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' , 11 ~ u.AssOCIAÇÁODOSÂNTIGOSALu.NOSDAP~LITÉCN.I'CA ~~-!a!-~~~
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.. -
. l 9. 8 o
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!NDICE PÁG
TEXTO
ANEXOS
FIGURAS
-·. .. .; \ : .
Composlçao litologica
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A cada ordem , assinalada por uma dimensão característica vari~
vel apr oximadament e na proporção de 10:1; corresponde uma esc~
la de observação , comumente associada a um método de investig~
çao:
• DIMENSÃO
ORDEM CARACTER!STICA ESCALA DE OBSERVAÇÃO
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CONHECI MENTO DESEJADO
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i i ORDE M DE GRANDEZA
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FIGURA 2
I
fE IÇÕES CR(TJCAS
"
DILATOMETRO
~·
1:o
·o,a .
INCERTEZA DEVIDA A
LIMITAÇÃO DA ÁREA
<t I· INVEST IGAD A
N
w
~
0:: 0,6
w
u
z
w
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0,4
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o L (m)
O, I l 10 lOQ lO OO 10.000
FIGURA J
ORDEM DA ÁREA p . S A I
3a. 101-1 oa
7
4a . 10 6 - 10
2 . 1 ANTECEDENTES
• •
- possibilitar a realização de observações e ensaios com po uco
esforç o e a cus t os r e l ati vamente r eduzidos ;
- permitir , em função da redução de e sforço e de custo , a re a -
lização de uma quantidade de observações e ensaios s uficien-
t emente grande para garantir um tratamento es tatístico c onfi
ável ãs feições ~s tudadas .
o
- como a produção dos vários instrumentos desen·v olvidos não u!
trapassou a fase a rtesana l , seus custos de f abrica ç ão e man~
t enção·· per maneceram r e l ativamente a ltos , não e ncorajando seu
uso mais .·fr eque nte nem possibilitando o treina me nto de gran-
de qua nti dade de ·ope radores;
- como o ins trumental projetado , em virtude de sua~ caracterí~
ticas próprias , tem seu uso praticamente limitado às f eições
situadas no limite inferior da 4a . ordem e no limite superior
da Sa . ordem , se us resultados , embora Úteis quando consider~
dos em conjunto com as demais f eições , não são tão importan-
t es quanto os dados referentes às feições de 3a ., 2a . e la .
ordens .
o
A fig~a . 4 .s.a lienta o aspecto -geral· e · detalhes dos principais c om-
ponentes do dila tômetro .
.. . ..
!
M6DULO DE ELASTICIDADE I
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. FIGURA 4
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VARIAÇÃO DOS MÓDULOS DE.DEFOR}~BILIDADE
NA USINA DE SÃO SI~~O
- SEÇÕES HORIZONTAIS -
..
di
jUEv. 310mj
IELEV. 320ml .
~L EV. 33zm]
FIGURA 6
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FIGURA 7
ANI:XO I
CHARACTERr'ZATION OF THE DEFORMABILITY OF
ROCK MASSES BY DILATOMETER TESTS
MANUEL ROCHA, Director, Laboratório Nacional ·de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Portugal. .
ANTÓNIO DA SILVEIRA, civil enginccr, principal rcscarch officcr, H cad, Dams I;:>cpartmcnt, LNEC, Portugal.
F. PERES RODRIG UES, civil cnginc:cr, rescarch offic;er, Dams Department, Hc:ad, Foundations and Tunnels Division, Portug~!.
ARNALDO SILV!:RIO, phy1icist, rescarch officcr, Dams Dcpartment; LNEC, Porru,sal.
A.R.\1ANDO FE;RREIRA., civil engineer, uajnee research officcr, Dams Dcpanment, LNEC, Portugal
The . cxpericncc is illustrat~d which On déerit l'ell:périence acquise par Je Man bcschrcibt die Erfahrung, ·die
has bccn gathercd by thc LNEC on LNEC au c:ours de 387 essais réalisés das Ll':EC aus der Durchfúhrung 387
carrying out 387 dilatomctcr tests, con· a\·c:c le dilatoinetre et qui faisaicn t partie Dilatcmeter-Versuchen gcwonn~n hat.
tributed by 9 programs sranning a widc de 9 programmes C:OU\T~t une vastc Diese Versuche gehõrten zu 9 Programmc:,
range of cngineering imcrc Hs. The ex.am- gamme d'intér~ts dans lc dc>mainc: du die cinc:n gTosscn Bcreich der l ngenieurs-
ples givcn point to the reliability of thc . géniç civil. Les exemples donnts mon- wesensin tercsse umfassten.
WECdilatomcter as an instrument allow- trcnt la fidtlité du dilatoml:trc Ll\:EC cn Die angegebene Bcispide beweisen
ing a quality index to bc: ascribed to t:mt qu'instrument permcnant d'atribuer dic Zuvcrl:lssi~:keit des LNEC- Dila-
rock masses, with an especial signific::ance in índice de qualité aux massifs rochcu.x, tometers als cin Jnstrument, das d ie Be-
for · their characterizaúon · as to dcfor- pa.rticuliêremeot important pour leur stimmung ciner Qualit:itS?.ahl des Gcbirj!s
mability. c:aractérisation en cc qui concerne la gesuttet, dic besondere Bedcutung filr
·- dc!formabilitt. die Charakterisierung bc:züglich auf die
Vcrforrnbarl<.cit haL
to t he m:tgnetic core of a displacement transducer a major too! in prclimin:1ry testin& for dcformahility,
with a 4 mm stroke and the accuracy I f.L · Fig. insofar as it allows thc di\'ision into zoncs oft hc rot"k
shows t he in-situ opcration of a dilatometer.- masscs whcisc deform:~hilit)· will h:\\'c a bcarin!= on
.1
the bc:Jh\'iour of thc structure undcr comidcr:nion,
'!-,:....~
~ ~·;;r·-~ ·. _, .... . ~~ ·.:. • be it the found:~tion· of a d:un or an· undcrcround
·
~
~
·:..-""'
- _r... . .
~ -~*.:. • • •
•
_ /:- ·-,
.
···.-~
-
~'. ~ ;• '
· ....· .·~ ~·· - ~
• o • • ' •:.....,.'f': . .
•
--
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~ work. This may bc a dccisi\·e step in working out
~ ,::. ~~ --.: ::-~ ~ , '
_..~,.. J··
''. ..·-·_ <J!f. lti'..;\.._·-~-
· '.~.o 3 program of larger swcep: it hclrs sa\ing a numbcr
•~:' ·c· ....__ ~. .,.......
· '·!"": ,.-;... ~~
• --'· .:.. J
- .
':;
...~v
;•/·~· -~·· !.' ~\,.----r
·- - -
:..::
.... 1~-r·:./
.,.
--:::
. . . . .
• ' •'
..-v·
,..J. t ional jack and flat-jack tests, and ·pro\·ides a clue
"•· . :t.~f \ - ·-·~\? '~ • ;_ . . •Jj !.--~· -.:.·)_ ...:..?'- as to the location of the oncs to be actuallr performed,
... ..:-:....t.:,.-c
;__ ~-......_~ .. .
~ . . • "-C\~;;."<-~~~~ ~:r.:~ ::· ,.~ .. ""';:.·-~~
"'(·~ -,, ,
;#,(..,,~ . "! I~.) l".. ~'!l , "4l!. '';~' ~ :~- ·~ \-.:. ;.:-.
~ -"\ ~-
, , . : ·9 -
On the other hand, thc inform:nion gathercd m:~y hc
rcciprocated by the l3tter to thc: former tests, thus
j;.. . . · ..... ::..~,-r-l .- · ~= .... ·<·.,. r~-::~e ~ ... ri'.\ , ... •• "'-~ ·
' · t-. ,,., .- '•./· l ·'!'. ... ....... ::.~ -.&r/ ~ ,........,._ .
tr3nsposing thc gaiJ!ed knowlcdge to the rcgions
~... .-,t' :·-::-.:::-: .:..\ . ··;.;c-..':' ~':. .- pj'':r'=1: ...~·.(. ~ : · ·.
~ ~- ~ ,._..,. .• _. .. ...., \ -:-. -.... _t;.,...,.~~ ;.~..._ J , .. .:·.""":·.,. ...
~~~· .,.. ·.: ./.··\:""·>..J.~-·r··~~~· !:-.~ . . :·f~.:~" ..:_ ......' whcre thc dilatomctci' was the sole method utilized.
..
·
.... o~ ., y:...._y.~ .... .. ·· ·~-""- ·· '" ~
i~. . :, \.._~:--;-. ~.\-~:~~..-~ · ~·~·~ :. ~~ ~ ·~-.:~~ ~~ -...~
The choice of thc points to bc tested with · the
i'""', ._.... ~,-'~~-·>-;..~r· 1.. -'
· I·~'- r- ..._,.;c
:_.,_·rF .; ...
·--~ ::-~. ~ dilatometer is made t o dcpend on. t he geologic set-
•~
~
~ - r'!'' • ~· •• .... -
· ·~'
=:c-.~. . . ""...,.._-:.. ..._,. ... __,
; '•'1 · ,-f"' ' .. \~~
•"... . . ._.. ._. ... . - ..·..,..:-:"""'"~,_
!"'"·•·;'-<:.~-···.
- · .; . . , ....... ~
-:'4
't.. .....:. .v ' ~
·- -"'J, ting - the petrography, fault ing, and altcrntion
r . ... ,....,. .. ,
-_.,. . ;.~,.... ..... -..-;;. .· ,_r·. .:· . . ~ -.~ . ....... . .
~1 . .. . .... j.'}... . - . ~...":""]r ...
! .. ~~.;~
. ., ...
.....~ of thc rock m:1ss, as disclosed mainly by the cores
-~i-'~ ...r,.....~ -~ 1;.: :-.:4·:·"'·"'""-~"'-::k·~-·.~.x....
Jl··.. , -
~- ~ l ~ ~ l " •. ~ ..... ... .. ... .. ' .-...~;..");
. ...# -
· recovcred on drilling the test borcholes thcmsel\'es.
~
., •
.,: ~ ~ ~-\.~:..~~:.:.:l .~;;::.r:~~~' = --~~~
- ~ ~~"~.::--,..;. ·- :'..~- -~~ - .:;;( ' ~-:...b.~ ~-·
.. .....
Since the immediate goal is to ascribe one mean
value to eYCT)' zone, testing is cominucd to the
Fi/ . J
stabiüzation of the 3\'erace modulus of deformabilit\··
over each zone. Once this has been achi~"ed, a pié-
Once connected to its reading unit the dilato- rure of the dependence of deforrnabiJiry on depth
meter has the overal scnsitivicy 2 dial di,·isions per · becomes reaáily available (see Figs I 2 and 13).
micron. ln ordcr to assess the reliability of the instru- Therefore, allowances bcing made for the gc:ology,
ment, comparative · tests have. becn carried out by it. is . sometimes possiblc to e..'\'trapolate àilatomcter
installing the dilatometer either repeatedl~; at the results to depths beyond those reached by the in-
same point or at successi,·e points some 20 cm apart strument.
along boreholes dril!cd through homogc:neous for- Furthering the e..'Cploration of the method, a
mations. Uniform measures always rcsultcd, within thprough analysis · of indi"idual results along the
. the mc:ntioncd accuracy. directions of measurement may also be carried out
The mcaning of dilatorneter test results was · so 'as to gain an insight into the anisotropy of the
discussed in the paper rc:fc:rred t o above, where rock masses studied. Finally, dilatometer IOOduli
a few effeets were dealt with, e. g. thc: influc:nce may be compared with moduJi of def0rmability
of fissuration on the modulus of deformabilit)' de- determined by other t esting procedures, as well as
tcrminc:d; whilc a philosophy for the prospective ~tat istically discussed within the context of the
user of t he instnunent has been· outlined in a com- geologic. sc:ning. Instances of such ~pects will be
panion paper to the p resent one, contributed to presented in tum, to illustrate the e.xperience gath-
the 2nd Congress of thc Intemational· Society for ered by thc LNEC on performing the t est progr:uns
Rock Mechanics [2). Ko doubt the dilatomc:ter is summarized in Table I.
llf- 7
n ~ min 7. /a/
formati ons alon~ onc ofthc dircctíons of mcasurement. E
~ 10
ln parallcl. with the classical dcformabiliry tests ...
O'
6,
---...,-- Ô)
. ..
ÔJ Ô4
kJ
a:
ll.
--;0/;/;,7/ !
.
11.1 ri /
I 11 I
ii!/? i
0:
:::> 60
1/1
I Id/l /
1/1
III
0:
ll.
1
~
i/fi,~t /-
/0
/ iiilí /
30
;,o o .~.. I
III 80
ll
UNI..OAOING
/;I
••
Fiz. 4
/I!
:>
manent sets in the seccessi\·e cycles.
"'
CIO
III
Q: The p - ô diagrams are in general curYes with
~
the conca,·ity directcd towards the increasing pres-
60
surc. Howe•·er, this may not be so for the ascendin~
bra~chcs of the hysteretic loops, espccially the f irst
lll
one. S-shaped curves, refleeting the famili:~r rlastic-
-elastic-plastic behaviour of rock materi:lls, are also
quite frcquently found. Figs 3, 4 and 5 are cxamplc:s
of the three d.iagram types. The first one rcfcrs w
~ the approximate depth 57 m in a mctasiltstonc ;md
/1/f/.~
·~·l:r · //f
slate forma tion; the rcmaining two belong to shal-
Jow tests, run at less than J m from the surf:~ce o(
the ground in a shale with a very small modulus
III
:x> . III
.........
of deformability.
The shape of thc loading diagrams ob•·iously
depends on lhe details of thc )oJding rrograrn, as
sut:gc.Sted by the n:uure of the rock mass to hc tes -
40 60 .o ted. \~'hen testing a rock mass which deforms e:1sily,
C .. ANC.E 1.. OIA ... [TI[P 61.-1 small values must be given to the cyclic rrcssun:
Fit. ) peak.s, an.s shon interYals devoted to followin(: the
•
Q
k,l •
Ct
,, I'
I
I
I 10 ~n~n
5 "''"
Somctimes, polar diagrams are also drawn to
outline the building up and subsiding of ali mc:osurcd
:J
o .di .. ~
I
deform~tions while the cyclic pressure is applied.
IIA'"
::: 60
., III Such diagrams are similar to the one dcpicted as
a: li I I
A.
IIJ I Fig. 7, where diametral dcfonnations from two load
I
llt I . cycles were plonc:d for the applied prcssurc:s insertcd
llt I in each cur\'e.
1/J lit1/t I
'I
, -
-'01 o ........III ..I i .!I
/ J/7 /
o
III ' /
.\O l
I J}r / -111 I
III I
~• ·;· ~,~
~;/,m;,
I
Wl o . •.
,/-· IOm~n
!t m1n
100 :100 JOO 4.00
CHAN úE lN O tA ME TER 6 1u1
Fit . S ·
.
lup
1s t cyc l e dO\Nn -- ~--
' ..JP -
I
2 ndcycle =:::wn - - ----
Fiz. 7
OIA . .CTI:O J
'i uo
... •• 100 '9 " "'::11 OlAML T E:R 2
•...
..
.. 100
1
3 - Auisotropy Figur~
!! 110
o
The fact that the dilatamctcr applics a uniform
I p ressure to thc t est boreholc: wall nnd meosures
.. 60 . deformations along se\'er.ll diamcters suggcsts its
o
z use when srudying the dcforma bilit)• anisotrory of
.."'
% ....
li
OoA .. II:TE• ..
O,.. ,..I:TE• t
rock m asses. To this effect, citl1cr thc information
is t aken wh ich the <!ilatomcter simuh:~net'u~ly yields
for four d irections at 45". o r cise a doublc inf~1nna
tO 20 lO tion is sought as m a)' be pinc:J b>· testing th c: sarne
'f • ..,., e Cf9\en t · point twice wh ile installing t he dil:nomctcr at a.zi-
Fit. 6 muthal anglcs 22.5• ap3rt.
v
y v
RI ~
·-
•b•14) •o•'36 •
0
•1 S6
••,100 ···108 ~ ..· 136
• •14] • •14? • • 2'2
Fiz. 9
~r- c;;;:
.
isotro~· ratio h as been c:.llcd upon to state how much were carricd out in SC\'cn boreholes drillcd a!ont:
S - Comparative Plots
~F~.10
_ _..
, ..
·-· . -- ______________ _________- --
...._
...... -. ...._....._......_
.
I I I
w NW E w NW N NE . E
ORIENTATION REFERRED TO THE MAGNETIC NORTH
E
...o.
l: 4.0
~~o
.
i
IL
8
~ 16
24
70
80
Õ 4ÓO S ÔO • •O.__Loõ_. SÕ;>-·
90 o
..~us OF OEF'~MAB•L •T• ·c•o•"' 9 ' c"'~'
1
-30r------~----. ..t
D.
8
l!: 16
! 40
D. :24
&o;
o ~o
321 ( (
60
.. •O t9 .. . c 23
70 400 eõo J o--i.oo 800 0- "lôo - eõo
MO::>..A.US 01" OEFCIRMAB•LrTv no• "g ' c-.•,
80
C1 01LAl0""'E TI: R E:liTRf.ME ..,EA$VRES •CORES
80
Fit.JJ
100o ;x)O 400 600 e:>: .c
MOOV..U$ or Ot'CRMAÕ'~IlY nc• .. v,cm•) for some sections, depcndence on depth \ \ '35 :tlike
for both dilatomcler and core moduli, core piou
eDoi,.ATONETER • COPES c:::::l f' •TPE,_.E l"o"E'ASURES proved more irregul3r th:m dilatomcter piou . As
Fit./1 was to bc cxpcctcd, panicularly on account of the
"
..
..
ANEXO II
INSTRUMENTS FOR VISUAL OR PHOTOGRAPHIC
.
OBSERVATIONS IN BOREHOLES
\
(Extra { do de "Rock Mechanics and the De.s i ~n of' Structures in ·
!' . , Rock", L. Obert e I. Duval, ,
cap~tulo 9.9 )
•,
.
I (ExtraÍdo de "Rock Mechanics and t he
I
'· I
De sign of' Structures in Rock",
.,
(E \ c
ij~
~ n=[]
FJc. 9.9.1; Stratoscope. L- Light. W-Window and reticle. P-Prísm. 0-0bjc:ctivc
kns. T- S ft-20 ft Extendable tube. E-Eyepic~. C- Camera.
"''Jr ~- · ~ . •..., ,
•
-- ... i . ..
:-
.. .
. •.;.: .
-- ..... , ;
~ t . - · • . '··c. ~..
~..... _t~·:-:.;1
• I ..__,. . • ;
..•
~
·. ...--"···- -_.(":-·.'l
' ;. ...;, ....~
. .,- ...
~ --.
. ~·- .;r.-
" ..,:;~ v /' }:-~· -:,
,: ·':-' ·. ''
::·'t:: -· ~:::--··
~ ~- ~: ~·, ~- ,t± ~~:=: ~~ :'
'
"•
.
f, .... i •. ' • •. ; .•
- ~....- '·' ·..... :·:
.
<;i ! J' II II
J
!
I
I I: l!lll lllll'i'·;
.,_-; ...
Jo.
Bortbole Cameras
The boreho1e c:\mera is an important instrument for exploring and
evaluating the geology of a proposeJ mine or site for an undcrground
inslallation, espccially if thc rock contains wcathcred zonc:s or othc:r
derccts of g~:olo sic origin which may not bc disccrnibh: from an c:~amina·
tion of cxploratory cores, or bc:causc thc: core rccovcry was poor. Also,
tht dip and strike of subsurfacc: geologicill formations can be cstablishc:d
which is usually not possiblc from An cxamination of cores.
~::
.-..---·-
. .. -..,...,- -·.~ .- .:.- ··
-·
~
-- .
~~-- ·.... - . . .....-·-- ~-
.~.....-~
~~_
:... i .-·...,-
................. .
~
~-
~
... :. ·;.:
~
'
I C·I [ f ••• I
'
;:, '
~
Fq. f.t.J. Boreholc telcvision camera. (Aft« Sbon. u)
diameter and will operate in holes 3 in. in diameter or Jnrger. The Eastmo,n
camera includes both an indinometer for me;~suring deviation from the
vertical nnd a compass. Thus the deviation of a hole from the vertical can
be pJotted :1nd thc: strilce and dip of geological formution detcrmined . Thc:
Eastman camera is si de viewing with a vicwing angle of 52°. Two Lawrence
R.adiation l.aboratory camc:ras havc: been dcscribed by Short.11 Onc:
camera is side viewing with n viewing nnsle of 120°, und thc: other camera
is cnd viewing (Fig. 9.9.3). ·
Tbe resolution obtained with television c:1mcras nppears to be as good
as tbnt obtaincd by photographic mc:thods. Tc:lc:vi~ion boreholc camerus
havc: the advantage ovcr ph0togruphic camcras in that thc im~1gc can be
viewed dirc:ctly. ll owc:ver, tclevision boreholc: cumcnu will only rcproducc:
in bl:u:k and white.