suited for EFL beginner students, which is the case of most students
enrolled in our course. The reference book used in the workshop is Developing Writing Skills:
Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL Beginning/Intermediate Level (2003), by Patricia
Wilcox Peterson. Besides being seemingly outdated, this reference conforms to our goal to
teach beginner students to write, once the practice units depart from short and basic texts and
then explores what Peterson (2003) refers to as mechanics: the basic structures of the sentence,
such as capital letters, pronouns, verbs and the patterns of sentence construction. It follows
exercises on the variety of combinations possibly made by the junction of noun phrases
(subject) + verb + noun phrases (complement), and, progressively, more complex phrases are
introduced, so that students learn to compose varied sentences. Only after a set of controlled
writing and grammar exercises, students are required to write a composition, in which a task
requires them to write a paragraph modelled by either the introduction text or a different
version of it. At this stage, we apply the writing process approach, so that students draft a
paragraph, receive a feedback from the teacher, revise the text, and edit it in order to be
evaluated.
Developing Writing Skills (2003) contains 20 units, but we managed to go through
only the first 8 units in an academic period, which are designed for EFL beginner students.
Developing Writing Skills is one of the references from the website American English,
maintained by The United States Department of State. More grammar practice and vocabulary
exercises are taken from Essential Grammar in Use (2015), by Raymond Murphy, with
grammar points and vocabulary sets related to what is being taught in the main reference book.
34
The classes in our workshop were carried out on Saturdays from April 23 to July 10 in
2021, amounting 45 hours of class work. Even though our goal is focused on developing
writing, the classes were presented in English in order to amplify the exposition to other
features of the language. We believe an integrated skill approach is much more effective for
students’ needs. Whenever students signaled any lack of understanding, the trainee teacher in
charge explained the point in Portuguese. Composition is also meant as a teaching space to
future English teachers have an opportunity to a pedagogical practice. Therefore, before each
class, the training teachers met with the supervisor to discuss the class plan of the week and
make proper adjustments. There were two formal evaluations, the first in the middle of the
workshop and the last at the end of the academic period. At present, we are preparing a paper
to present the results to the academic community.
Figure 1 – Developing Writing Skills, by Patricia Wilcox Peterson
American English Resource Center (2003)

The first academic term of Composition (2021-2022) has so far presented good results,
which are currently being sorted, studied, and analyzed for publication. Firstly, the supervisor
and the two scholarship holders met in order to analyze teaching materials and design the
course plan. After that, some meetings were open to other college students in order to test and
evaluate some teaching exercises. The workshop itself began in the second academic term of
2021 with the participation of 11 students of our Portuguese-English college course on the
campus of Balsas. That college course is designed for language teachers of Portuguese,
English and Literature. Thus, our target audience is the students of this course who
traditionally have difficulties in certain English language disciplines. Ultimately, in the
current project cycle (2022-2023), we consider offering a larger number of vacancies in the
workshop in order to reach students from other courses.
35
In the beginning of the course, students enrolled were evaluated by a writing task,
derived from ENADE (Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes) from 2017. In this
task, students were presented with a text with visual and textual information on the use of
technologies in the classroom. The instruction stated they were to write a short text describing
the situation, devise the problem and provide a possible solution. Students were informed that
they should just try to understand what was asked in the task and answer by what they could
handle at that point. All students completed the pretest task. At the end of the workshop, they
remade the same task. The analysis of that experiment is currently being carried out, and it is
expected to be presented to the academic community this year.
According to the supervisor, professor José Ailson Lemos, the students enrolled in the
workshop were noticeably better in completing writing tasks for college subjects compared to
students who did not take part in the course. That improvement was spotted by classmates and
motivated them to participate in our next term. We hope that Composition continues to
promote its dual goal next years, which is enabling college students to communicate by means
of writing and being a space for teacher training at our University State of Maranhão, in
Balsas.
CONCLUSION
In terms of teaching, Composition is a project that focuses on one of the most required
skills for college students of languages, which is writing. EFL writing is challenging and
future teachers of Portuguese, English and Literature are evaluated by ENADE in tests that
require them to write meaningful and clear texts in both languages. So, an additional
workshop specifically for that end is not only appropriate but also a timely support to students.
Despite being a complex skill, writing at a basic level is certainly made more accessible by
means of procedural writing approach, which, we believe, is also productive for EFL students.
Therefore, we are confident Composition is a simple but significant contribution to higher
education in Maranhão.
REFERENCES
ARAÚJO, A. D.; SILVA, D. C. F.; COSTA, R. B. Gêneros acadêmicos e escrita processual:
uma integração de abordagens no ensino de escrita em inglês como LE. Rev. ANPOLL, n. 17,
p. 19-54, jul./dez. 2004.
FLOWER, L. & HAYES, J. The dynamics of composing. Making plans and juggling
constraints. GREGG L. & STEINBERG, E. Cognitive processes in writing. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1980. p. 31-50.
36
FLOWER, L. & HAYES, J. A cognitive process theory of writing. College composition and
communication, v. 32, 1981. p. 367-387.
LEKI, Ilona. Material, Educational, and Ideological Challenges of Teaching EFL Writing at
the Turn of the Century. International Journal of English Studies: Universidad de Murcia, vol.
1, n. 2, p. 197-209, 2001.
PETERSON, P. W. Developing Writing: Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL. Washington,
DC: Office of Language Programs – United States Department of State, 2003. Disponível em:
https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/developing_writing_1.pdf Acesso: 30
jul. 2022.
KEYWORDS: EFL writing. English teaching. Procedural writing.

37
EDUCATIONAL ACTIONS ACCORDING TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

GOALS TO COMBAT THE WILD BIRDS TRAFFIC IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN SÃO
LUÍS, MARANHÃO
Thalia Matos Aguiar Viana, Biological Sciences
thaliamaviana@gmail.com
Claudilene Santo da Silva, Biological Sciences
Ramon Francisco Corrêa Barbosa, Biological Sciences
Lígia Almeida Pereira
Research Supervisor
INTRODUCTION
Brazil is one of the countries with the largest bird biodiversity on the planet, but
anthropic activities such as animal trafficking puts several species at risk of extinction. Wild
animal trafficking is considered an environmental crime, second only to weapons and drugs
trafficking (PAGANO et al., 2009). Among the species of wild animals most seized in
Maranhão in the period from 2009 to 2011 were birds, especially psittaciformes and
passerines (DE AZEVEDO; DA SILVA; DA SILVA BRAGA, 2017).
It is necessary to carry out environmental education practices that combat the
trafficking of wild animals, especially birds. Environmental Education in the fight against
wild bird trafficking is associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially
related to the SDG 4 - quality education; the SDG 11, which refers to sustainable cities and
communities and the SDG 15 that focuses on terrestrial life (OMER; NOGUCHI, 2020). The
objective of this work was to raise awareness among high school students from public schools
in São Luís-Maranhão, regarding the trafficking and conservation of wild birds and its impact.
METHODOLOGY
This work was executed durin 2021 – 2022 from the PIBEX program with scholarship
by PROEXAE UEMA, developed in three schools, Centro Educa Mais Paulo VI, Centro de
Ensino João Pereira Martins Neto from Cidade Operária and Instituto Federal do Maranhão –
IFMA, Campus Centro Histórico in São Luís City. In both Teaching Centers there were
lectures, dynamic rounds of conversation with prizes, poem workshops, the making of poem
about the hawk-real and digital teaching material for the project's social network, as well as a
drawing contest on the bird conservation theme in Maranhão.
38
At IFMA, a workshop was held during IFMA's Environment Week 2022, entitled
"Education as a tool to combat the trafficking of wild birds in the state of Maranhão", with a
workload of 4 hours. High school students enrolled in the IFMA's Environment Week
attended the workshop. All the workshops held in the three schools had informative
pamphlets made available about the fight against bird trafficking and its conservation.

We could observe an active participation of students and a good reception to the
project. during the Environmental Education actions to combat wild bird trafficking, held at
the schools Centro Educa Mais Paulo VI and Centro de Ensino João Pereira Martins Neto in
Cidade Operária.
The students showed a lot of interest and concern about the theme of conservation of
birds and the wild animals trafficking. They were also very excited to participate in the
proposed activities, due to the dynamics and the bonifications made to fix the content.
Environmental education is fundamental to the awareness of contemporary society, making it
possible to develop attitudes and values towards the environment, as well as responsible
actions and attitudes towards environmental problems (SILVA, 2017).
Figure 1 - Talk round at the CE João Pereira Martins Neto School.
Author (2022).
Due to the Presential Workshop (minicourse) held during the Environment Week 2022
of IFMA - Campus Centro Histórico, the students participating in this activity became very
interested in the theme, where they felt very enthusiastic about pursuing a career as biologists
to work with the conservation and protection of wild animals, such as birds.
39
Figure 2 - Mini course developed at IFMA during the Environment Week.
Author (2022).
The students participation in the development of the project is a point that deserves
attention. According to Macedo et al. (2018), the strategies used are characterized as
pedagogical tools that motivate students' creativity and interaction with the teaching-learning
process. At the end of the project, a drawing contest on the conservation of birds from
Maranhão was held, which had a positive impact on the fight against bird trafficking,
attracting the attention of young students from other municipalities and institutions.
We would like to thank UEMA, through PROEXAE, as well as the Cidade Operária
schools that provided the PIBEX project development and IFMA's invitation to hold the
workshop.
CONCLUSION
Based on the receptivity, interest, and participation of the students, it is possible to
affirm that the project has provided a more attentive look at the traffic in wild birds and the
ways to combat it in Maranhão. It was also observed that the enthusiasm and curiosity for the
theme addressed in the activities provided an evolution in the students' learning about the
knowledge about birds and animal trafficking. By adhering to educational and innovative
actions that enable the interaction of students with the environmental problem of trafficking, it
was possible to work effective tools to raise awareness and combat the illegal trade in wild
animals.
40
REFERENCES
DE AZEVEDO, S. A.; DA SILVA, G. P.; DA SILVA BRAGA, G. M. Manejo de fauna

apreendida no município de Imperatriz, região sudoeste, do estado do Maranhão. PUBVET, v.
11, p. 1074-1187, 2017.
MACEDO, K. D. S.; ACOSTA, B. S.; SILVA, E. B.; SOUZA, N. S.; BECK, C. L. C.;
SILVA, K. K. D. METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS DE ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM:
CAMINHOS POSSÍVEIS PARA A INOVAÇÃO NO ENSINO EM SAÚDE. Escola Anna
Nery, 2018.
OMER, M. A.; NOGUCHI, T. A conceptual framework for understanding the contribution of

building materials in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Sustainable Cities and Society, v. 52, p. 101869, 2020.
PAGANO, I. S. A.; SOUSA, E. B. A.; WAGNER, P. G. C.; RAMOS, R. T. C. Aves

depositadas no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do IBAMA na Paraíba: uma amostra
do tráfico de aves silvestres no estado. Ornithologia, v. 3, n. 2, 2009.
SILVA, J. S.; CARVALHO, M. E. S. A Educação Ambiental na educação a distância:

contribuições à prática pedagógica do curso de formação de professores em geografia da
Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Revista Brasileira de Educação Ambiental (RevBEA), v.
12, n. 2, 2017.
KEYWORDS: Conservation. Environmental Education. SDGS. Sensitization.

41
OPENING THE TRUNK OF LEGENDS AND STORIES FROM CAXIAS

Saulo Vinicius Rodrigues da Silva
Linguistics and Literature Course (Portuguese and English)
saulo12lo@gmail.com
Antonia Miramar Alves Silva Almada Lima
INTRODUCTION
This project "Opening the trunk of legends and stories of Caxias" consists in divulging the
legends and some important historical facts of Caxias, which should be learned by the
residents (children and teenagers), so that they preserve the historical and cultural heritage of
the city. It is important to point out that Caxias is one of the most important cities in the state
of Maranhão. It appeared in the 19th century. It was inhabited for a long time by the Timbira
and Gamela indigenous people, notably, and colonized by the Portuguese, receiving
influences from the indigenous and European culture.
It has a remarkable historical, architectural, and cultural heritage. It is the third most
important historical city in Maranhão, and one of the most important in Brazil at the literary
level, for being the birthplace of important poets, in the written tradition. In the oral tradition,
on the popular level, it holds a great legendary repertoire, diffused only in the urban area and
in a very shy way, for not being well known. In Caxias, there are legends for many
neighborhoods and streets, especially for the older ones, probably this legendary repertoire is
an inheritance from the indigenous culture, which need to be rescued, registered and divulged,
and who tell them are the older residents, that is, there is no written register of these legends
and they haven't been passed on to the new generations either, therefore the city has not been
divulging this literary wealth, and it may disappear with time.
As an example of legends and stories, we can mention the legend of the Cangalheiro
neighborhood, which, according to the narrators (older residents), received this name because
"there was a man there who made cangalhas and sold them to people from other places"; the
Tresidela neighborhood is so named because "it was inhabited by three indigenous tribes and
because the Jesuits buried a great treasure there". This project aimed to rescue the legends and
stories of the city, forming a group of tellers of these narratives, which aimed to explain
mysterious or supernatural events, mixing real facts with imaginary or fanciful ones, and
which are being modified through popular imaginary, to disseminate them in schools and in
the tourist points of the city, as well as remotely, through social media, passing them on to the
new generations and to the people who visit the city, with the intention of spreading, above all,
the local culture.
42
METHODOLOGY
Characterization of the area of action
Part of the application of this project (meetings, planning, studies) occurred in Caxias- Ma.
The city has a territorial area of about 5,196.769 km², with an estimated population of 165,525
inhabitants and a demographic density of 30.12 hab/km² (IBGE, 2010). Caxias das Aldeias
Altas, as it wasknown in the past, has its historical value, not only for the region, but for
theentire country and its culture. Land of celebrated writers and poets important to the world
of literature. The city, as well as all the towns located in the mid-sertão of Maranhão, has a
varied, but very intense, climate during the day it is very hot and mostly, at night, the climate
is cold and pleasant.pleasant climate.
Methodological procedures
With the execution of the project, the following results were achieved:
 Participation of the team in theater workshops and telling of the legends/histories of
Caxias;
 Selection of the legends collected in the first stage of the project;
 Study of the theoretical references;
 Weekly meetings with the project supervisor;
 Planning of a drawing contest among the public of Caxias in general, with emphasis on
5th and 6th grade students from the main municipal schools in Caxias;
 Due to the Pandemic state of the country, several plans had to be cancelled, and the
project participants had to align their proposals according to the new context;
 Recording of a pilot video (“Nossa Senhora das Garrafas”) for the presentation of the
project in its 100% virtual modality, having all possible care was taken to ensure that
the process occurred safely;
 Posting of the video was done, as well as the definition of podcasts as the fixed tool of
the whole process from then on;
 Recording of the podcasts (Legend of Medalhinhas de Santo Elesbão,
 Rosário Church, Pé-de-Garrafa, Cangalheiro, Mãe D'água Palm Trees at Gonçalves
Dias Square, Legend of the Dirceu and Itapecuru River) made at home, separately, by
the researcher and volunteers;
 The podcasts were hosted on the Soundcloud platform.
43
Before discussing the concepts, origins and preponderant factors regarding legends, it
is interesting to establish certain concepts in order to distinguish the meanings of fable, legend,
myth, oral tradition, among others. A fable is a story that is generally short and mostly
associated to children, and the main character is usually an animal, endowed with human
characteristics, always with the intention of providing some life lesson to those who are
reading or listening to it. According to Câmara Cascudo (1978) "In the research of themes, we
try to indicate the oldest, initiators of the genre. They were the fables, intervening animals
with human mentality, representing social classes, vices to be corrected and virtues to be
rewarded".
"The myth, present by movement, by action, by human testimony, may conserve some
characteristics that individualize it, but it has customs that are changing, adapted to the
conditions of the environment in which it acts" (CASCUDO, 1978, p. 111). A fantastic
storytelling, disfigured by credulity, acting in the sense of the marvelous. Many times they
can be confused with legends, but this junction can only occur if the mythical figure in
question merges with the local culture. In Caxias' land, there is the legend of Venice, a famous
seaside resort in Caxias. The story goes that a little girl was killed by her stepmother, buried
alive, and from that earth came out a dark and miraculous mud, as well as mineral water that
could cure the sick. If the figure of the girl were dissociated from the whole plot of the legend,
that is, the place, the house where she lived, from all the other elements that concern the local
culture, she would be a myth, but what happens is just the opposite.
The legend, on the other hand, determines the culture, the values and customs of a
people. Unlike the genre previously mentioned, the stories contained in legends have the
purpose of reflecting on a period or bring some explanation - that escapes naturalism - of
some facts or habits that came to accompany a certain people in a remote time: "The legend is
an element of fixation. It determines a local value. It explains a habit or a religious pilgrimage.
Similar in various parts of the world, similar for dozens of centuries, they differ in details, and
this differentiation characterizes, signaling the typical, immobilizing it in a certain point of the
earth. (CASCUDO, 1978, p. 53)
"All these legends record the origin of the astral beings or indispensable objects of
indigenous life. The indigenous legend does not constitute a living element in Brazilian oral
literature. It is circumscribed within the limits of indigenous interest. Taken away by
naturalists or missionaries, it becomes a literary element and not a popular one. It appears in
44
intellectual evocations, giving strength to improvisations, copies and even inventions of

legends, an astonishing production, an index of moral insensitivity" (CASCUDO, 1978, p.
110). That is, as time went by, the stories became no longer simply oral records, and spread
within a tribe, on a full moon night, around a campfire, but rather, recorded, passed on to the
following generations, opening margins for new interpretations and even misinterpretations.
Another interesting factor is the legends' religious trait, whether related to Catholicism,
Candomblé, spiritism, indigenous rites, etc. According to Câmara Cascudo: "The 'constant' of
the legend is the religious trace. There is also an action, an unfolding, a logical plan, in tribal
utilitarianism. There are, almost, no useless and disinterested legends. All have donated
something, material or abstract." The stories of Caxias, for example, mostly involve miracles,
bishops, priests, church, symbols, and supernatural facts such as miracles, healings, deaths,
and apparitions. An example of this is the legend of Our Lady of the Bottles, a Virgin woman
who constantly made apparitions in candlesticks (which were actually improvised bottles),
causing commotion and curiosity among the faithful. Soon the population was crowding at the
door of the church demanding answers from the Bishop, until they were informed that the
woman in question was a saint. Many of those who had this experience abandoned alcoholism,
but there was one man in question who did not believe it until in a specific mass, two pigeons
landed on his shoulder, allowing him to contemplate the image of the saint.
CONCLUSION
For a people, legends represent its culture and imply its formation and the way it
thinks and sees itself as an individual belonging to a society. The way they think and see
themselves as individuals belonging to a society full of culture and information. However,
many of these stories are forgotten, especially by younger people, since because they are a
feature of oral tradition, which many times are only spread by the elders, and with the passing
of time, the advent of technology, and other factors related to the current generation, this
exchange of experiences and memories ends up being discontinued.
Currently, many legends have been discontinued, others have had their various
versions merged into a single record, to facilitate the understanding of the facts. Therefore, it
is understood that the legends, tales and stories of Caxias should be remembered and recorded,
in society or at school, in a way that strengthens the local culture, because in them there are
marks of customs, values and popular imaginary. Moreover, a very small part of the
population has knowledge of this linguistic and cultural linguistic and cultural wealth. So, it
can be seen that through the social network citizens were able to mobilize, get to know, and
45
even collaborate with this work, although it did not go as planned, due to unfortunate
circumstances.
REFERENCES
CASCUDO, Luís da Câmara. Literatura Oral no Brasil. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: José
Olympio, 1978.
COELHO, Betty. Contar histórias uma arte sem idade. São Paulo: Ática, 1996.
LIMA, Rossini Tavares de. Abecê do folclore. São Paulo: Record, 1992.
KLEIMAN, Ângela. Oficinas de Leitura. São Paulo: Ática, 1998.
RODRIGUES, Edmundo. As melhores lendas do nordeste. Rio de Janeiro:

Consultor,1994.
WEITZEL, Antônio Henrique. Folclore literário e linguístico. São Paulo: Record,

1990.
KEYWORDS: LEGENDS. LOCAL CULTURE. ORAL LITERATURE.

46
POETICS IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF SÃO LUÍS: RUA DO SOL

Bianca Silveira, Architecture and Urbanism,
biancacsilveira@hotmail.com
Rosilan Mota Garrido
INTRODUCTION
The street, understood as a path, boils down to a public space in which the coming and
going flows, requiring identification with the pedestrian. In this context, it is not just a transit
environment, but also a landing environment. Thus, the street becomes a space where it is
appreciated from the first moment and its monuments tell stories. São Luís, founded on
September 8, 1601, is characterized by its orthogonal plan that forms a geometric pattern. Its
history is told on the streets, on every tile on the facades, on the stone paths and in its colonial
mansions in the historic center and especially in the Centro district, which, with different
architectural styles such as Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Neoclassical and eclectic styles, are
captured in its History and Aesthetics, which was included in the list of World Heritage Sites
by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1977.
However, these decorative elements deteriorate over time, whether made by that person or by
the individual himself, causing significant losses in history.
It is therefore necessary to develop a collection of images and drawings on the
architectural styles and decorative elements of Rua do Sol, intended to contribute to the
technical and artistic collection of the Architecture and Urbanism course and to show relevant
aspects of Maranhão's history and culture.
METHODOLOGY
For the development of this project, several phases were pre-defined and implemented,
with a view to obtaining the knowledge that provided a good progress in the research. Thus
began the research methodology of scientific articles, books and dissertations with themes that
deal with the streets, more specifically Rua do Sol, in addition to the city of São Luís and
decorative and architectural styles. In addition, they were field surveys were carried out for
listing, annotations and photographic records of the monuments and decorative objects on Rua
do Sol. With the objective of applying the historical knowledge in each mansion,
photographic records that allowed to identify and organize the most decorative elements
famous architects of São Luís for the virtual exhibition. When creating the blog, the Search
literature contributes to a rich and adequate development, taking into account the function and
ease of use of the material.
47

Rua do Sol in the Center starts at Largo do Carmo and ends at Praça Deodoro. It has
parallels with other famous streets, Rua da Paz and Rua dos Afogados. Its name was a tribute
to the doctor Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. In it, there are residences and mansions endowed
with details and poetics embedded in their architecture, since each small structure recalls the
history and culture of the materialized city. Registering the city in reports does not provide
experiences and experiences of a certain space, in addition to the possibility of losing this
material, so words are not enough to record architectural details found in social spaces. As a
way of recording these architectural details that are not seen and valued in the city, this
research seeks to record them through the artistic record of ten mansions located on Rua do
Sol, highlighting their architectural details not seen daily, aiming at a look beyond the existing
concrete.
Figure 1 - Antigo Grêmio Lítero Recreativo Português.
Author (2022).
Figure 2 - Faculdade de Direito.
Author (2022).
48
Figure 3 - Museu Artístico e Histórico do Maranhão.
Author (2022).
Figure 4 - Teatro Arthur Azevedo.
Author (2022).
Figure 5 - Architectural detail.
Author (2022).
Author (2022).
Author (2022).
49
As a final product, an online exhibition was created available

<https://www.thinglink.com/scene/1619390528229474305 > in which all the analyzed and
registered mansions were presented, in addition to highlighting all their observed highlights.
CONCLUSION
It is of great importance to have a collection of images and drawings on the
architectural styles and decorative elements of Rua do Sol, developed mainly to contribute to
the technical and artistic collection of the Architecture and Urbanism course, which limits the
number of patrimonies that suffer with the disappearance of history. The relevance of this
project is the efficiency in the elaboration of the collection of images and drawings on the
architectural styles and decorative elements, facilitating research and collaboration for related
purposes, helping the people who consult it in the best way. It can be concluded that this work
brought together images and research on the architectural styles present in the villages of Rua
do Sol, giving visibility and appreciation to the decorative elements, culminating in the
admiration of their poetics.
REFERENCES
ARCH DAILY. Questões de Percepção: Fenomenologia da arquitetura / Steven Holl.
Disponível em: https://www.archdaily.com.br/br/01-18907/questoes-de-percepcao-
fenomenologia-da-arquitetura-steven-holl. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2022.
BRITANICA ESCOLA. São Luís. Disponível em:

https://escola.britannica.com.br/artigo/S%C3%A3o-Lu%C3%ADs/483546. Acesso em: 28
out. 2021.
Ferreira, A. B. H. Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova

Fronteira. 1986. p. 1 525.
FILHO, Domingos Vieira. Breve história das ruas e praças de São Luís. 1. ed. São Luís -
MA: AML, 1971. p. 1-290.
INFOESCOLA. Art Déco. Disponível em: https://www.infoescola.com/movimentos-

artisticos/art-deco/. Acesso em: 29 out. 2021.
PALLASMAA, Juhani. Os olhos da pele: a arquitetura e os sentidos. Artmed Editora, 2009.
PORTAL DO GOVERNO BRASILEIRO. IPHAN. São Luís (MA). Disponível em:

http://portal.iphan.gov.br/pagina/detalhes/346/. Acesso em: 28 out. 2021.
50
RONALDO NOGUCHI. A arquitetura dos sentidos. Disponível em:

https://www.arquitetoronaldo.com.br/a-arquitetura-dos-sentidos/. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2022.
TODA MATÉRIA. Modernismo. Disponível em: https://www.todamateria.com.br/o-

modernismo/. Acesso em: 29 out. 2021.
TURISMO SÃO LUÍS. História da Cidade. Disponível em:

http://turismosaoluis.com.br/historia_da_cidade/100. Acesso em: 28 out. 2021.
VIVIENDA, A. D. G. D. A. Y. São Luís, Ilha do Maranhão e Alcântara: Guia de

Arquitetura e Paisagem. 1. ed. Madrid: Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Fomento y
Vivienda, 2008. p. 1-445.
KEYWORDS: visual arts.mansion.drawing.decorative elements.

51
THE STORYTELLING IN ENGLISH AS A TEACHING STRATEGY IN THE

COURSE OF MODERN LANGUAGE AT CAMPUS BALSAS4
Student’s Name: Luan Ribeiro Costa
Course: Letras
e-mail: luancosta1@aluno.uema.br
Coordinator: Laira de Cássia Barros Ferreira Maldaner, Ph..D.
State University of Maranhão, Balsas
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to improve the reading and production of texts in English
through storytelling for pre-service teachers, especially those in the supervised training stage
and opened to English teachers from the public schools of Balsas. In addition, it provides
English language learners with an incentive for a more dynamic and participatory way of
learning. We can use a storytelling as the teaching strategy in the Letters Course allows the
future professionals of Letters to teach classes in a safer way.
For all these reasons, we must take storytelling to the English language classroom as
teaching and learning strategies, ensuring more knowledge construction and promoting
greater contact with the language. As Leffa (2007) highlitght, it is necessary to use the
language for other purposes, for instruction favoring citizenship. Thus, it is crucial to teach
and learn English in an active way, offering opportunities to think and act critically, making
learning more meaningful.
As for the pedagogical choice of this theme as a tool for research, it is due to the fact
that this genre is appreciated by people of the most diverse ages due to the need that human
beings have to communicate with their peers, and one of the ways of establishing this
interaction is through storytelling, which involves both verbal and non-verbal aspects.
METHODOLOGY
Assuming that the foreign language teacher is constantly developing, relating theory to
practice and providing strategies for improving language teaching, Celani (2003, p.34) assures
that“the good professional must remain in the process of continuing education and knowledge
production in the classroom and not just derived from a method or a theoretical model, in
4 Project realized at UEMA, Campus Balsas. Coordinator by: Laíra de Cássia B. Ferreira Maldaner,Ph.D.
52
constant interaction between theory and practice”. In short, you must be a good reflective and
critical professional.
Therefore, we list the stages of the project that are applied in person, the meetings take
place at the State University of Maranhão, Balsas campus on Saturday afternoons with
activities in the classroom. The following phases followed:
a) The selection of students from the Letters course at the State University of
Maranhão- UEMA, Campus Balsas;
b) The selection of teachers from the public elementary school through a
curriculum that will be sent by institutional e-mail from the project team;
c) Meeting with the scholarship students and project collaborators for the detailed
choice of stories to be worked on;
d) Ethnographic registration of all meetings, as well as all the stories worked and
the techniques used to improve reading and writing in English;
Subsequently, socialization of the academics' experiences through the reading of the
stories in English and their interpretation.

The expected results were:
 The improvement of orality and writing of academics;
 Contribution to initial and continuing training;
 Encouraging the publication of articles and participation in scientific events;
CONCLUSION
The stories chosen are easy to understand and use simple vocabulary. The narrations
also bring events from the daily life of each participant, as they are dialogues between friends,
going out to the movies, family conversations and etc... In this way, understanding the
dialogue also becomes more accessible, as they constantly see the events of the stories in their
lives.
Stories are essential in learning EL, as each narrative makes it possible to experience
routine activities in our familiar bond, social and academic life. In this direction, we realize
that the use of the English language becomes more dynamic and pleasurable. It also assists
teachers in training in the practice of supervised training.
53
REFERENCES
ALMEIDA FILHO, José Carlos Paes. O fazer Atual da Linguística Aplicada no Brasil: foco
no ensino de línguas. In: KLEIMAN, A. B. CAVALCANTI, M. Linguística Aplicada: suas
faces e interfaces. Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras, 2007.
BUSATTO, Cléo. Contar e encantar: pequenos segredos da narrativa. Petrópolis, RJ.

Vozes, 2003.
CELANI, Maria A. Professores e formadores em mudança: relato de um processo de

reflexão e transformação da prática docente. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 2003.
LEFFA, Vilson J. Pra que estudar inglês, profe?: Auto-exclusão em língua-estrangeira.

Claritas, São Paulo, 2007.
KEYWORDS: Storytelling; English; Teaching.

54
CATEGORIA LIVRE
55
ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND: THE AUTHOR'S LIFE FROM A

PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
Ináira Kellen dos Santos Amorim5,
Vilma Rodrigues Mascarenhas6

INTRODUCTION
This work is going to explore the psychoanalytic criticism, beyond the analysis of
Lewis Carroll's text. The main point here is to show this complex and yet least search kind
of criticism who emerged in the 1960s, and it is based in Freud's theories. It is proposed
ways to analyze a work through this lens, but the one who is going to be used in this work,
is analyzing the author's life and considering what the author lived, the unresolved emotions
and most import of all his unconscious and how his life influenced, and how it is located in
his work.
METHODOLOGY
This research has a bibliographic character, uses critical and qualitative analytical
procedures to apply the understanding as a relationship between art and psychoanalysis in the
works of the Lewis Carroll through these theoretical contribution: Freud (1910) ), Rivera
(2002), Kaufmann (1996), M. H. Abrams (1999) and Bloom (1987).

After reading and analyzing is important to describe that the theories that Freud
postulated helps to understand any literature that goes from this path, try to comprehend any
text through this view is to forget any secure idea, here is only focusing on "What if”,
because analyzing the author's life is a hard job, this way of analyzing is necessary for the
readers to build a key for decoding, because the meaning, the main idea will not be explicit.
Freud (1993, 26) himself wrote, “the dream-thoughts which we first come across as
we proceeded with our analysis often strike us by the not clothed and the prosaic language
usually employed by our thoughts, but are on the contrary represented symbolically by
means of smiles and metaphors, in images resembling those of poetic speech" Meaning that
in this lens, the reader needs to focus on the metaphors because it will be in there the
meaning, the hidden messages and all the work in the paper and outside of it.
5
Sudent of Letters Portuguese, English and Literature Course. inairakellen2002@gmail.com
6
Professor at the State University of Maranhão. vilma.rodriguesmascarenhas@gmail.com
56
It was show in the analysis that Lewis Carroll besides what most people think about
him, about his feelings for Alice Liddell, the girl who inspired the story is bigger than just a
friendship between these two, besides these literature been made for Alice, we can see some
of Carroll's struggles, is visible his sleeping issues put in both of his works for Alice, his
desire to sleep, to dream, and his eating disorders, which is sad and reflexive when the
reader get to know that many people didn't know about these references.
Despite the value of the author here, it is not about "what the author intended", but
what the author never intended, or what Freud wrote well “it is the anxieties, the guilts, the
repressed emotions” , it is the unconscious material showing itself through the words, the
author’s own neouroses or the desires.
CONCLUSION
To conclude and to put a meaning in such a complex kind of criticism is very useful
to point out that this psychogical interpretation has become one of the mechanism to find
out the hidden meaning of literary text. It also helps to explore the writer's personality as
factors that contribute to his experience from birth to the period of writing a book. This type
of criticism helps to understand the literary text, discovering the author's childhood traumas,
fixations and sexual conflicts, projected on the behavior of his character in the literary work.
Besides all others theories about “Alice’s adventures in wonderland” in the lens of
psychoanalytic criticism, some authors consider being out-dated, because like it is named
itself are just theories, the book already have fifty years since published. However, these
points of views help readers to comprehend a story, to consider another meaning, other
references, to not only accept other interpretations, it is an opportunity to the reader analyze
any literary work no matter how many years the text exists, to give new meanings and to
put forward another kind of analysis.
REFERENCES
ABRAMS, M.H. "Psychological and Psychoanalytic Criticism." A Glossary of Literary

Terms. 7th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. 247-253.
BARTUCCI, G. (org.). Psicanálise, literatura e estéticas da subjetivação. Rio de Janeiro:

Jorge Zahar, 1996.
BLOOM, Harold, ed. Lewis Carroll. New York: Chelsea Hose Publishers, 1987.
CARROLL, Lewis; PERTWEE, Jon. Alice in wonderland. Children's Press, 1947.

57
DELAHOYDE, Michael. "Psychoanalytic Criticism." Psychoanalytic Criticism. Washington

State University, 22 Aug. 2014. Web. 17 Jan. 2015. Disponível em
https://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/psycho.crit.html. Acesso em 24 out. 2022.
FREUD, S. (1900). A Interpretação de Sonhos. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 2001. FREUD, S.

(1915). O Recalque. In: FREUD, S. Escritos sobre a psicologia do inconsciente. v. 1. Rio de
Janeiro: Imago, 2004, p. 175-193.
FREUD, Sigmund. "On Dreams." Excerpts. Art in Theory 1900-1990. Ed. Charles
Harrison and Paul Wood. Cambridge: Blackwell Pub., Inc., 1993. 26-34.
FREUD, Sigmund. Arte, Literatura e os Artistas. Coleção Obras Incompletas de Sigmund

Freud – Trad. Ernani Chaves. Editora Autêntica, São Paulo, 2015.
GREEN, André. Literatura e Psicanálise: a desligação. In: LIMA, Luiz Costa (org.). Teoria
da literatura e suas fontes. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2002.
JUNO, Brady. The influence of Lewis Carroll’s life on his work. 1998. Disponível em
https://www.alice-in-wonderland.net/resources/analysis/interpretive-essays/the-influence-
of-lewis-carrolls-life-on-his-work/. Acesso em 24 out. 2022
KAUFMANN, P. Dicionário enciclopédico de psicanálise: o legado de Freud a Lacan. Rio

de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1996.
RIVERA, Tania. Arte e psicanálise / Tania Rivera. — 2.ed. — Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar
Editora, 2005
KEYWORDS: Psychoanalytic. Criticism. Carroll. Analysis. Alice.

58
CYBERDEMOCRACY: THE RISING AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE POWER OF

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AT WRONG HANDS
Camila Helena Espínola Schliebe and Sophia Pontes Feres, International Relations,
camilaschliebe@gmail.com, sophiaferespontes@gmail.com
Prof. Christian Burle
INTRODUCTION
In the era of technological advancement, one of the most important knowledge is
political knowledge. However, with the advancement of globalization and the media, the
propagation of immoral speeches that harm democracy - or even the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights - have become increasingly common, disguised as "opinion".
According to the empirical analysis of Thomas Hobbes (1651), no right is absolute,
not even freedom of speech. Nevertheless, many individuals use the right of propagate their
opinions to spread hatred, and this has been happening since the birth of civilization once, as
will be argued in this seminar, for Hobbes (1651) it is natural for human beings to use all
possible “weapons” to achieve their greatest desire, which includes dominating other lives for
their own benefits.
In this seminar, we are going to introduce the concept of cyberdemocracy and show
how authoritarian governments around the world are taking advantage of the media as a form
of mass manipulation and, in this way, achieving power.
METHODOLOGY
The method used in this research is self-descriptive, being called Explanatory
Research, in which the goal is to establish a relationship between cause and effect. This type
of modus operandi helps you see, in a more clear way, patterns and the "why's" and "how's"
behind them, leading to an understanding of the subject under the perspective of those terms.
Applied to this research in particular, Literature Reviews and Observations from
Thomas Hobbes (1651) and Aristotle (384 a.C.) are used as references, guiding a whole
reflection about Democracy, Freedom of Speech and the denigration of that kind of
government throughout the highs and lows correlated between the two.
59

As analyzed in the article THE CRISIS OF CYBERDEMOCRACY: questions to
understand the socio political role of the internet in the electoral rise of authoritarian
governments, written by the excellent Professor Christian Burle, in the current situation,
personal opinions are shared in an increasingly accelerated way. This factor is due to
globalization and technological advancement, which, even being necessary for the global
development, makes the spread of undemocratic and neo-fascist disguised as “tradition,
morality and good customs" more easily.
CONCLUSION
As it was discussed all throughout this resume, it's clear that the word, that should be
used as a representation of freedom — as much as we are able to have without harming others
—, is losing its meaning, being used to put under the spotlight lies and distorted truths that
harms the democracy long being built around the world, especially at countries with
authoritarian governments.
The point is: the power that the internet and social media has to put fear into people who are
just being herselves and spreading their opinions became a middle road between the elector,
the authorities and the justice. A lot of citizens are dying everyday because of internet hate,
which is encouraged by neo-fascist and undemocratic politicians who - also - spread “fake
news” for their own vantage, lying and laughting in the face of democracy.
REFERENCES
BURLE, Christian. A CRISE DA CIBERDEMOCRACIA: questões para compreender o
papel sociopolítico da internet na ascensão eleitoral de governos autoritários. Tradução:
Camila Schliebe, Sophia Feres. São Luís, 2022.
HOBBES, Thomas. O LEVIATÃ. 1651. Tradução: Camila Schliebe, Sophia Feres. São Luís,
2022.
ARISTÓTELES. Ética a Nicômaco. 335 a.C. Tradução: Camila Schliebe, Sophia Feres. São
Luís, 2022.
KEYWORDS: Cybertechnology, globalization, politics, artificial intelligence, fascism,

authoritarianism.
60
DISTANT READING AND DIGITAL HUMANITY
Fernando José Santos Araújo7

Emanoel Cesar Pires de Assis9
SUMMARY
Distant reading is one of the techniques of the digital humanities, so that one can study
literature from another perspective, equivalent to how to differentiate from literature, so that it
is possible to analyze patterns and forms within the works. Franco Moretti, the creator of the
digital humanities, believed that there is a need to understand patterns of a certain period and
that this reveals a regularity of this period of time, which he called "Temporary Structure".
According to Santos (2020), distant reading is a specific and growing interdisciplinary area
that combines the domains of literary studies, computational linguistics and applied
informatics in the analysis of large collections of texts, which by their nature comprise data of
significant volumes. Bearing in mind that distant literature is important for carrying out
academic works, as there are numerous scientific works that use this method for the analysis
of works of great importance for academic collections, even though the term is still under
construction.
INTRODUCTION
For some authors the computational humanities would be the embryo of the
humanities seen as a concept that brings a new approach. The computational technical
methodologies (even if prematurely) the digital humanities, it is possible to see that it is an
academic activity that joins the human sciences with digital resources, so that there are study
methods that promote an interaction between both areas. Data processing, the creation of
projects, the relationship with the digital environment, along with the contact with society,
brings a correlation of developments by the way they are characterized, what previously
limited physical and geographical barriers, access to collections, today they expand the
possibilities of access by the most varied means and resources, thanks to the advancement of
new technologies.
7 Letters Degree in Portuguese, English and Literature - fjsaraujo994@gmail.com
8 Research Advisor from State University of Maranhão (UEMA)
9 Research Advisor from State University of Maranhão (UEMA)

61
The digital humanities will not always reach a concept, as they bring a diversity of
concepts. There are countless questions about the digital humanities, looking for an answer to
such questions, it is necessary to return to literatures that address the themes, objectives and
concepts that surround the digital humanities shared by scholars, helping in the process of
knowledge expansion.
In recent years, people have tended to be overwhelmed by a vast amount of

information in various contexts. Therefore, arguments about ’Information
Visualization’ as a method to make information easy to comprehend are more than
understandable. (SAITO, 2010)
The digital humanities exert a certain influence on the environment in which it is present
and due to this influence being taken to the extreme so that you can see the outline of the
thesis of determinism that will be involved in everyday life. Furthermore, it is important to
highlight that digital platforms are increasingly present in various current contexts, especially
in the academic environment, with a view to education and various social sectors that are
adapting to the new reality. This information is common in society. In this way, the initiatives
are guided by the idea of access and the search for methodologies and tools so that this
information is increasingly organized, supported by solidarity, "in the learning, both academic
and social, of the participating subjects who have shared interests.
METHODOLOGY
In order to fulfill the objectives proposed for this research, we chose to work with
bibliographic research was carried out, in order to gather the largest number of references of
academic productions on digital humanities. The materials used are sources of inspiration
used as a work tool, along with distant reading. For such results to be direct, until the present
moment, readings of the articles were analyzed and carried out, highlighting Literateca, which
is one of the largest corpora of Lusophone literature, accessible free, that is known. With the
initiative to fulfill the proposed objectives for this research has carried out in national
databases, seeking to gather the largest number of references, with the intention of mapping
the production on digital humanities and distant reading. Below are the articles that were part
of this research:
 Preparation for Distant Reading in Portuguese: dialogues between nlp

and digital humanities;
62
 Digital humanities: concepts and origins.

Guidance was given at a meeting on how to use the Literateca corpora, many readings
were made on the theoretical contribution on Distant reading and on Digital
Humanities. Annotations made for better computational processing.
Readings of articles on distance reading and digital humanities were carried out. One of
the results obtained was the understanding of distant reading and digital humanities,
identifying where they can be used. We aim that, as proficient readers, not only decode the
graphic signs that form the texts, but that they know how to interpret and correlate them with
the surrounding reality, in order to build new meanings, resignifying their existence, we hope
that the reading of the literary works expand the students' domain over the language, leading
them to express themselves.
CONCLUSION
In this way, the great importance of a literary collection is perceived as a heritage in the
form of writing, finally, we can highlight as an objective achieved the fact of having aroused
the interest the digital humanities together with distant reading allied to technology has
considered a way to improve development processes in relation to the research and tools used.
In this way, it is important to emphasize the importance of stimulating and deepening together
the reflections of concepts the part of the stimulus that started the creation of projects in the
area of distant reading and digital humanities.
REFERENCES
GUIA, Marx Paulo Vargas da et al. Humanidades Digitais: conceitos e origem. Buenos
Aires; (AAHD). Asociacion Argentina de Humanidades Digitales, Buenos Aires. (2021)
SANTOS, Diana et al. Preparação para Leitura Distante em português: diálogos entre
PLN e Humanidades Digitais.
MARINHO de Castro, R., & Pimenta, R. M. (2017). Uma topografia das humanidades
digitais na ciência da informação. Revista Z Cultural, 12(2), 1-7.
[SOI10] SAITO S., OHNO S., INABA M.: A Platform for Cultural Information Visualization Using
Schematic Expressions of Cube. In Proceedings of the Digital Humanities 2010 (2010). 1
KEYWORDS: Digital. Humanities. Distant-Reading. Projects.
63
IMMIGRANT WORKER RIGHTS IN BRAZIL: A STUDY BASED ON BRAZILIAN

LAW, JURISPRUDENCE AND ILO CONVENTIONS
José Alciran Fernandes Oliveira Junior
Petunia Galvão Bezerra,
Law
Josajanior1@aluno.uema.br
petuniabezerra@aluno.uema.br
Research Supervisor Jaqueline Alves da Silva Demétrio
INTRODUCTION
Migration characterizes a phenomenon that has become recognized since ancient times.
In this context, it is necessary to understand the concept of a foreigner, which is anyone who
does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory he is located (CARVALHO
RAMOS, 2008, apud JUNQUEIRA, 2019). Having this in mind, it should be pointed out that
according to the most recent statistics released by “Agência Brasil” (2021), around 1,3 million
immigrants live in Brazilian territory. The same source informs more data regarding the
current immigration scenario in the country, more specifically, from the countries of origin of
the individuals who disembarked in Brazil for migratory purposes, those who had more
appeared in the information concern Venezuela, Haiti, Bolivia, Colombia and the United
States.
Given this scenario, the immigrant, when entering Brazilian Territory, needs to find
minimum conditions so that he can live in a dignified way. For instance,work is a way to
obtain this right, since full human potential, a condition that cannot be removed from the
dignity of men and women, depends on directly from the work that maintains an umbilical
link with the social progress, which highlights its value (GONÇALVES, LOPES, 2013).
Article 5 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, provides that the equality of all before
the law is applied to Brazilians and foreigners residing in the country, so that the ownership of
the rights fundamentals is extended.
It is in this sense that law 13.445, of May 24, 2017, known as the Migration Law,
provides for the rights and duties of migrants and visitors, regulates their entry and stay in the
country and establishes principles and guidelines for policies for the emigrant. Therefore,
Article 4 of the aforementioned law provides that Brazilian migration policy is governed by
equal and free access for migrants to services, programs and social benefits, public goods,
education, comprehensive public legal assistance and work.
64
However, who enters the country needs to obtain an authorization granted by the
General Coordination of Immigration of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, in
addition to a temporary or permanent visa. granted by the Ministry of Foreign Affair (MRE).
Furthermore, it is equally important to analyze the Decree 10,088 of 2019, which
consolidates normative acts established by the Federal Government that deal with the
enactment of conventions and recommendations of the International Labor Organization
(ILO), including Conventions 97, the organization, including Conventions 97, which deals
with migration for employment, and Convention 118, which deals with equality of treatment
(Social Security).
Therefore, the need to analyze such norms and regulations becomes evident, which is
why the objective of this study is to examine the realization of the rights of immigrant
workers in Brazilian lands. More specifically, it aims to observe the employment relationship
existing in the migrant's daily life, identify the support existing in ILO conventions 97 and
118, in addition to understanding the interpretation of Brazilian courts on the labor rights of
immigrants.
METHODOLOGY
This one study is exploratory, given that, according to Antônio Carlos Gil (2002), such
research modality has as its main objective the improvement of ideas or discovery of
intuitions, as well as to make the problem more explicit. It also has a qualitative approach.
Based on the teachings of Eva Maria Lakatos and Marina de Andrade Marconi (1992),
all research provokes the need to collect data from sources, whatever the techniques or
methods used. In thatIn this sense, future research will use the information collection process
by indirect documentation, since they will be data already acquired by other people and bases.
Therefore, bibliographic research will also be used, since contact will be made with
doctrines, monographs, magazines, press writing and scientific articles. It is noteworthy that
another source of research to be handled is the analysis of jurisprudence, so that the
procedural analysis and the elements of judicial decisions, as well as their impacts
(FEFERBAUM; PALMA; PINHEIRO, 2019). In this context, as highlighted by Roberto
Freitas Filho and Thalita Moraes Lima (2010), jurisprudence analysis is the consistent
methodology in collecting the decisions of one or several decision makers, on a given legal
problem, with the aim of to identify a decision-making moment, perform a portrait of the
“state of the art” on the Subject
65

As a result of the research, a discussion was held about the legal guarantees
determined to migrant people, given the remarkable number of immigrants that make up the
body of inhabitants in Brazil.
Consequently, it was observed that the number of individuals who already occupy
positions in the country, in the case of records obtained in formal occupations, it is expressive,
but it can still increase, taking into account that for the reach of more people to the formal job
market, it is imperative to create opportunities that make such a claim possible, therefore
highlighting that the number of people employed in the formal market is also related to
economic conditions and policies experienced by the country.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that from ILO Convention No. 97, as well as Convention No. 118,
people who fit the category of migrants came to be protected by a series of fundamental rights
to the individual, both in terms of equality of opportunity and non-discrimination, in terms of
collective rights, such as social rights, as for example of social security.
In consequence, It was visualized that, in the normative sense, there are already legal
provisions that establish the protection of immigrants both in the world of work and in other
areas common to this item, highlighting the Migration Law (Nº 13.445, of 24 May 2017),
which includes among its guidelines and principles respect for the rules labor, as well as other
benefits, under conditions of equal treatment to immigrant person. However, the normative
instruments are not enough to meet the needs of the immigrant worker, which makes it
necessary for the Brazilian courts to act in the defense of the rights of this group of people.
REFERENCES
AGÊNCIA BRASIL. Número de novos imigrantes cresce 24,4% no Brasil em dez anos.
Agência Brasil. Brasília, 07 dez. 2021. Disponível em:
https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-12/numero-de-novos-imigrantescresce-
244-no-brasil-em-dez-anos. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2021
BRASIL. Decreto-Lei 5.452 de 1º de maio de 1943. Consolidação das Leis do trabalho,

Brasília,DF.
BRASIL. [Constituição (1988)]. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988.

Brasília, DF: Presidência da República, [2016]. Disponível em:
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm. Acesso em: 14 jun. 2021
66
BRASIL. Lei Nº 13.445, De 24 De Maio De 2017. Institui a Lei de Migração. Brasília, DF:
24 de Maio de 2017. Diário Oficial da União. Disponível em: http://
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/lei/l13445.htm. Acesso em: 10 dez.
2021.
FEFERBAUM, MARINA et al. Metodologia da pesquisa em direito-técnicas e abordagens

para elaboração de monografias, dissertações e teses: Técnicas e abordagens para
elaboração de monografias, dissertações e teses. Saraiva Educação SA, 2019.
FILHO, Roberto Freitas; LIMA, Thalita Moraes. Metodologia de Análise de Decisões -

MAD. Univ Jus, Brasília, v. 1, n. 21, p. 1-17, dez. 2010.
GIL, Antonio Carlos. Como Elaborar Projetos de Pesquisa. 4. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2002.
LAKATOS, Eva Maria; MARCONI, Marina de Andrade. Fundamentos da metodologia

científica. 8. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2017.
LAKATOS, Eva Maria; MARCONI, Marina de Andrade. Metodologia do Trabalho

Científico. 4. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 1992
LEITE, Carlos Henrique Bezerra. Curso de Direito do Trabalho. 11. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva,
2020
KEYWORDS: Convention. Labor Law. Migration.

67
KNOWLEDGE OF NINTH GRADE STUDENTS ABOUT ASTRONOMY IN A

PUBLIC SCHOOL IN PINHEIRO, MARANHÃO, BRAZIL
Lucas Silva Moraes curso de Ciências Biológicas
Univerisdade Estadual do Maranhão- UEMA Campus Pinheiro
E-mail: lucassilvarh012@gmail.com
Research Supervisor: Daniel de Jesus da Silva Monteiro
Instituto Federal do Maranhão - IFMA Campus Açailândia
INTRODUCTION
Since ancient times celestial phenomena have always left human beings with much
curiosity and many questions, how certain events happened, what would those bright points in
the sky that changed position be, others still moved through the firmament, leaving a
luminous trail (MAGUELNISKI; FOETSH, 2019; BATISTA et al, 2018).
The Babylonian and Egyptian civilisations in history stand out because, when they
began to understand certain cycles, they were able to map the position of the brightest stars in
the sky and also to predict cosmic phenomena. For example, the movement of the moon that
alternated and the brightest stars that were present at different times of the year, thus
demonstrating the fact that human beings, naturally and since ancient times, have a curiosity
for the unknown and try to explain it according to their context and resources (CHARLTON;
MacARDLE, 2017; SOBREIRA, 2005).
In this context, this work was concerned with knowing how the students of a ninth
grade public school in science classes know what the concept of astronomy is about, because
it is verified that this subject triggers in the students a differential interest that is evident in the
curiosity and stimulates the students in the search and active research of the concepts that
fascinate them (BRETONES, 1999).
Thus, the general objective of this research was to analyze, through a differential
dynamics in the classroom, how the students of the 9th grade of primary schools define
astronomy based on the knowledge acquired throughout basic education. In addition, the
specific objectives were to evaluate the students' knowledge of astronomy based on their own
description of the subject and the use of a video animation of the concept for them to reflect
on their definitions.
68
METHODOLOGY
This is a qualitative research, descriptive type. As research individuals, we
have forty-three ninth grade students in a public school in the municipality of Pinheiro. We
used as instrument for collection the application of a survey with open questions, seeking to
verify the previous knowledge of these students about the concept of astronomy and its
approaches. Initially, the following question was raised: "In your opinion, what would
astronomy be?" After that, the researcher distributed notepads so that the students could
answer the questioning individually.
Hence, each student received the material and wrote the definition they
understood about the theme. From this, the researcher used a very appealing resource: an
animation in the form of a video that discussed the term astronomy in a contextualized and
playful way with appealing images. Soon afterwards, the students pasted their definition on a
paper base, as well as the modifications made in their own answers by the influence of the
animation shown, that is, a self-evaluation.

Santos et al (2011) clearly indicate that the astronomical knowledge disseminated
in Elementary School needs to be basic, without the need for the direct use of physics and
mathematics (the basis for astronomy). That is, at this stage of teaching it is necessary to
explore more their imaginary than the analytical part required for this field of study.
So, after they had answered the questioning, they were informed that they would
need to save their definition and watch a short playful animation of the didactic and complete
explanation of the concept of astronomy, Figure 1, so that they could compare what the
animation defined with what they had done. From this, the students were able to critically
reflect on their own initial descriptions made by them. Doing this review of concepts helps
them to question their own ideas and build new ones based on other data.
Figure 1 - Video print of the animation about the concept of astronomy.
Source: survey data, 2022.

69
Immediately after making their observations, they pasted their answers onto a solid
piece of paper so that other classmates could read them, Figure 2. It was noticeable that the
students wrote a lot of data about the concept.
Figure 2 – Notepads with the definition of the concept of astronomy made by the students.
In this perspective, it was seen that most students answered the questioning
correctly before watching the explanatory animation about the concept of astronomy, as it is
possible to see in Figure 3, in which many students even explain in a correct way the term
approached. This recognition and appropriation of some students by the description close to
the real one may be a result of the studies done nowadays, the development of great
technological equipment and the divulgation, as well as the constant study in the astronomy
area (LANGHI, 2004).
Figure 3 – Definition of astronomy from a 9th grade student: "Astronomy is the science that studies the
planets, stars, satellites, the solar system or even the universe."

70
In addition, it was possible to recognise that most students are able to describe the
concept very easily, discussing key ideas of the concept. This information made it possible to
understand that these students seek to inform themselves and are interested in the subject, as
well as being immersed in a reality with a lot of information.
Therefore, it was found that students defined the concept of astronomy with
considerable precision, which indicates that they understand some phenomena, and it is
possible to use such interest to bring students closer to scientific and more complex topics.
CONCLUSION
The following work carried out indicated that the students have relevant knowledge in
the field of astronomy, some with a more comprehensive contextualization than others. Thus,
making an initial analysis of what students already know about astronomy and then discussing
the results makes the research closer to its object of study. In this way, the following research
contributed to put in evidence that using astronomy as a way to stimulate teaching is viable
and well accepted by the students, in which they show great interest and solid initial
knowledge, as well as many digital resources.
REFERENCES
BATISTA, M. C. et al. Astronomia nos livros didáticos de ciências do ensino fundamental

I. Astronomy in the teaching books of fundamental educations sciences I. Ensino & Pesquisa,
Maringá, 2018.
BRETONES, P. S. Disciplinas introdutórias de Astronomia nos cursos superiores do

Brasil, 200p. Introductory disciplines of astronomy in undergraduate courses in Brazil.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Geociências – área de Educação aplicada às geociências) –
Instituto de Geociências, UNICAMP, São Paulo, 1999.
CHALTON, N.; MacARDLE, M. A história da ciência para quem tem pressa. The great
scientists in bite-sized chunks. Rio de Janeiro: Valentina, 2017.
LANGHI, R. Um estudo exploratório para a inserção da Astronomia na formação de
professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. An exploratory study for the
insertion of astronomy in the training of teachers of the early years of elementary school. 240f.
Dissertação (Mestre em Educação para a Ciência) - Faculdade de Ciências, da
UNESP/Campus de Bauru, São Paulo, 2004.
MAGUELNISKI, D.; FOETSCH, A. A. A astronomia e sua relação com a geografia:
Contextualização histórica e abordagens no ensino. Astronomy and its relation to the
geography: historical contextualization and teaching approaches. Revista Latino-Americana
de Educação em Astronomia, Paraná, 2019.
71
SANTOS, J. H. M. et al. Proposta de sequência didática para o ensino de astronomia no

fundamental: conhecendo a lua. Proposal for sequence didactic for teaching astronomy in
elementary school: knowing the moon. Atas VIII Encontro Nacional de Pesquisadores em
Educação em Ciências. Bahia, 2011.
SOBREIRA, P. H. A. Cosmografia geográfica: a Astronomia no Ensino de Geografia.
Geographic Cosmography: the astronomy in geography teaching. 239 f. Tese (Doutorado em
Geografia) - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2005.
KEYWORDS: Astronomy. Teaching. Science. Elementary school.

72
LEARNING ENGLISH THROUGH VISUAL ART
Emanuelly Aguiar Passos10
Professor Me. Vilma Rodrigues Mascarenhas11

INTRODUCTION
There are several methods to learn English and visual arts can be one of them. Arts
offer a congenial and essential channel to share feelings, knowledge and experiences when
studying a second language and trying to fit into a foreign culture (GOLDBERG, 2017). Thus,
Art and Language can make a great connection by uniting the written and the visual forms. In
other words, art shows and also tells a story. Visual art is something that doesn’t have fixed
answers, and each person brings a new interpretation or reading. As a result, the
learners’creativity will be stimulated and they will focus on something that will provide new
perspectives of learning.
Learning English could be a challenging experience considering the amount of
vocabulary and structures. This study will focus on a learning language strategy that will
convert this process using images to evoke words and emotions, inducing to the best of our
sensory perception, and increasing our cognitive abilities. This study also aims to use visual
art as a tool for English learners, so it is not necessarily a deep study of art and shows that
motivation to study comes when the subject is relevant to our interests.
METHODOLOGY
This research was based on Sabrina Casarin's experience and also on my own
experiences as a student. Sabrina is an Italian Lecturer in the Carnegie School of Education.
She uses a method to teach Italian where she brings art as a different way of teaching and
captivating students. According to her, when you show a painting in the classroom, at first
the student is more withdrawn to want to interpret but after understanding how to analyze
and manipulate that information they will look at the painting with more intention and
objectivity, thus acquiring vocabulary and also a dose more than creativity. For English
language learners it is a method that can be taken into account as art opens their eyes to new
10
Student of Letters Portuguese, English and Literature Course. emanuellyap21@gmail.com
11
Professor at the State University of Maranhão. vilma.rodriguesmascarenhas@gmail.com
73
ways of experiencing learning. Making us feel more confident in expressing ourselves in

another language.
To make the search more objective, the English learner can select a painting for
example:Vincent's Bedroom in Arles
Figure 1 - Vincent's Bedroom in Arles
Vincent Van Gogh (1889)
Artwork can be used to learn a variety of vocabularies and grammar points, such as:
locations, adjectives, verbs, colors, shapes and sizes, ets. The analyses of the art can help the
learner in describing these, for example, what kind of furniture is painted or what colors are
used, what feelings and emotions this painting conveys. Therefore, the learner rather than
just translating words from Portuguese to English, would use the english words directly.
They can also transform the image in a story and read it out loud for best experience.
When asked about visual arts as a form of learning English, the students answered that
it is uncommon but it is an effective way of learning and agreed that creativity is involved in
the production of this activity. The criteria used in this research was based on a class my
teacher gave to us, where we analysed a couple paintings and described the elements of them.
My colleague, one of the participants in class (female, 21) noted a difference, and that this
experience helped her in developing her art’s knowledge.
74
CONCLUSION
Connecting visual arts to our usual methods of learning English can be an efficient
way to increase our artistic skills, creativity and intregating culture. The learner can acquire
a different way of understanding a subject. Eventually, this art experience should be pleasant
helping students to develop a new sense of choosing, of asserting their choices, it also helps
create a sense of judgment.
REFERENCES
BENJAMIN, W. Magic and technique, art and politics. 3. ed. Sao Paulo. Brasiliense, 1987.
CASARIN, Sabrina. Learning a foreign language through visual arts.Carnegie Education
Blogs,2021.Available on: <https://www.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/blogs/carnegie-
education/2021/07/learning-a-foreign-language-through-visual-arts/>. Acesso em: 23 october
2022.
GOLDBERG, Merryl. Arts Integration: Teaching Subject Matter Through the Arts in
Multicultural Settings, Routledge, 2017.
GOMBRICH, Ernest Hans Josef. Art and illusion: a study of the psychology of pictorial
representation. Translation: Raul de Sá Barbosa. 3. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1995.
JOLY, Martine. Introduction to Image Analysis. Lisbon: Editions 70 Ltd., 2007
OLIVEIRA, Solange Ribeiro de. Literature and Fine Arts. Ouro Preto: UFOP, 1993.
THULASIVANTHANA, U. “Incorporating Visual Arts into English Language
Teaching.” Shanlax International Journal of English, vol. 8, no. 4, 2020, pp. 52-56.
KEYWORDS: Art. English Learning. Van Gogh.

75
REFLECTIVE EDUCATION AND TEACHER EDUCATION: A STUDY IN THE

LIGHT OF MODERNITY
Raimundo Nonato Pinheiro Pires, Taiza Helena da
Luz Corrêa, students of the International Relations
course at the State University of Maranhão.
natuadvog@hotmail.com; taizadaluzcorrea@gmail.com
Thiago Allisson Cardoso de Jesus - State University of

Maranhão
INTRODUCTION
Reflection on teacher training requires us to continually resort to research, teaching
practices, and even the real role of the educator in the society in which he inhabits. We know
that research in a holistic way follows political, economic, and socio-cultural movements that,
in a certain way, give a significant focus on teaching performance, whether in terms of reality
or desired.
In this aspect, the present research aims to stimulate contributions that favor a better
understanding of the trajectory of teacher training in Brazilian territory, and a perspective of a
procedural and continuous nature.
The current research is divided into two parts. In the first one, there will be an analysis
based on the contributions of CUNHA, M. I.da (2013), which deals with the theme of teacher
training from its trajectory and tendency in the research field and in the pedagogical action
itself; DINIZ-PEREIRA, J.E. (2016), which addresses the training of Basic Education
teachers in contemporary Brazil; and SAUL, A.M; SAUL, A. (2016) which deals with Paulo
Freire's contributions to the training of educators from their foundations and practices based
on a counter-hegemonic paradigm.
The second part presents the challenges of an emancipatory and welcoming education.
And, in the end, the considerations that make an overview of the discussions presented
throughout the research.
METHODOLOGY
This is supported by a qualitative investigation of an exploratory nature whose field of
study is teacher training. Initially, there will be a survey and reading of bibliographic and
documentary material relevant to the topic under study, whose literature will allow the
analysis of the context of teacher training according to the theory initially studied.
76
For the collection of data from the teachers, it was decided, as previously mentioned, to
prepare a survey, in order to collect relevant information to the research object. Thus, the
teachings of CUNHA, M. I. da (2013) served as a basis for the study, which deals with the
theme of teacher training from its trajectory and tendency in the research field and in the
pedagogical action itself; DINIZ-PEREIRA, J.E.(2016), which addresses the training of Basic
Education teachers in contemporary Brazil; and SAUL, A.M; SAUL, A. (2016) which deals
with Paulo Freire's contributions to the training of educators from their foundations and
practices based on a counter-hegemonic paradigm.
For André (2016), the proposal to train research teachers has been the object of great
discussions between researchers, teachers, trainers, and educational managers. According to
the author, many questions need to be answered on the subject. For an approach that includes
teacher training, it is necessary to extend the discussion on the subject with an emphasis on
their practice, their collaborative work, and consequently their professional development.
According to André (2016):
- Often when talking about teacher training, there is a lot of attention to the training
process, but we often forget about the other side of training, who it is intended for,
and why it exists. What we want, mainly, is for these processes to be well prepared
to provide the best learning conditions to the student, so that students can
appropriate the culture and knowledge necessary for a critical and creative insertion
in the reality that surrounds them, and thus can make their choices with
determination and freedom. (ANDRÉ, 2016, p. 20-28).
It can be seen from the above that the author is incisive, saying that it is essential in the
process of teacher training to have all these references so that they can achieve improvements
and conditions worthy of preparation in their teacher training.
Still, according to the author, it is necessary to approach not only a reflective teacher
but reinforce the idea of a reflective school, in which everyone responsible for the educational
action participates in the actions in a dialogic posture that contemplates the pedagogical doing
so that they can exponentially improve it.
In this sense, it is extremely important to have a methodology for training educators that
makes the educator a real participant link in the process, and that is included in the decisive
moments regarding their own professional development and also participates in educational
matters in a broad sense.
77
For Demo (2003), teacher training lacks a structure that includes not only the
theoretical part of learning but an extensive practice that values its entire knowledge base. To
him:
- Practice is not restricted to the application of theory, however essential it may be; -
Valuing practice does not lead to any practice. The practice sought here is the one
contextualized by theory, on the one hand, and by research, teaching, extension, on
the other. (DEMO, 2003, p. 39-51).
It is understood that the proposal for teacher training still needs some reformulations, as
it is necessary to think about theory and practice that can awaken an emancipatory character
in educators and that can bring about changes in the research field on education.
Saviani (2005) says that “the trajectory of teacher education in Brazil can be divided
into three decisive moments. As shown below:
– the first moment dates from 1890, it was marked by the reform of the Normal
School in São Paulo whose model was spread to other states. The second moment
defined the model for training educators to work in secondary education, in 1939,
and the model of the Normal School through the Organic Law of Normal Education,
in 1946. The third moment, occurred during the 1971 education reform when the
normal school was de-characterized, and the "magisterium" qualification was
created. (SAVIANI, p.11-26, 2005).
In Saviani's opinion (2005), the 1996 LDBEN could have become a fourth decisive
moment in the history of teacher training in the country. However, for the author, due to the
numerous flaws and ambiguities, this did not happen.
Mello (2000) "criticizes this classic division in Brazil, between the formation of the
multipurpose teacher and the specialist by discipline". The author says:
– In the versatile teacher’s case, preparation is reduced to an abstract pedagogical

knowledge because it is emptied of the content to be taught. In the specialist’s case,
knowledge of the content does not take as reference its relevance to the teaching of
children and young adults, and the learning situations that the future teacher lives in
do not allow the articulation of this content with the didactic transposition. (MELLO,
2000, p. 98-110).
As can be seen, this criticism concerns a formative education that aims at teacher
training based on reflective parameters and that seeks quality in teaching for future
professionals.
78
CONCLUSION
The theme "teacher training" is placed into the current scenario as an inexhaustible
theme that always brings up instigations and discussions about being a teaching professional
and its practices in modernity.
The demands of their professionalization, given the questions and discussions about
their performance, reopened purer reflections on their training at initial and even higher levels.
The debate on teacher training has, according to Diniz-Pereira (2016), over the 20 years –
since the approval of LDBEN, points of convergence and tension.
Thus, it is necessary to think and rethink teacher training in a dialogical perspective and
point out new directions, both for teacher training and training courses, and, nevertheless,
qualify and value these professionals who make a difference in the fields of learning and
education, plus the country’s cultural enrichment.
In this aspect, a panoramic study of the teacher training process is presented, as its
development, and the challenges faced by the teacher-researchers. In the same way, it presents
the discussions of renowned authors who contributed with their questions and points of view
concerning the teaching-learning processes, to the act of learning, of conceiving scientific
research in education as a link that dynamizes the learning process and aimed at the
intellectual growth of these teachers.
It can be seen that from the knowledge acquired, it is plausible to observe that the
challenges faced regarding research in education in recent years have undergone different
changes that served as foundation for solid knowledge in the research field and scientific
approach.
It was also important to note that in the research field on education, teacher training and
the reformulation of its programs, its ethical character tends to permeate the entire process,
from its conception to its completion.
In this respect, it is possible to highlight the important relevant contributions of the
approaches presented and developed in the educational field to better support teaching
research and knowledge in education at the Brazilian level. It is also important to face
questions about the significances and consistences of these investigative researches, as they
need to increase their capacity for a better understanding of their objects.
Finally, it can be seen that challenges still exist and these are made at the moment of
uniting the studies provided in a degree of depth of the facts and the processes in education,
which have and offer the condition of a possible transfer of knowledge, or even, the
constitution of hypotheses for possible studies or similar contexts.
79
Thus, it can be said that the applicability of scientific knowledge in an educational

context sometimes depends on the development of already appropriate understandings, which
triggers rigor in the modes of investigation. We must keep in mind the importance of
scientific production and its reliability in data processing so that we can leverage successes in
various sectors of society.
REFERENCES
ANDRÉ, M. Innovative Practices in Teacher Training. Campinas, São Paulo: Papirus,
p.20-28, 2016.
CUNHA, M.I. The theme of teacher education: trajectories and trends in the field in
research and action. Education and Research. São Paulo, v.39, n.3, p.609-626, set. 2013.
DEMO, P. Research: scientific and educational principle. Sao Paulo: Cortez. p. 39-51, 2003.
DINIZ-PEREIRA, J.E. Training of Basic Education teachers in Brazil on the threshold of

20 years of LDBEN. Notandum 42. Sep-Dec 2016, CEMOrOC-Feusp/ UI-Univ. do Porto,
2016.
MELLO, G.N.de. Initial teacher training for basic education: a radical (re)view. São Paulo
in Perspective, São Paulo, v.14, n.1, p.98- 110, Jan./Mar.2000.
SAUL, A.M; SAUL, A. Paulo Freire's contribution to the training of educators:

foundations and practices of a counter-hegemonic paradigm. Educar em Revista, Curitiba,
Brazil, n.61, p.19-35, Jul/Sep.2016.
SAVIANI, D. History of teacher training in Brazil: three decisive moments. Education,

Brasília, v.30, n.2, p.11-26, 2005.
KEYWORDS: Reflective. Education. Teacher. Modernity

80
SOFT POWER AND SOUTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY

Lara Karine Austríaco Almeida, International Relations
laraustriaco@gmail.com
Prof. Priscila Oliveira
INTRODUCTION
South Korea has become one of the greatest world powers of the 21st century, gaining
prominence in the sectors of technological, economic and social development. The high
development of this nation gains greater visibility when we observe its history, highlighting
its direct participation in several armed conflicts such as the Korean War, which began in
1950 when Japan proposed with Russia (a country with which it participated in a territorial
dispute) the strategy of breaking up Korea, thus creating the North part, which would suffer
Russian influence, and the South part, which would suffer Japanese influence. This war
resulted in decades of violent death and abuse against the korean people.
With the beginning of World War II, the Koreans decide to ally themselves with the United
States, consequently fighting the Japanese, as an act of rebellion and revolt. With the end of
the war and the victory against the then USSR, the US takes control of the South, thus
establishing a capitalist and a socialist Korea, which would be kept under russian control.
Historical records of this magnitude serve to highlight the importance of the strategies
developed by the government, those of such efficiency that they led a deficient and divided
country to triumph.
In this way, this article has as main objective to analyze the paths developed and followed by
the South Korean government to reach what we believe to be the apex of its development, but
mainly, how it used its own culture and mores to reach people around of the globe, standing
out not only in economic power, but also political and diplomatic, using Soft Power, a form of
power often devalued, since it does not use military power or the like.
The American political scientist Joseph Nye says that soft power lies in the ability to attract
and persuade. While hard power – the ability to coerce – arises from a country's military or
economic might, soft power arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political
ideals and policies. For a better understanding of how the economic success of South Korea
took place in 2022, this work will analyze the strength of culture and the dissemination of
information, in addition to the debates and economic and political transformations suffered
over the centuries, thus determining the influence of Soft Power in the growth of this nation
81
and how international relations and foreign policies were fundamental for the establishment of
this world power.
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES

South Korea presented relevant economic development, mainly in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s,
characterized mainly by its strong insertion in the international market in 1970, turning this
country into a reference for other nations still in development. Many hypotheses have been
created in search of understanding the origin of korean success. One of the most prominent
researchers in this area is Balassa, establishing as a theory that the secret for the South Korean
advance would be the development of foreign policies favorable to export relations, in
addition to the freedom given to exporters to choose exported and imported products, and the
incentive given to national producers for the production of inputs necessary for the
construction of products that would be exported. In this sense, Korea started to implement
several measures to promote exports such as a devalued exchange rate, preferential treatment
policy for exports, preferential credit, in addition to subsidies and incentives for large
exporting companies with the requirement of performance targets.
In 1990, the magnitude of South Korean Soft Power became clear throughout the world, with
the so-called Hallyu Wave (Korean Wave), when its cinematographic productions reached
great popularity in Asian countries, starting with China, through the drama What is love. ,
reaching the second place in the list of all-time imported video content from China. In Japan,
this wave began in 2003 with the drama Winter Sonata, making Nami Island, where the series
was filmed, become the most visited place for japanese tourists. Thus, from the opening made
available by the popularization of its cinematographic productions, the South Korean
government began to use its culture to help its economic and diplomatic development.
K-POP: THE MAIN SOUTH KOREAN INVESTMENT IN SOFT POWER

K-pop is the abbreviation of Korean pop, that is, the popular music of Korea. This musical
rhythm encompasses several genres, highlighting dance pop, pop ballad, electronic, rock, hip
hop, metal and R&B. K-pop debuted on March 23, 1992, with the release of the album by Seo
Taiji and Boys, a hip hop group that became a reference in the genre. With the end of the
group, its members decided to continue in the music industry and founded their own agencies
that became pioneers and receive prominence until the present day, namely: SM
Entertainment, YG Entertainment and JYP Entertainment, who went on to compose the Big
3. , that is, the three largest K-pop companies in the international market.
82
The Big 3's organization changed, getting one more company in its composition: Hybe
Corporation. These companies are responsible for managing the most successful, profitable
and influential groups in the world today, such as Blackpink, Exo, NCT and the great
worldwide phenomenon BTS. The K-pop industry led the Seoul metropolitan government to
invest 481.8 million won (about R$ 2.2 billion) in the music industry in the country's capital,
in contrast, only the group BTS with the launch of their Dynamite music generated US$ 1.5
billion (R$ 8.18 billion) for the country's economy.
The group BTS has become the biggest K-pop group of the 21st century, notable mainly for
its profitability and influence in South Korean foreign policy and diplomacy. After the release
of the single Dynamite, the export of goods and consumption related to K-pop increased by
312 million dollars (R$ 1.7 billion). Sales growth in the cosmetics and clothing industries
influenced by the group also occurred, respectively US$ 240 million (R$ 1.3 billion) and
US$ 180 million (R$ 981 million). In addition, we must also highlight the importance of the
group in South Korea's international relations. On 09/20/2021, the group delivered a speech
before the opening of the 76th UN General Assembly - United Nations Organization, where
its members reinforced the importance of vaccination against Covid-19 and left messages of
comfort and hope for the facing the pandemic. It was the group's third participation in the
event: in 2020, the members recorded a message to the youth in 2020, in the completely
virtual session of the Assembly because of the pandemic. Two years earlier, BTS spoke in
person to launch the "Generation Unlimited" campaign with Unicef.
Figure 1 - BTS at Unicef
Capricho (2021)
83
CONCLUSION
In short, in this article, the determination of the relevance of the historical baggage brought by
Korea, emphasizing its participation in several conflicts that marked the chronology of world
history and especially the consequences suffered by its citizens until the present day, was
assiduously sought, to so that the relevance of this soft power would be recognized and could
occasionally become an example of a fundamental factor for the advancement of other
developing countries, working on the analysis of their public, foreign and trade policies.
Thus, we can observe that South Korea has become the main example in the modern world
that for the development of a country, it is not only necessary to use violence and war power,
but also Soft Power, where its strategies are formulated. in order to achieve the goals and
objectives of the country through the influence acquired through the dissemination of its
culture, customs and productions.
In addition, an analysis of the application of Soft Power in Korean territory was also carried
out, using the K-pop bias, observing how music and its artists revolutionized the world
entertainment scenario and especially how this revolution transformed not only the economy
of their country of origin, but also their diplomatic relations, as in the case of the group BTS,
which used its influence to disseminate its ideas and concepts, attracting the attention of both
people interested in its compositions and style, but also of the authorities of international
relevance such as the UN and Unicef, in addition to the Korean government, thus placing
South Korea on the map of the most influential nations in international relations in the 21st
century.
REFERENCES
BARBEDO, Patricia. From K-Pop to Round 6: the South Korean wave and the billionaire
impact on the country's economy. BARBEDO, 2021. Available at:
https://br.financas.yahoo.com/noticias/de-k-pop-a-round-6-a-onda-sul-coreana-e-o-impacto-
bilionario-na-economia-do-parents-090015651.html .Accessed on: 26 Oct.2022.
FRANCIONE, Hugo; PEREIRA, Peter. What is K-pop??? .The best Official Real K-pop
guide. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record, 2017.p. 12-16.
Hallyu, Korean Wave. Korea.net. Available at: https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Culture-

and-the-Arts/Hallyu.Accessed on: 26 Oct.2022.
LIMA, M., Uallace. The debate on the process of economic development in South Korea: an
alternative line of interpretation. Scielo. Lima, 2017. Available at:
https://www.scielo.br/j/ecos/a/6BW95ffZX6qx3CgdHtXVFzQ/?lang=pt#:~:text=Introdu%C3
%A7%C3%A3o-,A%20Coreia%
84
20do%20South%20presented%20high%20e%20r%C3%A1fast%20growth%20econ%C3%B4
mico,a%20from%20from%20years%201970 . Accessed on: 26 Oct.2022.
NYE, Joseph S, Jr. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Weatherhead Center
for International Affairs, Harvard University. NYE, 2005. Available at:
https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/soft-power-means-success-world-
politics#:~:text=Soft%20power%20lies%20in%20the,%2C%20political %20ideals%2C%20a
nd%20policies . Accessed on: 26 Oct.2022.
PHITAN, Bruna; NEVES, Hector. The Ganghwa Massacre and the Korean War – January 6,
1951. Foreign Affairs Magazine. PHITAN and NEVES, 2022. Available at:
https://relacoesexteriores.com.br/massacre-ganghwa-guerra-da-coreia/. Accessed on: 26 Oct.
2022
VIDIGAL, Lucas. At the UN, BTS encourages vaccination against Covid-19 and releases a
clip at the United Nations headquarters. VIDIGAL, 2021. Available at:
https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2021/09/20/bts-assembleia-onu.ghtml.Accessed on: 26
Oct.2022.
85
STILL STANDING: THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH FROM THE

PERSPECTIVE OF TOM KING’S MR. MIRACLE
Yuri de Sousa Melo12

Me. Vilma Rodrigues Mascarenhas13
INTRODUCTION
When we hear that this generation needs therapy as the previous generation, we often
do a little research on what this saying means. We do not know enough about this thought, nor
even where or when it began, but this says a lot about a society that doesn’t give mental health
its due importance and responsibility. This is a reality that we, as human beings, carry for a
long time and was left on us as a kind of heritage. This problem is still affecting people of all
ages in our society and indeed, the consequences will not disappear if we don’t give this
reality a real concern.
We’re talking about a society that history shows that always stigmatized these kinds of
issues. In antiquity, more precisely in the Middle Age, for example, madness was represented
in mystical ways. In Ancient Greek society, the appreciation of people with different
behaviors was due to the belief that they represented the link between the world of mortals
and deities. In the Middle Age, it was believed that the person afflicted with madness was
facing divine punishment. With the passing of time and the fall of religious power, these
people began to be withdrawn from social life (BATISTA, 2018).
Although this is an exaggerated comparison our society tended to put every category
of mental disorder under the same terms. It was a dangerous policy. However, the
stigmatization of mental illness hasn’t been the focus. These examples of mental problems
and the results of neglecting them are rather more fast associated with the perspective of an
internal approach. It was due to this way that the asylums were established in society. In this
way, madness was classified as a sickness, nursing was the main proposal of treatment and
cure. It is more than needed to say that asylums were a space of segregation not only for those
suffering from a mental disorder but equally destined for others judged by society as
unwanted who needed some correction of conduct.
In the beginnings, mankind facing every sort of tribulation in hunting and
peregrination, men would gather around a fire during the night to rest their bodies. While the
12
Student of Portuguese Language, English Language and Respective Literatures Course (UEMA). E- mail:
yurihc50@gmail.com
13
Research Supervisor and Professor from State University of Maranhão (UEMA). E- mail:
vilma.rodriguesmascarenhas@gmail.com
86
fire would keep them warm, the stories, tales of monsters, gods, and heroes inspired their
imaginations. Mankind always needed this ethos not only because of their nature, but the
environment where they lived. The impulse to tell stories was born in the man the moment
that man’s communication which could have significance. The ways of stories were told,
surpassed the oral telling and gained more complexity in their sharing. The discussion how
literature helps and inspires us leading some questions of the inner consciousness. For
example, mythologies are an excellent agent on this matter. Another good example is in the
comic books where these narratives we found battles that can't be won by a swinging sword, a
blast of heat vision, or an angst-powered punch. Our heroes are often in peril, but rarely in
crisis. Though they might be physically or intellectually superior to ordinary humans,
superheroes generally operate within the same kind of justice systems as those of us living in
what we call “the real world. “Those who consume most of the superhero genre of comics
will probably tell that most of the protagonists are themselves, victims of struggle, being an
inner trauma or external factor.
The tension between the macro and the micro the grandiosity of superheroes
juxtaposed with their private turmoil - is perhaps best represented by the comic's alternation
between traditional page layouts and a nine-panel layout. In this work, we will discuss about
mental illness in the comics universe. In Tom King’s Mister Miracle there is a difference
between other heroes, it begins with Scott choosing to respond to his past trauma in a way big
heroes traditionally don’t or can’t. The first three pages alone show him in costume slumped
on his bathroom floor with blood pooling around him from his wrists. It’s clearly not the
traditional way you would start a book, let alone one about Mister Miracle the master of
escapes, but it’s raw and it immediately makes the book feel more harrowing. The title page
includes a close shot of the blood on the floor next to the Mister Miracle mask that has been
tossed aside, noting that this mask contains a self-contained life support unit. This imagery
alone was a massive representation of how giving in to depression feels like “taking off the
mask.”
The stigma of mental health is not one that escapes us even within the pages of a
comic book. It is acceptable for secondary characters to show these emotions because they are
allowed to display their vulnerability; they are seen as more disposable even if they are
beloved. What is still not seen as acceptable is the character seemingly without a flaw, who
can withstand any enemy, suffering from mental illness. Raised in a hyper-masculine and
violent society, Scott Free spent his whole life trying to escape. He fled to Earth, created a
87
new identity for himself, and married a good woman, but it wasn’t enough to stop his
depression, a sort of balance between chaos.
Of the various theories, tools, and techniques available to therapists, one of the most
powerful resources for self-understanding, growth, and healing, may well be fantasy. It is a
metaphoric place where problems of the past and present meet the possibilities of the future,
in conflicts both minor and epic. It is the place in which children and adults escape but also
make sense of their worlds by creating and then living their stories-their own personal
mythologies. As is often the case with the world around them, this inner place is typically
populated by villains who hurt and heroes who help. Most special among the latter is the
superhero-the unique, larger-than-life figure who by virtue of those mortals.
But even with those discussions, the readers rarely get a realistic view of how these
possible mental illnesses would impact the lives and duties of the hero. There is always a way
to make it work or a reason to push on. While excellent examples of how it can feel to come
from that sort of inner struggle, one thing that often comes out of these narratives is that the
heroes’ mental illnesses are what makes them better heroes that, because they are trying to
reclaim the fight in their head, they have the drive to fight harder in physical reality.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology proposed here is divided into three stages: the first stage is a
structural analysis of the comic book; the second stage presents a contextual analysis of the
work, both internally and externally; and the third and last part aims to combine the two
previous steps to carry out a qualitative consideration.

A hero can always push forward no matter the difficulty, even if it takes a toll on them.
Often, the trials and tribulations our favorite heroes are put through are those in the physical
world. Villains, traps, weapons, and a myriad of other terrifying obstacles block our heroes’
paths, but in addition to all those things, we also see the inner struggle, the part of superheroes
that makes them most relatable and human to their readers. Even then, most heroes find a way
to combat it or use it to their advantage, be it an outside force making them push on,
compartmentalizing their personal struggle for the greater good, or their own powers keeping
them together. What we haven’t seen is the main character, the big hero, who is willing to
give up against their own villain: themselves.
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Like in ancient times, the stories of the heroes and gods always carried a kind of moral
value, civilization needed some examples to be followed. To Campbell (2005), the hero,
therefore, is the man or woman who has been able to battle past his personal and local
historical limitations to the generally valid, normally human forms. Such one's visions, ideas,
and inspirations come pristine from the primary springs of human life and thought. Hence,
they are eloquent, not of the present, disintegrating society, and psyche, but of the
unquenched source through which society is reborn. The hero has died as a modern man; but
as an eternal man—a perfected unspecific, universal man- he has been reborn. His second
solemn task and deed, therefore, is to return then to us, transfigured, and teach the lesson he
has learned of life renewed (CAMPBELL, 1949).
The Hero’s journey is a lesson to be learned for all people that suffer from any kind of
disturbance, being interns or externs. The allegory of this narrative is that we can learn in
many ways, we’ve been through a lot, and we’ve seen a lot, although these disturbances often
seem to be bigger than the universe itself, and what are we close to the universe? The pains
and struggles we face on an everyday basis are quite exhaustive, and for those who need more
to adapt, and change is too much.
Trauma from either abuse or war can affect how we perceive the world going forward,
but we need to make sure we are taking care of our own personal care. Mister Miracle proves
that depression affects men of all ages and that having suicidal tendencies isn’t a sign of
weakness. He was able to move past his struggles and start a family with the love of his life. It
takes great strength to admit you have a problem and commit to making a positive change.
Mental health does not discriminate. It doesn’t care who you are or what you do. We
are expected to put on a mask, and this book helps people know that taking it off before it’s
too late is important. Mister Miracle has left many of us who struggle with depression or have
considered suicidal thoughts feeling like we are not alone, even in our fantasies. We can’t
escape everything, but we must push forward. We must remain standing.
REFERENCES
BATISTA, E. C. (2018). A Saúde Mental e o Cuidado à Pessoa em Sofrimento Psíquico
na História da Loucura. Rev Enfermagem e Saúde Coletiva, 3(2), 1-15.
CAMPBELL, Joseph. O herói de mil faces. 10. ed. São Paulo: Cultrix/Pensamento, 2005.
KING, Tom. Mister Miracle: v. 1. Barueri, SP: Panini Brasil, 2018
KING, Tom. Mister Miracle: v. 2. Barueri, SP: Panini Brasil, 2019
KEYWORDS: Mental Health. Self-Care. Comic Book. Depression.

89
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LITERA-MA APPLICATION: LITERARY QUIZ

INTERFACE
Francisco Xavier Rocha, Letters Portuguese and English Course
Prof. Dr. Emanoel Cesar Pires de Assis
INTRODUCTION
The Litera-Ma is an application developed based on studies on the use of technology

for educational purposes (OTTO, 2016). The contact of this mobile technology in tablets and
cell phones. The form of use and contact of this mobile technology, such as tablets and cell
phones, has been discussed, as it can negatively affect childhood when used inappropriately
(TABORDA, 2019). However, applications with educational purposes prove to be an asset in
the aid of teaching and learning, apps such as Khan Academy Kids or even as the app created
by IFTM to combat aedes aegypti (GOULART, SILVEIRA & MOREIRA, 2019). The
purpose of Litera-Ma is to become a useful tool for the reading process through integration
with BDLM) and assist in the teaching of Maranhão literature, thus stimulating the approach
of regional works using the quiz as the main method of approach to test the reader's
knowledge.
METHODOLOGY
This is a bibliographic and documentary nature research, taking into account articles,
theses, news, works, in order to improve the application's features such as security,
compatibility and its tools in order to achieve a motivating impact on the user. Taking into
account the use of applications in order to assist in teaching and learning, as well as the use of
TCPK in an application that teaches mathematics through tablets, or even the analysis of
everyday games and their influence on learning English (SILVA and TOASSI, 2020). In
addition to those already mentioned, there are also works studied through the Maranhense
literature portal BDLM (https://www.literaturamaranhense.ufsc.br) which served as a
collection for creating questions for the quiz.
90

The evolution of technology has forced teachers and the educational system to adapt to
the new times, besides being practical, you also have vast amount of knowledge in compact
devices, whether documents in PDF format, materials and articles online, or even the use of
applications and programs, which in turn facilitate work that were previously extensive or
time-consuming due to the large amount of documents used in the past to do certain tasks.
These technological resources proved necessary and the use of technology present in the
school and its surroundings serves as a means of learning and knowledge multiplier (OTTO,
2016).
The literature was compiled in Delphi language, where its operation is based on three
fundamental components: server, manager and the mobile app). The app has already been
submitted to app stores and is going through the approval process of the play store and apple
store for release to users. In the figures below it is possible to see that the design of the
application remains the same, in figure (a) is the home screen of a wanted player, the second
(b) shows the execution of the game and figure (c) its home page or home screen.
Figure 1 - Print Screen from Litera-MA
Litera-MA 2022
Due to the evolution of technologies, also appeared some problems derived from
people with bad intentions, including cracker attacks with the use of viruses and attacks with
the purpose of stealing information or services. Among these, the DDOS attack (attack using
bots-controlled computers to attack a specific target) or denial of service attack is widely used
91
to attack important servers and prevent their operation. In order to prevent this type of attack
the app gained an anti-ddos integration of kaspersky on its server in order to block and stop
any type of attack of this kind.
It also verified that in order to improve the gameplay of the application, the game
mode most used by the major gaming industries today, the multiplayer, is added. This mode
will allow two users to use a pairing between their profiles to start a match where both will
compete and thus encouraging competitiveness between them so that they can measure their
knowledge. The advantages for multiplayer educational games is the possibility of becoming
an agent of socialization, encouraging users to be competitive and cooperative both in the
virtual as in the real world, whether in the home or school environment (SAVI and
ULBRICTH, 2008). The multiplayer mode of the app will work as follows, students (users or
players) will start a match in their respective role and will wait for the app to find their
opponent, once this is done, both will receive 10 consecutive selected questions on their
screen. After that the user who first answers the questions correctly will be the winner. It is
also worth noting that the application suffered the inclusion of new features, among these
features are the compatibility with BDLM (Digital Library of Literature from Maranhão), the
support of Java script API that may be consumed via web (Internet), server compatibility with
Windows, Linux and virtual machines, the login via token so that the user does not need to
login whenever using the app, the creation of study rooms (beta). Support for manually placed
languages with the help of tlang, and the creation of subdomains for insertion of digital
certificates for data transmission (app details, propagation, and others). In addition, the
creation of new questions through the BDLM: Baú Velho and Minerantes of Viriato Correia;
Gupeva of Maria Firmina; A mortalha de Alzira of Aluísio Azevedo; Parnasos Maranhenses
of Gonçalves Dias; Antologias maranhenses of José de Sá and other authors from Maranhão.
CONCLUSION
Mobile applications, tablets and computer programs have conquered the public for
their ease and efficiency in use in educational environments. Although it is one of the most
used tools for educational purposes can also be as entertainment since childhood and cause
damage if used incorrectly (TOBORDA, 2019). For this reason, the litera-ma was created in
order to help in the learning of literature and a possible improvement in social contact in this
92
process. We consider the Litera-MA as a useful and potential digital pedagogical tool to help
both in the classroom as in the home environment in view of the potential of new technologies.
REFERENCES
GOULART, R. F., SILVEIRA, L. F. V., & MOREIRA, J. H. . Jogo educativo que auxilia na
cooperação para combater o Aedes Aegypti / Educational game that helps cooperation to fight
Aedes Aegypti. Brazilian Journal of Development, 5(10), 2019, ISSN 19563–19571.
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv5n10-176
OTTO, Patrícia Aparecida: A importância do uso das tecnologias nas salas de aula nas séries
iniciais do ensino fundamental I, UFSC, Florianópolis, agosto, 2016, p. 1-17. Disponível em:
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/168858
SANTOS, Zenildo; SILVA, Maria. O ENSINO DE LITERATURA NUM ESPAÇO

GLOBALIZADO:A PARCERIA DAS NOVAS TECNOLOGIAS NO PROCESSO ENSINO-
APRENDIZAGEM. Fólio - Revista de Letras, v.3, n, 2, pag. 361 – 378, jul/dez 2011.
Disponível em:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277808121_O_ENSINO_DE_LITERATURA_NU
M_ESPACO_GLOBALIZADO_A_PARCERIA_DAS_NOVAS_TECNOLOGIAS_NO_PR
OCESSO_ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM
TABORDA, LORENA DOS SANTOS. A INFLUÊNCIA DA TECNOLOGIA NO

DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CRIANÇA. REVISTA UNINGÁ REVIEW, [S.l.], v. 34, n. 1,
p. 40-48, mar. 2019. ISSN 2178-2571. Disponível em:
http://34.233.57.254/index.php/uningareviews/article/view/3186. Acesso em: 24 fev. 2021.
KEYWORDS: Litera-Ma. Literatura. Mobile Learning.

93
THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN IDEOLOGICAL-POLITICAL RELATIONS

Luiza Helena Amorim de Sousa, Geovanna Silva Pinheiro, International Relations,
lhamorim84@gmail.com
Thiago Allisson Cardoso de Jesus
INTRODUCTION
Historically, religion enjoyed great prestige in the social pyramids; but, with time, the
theocratic regimes were overcome with democracies and different forms of power in the West,
which made religion no longer officially connected to the State. Even though that happened,
the idea of a civil organization based on religious commandments may still be in the
imagination of those who establish beliefs. Thus, since religion has always been important to
the ideological-political decisions, it becomes important to analyze its participation in the
social dynamics and measure its reach to the masses, because some societies and groups, for
some reasons, tend to elaborate a partial or total vision of a religious world. In addition, the
determinations of a religion obey and limit itself for the social context that they are found in.
With this, a conflict and contradictory performance may happen, and even being part of a
consensus structure in the face of domination.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this paper was bibliographic research. That way, during the
process of collecting data to be used, the information was found, mainly, in articles, books
and researches developed by other authors.
The established criteria to decide which materials were going to compose the
discussion was: the papers that discussed how religion evolved its impact on people’s
ideology and political opinion in the last years were chosen, due to the fact that its content
met the possible discussions elaborated within the theme proposed by this project.
Furthermore, the search for these materials was realized in the following databases:
SciELO and Comunidade Acadêmica Federada, using the keywords: religion, political
relations, ascension of governments, ideology, influence and politics.
6 articles composed the sample used in this research, as well as 2 books. Their analysis
identified the fact that, even though religion has always played a relevant social role, the latest
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political phenomenon revealed, globally, how this role changed its boundaries and its ways of
manifestation in political-ideological relations.
It is necessary to comprehend the web of relationships that permeate religion and

politics to be able to identify the increase of impact that religion has reacquired in the last
decades. Therefore, it is important to consider that religion and politics have always been
interconnected. Since the beginning of humahood, in function of the need of social cohesion,
of conquering and maintaining the collective identity, ancestries and sacred symbols were
invented in order to provide this need, to the point that some social sciences consider that the
fundamental function of religion was only sacralize and legitimize social organization.
(FILHO, 2007)
For many centuries, the relation between religion and State was seen as indissoluble.
In monarchies, the power of the monarch was often, if not always, justified by its divine
origin, which turned these types of governments into theocracies. In these governments,
religious practices permeated all areas of society, both public and private, performing, in
people’s lives, what Karl Marx describes as the sigh of the oppressed creature. Religion, for
him, is the mood of a heartless world, as well as the spirit of brutish states of things. It is the
opium of people. This supposed divine origin of the monarch’s power only disappeared,
approximately, three centuries ago, with the creation of the secular state, although its impact
still remains until the modern days.
The religious institutions served, for a long time, as legitimizers of power, being
responsible for social cohesion and national unity. Consequently, in colonial Brazil, the role
of church was important, because it had monopoly control over people's everyday lives in the
field of education and family. Following the Independence, the ideological basis of
Christianity remained unchanged; in other words, the state tutelage of the church was still
there in the constitution, which can be seen in the fact that individuals who wished to perform
governmentally should profess the catholic faith, as stated in the constitution of 182414.
However, with the advance of Enlightenment ideals in Europe, which valued the rule of law
rationally legislated, there is, in Brazil, the promulgation of the Constitution of 1891, which
had a separation between Church/State, becoming, that way, a secular modern state. However,
14
Art. 95. Todos os que podem ser Eleitores, abeis para serem nomeados Deputados. Exceptuam-se: III. Os que
não professarem a Religião do Estado.
95
this change has not culminated previously in the insertion of secular ideas, because the
supremacy of catholic morality was still latent in the citizens that since the beginning were
introduced to voluntarily or involuntarily manifest the Christian virtues. The current Brazilian
constitution since 1988, in turn, references God in the preamble and mentions Church/State
collaborations, authorizing, religious education in public schools, making it clear that there is
a circulation of the religious character in search of political effectiveness.
Even though, theoretically, State and religion have been separated due to the
rationalization and secularization of politics, the strategic alliances between these two
institutions have been substituted by tatic alliances, which were characterized by sometimes
being of collaboration, sometimes of conflict. Furthermore, in dialogue with Maduro's15
sociological definition of religion, which defines it as a social phenomenon immersed in a
complex and busy network of social relations, religious modernity in Brazil challenges the
frontiers of democracy by promoting moralizing debates. Moreover, with the growing
participation of religious figures in the Chamber of Deputies, the so-called Evangelical
Parliamentary Front was created by the evangelicals, which together characterize the insertion
of religious agendas in politics in a declared manner. With the emergence and widespread
action of social movements, this separation of Church and State has become even more
important, since social groups that work in the field of sexual and reproductive rights, in
addition to other issues that break the religious paradigms, are harassed by conservatism,
generating a moral discussion on the role of the State, since the public reasons become
distinct and the State's actions are plastered by the difficulty of ordering. Then, it is important
to protect the secularity of the state in order to guarantee the civilizing debate of social
problems and the civil rights of all citizens.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, it is understood that the role of religion, through the centuries, was
characterized in different ways. The first one was the holder of the State, that is, the State’s
right was confused with the divine right. Later, its performance was situated within each
individual, as a comfort while facing real causes. However, the externalization of religious
morals towards the State promotes distortions that affect the debate of comprehensive and
inclusive agendas in the face of the diversity of the modern world. In this way, the influence
of religion in political-ideological relations must be addressed in order to guarantee the
15
MADURO, Otto. Religião e luta de classes. Religion and class warfare. 2ª edição. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1983.
96
governability of the State for all citizens, as well as the debate of socially relevant agendas,
without religion being used as a parameter in a constitutionally secular State.
Thus, even though religion has always been present in society’s private life, and
sometimes public too, it is essential to separate religious morals from State duties, since the
State must make decisions that take into account society as a whole, and not just a specific
group, that, in this case, would be the religious people. Then, the conclusion reached is that
the collective good must surpass the individual needs (or of a small group of people).
REFERENCES
ALMEIDA, R. A onda quebrada - evangélicos e conservadorismo. The Broken Wave:
Evangelicals and Conservatism. Cadernos Pagu, 2017.
EFREM, R. “Os evangélicos” como nossos “outros”: sobre religião, direitos e democracia.
The evangelicals” as our “others”: on religion, rights and democracy. Religião & Sociedade ,
v. 39, 2019.
EMMERICK, R. (ED.). As relações Igreja/Estado no Direito Constitucional Brasileiro.
Um esboço para pensar o lugar das religiões no espaço público na contemporaneidade.
Church/State relations in Brazilian Constitutional Law. An outline to think about the place of
religions in contemporary public space. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad -
Revista Latinoamericana, 2010. v. 5.
FERREIRA, M. Evangélicos e extrema direita no Brasil: um projeto de poder. Protestants
and far-right in Brazil: a project of power. Revista Fim do Mundo, nº 1, jan/abr 2020.
FILHO, J. Da política de deus: um ensaio sobre democracia e religião. The politics of god:
an essay on democracy and religion. 2ª edição. Revista de Direitos e Garantias Fundamentais,
2007.
MADURO, O. Religião e luta de classes. Religion and class warfare. 2ª edição. Petrópolis:
Vozes, 1983.
MARINHO, I. Religião e política: a influência das crenças individuais no processo
eleitoral de escolha de deputados federais e presidentes da república. Religion and
politics: the influence of individual beliefs in the electoral process of choosing federal
congressmen and presidents of the republic. Brasília, 2015.
MARX, K. Crítica da filosofia do direito de Hegel. Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right.
3. ed. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013.
KEYWORDS: Religion. Political-ideological. Politics. Secular State.

97
WILL THE TYRANT FALL? THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AUTHORITARY

CHARACTER IN THE BOOK ANIMAL FARM, BY GEORGE ORWELL
Max Mateus Moura da Silva 16

Thais Andrade da Silva 17
INTRODUCTION
This article aims at a contextual analysis of the dystopian fable Animal Farm, written
by the English writer Eric Arthur Blair, known by his pseudonym George Orwell. The work
was written in the period of the Second World War between 1943 and February 1944. It was
only published on August 17th, 1947, in England. The satirical narrative makes reference to
the facts of the Communist Revolution (1917) towards to the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union,
therefore, it addresses topics such as power. In addition to this, serving as a criticism of the
totalitarian regime, which is a political system based on an ideology which places the leader
of a nation as the absolute governor of the rights.
In this sense, the proposal is based on the theoretical contributions of Discourse
Analysis, which leads us to understand, through the proposal of linguistic construction, as
ideological constructions in order to understand the context of the construction of this
discourse, taking into account that it is necessary to break with the idea that discourses are just
sets of signs. Thus, they carry inside distorted meanings that are often full of real intentions
hidden by the text.
In this sense, Orwell does not fix the context of this discursive genre because this is an
aspect that is attributed by the reader, as described by Foucault when he mentions the order of
discourse, thus the society that provides the context of the analyzed discourse at the same time.
Pêcheux (2006, p. 55) also agrees that “every discourse is subject to interpretation”. It is
important that the sender becomes aware of the context of the receiver's life so that he can
connect the ideas assimilating them the principles of verbal communication.
No longer treating discourses as a set of signs (signifying elements that refer to

contents or representations), but as practices that systematically form the objects
16
Student of Portuguese Language, English Language and Respective Literatures Course (UEMA). E- mail:
max.uemaletras@gmail.com
17
Letters, Portuguese language, English language and Respective Literatures Course (UEMA). E- mail:
thaisacademica@gmail.com.
18
Research Supervisor and Professor from State University of Maranhão (UEMA). E- mail:
vilma.rodriguesmascarenhas@gmail.com
98
they speak of. Certainly speeches are made of signs; but what they do is more than
use these signs to designate things. It is this more that makes them irreducible to
language and the act of speech. It is this "more" that must appear and that must be
described. (Foucault, 1986, p.56)
Therefore, the fact that Orwell knew about the dictatorship and participated in the fight
in the Spanish Civil War, witnessing Stalin's army up close, were facts that influenced him to
be indifferent to the Stalinist party, leading him to denounce the regime through the writing
that made him position himself as a socialista. Pêcheux ([1975] 1997) states that “there is no
discourse without a subject and there is no subject without ideology: the individual is
converted as a subject by ideology and that is how language makes sense”. Above all, a
socialist who sought to defend the underprivileged class, also seeking to emancipate men so
that they could think for themselves.
METHODOLOGY
This research constitutes a bibliographic study. In order to carry out the study, the
following steps were carried out: a) a survey of studies was carried out with an approach
similar to that of the present study; b) later, the research of the theoretical reference took place,
at which time Maingueneau's studies were used; c) Animal Farm was chosen to be discussed,
since it records relevant oppositions between the discursive manifesto and the manifesto in
actions; d) finally, the work was analyzed in the light of the selected theory.

Discourse Analysis is based on the premise that, when enunciating, the speaker
projects the construction of an image about himself, which is called ethos. Therefore, when
seeking the adhesion of the interlocutor, the enunciator seeks to build/show a positive image,
enhancing qualities such as prudence, virtue and benevolence. In this sense, for the
construction of such an image, linguistic and extralinguistic factors act.
Based on this perception, the French linguist Dominique Maingueneau (2008)
proposes the construction of the ethos from a discursive bias, that is, the enunciator can
interfere in the emergence of this image through linguistic resources. In the case of a literary
book, for example, when the enunciator proposes himself as a subject and marks himself in it,
he becomes evident to the other. In view of the above, this study seeks to analyze the book
Animal Farm, by George Orwell, emphasis on the construction of the totalitarian character.
Therefore, this research is based on the Discourse Analysis proposed by Dominique
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Maingueneau, using his conception of discursive ethos and his proposal of enunciative scenes
as a way of materializing the discourse.
When dealing with the understanding of ethos, Maingueneau (2001) explains that even
when dealing with the image that the enunciator intends to give himself, the ethos aimed at by
the enunciator will not always be the one constructed by his interlocutor. As an illustration,
one can think of a subject who intends to pass the image of responsible and ends up building
the image of superb. Considering this dichotomy between the targeted image and the
constructed image, the representation of authoritarian power (essentially represented by pigs)
in the work Animal Farm is approached,
In his theory, Dominique Maingueneau states that the construction of the ethos is
conditioned to a scenic framework, composed of the encompassing scene, generic scene and
scenography. For the theorist, “enunciating is not only expressing ideas, it is also trying to
construct and legitimize the frame of enunciation” (MAINGUENEAU, 2001, p. 93). Without
pointing out too many details, it is possible to say that the encompassing scene refers to the
type of discourse, be it political, religious, philosophical, etc. The generic scene is related to a
discursive genre: a letter, an editorial, an academic article, a literary work. In turn, the
scenography is constructed in the discourse.
In the course of Orwell's work, a revolution takes place when the animals that lived at
Manor Farm oppose the tyranny of humans. After intense dispute, the animals manage to
dominate the farm. However, ideals of equality fail when the position previously taken by Mr.
Jones is assumed by the pigs, considered the most intelligent animals and, consequently,
naturally more capable of leading. Despite building speeches always putting themselves as
companions in the struggle, pigs present themselves as equally or more tyrannical than
previous rulers.
The book denounces an evident process of deconstruction of the truth. At one point,
when it was discovered that the pigs were feeding on the milk and the harvested apples,
Napoleon, the pig who assumed the role of leader after the revolution took effect, argues:
“Comrades!” he cried. “You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a
spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I
dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health.
Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances
absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The
whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we
are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat
those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones
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would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades” (ORWELL, p.
29, 2016).
The speech describe the dichotomy that Maingueneau wrote about them. There is an
attempt to build an image of being kind and concerned with other animals. In fact, the actions
has reflected an authoritarian ideal. Thus, the discursively constructed ethos is shown to be
incongruent with the figure of the person presented in the acts. Similar manifestations appear
repeatedly in the plot. In the same way, one of the most common characteristics of
totalitarianism becomes perceptible: propaganda. After Snowball, who had been one of the
leaders of the revolution, was expelled from the farm after disagreeing with Napolean's ideas,
questions about Napolean's leadership and his real interests arise among the animals.
Squealer, presented in the narrative as a demagogue with great power of persuasion,
assumes the role of leading propaganda actions in favor of the “government”. In this sense,
their speeches are organized, in general, building an altruistic view of pigs, as can be seen in
the following excerpt:
“Comrades,” he said, “I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that
Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not
imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and
heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all
animals are equal (ORWELL, p. 45, 2016).
With an objective narrative, Orwell explains the contradictions between what is said
and what is practiced. Although pigs and other animals often presented themselves with the
best face, their actions betrayed the marks of villainy. In this way, when the ideal image
created in the discourse differs from the real image shown, tyrannical power shows itself as it
actually is.
CONCLUSION
In this work, we sought to analyze how to perceive how the enunciator's image is
discursively constructed. Starting from the generic political/social scene, the encompassing
book/fable scene, and the scenography of a savior of the people, the enunciator represents an
ethos that stands as a redeemer, benevolent and wise. The authoritarian figure is projected as a
solution to captivate the interlocutor in the face of the clamor against tyranny seen in the
troubled moment in which the discourse is immersed. Thus, while speaking under the ethos of
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redeemer, benevolent and wise, the speaker assumes the form of tyrannical, cruel and
manipulative.
REFERENCES
FOUCAULT (org.) Foucault: a critical reader. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
MAINGUENEAU, Dominique. Análise e textos de comunicação. São Paulo: Cortez, 2001.
MAINGUENEAU, Dominique. A noção de ethos discursivo. In: MOTTA, Ana Raquel e

SALGADO, Luciana (Orgs.). Ethos discursivo. São Paulo: Contexto, 2008.
ORWELL, George. Animal Farm. Adelaide: University of Adelaide, 2016.
PÊCHEUX, Michel. FUCHS, Catherine. A Propósito da Análise Automática do Discurso:

Atualização e Perspectivas IN GADET, F. HAK, T. (Org.). Por Uma Análise Automática do
Discurso: Uma Introdução à Obra de Michel Pêcheux. 3ª Ed. Campinas, SP: Editora da
UNICAMP, 1997, p. 176-177.
Keywords: George Orwell; Enunciator; Animal Farm.

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WOMEN IN IRAN: BEYOND A POLITICAL OBJECT

Ana Luisa Romano Campos e Isabela dos Santos Melo, International Relations,
analuisarcampos@gmail.com, isamelo2015@gmail.com
Thiago Allisson
INTRODUCTION
Analyzing the reality of Iranian women places us in an insecure and uncertain
environment since dismissing all western stereotypes to explore a history marked with strong
traditions requires much more than breaking with hegemonic discourses, demands tolerance
and respect. Women in historiography are often placed only as victims, however, the
summary will analyze the female capacity to claim their rights, act and fight for dignity,
whether in the imperialist or fundamentalist context.
METHODOLOGY
Research of an exploratory nature, qualitative approach and use of bibliographic and
documentary research techniques and content analysis.
From Shah to Ayatollah: power and resistance

In 1936, Iranian women under the regime of the pro-western monarch, Shah Reza
Pahlevi, were forced to remove their veils, which became prohibited in public places. Such
reforms were seen as an outrage by the religious elite of scholars of Islam and by more
fundamentalist women, who preferred to stay at home to continue wearing the hijab. Then the
veil is used as a symbol of political resistance, and the veiled woman becomes the face of the
power of the Islamic revolution and the Iranian people.
From 1963 onwards, a set of political-economic and infrastructure measures and
reforms called the “White Revolution” began, which aimed to modernize Iran in Western
ways. In this context, women were already one of the main focuses of modernization policy.
To show the new modern era to the world, the regime intensified actions aimed at
“liberating” women. Thus, women, who had already been elevated to the status of citizens,
similar to what men had, could now vote and stand for election, file for divorce, and dispute
custody of their children, and the minimum age for marriage became 18 years old. However,
the current situation did not please the population since the reforms contemplated the elite,
103
trivializing the well-being of most Iranians, who suffered from problems in health care,
education, and labor laws.
Therefore, from September 1978, Tehran, the capital of Iran, was taken by a growing
wave of popular demonstrations demanding the deposition of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi,
the current leader, after he attempts to move away from Iranian culture in favor of the values
of westerners. The population dissatisfaction of the Iranian people is a consequence of an
accumulation of governmental errors by the Shah throughout his reign, a monarchy that lasted
37 years and was increasingly unpopular.
Liberals, religious and secular, students, and Marxists united in the greatest popular
insurgency ever seen in the country: the desire for revolution. The policy of favoring the elites
and excluding a large part of the population culminated in popular reactionary fervor, and
mosques were the places of organization for the insurgency that began in 1978.
Is clear the link between Islam and politics. At that moment, Islamism presents itself
not only as a religious mainstay of the population but also mainly as a line of political
resistance. The chaos is generalized by the conflict situation present in Iran. The strikes in the
oil sector and the major public services, banks, and public offices added to the protests and
deadly clashes in the streets of the main cities of the country, especially Tehran, between the
population and the army, still loyal to the monarchy, configured an environment of
uncertainties where at any moment there could be the definitive fall of the monarchy.
The return of Khomeini, the spiritual leader of the Iranian Shiite community, after 15
years of exile is understood as a “game changer” in the events surrounding the revolutionary
process, as after eleven days, the revolts won the definitive contours of a revolution. The
protests, however, did not cease, and, with the majority of the population against him, in
January of 1979, Shah Reza Pahlavi left Iran. With that, the religious leader established an
Islamic republic in Iran that would liquidate all the main actors of the monarchic regime.
The Iranian uprising brought a group of religious fundamentalists to power with an
anti-Western discourse that influences the entire region until this day. In this “victorious”
scenario, sharia adhered to as a legal basis. Sharia is the juridical system of Islam, covering
both the civil and religious spheres, and serves as a guideline for the life that all Muslims
should follow. Its objective is "to guide human beings in all areas of their lives, keeping them
on the best path and giving them the means to accomplish what they need in the pursuit of
their happiness” (HANINI, 2007 apud MORETÃO, 2016, p. 21). Parallel to the sharia was
instituted restrictions on any practice or custom that referred to the West.
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The face and veil of the Islamic revolution: between tradition and modernity
To analyze any data (whether historical, social, communicational, etc.), it is necessary
to consider the plots that intend the relations between gender, crossing them with those of race
and social class, in order to develop an intersectional perspective of analysis. Women, in turn,
played an important role in the insurgency process against the Shah, and even so, they began
to face several restrictions after the effective implementation of an Islamic State. They start to
be obliged to have to cover their bodies in order to disguise female curves and shapes, the use
of hijab becomes compulsory, and other prohibitions, such as singing, riding a bicycle,
swimming in public and practicing any sport with men, in addition to being discouraged of
contact between men and women who do not have parental ties in public spaces, becomes the
reality of women in recent Iranian history. And yet, after the revolution, despite the fact that
according to the interpretation that many Muslims make of the Qur'an that wearing the hijab
is not mandatory, any woman who wished to choose not to wear it was seen as an enemy.
Thus, religious women gained more space, while those who supported the revolution for
being critical of imperialism and westernism suffered from the total imposition of Islamic
laws.
The then mandatory use of the hijab, for example, caused several protests that the
government repressed to demand compliance with the law. In addition to the already
installed Revolutionary Guard, a patrol was created, which became popularly known
as the Morality Police – a division composed mainly of women whose task was to
inspect public spaces and enforce the new dress and modesty codes. Those who still
showed resisted such regulations began to suffer harassment and physical violence
in public, both by the responsible police divisions and by men who supported the
Revolution. (MORETÃO, 2016)
However, it is necessary to emphasize that the hijab is far from society's or Iranian
women's major concern. In other words, the hijab is not the only issue currently being
discussed by Iran, and to focus exclusively on this topic would be too narrow a view.
Protests beyond the veil

On September 16, 2022, a wave of protests broke out in Iran after authorities
announced the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini, who was in prison for wearing her hijab,
the Islamic veil, incorrectly and leaving part of her hair showing. The young woman was
arrested on September 13 by the “morality police” and died three days after falling into a
coma. Police claim that she passed out in a detention center after suffering a heart attack, but
105
her family alleges officers assaulted her with a truncheon. The police force denied reports that
officers hit her on the head with a bat and pushed her against one of the patrol cars.
Since then, the protests have spread and gathered other demands, such as an end to
compulsory hijab laws, against the leaders of Iran and the entire clerical establishment,
heralded as a female revolution in the conservative Middle Eastern country. Iranian women
perform symbolic acts such as tossing their hijabs into the air, chanting anti-government
slogans, and cutting a lock of hair in protest. The media in Iran claims this is the most popular
movement since 2019.
Kimberly Digolin, professor in the International Relations course at Unesp and
researcher at the Center for Gender Studies of the Defense and International Security Studies
Group linked to the Unesp Institute of Public Policy and International Relations, comments on
the protests in Iran:
This stance of the Iranian government and the morality police has existed for
decades, and the Amini case triggered this condition. Briefly, shortly after the
foundation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, several laws that defended
women's rights were repealed, and the 'morality police' was created, which has the
autonomy to arrest people who do not meet the standards of what is considered
correct in the country. There are even reports of soldiers who work on these patrols
who question the aggressive way they are oriented to approach the population and
say they even have goals in terms of arrests.(DIGOLIN, 2022)
The professor of Political Philosophy and Rhetoric at the School of Communications

and Art at USP, Marília Fiorillo, says that the protests in Iran go far beyond the use of the veil,
as they represent the uprising of an entire generation against the theocracy of the ayatollahs,
suffering the biggest shake-up since its establishment 40 years ago.
The veil was just the spark that fired the deep and latent revolt of Iranian society with
unemployment, inflation, and the economic crisis that deepened thanks to ex-
president Trump, when he unilaterally broke, in 2018, the negotiations on the nuclear
power agreement, defended by Europeans and Iranian reformist politicians. The
reaction was as expected: the defeat of the reformists and a hardening of the Iranian
regime. (FIORILLO, 2022)
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Understanding the recent history of Iranian women beyond a political object allows us
to see the resistance to institutionalized violence and the fascism imposed on them, proving
that this struggle is beyond imperialism or Islamic fundamentalism. It takes more than the
current protests to overthrow Khamenei's theocracy, the revolutionary guard, or the morality
police but showing the world the country's chaotic situation, the regime's unpopularity, and
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the need for international support could be considered the beginning of a new story not only
for women but also for all Iranian people.
REFERENCES
MULLER, Luiza. The Resignification Of Bodies In The Recent History Of Iranian Women:
Power And Resistance. Contemporânea | comunicação e cultura, v.16, n.01, jan-abr, 2018, p.
70-89. Disponível em: https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/185918. Acesso em: 26 de outubro
de 2022.
MORETÃO, Amanda S. Entre a modernidade e a tradição: empoderamento feminino no Irã e
na Turquia. Jundiaí: Paco, 2016.
COELHO, Renato. Protestos contra morte de jovem iraniana ampliam pauta e incluem pedido
de derrubada do regime e de respeito aos direitos humanos. Jornal da Unesp, São Paulo 14 de
outubro de 2022. Disponível em: https://jornal.unesp.br/2022/10/13/protestos-contra-morte-
de-jovem-iraniana-ampliam-pauta-e-incluem-pedido-de-derrubada-do-regime-e-de-respeito-
aos-direitos-humanos/. Acesso em: 26 de outubro de 2022
Protestos massivos no Irã vão muito além do uso do véu. Jornal da USP, São Paulo, 21 de
outubro de 2022. Disponível em: https://jornal.usp.br/radio-usp/protestos-massivos-no-ira-
vao-muito-alem-do-uso-do-veu/
KEYWORDS: Women. Iranians. Protests.

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CATEGORIA ODS
108
REASONS BEHIND BRAZIL'S RETURN TO THE UNITED NATIONS HUNGER

MAP
Lorenna Vitória Barbosa da Costa, Thays Regina de Macedo Araújo,
International Relations,
thaysmda01@outlook.com, lorennacosta10@gmail.com,
Ariadne Enes Rocha, Cláudia Costa
Maranhão State University Expert Advisory on the Articulation of Sustainable Development Goals
INTRODUCTION
This paper aims to discuss Brazil´s return to the United Nations Hunger Map, after leaving it,
officially, in 2014, but appearing back in the scenario from 2015, obtaining a special
aggravation throughout the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020. Considering the second one of
The Global Goals from 2030 Agenda, this work will present reasons behind Brazil's
inefficiency to keep up with the achieved numbers concerning food security since 2015. The
second National Study on Food Insecurity in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic, in
Brazil, which based on the “Look at the Hunger” report, launched in early June and showed
that 58.7 percent of the Brazilian population lives with some degree of food insecurity. The
Penssan Study states that food insecurity occurs when the availability of food is irregular and
is classified into three levels of seriousness: low (uncertainty about food access in the near
future), moderate (insufficient amount of food), and severe (lack of food consumption, and
hunger). The figures can be found in The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World
2022 Report. In Brazil's case, the document indicates that the prevalence of severe food
insecurity rose from 3.9 million - 1.9 percent of the population - between 2014 and 2016, to
15.4 million (7.3%) between 2019 and 2021.
METHODOLOGY
This research paper discusses a series of natural, social and political events since 2015 in
Brazil, considering governmental actions aiming to achieve food security. In addition, 2020´s
COVID-19 pandemic represented an important aspect of the analyses, considering the United
Nations Report, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022, on the increase
of severe food insecurity up to 7.3% of Brazil's population. Upon further reading on the
document released by five United Nations Agencies, this work summarizes critical
information about Brazilian recent years and concerning its return to the Hunger Map. Also
109
consulted, the National Report “Olhe para a fome” [Look at the Hunger], produced by
“Penssan Network” (The Brazilian Network of Research on Sovereignty and Food and
Nutritional Security) in partnership with Oxfam Brazil and other organizations, which
collected data between November 2021 and April 2022, describes a worrying situation. In
2022, according to the study, 15.5 percent (33.1 million people) of the population are facing
serious food insecurity. Finally, The New Humanitarian 2021’s Report on hunger and food
insecurity informed the country's government actions on the topic, during the COVID-19
pandemic.
For being one of the world’s largest food producers, in 2014 occurred Brazil´s removal from
the World Food Program’s Hunger Map after a decade of progress in reducing hunger. After
those exemplary efforts, Brazil has seen a marked deterioration in its food security indicators
as the economic fallout of COVID-19 deepens and a growing number of people struggling to
afford a nutritional diet amid government aid cuts. The study categorizes Brazil as a country
lacking of food where more than 2.5 percent of the population faces a chronic lack of food,
with 214 million inhabitants, with estimated rate of 4.1 percent. According to a recent survey
by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), over 61 million Brazilians live with some
type of food insecurity. Since 2015, aid groups working on food insecurity in the country
began to see an increased number of brazilians going hungry. Amid the political crisis and the
arrival of a global mini-recession in 2015, the federal government failed to adopt a series of
key social protection policies. In subsequent years, those social safety nets weakened. On top
of that, the growing foreign market for commodities like soy and other grains – and a recent
spike in fuel prices – have also hindered food security for Brazilians, because the country's
farmers are opting to sell their crops abroad for more money, leaving the domestic market
unattended. The Citizenship Ministry stated that it has also worked to continuously strength
the Food Acquisition Program, whereby the government buys food produced by family
farmers and allocates it to those going hungry. But with 116 million Brazilians facing food
shortages, experts say these newer measures still fall far short of what is needed, and they
expect a further rise in hunger, food insecurity, and poverty, unless more drastic action is
taken. Unless the innovative government policies of the early 2000’s revive, experts say, even
the end of the pandemic will not make the situation better.
110
CONCLUSION
On this paper, the research concludes that Brazil´s return to the United Nations Hunger Map
is rooted on political crisis starting in 2015; deeply connected to the arrival of a global mini-
recession affecting the economy that same year, but most importantly, the lack of federal
government initiative on expanding key social protection policies upon unstable prospects. In
summary, this paper argued that Brazil`s commitment on reducing undernourishment and
improving availability of calories for the country's population, during late 1990's and early
2000's by using innovative government policies was the main reason behind its successful
statistics on the decrease of food insecurity until 2014. In conclusion, Brazil's recent situation
on food insecurity is connected to the political and economic challenges and social
circumstances the country has been facing since 2015, which calls for strong federal
government need on reviving social protection policies adopted in the past.
REFERENCES
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2022. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in
the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more
affordable. Rome, FAO.
National survey on food insecurity and Covid-19 in Brazil. PENSSAN Network. Katia
Signorini Ferraz Pinto. II VIGISAN. Brazil, 2022.
Pandemic puts Brazil back on the world hunger map. The New Humanitarian, 2021.
Access: 25, October 2022.
KEYWORDS: Brazil. Hunger. Map. Reasons. Return.

111
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ITAQUI PORT COMPLEX TO MARANHÃO:

CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES IN LIGHT OF THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Ana Luiza Luz e Paulo Victor Arouche, Relações Internacionais,
analuizaluzdosantos@gmail.com e pauloarouche@hotmail.com
Prof. Dr. Thiago Allisson Cardoso de Jesus
INTRODUCTION
This paper results from a technical visit to the Itaqui Port Complex by the International
Relations Bachelor’s degree of the Maranhão State University. This work aims to highlight
the Port Complex's importance for the development of the State of Mranhão. Moreover, it
reflects on the possibilities, and economic and socio-environmental challenges, in the light of
the SDGs.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology employed was a literature review and cross-referencing economic
and social data from the IBGE

Maranhão is the second largest state in territorial dimensions of the Northeast region,
with an area of 331,937.450 km², according to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography
and Statistics (IBGE). There are 217 cities, distributed in 05 (five) mesoregions: north, center,
east, west, and south. Despite being part of the Northeast region, the state of Maranhão is
considered a transition's territory since the west has typical Amazonian vegetation and, to the
east, it is characterized by the Northeastern semi-arid.
Besides the different biomes and richness in biodiversity, Maranhão has the second
largest coastline in Brazil, second only to Bahia. However, the Maranhão coast has, at least, a
double advantage: the location to the north, which since the colonization times has been
strategic due to the commercial route to Europe and the Caribbean; and the natural conditions
present in the São Marcos Bay, Golfão Maranhense, ideal for the development of the highly
complex port activity.
The first part of the work will deal with the implementation of the port complex of the
Port of Itaqui, to present, briefly, the structure, the economic data, and its strategic relevance
112
for the development of the state. In the second part, we will address the relationship between
globalization and development, presenting important theoretical and conceptual aspects to
think about the socioeconomic transformation of Maranhão, in line with the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN), emphasizing, in the third moment,
the problem of reducing inequalities (SDG 10) from the possibilities of decent work and
economic growth (SDG 8).
The discussion is motivated by the need to overcome the contradictions between
Maranhão's privileged situation and its unsatisfactory socioeconomic indicators19, considering
the complexity of the incidence of not only economic factors, but also political and socio-
cultural elements. In this sense, the work finds shelter in the constitutional mission established
in Article 3 of the Federative Republic of Brazil, which deals with the fundamental objectives,
(I) the construction of a free, fair, and solidary society; (II) guarantee national development;
(III) eradicate poverty and marginalization and reduce social and regional inequalities; (IV)
promote the good of all, without prejudice of origin, race, sex, color, age and any other forms
of discrimination.
The work was motivated by the technical visit of the International Relations Course of
the Maranhão State University to the port complex, which took place on October 5, and has
an exploratory character, adopting as work methodology the bibliographic review, of
interdisciplinary character, a necessary instrument for the complexity of the object and its
transversalities, understanding that:
Scientific knowledge is a social practice of knowledge, which rationalizes reality to give
it meaning. To that extent, science must have a purpose, and this purpose cannot be justified
based on unconcern with purposes, consequences, and social developments. (BITTAR, 2017,
p.64/65).The construction of meaning given by the survey of research material data from
IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ).
Therefore, the text is the result of the author's critical analysis of the data and the
experience of the technical visit, with the constitutional order as a guide, internally, and,
internationally, the Agenda 2030, incorporated into the institutional policy of the Maranhão
State University through Resolution No. 1047/2021- CONSUN/UEMA, which officially
formalized the need to mobilize the entire university community for internationalization
19
In 2010, the Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.639, according to the IBGE. According to data from the
Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea), between 2016 and 2017, Maranhão's HDI rose from 0.682 to
0.687. In 2022, still without census data, we can infer a decline in the HDI due not only to the health crisis, but
also to the country's economic situation, and the successive contingencies of resources and adoption of neoliberal
policies.
113
policy and sustainable development, a scenario in which the Bachelor of International

Relations has a fundamental and strategic role.
1 THE ITAQUI PORT COMPLEX AND THE STRATEGIC RELEVANCE OF

MARANHÃO
Located in São Luís, the Itaqui Port is the result of studies conducted in 1939 by the
Department of Ports and Navigation, of the Ministry of Transportation and Public Works,
which indicated the Itaqui region for the construction of the enterprise. In 1960, work began
on the wharf of the Port of Itaqui by the National Department of Ports and Navigable
Waterways, with approximately 637 meters.It began operations in 1972, the year in which
sections of berths 101 and 102 were also completed and, four years later, berth 103. In 1994,
the extension of the pier was expanded, and berths 104 and 105 were built. In 1999, berths
106 and 107 were built, and, already in the XXI century, in 2012 berth 100 was inaugurated.
In frank expansion, in 2017 berth 108 was inaugurated, specifically for handling petroleum
products. More recently, in 2022, the ninth berth (99) began operations. 20
The port complex has a direct connection with two railroads, the Transnordestina (FTL),
which crosses seven states in the Northeast and is 4,238 km long; and the Carajás Railroad
(EFC), a stretch granted to Vale, with a length of 892 km, connecting São Luís (MA) to
Carajás (PA).
The main loads transported are agricultural commodities, especially soybeans, produced
in the south of the state, which are destined for the international market. Besides the natural
conditions, depth and location, that make the attraction of large ships possible, the multimodal
efficiency is another decisive factor for the competitiveness of the Port of Itaqui, since it has
connections with the aforementioned railroads as well as important highways, which
constitute a logistical corridor to the center-west of the country.
The Empresa Maranhense de Administração Portuária (EMAP) exercises the function of
the port authority in the form of Federal Law No. 12,815 of June 5, 2013, regulated by
Federal Decree 8,033 of June 27, 2013. It is a public company, that is, constituted by
exclusively public capital, with a legal personality of private law, administrative, technical,
patrimonial, and financial autonomy, created by State Law Nº 7,225, of August 31, 1998, with
headquarters and jurisdiction on the Port of Itaqui, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
20
Information taken from the institutional channel of the Maranhense Port Administration Company (EMAP),
available at: https://www.portodoitaqui.com/emap/a-emap
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According to EMAP's balance sheet of operations (2017), the Port of Itaqui handled 19.1
million tons of cargo, a growth of 13% over 2016 " In operating revenues EMAP grew 24%
over 2016, earning net income of 51.6 million. Recent investments have improved port
performance and enhanced the possibilities for new business. Even in a scenario of global
economic recession, the Port of Itaqui has broken successive records. This is related to the
advance of agribusiness in the country, which is increasingly profitable due to the high dollar,
implying economic stimulus to the sector.
2 GLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT: CONTRADICTIONS AND

POSSIBILITIES
The highly complex port activity integrates what Ulrich Beck called the risk society, a
concept developed after the nuclear events of Chernobyl (1984), complexity of industrial
economic activities is accompanied by the potential for transnational impact, the society
organizes itself in response to the risks inherent to its socioeconomic structure:
Risks of modernization are big business. They are the insatiable needs that
economists have always sought. Hunger can be satiated - and needs can be satisfied -
but civilizational risks are a bottomless, endless, infinite, self-producing barrel. With
risks - we could say with Luhmann - the economy becomes "self-referential",
independent of the environment of human need satisfaction. That means, however:
with the economic cannibalization of the risks triggered through it, industrial society
produces the threat situation and the political potential of the risk society. (BECK,
2011, p.28)
The character of "civilizational self-threat" produces significant changes in the social

architecture and political dynamics, hence the development of socio-environmental legal
orders and the need to implement and improve the indispensable safety protocols, which aim
to mitigate intrinsic risks of the productive organization.
The risk society presupposes globalization, understood as a transnational and global
productive system, made possible through the opening of markets and technological
development. However, globalization cannot be perceived as a historical imperative that
necessarily leads to the evolution of all economies: "Experience has shown that the processes
of the economic integration of regions with distinct levels of development produce a
concentration of income and wealth" (FURTADO, 1999, p.53). Understanding that companies
have their rationality - focused on profit - it is necessary that the State, through public policies,
equates economic growth with social development:
115
One cannot condemn the rationality of companies; to ask them to behave otherwise
is to want them to be few efficient. But one can - and should - define parameters for
macro rationality; define whether the prevailing criterion is social or purely
microeconomic. And it is the government that does this. Leaving the task in the
hands of the market means that the social interest will be marginalized (FURTADO,
1999, p.92).
The numbers and growth of port activity are only the tips of a much more complex reality
in the state of Maranhão. On one hand, the Port is a door to the world, full of possibilities for
business, work, and income, of necessary international insertion, a fundamental strategic
sector for economic and political protagonism. However, there is still a mismatch between the
numbers of economic activity and the social indicators of the state, still unsatisfactory and
aggravated by its precarious and criminal land ownership reality, aggravating conflicts and
socio-environmental order, such as conflicts over land ownership, a threat to traditional ways
of life (quilombolas and indigenous people), in addition to environmental problems related to
industrial agriculture, such as the compromise of the Maranhão Cerrado biodiversity.
With this in mind, The Sustainable Development Goals, UN Agenda 2030, is a set of 17
global goals that link economic development, social progress, and nature preservation. As a
result of the UN General Assembly (2015), the commitment made by countries implies the
adoption of fundamental measures to promote the Democratic Rule of Law, Human Rights,
and responsiveness of political institutions.
The commitments made abroad have internal repercussions, both from the point of
view of legal organization, with the internalization of the terms of a treaty, and about
the administration of the state, which is obliged to guide its policy distinctively.
(SEITENFUS, 2013, p.10).
Indeed, the SDGs are compatible with the fundamental objectives of the Republic,
reinforcing the imperative nature of the programmatic content of the Constitution, articulated
with the scenario of global political expectations. Overcoming poverty (SDG 1) is still a
challenge for Brazil, despite the advances made in the first 15 years of the 21st century. The
scenario is very similar to that of twenty years ago when Celso Furtado said
Brazil is one of the few countries that have a sufficient level of per capita income
and degree of urbanization, in a relatively short period, eradicating hunger and
misery. Our biggest problem - that of poverty - has a solution if we adopt an
adequate policy. Political will and action: that is what we need (FURTADO, 2002,
p.15).
116
To overcome this situation the population must be empowered - formulated by the Indian
economist Amartya Sen - through property titles or qualified insertion in the productive
system. Empowerment derives from the population's access to land for work and to other
means of income, linked to professional qualification.
The problem of empowerment has historical roots: Brazil's insertion into the international
market as an exporter of agricultural commodities to the international market. We must
remember the plantation system, based on slave labor, large property, and monoculture,
structural problems that perpetuate themselves over time, which can be seen in the slave labor
indexes - in Maranhão especially - the disastrous land ownership structure and the conflicts
that arise from it, as well as the disregard for the country's industrialization with the cuts in
funding for education, research, and technology.
For the real development of the state, it is necessary to have a serious land policy, avoid
the harassment of traditional communities by farmers, and strengthen sustainable management,
such as organic agriculture and agroecology. It is also necessary for the technical qualification
of people from Maranhão so that they can occupy key positions in the productive sector, not
only the positions with lower salaries.
CONCLUSION
The reduction of social inequalities (SDG 10) necessarily involves economic
growth linked to the creation of conditions for dignified employment and full employment, in
accordance with the general principles of economic activity21. The indicators of port activity
undeniably point to economic growth in the state, but it is still necessary to advance in the
articulation of public policies that promote industrialization, with environmental
responsibility22, attraction of investments, and the qualified insertion of Maranhão citizens in
the production chain.
21
Federal Constitution, Article 170. The economic order, founded on the valuation of human work and
free enterprise, is intended to ensure a dignified existence for all, according to the dictates of social
justice, observing the following principles: [...] VIII - search for full employment.
22
Federal Constitution, art. 225. Everyone has the right to an ecologically balanced environment, an
asset for common use by the people and essential to a healthy quality of life, imposing on the
government and the community the duty to defend and preserve it for present and future generations.
117
We must understand, once and for all, that globalization works to the benefit of
those who command the technological vanguard and exploit the unevenness of development
among the countries:
This leads us to conclude that countries with great natural resource potential and
pronounced social disparities - as in the case of Brazil - are the ones that will suffer
most from globalization. This is because they may disintegrate or slide into
authoritarian regimes as a response to growing social tensions. To escape this
disjunction we have to return to the idea of a national project, recovering the
domestic market as the dynamic center of the economy (FURTADO, 2002, p.42).
In this sense, the Port of Itaqui has a key role to play, because it signals to Brazil
and to the world the strategic importance of Maranhão. This results in political and economic
benefits that must be translated into public policies of economic insertion of the native
population, as well as the dynamization of the state's economy by taking advantage of an
already consolidated logistics corridor
REFERENCES
BECK, Ulrich.Sociedade de risco: rumo a outra modernidade. São Paulo, Editora 34, 2011.
BITTAR, Eduardo C. B. Metodologia da pesquisa jurídica: teoria e prática da monografia
para os cursos de direito. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2017.
BRASIL. Constituição (1998). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília,
DF: Senado Federal: Centro Gráfico, 1988.
FURTADO, Celso. Em busca de novo modelo: reflexões sobre a crise contemporânea. São
Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2002.
FURTADO, Celso. O longo amanhecer: reflexões sobre a formação do Brasil. Rio de
Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1999.
PROGRAMA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO (PNUD).
Acompanhando a agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável: subsídios iniciais do
Sistema Nações Unidas no Brasil sobre a identificação de indicadores nacionais
referentes aos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável. Programa das Nações Unidas
para o Desenvolvimento. Brasília: PNUD, 2015. Disponível em
<http://www.br.undp.org/content/brazil/pt/home/library/ods/acompanhando-a-
agenda2030.html> Acesso: 23/10/2022.
ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS (ONU). Objetivos de Desenvolvimento
Sustentável. Nova Iorque: ONU; 2015. Disponível em: <https://brasil.un.org/pt-br/sdgs>
Acesso: 23/10/2022
SEITENFUS, Ricardo. Relações internacionais. Barueri, SP: Manole, 2013.
KEYWORDS: Itaqui’s Port. SDG’S. Sustainable Development.

118
THE POST-PANDEMIC BRAZIL ON THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY: SOCIAL

PROGRAMS AND THE UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME
Students’ Name: Amanda Falcão and Rebeca Teles,

Course: International relations
e-mail: amandaf.1230@gmail.com,
becahbrito@gmail.com
Research Supervisor: Thiago Allison
INTRODUCTION
The “late part” of Brazil is commonly used as the social reality of the poverty index.
Therefore, the intent of eradicating poverty in Brazil through public policies has, throughout
the years, shown itself as inefficient in this index reduction. However, the indicators reflect a
prediction of a decrease proportional to the percentage of 5.1% to 4.1% of the extreme
poverty index until the end of 2022, according to the Institute of Applied Economic Research
(IPEA).
The United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development's first goal brings up
the need to search for ways to eradicate poverty in all countries. In a post-pandemic scenario,
Brazil, with its Social Assistance Program, has been going on the oncoming of the increasing
poverty seen in the whole world as a consequence of Covid-19. So, this abstract aims to
analyze post-pandemic Brazil’s panorama in its journey towards poverty suppression, the
public policies used to reach this goal, as well as the positive signaling of the income transfer
programs to the, until then, utopic universal basic income.
METHODOLOGY
This research, of a descriptive character, will discuss qualitatively Brazil in the
pandemic context, the government reactions to the crisis and its effects related to the poverty
index and Gross Domestic Product, considering the data from Brazil’s Central Bank about the
downgrade of 4.3%.
Through the research in bibliographic information and IPEA data, we see pertinent
indexes of the social program “Auxílio Brasil” [Brazil Aid] implemented for the improvement
of social protection and the reduction of inequalities.
119
Figure 1 - Formal Jobs created per one Thousand families added to the social program (Jan.-May, 2022)
Sources: Caged and Sagi/Citizenship Ministry. Elaboration: Figueiredo.
ABSTRACT
 Post-pandemic Brazilian scenario and the Emergency Aid

Brazil has hardly faced the pandemic period, with more than 10 million registered
cases of people infected with the coronavirus. The virus’ propagation, along with the closing
of the majority of commercial places, schools, and universities during the lockdown,
contributed to the historical decrease of 2020’s GDP by 4.3%.
Therefore, the economy in the second trimester of 2020 had a downturn of 9.7% in the
past years. Although the scenario is hard, in mid-April, the “Auxilio Emergêncial”
[Emergency Aid] program began (lately, with the success, it replaced the “Family Aid”
program and was named “Brazil Aid”), with the amount of R$ 600.00 to R$ 1,200.00, which
already reached more than 68 million people. Although there’s a progressive reduction in the
covering of this program, the results for the economy and its impacts on poverty depletion are
impressive.
Literature shows that there’s been an income improvement and reduction in poverty
indexes. According to the World Bank, this aid’s payment system looked for innovations but
also used Single Registration from the old program, Bolsa Família [Family Aid]. With
Emergency Aid’s inclusion and the replacement of Family Aid, Brazil Aid was created, which
120
instated various public policies of social, health, education, employment, and income
assistance, designated for families in poverty or misery situations. As reported by IPEA, there
was a directly proportional relationship between job creation and the families included in
Brazil Aid.
Figure 2 - Formal Jobs created per one Thousand families added to the social program (Jan.-May, 2022)
Sources: Caged and Sagi/Citizenship Ministry. Elaboration: Figueiredo.
On average, for every 1000 families, there is the creation of 364 formal jobs. This fact
reveals the coexistence of social aids and the job market, without necessarily affecting formal
jobs, which intrigues specialists (FIGUEIREDO, 2022).
 The utopic Universal Basic Income

The benefit of Income Transfer Programs, such as Family Aid and Brazil Aid, brings
up the debate of whether the country should adhere to the Universal Basic Income. To fight
poverty and renew the social protection system, the Universal Basic Income is a public policy
somehow similar to the social programs aforementioned, but, doesn´t have a temporary
character and does not substitute the job.
Besides that, Basic Income's universality pertains to its independence concerning: i)
income of the beneficiary's job; ii) other informal sources of the beneficiary; iii) family
income; iv) demographic variables; v) physical, and intellectual deficiencies or other health
conditions (GHATAK e MANIQUET, 2019). In other words, the Universal Basic Income is a
right of minimum dignity of any member of society, since that "member of the society" is
121
understood in terms of tax residency, not permanent residency or citizenship (FIGUEIREDO,

2022). This public policy is considered utopic cause has never been experienced considering
its universal character in total, only partially, with specific criteria for the inclusion of a
certain group of people.
At last, the viability and the need for a Universal Basic Income program, considering
the excruciating data of inequality and poverty in Brazil, is real. As Freitas (2019) shows, the
fight against poverty is one of the historical justifications for adhering to Universal Basic
Income in Brazil. Thus, a program like the above-mentioned, properly formulated, with
special attention to the sources of funding choice, can contribute to poverty facing, the
overcoming of flaws in the social protection system, income inequality reduction, and the
improvement of the workers’ situation, especially of the informal and the low-income ones
(AMARAL, 2021)

In the face of the analysis, on the first topic, we discussed the Brazilian scenario after
the COVID-19 pandemic. With a high number of infected people, the country’s GDP had a
downgrade proportional to the number of cases of the disease.
As seen before, after the pandemic crisis, with Emergency Aid’s help and the comeback of
commercial activities, the economy reacted positively, with income improvement and the
reduction of poverty indexes. Besides that, for every 1000 families, there’s the creation of 364
formal jobs:
With the income transfer programs’ success, the second topic reaffirmed the
possibility of the implementation of universal basic income, motivated by income inequality
and poverty indexes in the country.
CONCLUSION
Until now, we have analyzed indicators that allow measuring that the downgrade of
poverty with public policies is not only possible but has brought up results, without bringing
harm to the formal jobs. As such, Brazil’s getting closer and closer to the possibility of
implementing universal basic income to keep going firmly on the path of poverty eradication,
as the 2030 Agenda aims.
REFERENCES
122
AMARAL, Vínicius Leopoldino do. Renda básica: Fundamentos, experiências internacionais

e perspectivas para o Brasil. Brasília, 2021.
BANCO CENTRAL. Efeitos econômicos da pandemia de COVID-19. Banco Central do

Brasil, 2020.
CAMPANATO, Valter. Brasil deve encerrar 2022 com índices de extrema pobreza em queda.
Agência Brasil, 2022. Available in: <https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2022-
08/brasil-deve-encerrar-2022-com-indices-de-extrema-pobreza-em-queda>
CARDOSO, Bruna Baranda. A implementação do Auxílio Emergencial como medida

excepcional de proteção social. SCIELO, 2021.
FAGUNDES, Álvaro; FELÍCIO, César; SCIARRETTA, Toni. Marcas da Pandemia. Valor

Globo, São Paulo, 2021. Available in: <https://valor.globo.com/coronavirus/a-economia-na-
pandemia/>.
FIGUEIREDO, Eric Alencar de. Programa Auxílio Brasil: Ampliação da cobertura, reajuste
do valor do benefício e as suas interações com o mercado de trabalho formal. Brasília, 2022.
KEYWORDS: Poverty. Income. Social program.

ORIENTAÇÕES PARA INSCRIÇÃO NA SESSÃO INTERNACIONAL
A Sessão Internacional é voltada para estudantes com trabalhos executados nos Programas de
Iniciação Científica e de Extensão da UEMA (bolsistas e voluntários). Também podem
participar estudantes com trabalhos científicos alinhados com os Objetivos de
Desenvolvimento Sustentável e com temática livre, desenvolvidos em sala de aula sob
orientação docente.
Os trabalhos serão submetidos e apresentados em inglês, de maneira on-line e presencial,

podendo o estudante escolher o formato de apresentação no formulário de inscrição. Para as
apresentações presenciais, serão reservadas 10 vagas.
Cada apresentação é feita durante o tempo de 10 minutos. Os estudantes serão avaliados por
uma banca indicada pela Superintendência, que dará o feedback ao aluno dentro do tempo de
5 minutos. Os estudantes que se apresentarem na Sessão Internacional receberão certificado
de participação. Os trabalhos serão publicados nos Anais do evento, com registro ISBN.
A Sessão recebe trabalhos em 4 categorias: Iniciação Científica; Projeto de Extensão;

Trabalhos alinhados aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, e Categoria Livre, em
que serão aceitos trabalhos produzidos em disciplinas e similares.
Para realizar inscrição na Sessão Internacional, o estudante precisa:
a) Preencher o formulário de inscrição.
b) Submeter o resumo do trabalho em inglês no formulário de inscrição. O resumo deve,

obrigatoriamente, seguir o modelo disponibilizado pela Superintendência e conter no mínimo
três (3) e no máximo cinco (5) páginas.
c) Após confirmação de inscrição, o estudante deve encaminhar os slides de apresentação até

prazo estipulado pela Superintendência. Os slides deverão, obrigatoriamente, seguir o
template disponibilizado.
SUPERINTENDÊNCIA DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS
A Superintendência de Relações Internacionais, anteriormente conhecida como Assessoria
para Relações Internacionais, foi criada em 2015 para desenvolver, orientar e promover a
internacionalização da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão. Esses objetivos são feitos por
meio de atividades internas e externas nas áreas de cooperação, mobilidade, inteligência
internacional, programas especiais, eventos e conta com apoio linguístico e de comunicação e
marketing.
A Superintendência realiza atividades nas seguintes áreas de atuação:
Divisão de Cooperações Internacionais
▪ Propor e disponibilizar regulamentações que visem otimizar o processo de
internacionalização;
▪ Realizar e acompanhar ações processuais que visem à celebração de Protocolos
de Intenções Internacionais;
▪ Apoiar a realização de estudos presenciais de idiomas no exterior ou na própria
UEMA;
▪ Estabelecer e manter a comissão de tradutores consultores nativos vinculados a
SRI;
▪ Cadastrar a UEMA nos programas de mobilidade para residentes e estrangeiros;
▪ Manter a comunicação com instituições de ensino no exterior para celebração,
manutenção e renovação de convênios institucionais;
▪ Manter divulgada uma lista atualizada dos Protocolos celebrados e em
tramitação;
▪ Nos contatos, contratos ou suporte a licitação para aquisição de prestação de
serviços de tradutor juramentado;
▪ Realizar diagnóstico anual de desempenho dos Protocolos;
▪ Promover reuniões com os coordenadores de Protocolos da UEMA;
▪ Promover ou assessorar eventos internacionais na UEMA;
▪ Desenvolver projetos voltados à internacionalização da UEMA;
▪ Quaisquer novas ações necessárias ao bom desempenho do setor.
Divisão de Mobilidade Internacional

▪ Orientar docentes, discentes e técnicos administrativos a realizarem estudos,
intercâmbio e estágio no exterior;
▪ Executar ações de incentivo a aquisição de proficiência em língua estrangeira,
tais como a operacionalização do Inglês/Francês sem Fronteiras e do módulo
preparatório do TOELF-ITP na instituição;
▪ Atuar como Centro Aplicador do TOEFL-ITP coordenado pelo Programa
Idiomas sem Fronteiras;
▪ Apoiar o programa de língua portuguesa para estrangeiros;
▪ Manter banco de dados das agências e programas de bolsas de estudos e
financiamento de pesquisa colaborativa com instituições estrangeiras;
▪ Disponibilizar material para divulgação da UEMA em missões internacionais;
▪ Apoiar missões de visitação e oficinas de trabalho de pesquisadores em
instituições estrangeiras conveniadas;
▪ Recepcionar e orientar docentes e discentes estrangeiros;
▪ Estabelecer e manter cadastro de docentes e discentes voluntários em hospedar
docentes e discentes estrangeiros (Intercâmbio em Casa “UEMA-Friends”);
▪ Na articulação da prática de inglês técnico por área de especialidade de centro
(“paper na sala de aula”);
▪ Acompanhar e divulgar novas oportunidades de bolsas de estudo e
financiamento a pesquisas no sitio eletrônico da SRI;
▪ Em quaisquer novas ações necessárias ao bom desempenho do setor.

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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO

Prof. Dr. Gustavo Pereira da Costa, Reitor

Prof. Dr. Thales Passos de Andrade, Superintendente de Relações Internacionais

Superintendência de Relações Internacionais - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

Apoio - Banca Examinadora das Apresentações

A Sessão Internacional é realizada pela Superintendência de Relações Internacionais com

03 DE NOVEMBRO - EIXO TEMÁTICO: EXPERIÊNCIAS EXITOSAS

09h - Cerimônia de Abertura - Atividade Presencial no Auditório UEMAnet com

10h - Educação Internacional: Experiências Exitosas - Atividade On-line com Transmissão

15h - Mesa Redonda: Perspectivas de Internacionalização pelas Redes Internacionais

16h - Experiências Exitosas - Deputada Federal Tabata Amaral

09h-12h - Sessão Internacional - Atividade Presencial e On-line com transmissão on-line

14h - Experiências exitosas em internacionalização do UEMAnet - Atividade Presencial

15h - Palestra e Minicurso: TOEFL (Test of English as Foreign Language) da empresa

05 DE NOVEMBRO - EIXO TEMÁTICO: RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS

9h - Mesa de Diálogos - “Identidade e Transdisciplinaridade em Relações

11h30 - Cerimônia de Encerramento

BETWEEN FATOS AND CAMISOLAS: The clothes in Portuguese Language literatures

CITY OF SÃO LUÍS: FORMATION, HISTORY AND SEGREGATION Petunia Galvão

DIALOGUING WITH ALEXANDER AND LEFEBVRE, IDENTIFYING PATTERNS

MODERN WOMEN: FEMININE ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTION IN 20TH AND

EDUCATIONAL ACTIONS ACCORDING TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

POETICS IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF SÃO LUÍS: RUA DO SOL Bianca Silveira;

THE STORYTELLING IN ENGLISH AS A TEACHING STRATEGY IN THE

CYBERDEMOCRACY: THE RISING AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE POWER OF

IMMIGRANT WORKER RIGHTS IN BRAZIL: A STUDY BASED ON BRAZILIAN

KNOWLEDGE OF NINTH GRADE STUDENTS ABOUT ASTRONOMY IN A

LEARNING ENGLISH THROUGH VISUAL ART Emanuelly Aguiar Passos; Vilma

REFLECTIVE EDUCATION AND TEACHER EDUCATION: A STUDY IN THE

STILL STANDING: THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH FROM THE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LITERA-MA APPLICATION: LITERARY QUIZ

THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN IDEOLOGICAL-POLITICAL RELATIONS Luiza

WILL THE TYRANT FALL? THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AUTHORITARY

CATEGORIA ODS 107

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ITAQUI PORT COMPLEX TO MARANHÃO:

THE POST-PANDEMIC BRAZIL ON THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY: SOCIAL

A BRIDGE BETWEEN WORLDS - THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE

Maria Paula Correia RAMOS; Law School;

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

BRASIL. [Constituição (1988)]. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de

ESCOBAR, Arturo. O lugar da natureza e a natureza do lugar: globalização ou pós-

FURTADO, Marivania Leonor Souza. Terra e Territorialidade Tradicionais: A

KEYWORDS: Quilombola’s Territory. Ramal de Quindiua. Central-Bequimão Bridge.

BETWEEN FATOS AND CAMISOLAS: The clothes in Portuguese Language

Jonas Vinicius Albuquerque da S. Santos,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

KEYWORDS: LITERATURE. DISTANT READING. FASHION.

CITY OF SÃO LUÍS: FORMATION, HISTORY AND SEGREGATION

Petunia Galvão Bezerra, Law,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

BURNETT, C. F. L. Urbanização e desenvolvimento sustentável: a sustentabilidade dos

FERREIRA, Antonio J. de A. A produção do espaço urbano em São Luís do Maranhão:

KEYWORDS: Urban. Mobility. Settings.

DIALOGUING WITH ALEXANDER AND LEFEBVRE, IDENTIFYING PATTERNS

5. Identification of patterns aiming to characterize convergences with Alexander's

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 - Initial embryo

Personal archive (2022)

Figure 2 - Modified house

Personal archive (2022)

ALEXANDER, Christopher. The Timeless Way of Building. New York. Oxford

BURNETT, Frederico Lago. Urbanização e desenvolvimento sustentável: a

VASCONCELOS, Paulo Eduardo Silva de. Política habitacional e estado autoritário em