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Apresentação
* Diretor Científico da Fapesp e Professor do Instituto de Física da Unicamp, São Paulo (SP), Brasil. E-mail: brito@ifi.
unicamp.br
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Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz
242 Rev. Bras. Inov., Campinas (SP), 13 (2), p. 241-280, julho/dezembro 2014
IDEIAS FUNDADORAS Apresentação
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Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz
244 Rev. Bras. Inov., Campinas (SP), 13 (2), p. 241-280, julho/dezembro 2014
IDEIAS FUNDADORAS Apresentação
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Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz
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IDEIAS FUNDADORAS Apresentação
a indústria poderia fazer tudo que ali se propunha, desde que recebesse mais redu-
ção de impostos via incentivos fiscais. E o diretor do Escritório de Orçamento do
governo, Harold Smith, considerou inadequada a defesa de liberdade de pesquisa
com recursos públicos. Jocosamente ele sugeriu que o relatório poderia ter seu título
trocado para “Ciência: a despesa sem fim”. Plus ça change...
Referências bibliográficas
AGAR, J. Science in the twentieth century and beyond. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2012.
KEVLES, D. The national science foundation and the debate over postwar research policy,
1942-1945: a political interpretation of science – the endless frontier. Isis, v. 68, n. 1, p.
4, Mar. 1977.
MOTOYAMA, S (Org.). FAPESP: uma história de política científica e tecnológica. São
Paulo: Fapesp, 1999.
ZACHARY, G. P. Endeless frontier: Vannevar Bush, engineer of the American century. New
York: The Free Press, 1997.
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IDEIAS FUNDADORAS Science The Endless Frontier
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Vannevar Bush
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IDEIAS FUNDADORAS Science The Endless Frontier
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Vannevar Bush
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Vannevar Bush
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IDEIAS FUNDADORAS Science The Endless Frontier
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Vannevar Bush
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IDEIAS FUNDADORAS Science The Endless Frontier
The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. Some small
enterprises never receive any of the benefits. It has been suggested that the benefits might be better
utilized if "research clinics" for such enterprises were to be established. Businessmen would thus be
able to make more use of research than they now do. This proposal is certainly worthy of further
study.
One of the most important factors affecting the amount of industrial research is the income-tax law.
Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry.
Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of
research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. These uncertainties
arise from lack of clarity of the tax law as to the proper treatment of such costs.
The Internal Revenue Code should be amended to remove present uncertainties in regard to the
deductibility of research and development expenditures as current charges against net income.
Research is also affected by the patent laws. They stimulate new invention and they make it
possible for new industries to be built around new devices or new processes. These industries
generate new jobs and new products, all of which contribute to the welfare and the strength of the
country.
Yet, uncertainties in the operation of the patent laws have impaired the ability of small industries to
translate new ideas into processes and products of value to the nation. These uncertainties are, in
part, attributable to the difficulties and expense incident to the operation of the patent system as it
presently exists. These uncertainties are also attributable to the existence of certain abuses, which
have appeared in the use of patents. The abuses should be corrected. They have led to extravagantly
critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system.
It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the
Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this
nation.
The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. In addition, a detailed
study, with recommendations concerning the extent to which modifications should be made in our
patent laws is currently being made under the leadership of the Secretary of Commerce. It is
recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the
submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject.
The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement
of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such
gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making
possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the
provision of international fellowships. Private foundations and other groups partially fulfill some of
these functions at present, but their scope is incomplete and inadequate.
The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific
information.
http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm 06/08/2014
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