Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Antes, entretanto, vamos revisar as principais dicas para uma leitura eficiente em Língua
Inglesa:
2. Habitue-se a desenvolver seu próprio método de leitura por meio da utilização das
estratégias de leitura adequadas ao seu objetivo:
3. Procure transferir para as suas leituras em Inglês as táticas pessoais que você já utiliza
ao ler em Português.
4. Use o seu conhecimento geral do mundo e também algo específico que você já sabia
sobre o assunto do texto (backgroung knowledge) para antecipar/predizer o seu possível
conteúdo. Não esqueça também de analisar o layout desse texto, ou seja, se se trata de
uma entrevista, de um texto científico, de uma receita de bolo etc. O título, subtítulo,
gráficos, ilustrações, tabelas etc. também serão elementos fundamentais para suas
predições.
5. Faça uso das palavras cognatas e transparentes. Elas já lhe são familiares e facilitarão
ainda mais o seu entendimento do texto.
8. Lembre-se que, muitas vezes, o autor evita repetir palavras ao longo de um texto e por
isso usa referentes contextuais –it, they, this, that etc. Procure associá-los às palavras a
que eles se referem, principalmente se estiverem distantes umas das outras.
9. Preste muita atenção à tradução dos grupos nominais. A ordem da tradução das palavras
é de suma importância para o entendimento do texto, principalmente se você tem como
objetivo a compreensão detalhada.
10. Habitue-se a reconhecer o significado das palavras nas frases por meio da
identificação de seus prefixos e sufixos.
12. Use o dicionário apenas como último recurso. Antes de recorrer a ele, lembre-se
sempre das estratégias que podem auxiliá-lo a chegar ao significado das palavras
desconhecidas.
13. Durante a leitura, faça perguntas a você mesmo, tendo sempre em mente o
objetivo a que você se propôs. Avalie a contribuição trazida pelo texto e analise-
o criticamente face ao seu conhecimento sobre o assunto. Interagindo com o
texto, você estará dando significado a ele e disso também dependerá a sua
compreensão;
14. Finalizando, lembre-se que cada pessoa tem seu próprio ritmo e método de
leitura. Analise o seu e leia sempre tentando aperfeiçoá-lo.
2. Who Sleeps?
Reptiles, birds and mammals all sleep. That is, they become unconscious of their
surroundings for periods of time. Some fish and amphibians reduce their awareness but
do not ever become unconscious like the higher vertebrates do. Insects do not appear to
sleep, although they may become inactive in daylight or darkness.
By studying brainwaves, it is known that reptiles do no dream. Birds dream a
little. Mammals all dream during sleep. Different animals sleep in different ways. Some
animals, like humans, prefer to sleep in one long session. Other animals (dogs, for
example) like to sleep in many short bursts. Some sleep at night, while others sleep
during the day.
Really?
Cows can sleep while standing up, but they only dream if they lie
down. Whales and dolphins are “conscious breathers” and because they
need to keep conscious while they sleep in order to breathe, only one half of
their brain sleeps at a time.
Adaptado de http://health.howstuffworks.com/sleep.htm
Responda:
a) O texto descreve algumas características curiosas das vacas e das baleias. Que
características são essas?
b) O que o texto afirma sobre os anfíbios, os insetos e os cães , no que diz respeito
ao sono?
3.
LOS ANGELES – Come summer 2006, Warner Brothers Pictures hopes to
usher “Superman” into thousands of theaters after a 19-year absence. But given the
tortured history surrounding that studio’s attempts to revive “Superman,” the forerunner
of Hollywood’s now-ubiquitous comic-book blockbusters, the Man of Steel’s arrival
would be nothing short of a miracle.
Since Warner began developing a remake of the successful comic-book
franchise in 1993, it has spent nearly $10 million in development, employed no fewer
than 10 writers, hired four directors and met with scores of Clark Kent hopefuls without
settling on one. The latest director – Bryan Singer, who directed “X-Men” and its
sequel, was named on July 18 to replace Joseph McGinty Nichol, known as McG, who
left the project after refusing to board a plane to Australia, where the studio was
determined to make the film.
c) O texto sugere que, para seu novo filme, a Warner Brothers Pictures ainda
precisa...
( ) contratar um roteirista mais talentoso.
( ) encontrar um ator para o papel de Clark Kent.
( ) demitir seu diretor recém-contratado.
( ) escolher uma locação mais apropriada.
( ) levantar mais fundos para o desenvolvimento do filme.
Problema na clamba
Naquele dia, depois de plomar, fui ver drão o Zé queria ou não ir comigo à
clamba. Pensei e achei melhor grulhar para ele. Fui até o dadalhão, mas na hora de
rancear a ficha, vi o Zé passando com a golipesta. Então, me dei conta de que ele já
tinha outro programa.
Então, resolvi ir notode. Até chegar na clamba, tudo bem. Estacionei o xulpinho
bem nacinho, pus a chave no bolso e desci correndo para aproveitar ao chinta aquele sol
gostoso e o mar pli sulapante.
Não parecia haver um glapo na clamba. Tirei os grispes, pus a bangoula. Estava
pli quieto ali que até me saltipou. Mas esqueci logo as saltipações no prazer de nadar
notode, inclusive tirei a bangoula para ficar mais à vontade. Não sei quanto tempo fiquei
nadando, siltanto, corristando, até estopando no mar.
Foi notode depois, na hora de voltar à clamba, que vi que nem os grispes nem a
bangoula estavam mais onde eu tinha deixado.
Que fazer?...
Agora observe atentamente as frases abaixo. Leia cada uma delas e tente
descobrir o significado das palavras sublinhadas:
Fonte: DIAS, R. Inglês instrumental – Leitura crítica, uma abordagem construtivista. Mazza
edições, 1988.
ATIVIDADE COMPLEMENTAR 1:
1) most impressive / Paris / construction / built / second half / 19th century / Parisians /
their own / city / major tourist attraction / visitors / world / image of France and Paris.
Considerando que o circuito percorrido pela linha de ônibus descrita acima vai da Murraufield
Drive ao Centro da Cidade, responda:
1: Que hora o ônibus de 08.42 de Murrayfield Drive chega ao Trenton Hospital na quinta-feira?
a) 08:59
b) 09:02
c) 09:22
d) 11:02
2: Que hora o ônibus de 10.49 de Trenton Parade chega à Gately Road na segunda-feira?
a) 11:10
b) 12;10
c) 12;15
d) 11:55
3: Se você precisar estar no centro da cidade às11am no domingo pela manhã, que ônibus
você deve tomar desde o Tilfield Park?
a) O das 07:58
b) O das 10:04
c) O das 10:00
d) O das 11:59
4: Se você precisar estar no centro da cidade às10.30am na quarta-feira pela manhã, que
ônibus você deve tomar desde o Trenton Hospital?
a) O das 11:02
b) O das 08:02
c) O das 08:10
d) O das 09:02
5: Se você quer chegar na Broadwalk às 15.30 na terça-feira, que ônibus você deve pegar
desde a St. Clement's Church?
a) O das 14:55
b) O das 13:55
c) O das 13:59
d) O das 14:59
6: Se você perder o ônibus das 17.00 saindo do Tilfield Park em uma sexta-feira, que horas
sairá o próximo ônibus?
a) 17:03
b) 17:12
c) 18:03
d) 18:07
7: Se você perder o ônibus das 08.10 saindo de Gately Road em uma segunda-feira, quando
chega o próximo ônibus?
a) 08:15
b) 09:15
c) 11:10
d) 08:22
8: Se você precisar chegar ao Trenton Hospital às 17.15 em um domingo, que ônibus você
deve pegar desde a Murrayfield Drive?
a) 13:41
b) 15:43
c) 16:43
d) 16:01
9: Quanto tempo dura o percurso do ônibus de 11.42 desde a Murrayfield Drive para o Trenton
Hospital em um sábado?
a) 19 minutos
b) 20 minutos
c) 21 minutos
d) 22 minutos
10: Se você precisar estar no Tilfield Park às 09.00 em uma quinta-feira, que ônibus você
precisa pegar desde a Trenton Parade?
a) O das 07:48
b) O das 08:42
c) O das 08:49
d) O das 08:55
Fonte:http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/skillswise/mod_quizzes/words/reading/techniques/scanning/2/quizengi
ne?quiz=simplequiz2;templateStyle=simplequiz
TEXTO III
Botox injections are one of the most popular cosmetic treatments in the world.
Celebrities like Madonna, Kylie Minogue and Liz Hurley are rumoured to be keeping
the wrinkles at bay this way. Sir Cliff Richard admitted to having had the treatment and
now it is an increasingly popular choice for ordinary women looking for a quick way to
look younger.
What is Botox?
Botox is made from 'botulinum toxin', a poison produced by the bacterium
Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium causes botulism - a severe form of food
poisoning. In small quantities, however, Botox merely interrupts nerve impulses to
muscles in the face.
Botox first began to be used in 1980 to treat many muscle disorders such as
lazy eye, eye ticks and uncontrolled blinking. Cosmetic treatments were pioneered by
dermatological surgeons in 1987. In small doses, Botox works by paralysing the
muscles of the face which are used in frowning and raising the eyebrows. When these
muscles relax, the fine lines and wrinkles smooth out. Unfortunately, when it is
overdone, Botox treatment can leave the face with a lack of expression. This is reputed
to have caused a problem for some actors.
Armpit attack
Botox is reportedly a favourite with Oscar nominees who don't want to work up
a sweat on the red carpet. Some stars have injections in their armpits to paralyse the
sweat glands there. This way they can receive their awards knowing they don't have
sweaty patches under their arms and hand back their couture outfits unstained.
Side effects
Soreness or mild bruising can occur around the injection site. In rare instances
patients may experience a droopy eyebrow or eyelid. Headaches can also occur. Since
it is still a relatively new treatment, any possible side effects of long-term use are still
unknown. Botox should only be administered by experienced and well-trained doctors
or nurses. A high dose could cause poisoning, or an exaggerated effect.
1: Como as injeções de Botox nas axilas evitam que algumas celebridades suem durante o
Oscar?
a) O Botox causa o relaxamento dos músculos da axila.
b) O Botox é usado em uma fina camada de gel protetor.
c) O Botox paralisa as glândulas sudoríferas.
d) O Botox enrijece a pele e as axilias
2: Que outra palavra/expressão significa 'thinning of the muscles'?
a) Clostridium botulinum
b) Atrophy
c) botulinum toxin
d) Bollinger
5: O que é butolismo?
a) Uma forma severa de envenenamento por alimentação
b) Uma forma severa de envenenamento no sangue
c) Uma forma severa de avaria no fígado
d) Uma forma severa de dermatite
6: Qual das alternativas é uma condição que inicialmente NÃO se pretendia tratar com Botox?
a) lazy eye
b) eye ticks
c) puffy eyes
d) uncontrolled blinking
7: De acordo com o artigo, sobre qual das celebridades a seguir se especula sobre o uso de
Botox?
a) Jerry Hall
b) Judy Finnigan
c) Liz Hurley
d) Barbara Windsor
Fonte:http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/skillswise/mod_quizzes/words/reading/techniques/scan
ning/3/quizengine?quiz=simplequiz3;templateStyle=simplequiz
Podemos classificar o léxico da Língua Inglesa de três maneiras: termos cognatos, falsos
cognatos e termos não-cognatos.
1. Termos cognatos Muito comuns na Língua Inglesa, os cognatos são termos de
procedência grega ou latina, bastante parecidos com os correspondentes no Português
tanto na forma como no significado. É interessante notar que os cognatos podem ser:
Minoria na Língua Inglesa, são aqueles que, pela aparência, nos levam a pensar
em uma falsa tradução. É importante que se observe a adequação do seu significado no
texto.
Várias palavras desse texto são falsos cognatos. Você teria condições de
identificá-los?
David was a physician who had a private office opposite to a college. One day
he arrived at the office front door and realized he had forgotten his keys. He had been to
three different places before: he had gone to the grocery store to buy some milk, to the
stationary store to buy a pen and finally to the newsstand to buy a magazine. Where did
he forget them?
Mais palavras que parecem, mas não são
Em Inglês:
She’s absolutely adorable.
Em Português:
Você concorda com isso?
Absolutamente (= claro que não –sentido negativo)
Exemplos:
1
He gave us a short abstract of what was said.
2
Philosophy is an abstract subject.
Exemplos:
He is an adept player.
These Indias are adept hunters.
Exemplo:
He adverted to what was said.
Exemplo:
The manager received 20 applications for the position.
Atender (verb):
1. freqüentar, assistir a. Ex.: He attended college last year;
2. assistir a. Ex.: He attended all games last season;
3. cuidar. Ex.: The doctor attended his patients.
Bar (substantive):
1. Bar;
2. Barra;
3. Barreira.
Data (substantive)::
1. Data. Ex.: What’s today’s date?
2. Encontro. Ex.: I have a date tonight.
Idiom (substantive): idioma, dialeto, expressão idiomática (Ex.: to pull one’s leg =
caçoar de alguém).
Language (substantive): idioma.
Resume (verb): retomar, continuar (Ex.: The referee resumed the game).
Résumé (substantive): curriculum vitae; resumo; sumário.
Synthetize, abbreviate (verb): resumir.
THE women of Afghanistan now have their own magazine, backed by Elle, a stylish
French publication. But the more conservative forces in the country need not worry, at
least not yet. The 36-page monthly does not feature the latest bikini collection or tips on
liposuction. The magazine, called Roz (the Day) is printed in black and white, the best
that Afghan technology can provide at the moment. The articles, in Pushtu and Dari —
the main Afghan idioms — with some translated into French and English, offer advice
on daily life, health, hair and skin care, and parenting. There is some poetry and fiction,
and the unavoidable horoscope.
Following the fall of the Taliban, a group of Afghan women led by Laiorna Ahmadi, a
former radio journalist, planned the magazine, but had no money. Over the years Elle
has run many articles on Afghan women. Now it and its parent company, Hachette
Filipacchi, have provided Miss Ahmadi and her team with publishing equipment and the
money to get things moving. She has a staff of four and some freelance contributors.
The first issue of 1,500 copies, published this month, was free. Future ones will cost the
equivalent of 20 cents.
The market at present is small. Afghans are poor: 20 cents buys two loaves of bread.
Eight Afghan women out of ten cannot read. But, says Miss Ahmadi, at least the two
who can now have something written for them.
Para listar/adicionar:
Above all Additionally
Afterwards Again
Also And (then)
Another Apart from that
As well as Besides
Finally Further (more)
Firstly Secondly
In addition to In the first place
In the second place Lastly
Likewise Moreover
Next Not only… but also
The former… the latter Then
To begin with To start with
After all
Although
But On the contrary
Despite On the other hand
Differently Otherwise
Even though Still
However Unlike
In contrast Whereas
In spite of While
Instead Yet
Nevertheless
As… as Like
Small adjective + -er than (Ex.: Likewise
Schumacher is faster than Rubinho) More big adjective than (Ex.: A Vectra is
Both… and more expensive than a Gol)
In a like manner Neither… nor
In the same way Similarly
Just as
Para exemplificar:
Firstly Next
Secondly Then
Third Finally
In the first place Last
In the second place
Because For
Due to For that reason
Accordingly So (that)
As a result/consequence Then
As Therefore
Consequently Thus
Hence
Para reformular:
In other words
Better
As long as Unless
If Whether
Providing/provided
Para resumir/generalizar:
In a word To summarize
In brief
In conclusion
In short/shortly
On the whole
To conclude
To sum up/summing up
OUTRAS CONJUNÇÕES
1. ADICAO: 6. REITERACAO:
· and: e · that is: isto é
· in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover: · in other words: em outras palavras
além disso · in short, in brief: em resumo
· as well as: assim como · i.e. : (do latim) isto é
· also: também · that is to say: quer dizer
· apart from: com exceção de
· both....and: ambos; tanto como 7. COMPARACAO:
· not only ... but also: não apenas...mas também · like, as: como
· than: do que
2. CONTRASTE/CONCESSAO/
ADVERSATIVA: 8. ILUSTRACAO:
· but: mas · e.g. : (do latim) por exemplo
· however, neverthless: entretanto · for instance, for example: por exemplo
· yet: entretanto, ainda · such as: tal como
· although, even though, though: embora · namely: a saber
· nonetheless, notwithstanding: não obstante · viz: (do latim) quer dizer
· despite that, in spite of: apesar de
· rather than, instead of: em vez de 9. CONDICAO:
· whereas: enquanto · if: se
· unless: se não, a menos que
3. PROPOSITO: · provided that: uma vez que
· in order to: a fim de · on condition that: desde que
· so as to: de modo que · as long as: uma vez que
· subject to: sujeito a
4. CONSEQUENCIA/CONCLUSAO: · wether: se
· therefore: portanto
· consequently, as a result: consequentemente 10. CAUSA:
· accordingly: de acordo, adequadamente · because: porque
· hence: pois, então, daí · due to: devido a
· thus: assim · as: porque
· thereby: assim, desse modo · since: uma vez que
· then: então
· so: então, pois 11. DUVIDA OU HIPOTESE:
· finally: finalmente · perhaps, maybe: talvez
· possibly: possivelmente
5. ALTERNATIVA
· otherwise: por outro lado 12. TEMPORAL:
· or: ou · when: quando
· or else: ou então, ou ainda · while: enquanto
· either ... or: ou... ou
· while, whereas: enquanto
Explicações Extras
AND
a. "Hellen sent her applications and waited by the phone for a response."
"Hellen enviou seus aplicativos e esperou pelo telefone por uma resposta."
Sugerir que uma idéia está em contraste com outro (muitas vezes substituído por
mas neste uso):
c. "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight."
Para sugerir um elemento de surpresa (às vezes substituído por ainda neste uso):
BUT
Para ligar duas idéias com o significado de "com excepção dos" (e, em seguida, a
segunda palavra assume como sujeito):
(A: _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began. In
1930, Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer, which was used to help aim guns in World
War II. In the period between 1938-1942, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and
built the first electronic digital computer, the ABC, which provided the basis for the
development of the ENIAC.
(B:_____) After that, in 1822, Charles Babbage built a machine called “The Difference
Engine,” which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855. Next, Babbage envisioned and
designed “The Analytical Engine”, a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic
operations. Unfortunately, Babbage never finished his work, but many of his ideas were used as
the basis for the modern computer.
(C: _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and
inventions of the past. The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous
machine.
(D: _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution, which began circa 1540 and lasted
until 1687, many scientists tried to find ways of calculating. As a consequence, other
computational devices were invented. In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical
calculator. In 1673, Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device.
(E: _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution, which started
in England and brought many advances in technology. Several machines were developed in this
period, and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers.
(F: _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines, Lady Ada
Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbage’s machine based on a binary system similar
to the one used with modern computers. For this reason, she is considered to be the first
programmer.
(G: _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands. This
explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a
device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations. This tool was used until the 16th
century. It is still used today in some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations.
(H: _____) In 1804, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was “programmed”
to make certain patterns on cloth. This “program” was a series of holes punched in paper cards
according to a code, and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first
modern computers.
(I: 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers
(J: _____) Between 1943 and 1946, funded by the U.S. Army, John Mauchly and J. Eckert built
the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes. The ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons.
(K: _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made
in the period that followed the war. The period after the war led to the subsequent generations
of computers, which may be described as the modern age of computers.
(L: _____) In 1944, Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1, an
electromechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards. This first digital computer
could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics.
http://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/index.htm
http://www.englishexercises.org/buscador/buscar.asp?nivel=any&age=0&tipo=any&contents=conjunctio
ns
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_49.htm
WHAT’S IS A COMPUTER?
Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has an idea about what
a computer is. We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know
how to use one or not. But does everyone really know how a computer works inside?
A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the
results of the processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing
process. The first one is input, which consists of feeding data into the computer’s
memory. Then comes the processing: the program is run and the computer processes
the data by performing a set of instructions. The third and final step is the output
furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the results either in printed
from or on the screen.
The world of computers has created a specific language of its own. English
words such as software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by
many different languages. Software is information in the form of data and programs,
and hardware refers to the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer
system.
Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies, it is a
great mistake to believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate, i.e., is familiar
with computers and knows how to use them properly. In some contemporary societies,
many people still have no idea about the existence of computers, and even in the so-
called developed countries, there are lots of people who do not know or do not care
about what a computer is.