My first text is the excerpt of a criminal law in Brazil, and It was selected
from the https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/297687809.pdf and it is an
excerpt from a scientific article about clothing production and
sustainability.
Source Text 1
CONDIÇÕES PARA ARRANJO PRODUTIVO LOCAL (APL) E SUSTENTABILIDADE
AO SETOR TÊXTIL DE ARARANGUÁ-SC
1. INTRODUÇÃO
(9) O presente trabalho analisa, na perspectiva dos elementos
necessários à configuração de um Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL), (1) o
setor de vestuário do município de Araranguá-SC, visando à
(1.1) competitividade e sustentabilidade.
(2) Para tanto, parte do levantamento (1.2) bibliográfico sobre APLs e
(3)confronta a condição nas empresas do setor; considera, nas análises, as
dimensões econômica, social e ambiental; contextualiza a dinâmica dos
processos competitivos com foco nas inovações e nos efeitos da
globalização sobre atividades produtivas locais e no desenvolvimento
regional.
As transformações ocorridas ao longo do século passado e no(1.3)
presente, especialmente na área tecnológica, forçaram o setor produtivo à
adaptação de novas formas de produzir bens e serviços.
Aponta-se que não basta ter acesso às informações, é necessário filtrá-las
para um melhor (6) ) aproveitamento e transformação em conhecimento e
em novas habilidades (4) com vistas à inovação.
A competição nos tempos atuais acontece com maior intensidade,
(5) sendo que a globalização (3.1) acelera os processos produtivos e de
distribuição dos produtos.
Assim, as atividades econômicas, (3.1) na insegurança no mercado
desregulamentado, se tornam geradoras (2.1) de fortes impactos
ambientais e sociais.
Target Text 1
CONDITIONS FOR LOCAL PRODUCTIVE ARRANGEMENT (APL) AND
SUSTAINABILITY TO THE TEXTILE SECTOR OF ARARANGUÁ-SC
1. INTRODUCTION
(9) The present work analyses, from the perspective of the elements
necessary for the configuration of a Local Productive Arrangement (LPA),
(1) the the clothing industry in Araranguá-SC, aiming at (1.1)
competitiveness competitiveness and sustainability.
(2) To do so, it starts with a (1.2) bibliographical bibliographical survey
about APLs and (3) confronts the condition in the companies of the sector;
considers, in the analysis, the economic, social and environmental
dimensions; contextualizes the dynamics of competitive processes with a
focus on innovations and the effects of globalization on local productive
activities and regional development.
The transformations that occurred throughout the last century and in the
(1.3) present present, especially in the technological area, have forced the
productive sector to adapt to new ways of producing goods and services.
It is pointed out that it is not enough to have access to information, it is
necessary to filter it for a better (6) and transformation into knowledge and
new skills (4) with a view to innovation.
Competition in current times happens with greater intensity,
(5) and globalization (3.1) accelerate productive processes and product
distribution.
Thus, the economic activities, (3.1) in the insecurity in the deregulated
market, become generators (2.1) of strong environmental and social
impacts.
(9.1) O sistema de produção de mercadorias contemporâneo assume
impacto multifacetado na sociedade ao considerar que o resultado é que a
globalização veio para ficar, e com ela o nivelamento por baixo em termos
de salário e assistência social governamental, como regra para diminuir
custos de mão-de-obra e
(6.1 )impostos, em prol do aumento da competitividade
de cada país. (CASAROTTO e PIRES, 2002,
p.18)
Corroborando com os autores, a globalização ocorreu no contexto
da passagem da era da informação para a era do conhecimento, na qual a
competitividade via (10) inovação se torna ainda mais pronunciada.
(7)O diferencial competitivo das organizações não é mais a tecnologia
disponível, visto que esta é facilmente adquirida por concorrentes, a
questão da(10.1) inovação é (8) o fator que torna as empresas especiais ou
preferenciais pelo consumidor e pela opinião pública aliados à estratégia
de se relacionar em grupos de cooperação ou redes.
Error Typology
(1)- Lexis type- addition- addition of function word. (1.1), (1.2) and
(1.3) Lexis type- addition- addition of content word.
(2), (2.1) Semantic- Semantic Type- Confusion of Sense
(9.1) The contemporary commodity production system production system
has a multifaceted impact on society by considering that the result is that
globalization is here to stay, and with it the race to the bottom in terms of
wages and and government welfare as a rule to lower labour costs and
(6.1)-
(CASAROTTO and PIRES, 2002,
p.18)
Corroborating with the authors, globalization occurred in the context
the passage of the information age for the knowledge age, in which the
competitiveness through (10) innovation becomes even more pronounced.
(7) O competitive differential of organizations is no longer the technology
available, since this is easily acquired by competitors, the issue of (10.1)
innovation is (8)The question that makes companies special or preferential
by the consumer and public opinion allied to the strategy of relating in
cooperation groups or networks.
This error type seems to be a very common error when using Machine
Translation (MT) such as the Google Translate, it occurs when a word is
added to the target text or even when a word repeats in the target. As
Costa (2015) has pointed this error is language- independent. The
distinction of function word and content word can be made as follows:
content word relates to words that carry the meaning in a sentence and
function words has little meaning, however, can express grammatical
relations (Costa,2015).The solution is just to eliminate the word added.
Another error that is very common when translating a text, the MT will

(3) Grammar – Verb- blend and Discourse Type – Style and (3.1) Grammar-
misselection level- tense
(4) Semantic- Semantic Type- collocation
function based in probability of occurrence of a word, however, sometimes
the choice given will not be adequate to the text genre. In this case, the
text presented is a scientific article and it requires a formal language style.
The option given in here was “To do so” which I think is quite informal to
the type of text we are dealing with. I would use “For this purpose” which
aligns with the formality of this text. Again, this type of error can be
encompassed in other categories such Discourse Type.
In the second example (2.1) the choice was of strong and the issue here is
collocational and sense of the word. This error depicts the issue that there
is not a correct form of correct translation, there are several and this may
pose a constraint for error typology. Furthermore, we may make other
changes just to fix that error. In this case I would change the word order
too. So, the sentence: “become generators of strong environmental and
social impacts” I would change for: “generate great impact upon
environmental and social aspects”. I must point out that this was the most
challenging error to classify, and Costa has also advised about mixing
Confusion of Sense and Wrong Choice.
This error is also fuzzy since it involves the distance of the subject of the
sentence, which is stated in the beginning of the sentence, it is very
common use in Portuguese (Brazil), however, it is not a norm in the English
language. English sentences tend to be more concise.
It also creates problems regarding coherence and cohesion creating an
error which encompasses Discourse and style. To sort this out the best
would be to re-state the subject, rewriting the sentence as follows:
“confronts the condition in the companies of the sector.
Furthermore, this work analyses the economic, social, and environmental
dimensions. Another goal is to contextualize the dynamics of competitive
processes with a focus” … We can see that to correct this, we may separate
a long sentence in shorter sentences and add link words to connect the
ideas. In (3.1) the error consists of the fact that the verb lacks the -s mark
of Present Simple Tense, to correct we just need to add an -s (accelerates).
The translation output was given word for word and do not express the
real meaning of this expression “Com vista á” which would be better

(5) Lexis -omission -Function Type
(6) and (6.1) Lexis- Omission- Content type
(7) Lexis- Untranslated
(8) Orthography – Capitalization
rendered if it was translated as “Aiming to”. In this case the issue is a
meaning shift which could be corrected by comparing the meaning of this
expression in Portuguese and find an equivalent expression in the target
text. This type of error is very common when dealing with expressions,
clauses, and idiomatic language. As Costa (2015) says collocational errors
occur in blocks of words.
This error represents an interesting analysis regarding how to find a
solution for your translation. The output of MT omitted the translation of
the casual conjunction “Sendo que”, I first checked the translation in
Linguee, however it only outcome a word for word translation of this
expression, and it did not make any sense in our context, this could be the
reason for which the MT omitted this translation. However, looking for
synonyms of this expression in Portuguese helped me to achieve a similar
expression in English “Since”. And as it has be mentioned before function
words will add grammatical relations with other words or sentences.
A common error in MT output is the deletion of some words that are part
of the content of the text. In this case we have the omission of a content
type word in (6) and a clause in (6.1). By comparing the texts, we can
simply add the missing word to our target text. A way of correcting this
mistake in the MT is to continually feed it with more data (De Almeida and
O’Brien,2010). The correction here would be (6) = “better utilization” and
(6.1) = taxes to increase competivity.
In this case the error was the fact that the definite article “O” in
Portuguese which would be translated as “The”, but the output was “O” as
in Portuguese. It is an easy error to spot and to fix. Even though it is not the
case here, but it is worth to think in words that would remain in the target
text as it is in the source such as name of people, places and so on. In this
case language can impact the MT output specially if they do not share the
same alphabet. An example of this is Chinese language translated to
English (Villar,2006)
Capitalization errors are inserted in orthographic type of errors and can
occur because the MT will understand a space as a full stop, for instance.
As it has been pointed before, the taxonomy models differ among them

(10) Discourse type – Style
and Costa’s taxonomy includes Capitalization, Vilar’s taxonomy considers
only punctuation errors while Bojar and Vilar also considers spelling errors.
In my example (8) the correction will be to change the capital “T” from the
article “the”.
Repetition of word in nearby context are considered a bad stylistic choice
(Costa,2015) Repetition is not something very problematic, however, if a
human translator is carrying out the translation, he/she would prefer to
use synonym instead. To correct I would change the second “innovation” to
“remodelling”.