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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO”
FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DE ILHA SOLTEIRA

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R WHPSR SDUD DFLRQDU D SURWHØÔR Ú ORQJR QÔR SRGH VHU SRVVÞYHO DVVHJXUDU D
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GDU WULS QR GLVMXQWRU 2 JHUDGRU GLVWULEXÞGR HP IXQFLRQDPHQWR SRGH GLPLQXLU
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VH D OLQKD GH GLVWULEXLØÔR Ú GHVFRQHFWDGD HQWUH D IDOWD H D VXEHVWDØÔR
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13
5HVSRQVDELOLGDGH
8PD TXHVWÔR UHOHYDQWH GHVWD QRYD JHUDØÔR GH HOHWULFLGDGH HVWÒ QD
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IDOWD SDUD TXHP R FRQVXPLGRU UHFODPDUÒ" 3DUD D GLVWULEXLGRUD RX SDUD R
SURSULHWÒULR GR JHUDGRU GLVWULEXÞGR" $ H[LVWÛQFLD GH XPD FRPSDQKLD GH
WUDQVPLVVÔR ORFDO SRGH QÔR VHU FRQKHFLGD SHOR XVXÒULR ILQDO 2 SURSULHWÒULR GR
JHUDGRU SRGH VH H[LPLU GD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH DOHJDQGR XP FRQWUDWR GH VHUYLØR
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2FRQFHLWRGH0LFUR5HGHV>@ÚGHILQLGRQDOLWHUDWXUDHVSHFLDOL]DGDFRPR
VHQGRRFRQMXQWRGHFDUJDVHPLFURJHUDGRUHVRSHUDQGRFRPRXPVLVWHPDëQLFR
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DV PLFUR UHGHV VÔR D HOHWUåQLFD GH SRWÛQFLD RV VLVWHPDV GH FRQWUROH H DV
FDSDFLGDGHV GH FRPXQLFDØÔR TXH SHUPLWHP ÑV PHVPDV IXQFLRQDUHP FRPR VH
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14

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HOHWURTXÞPLFD GH FRPEXVWÞYHLV FRPR HOHWUäOLWR SROLPÚULFR PHWDQRO GLUHWR ÒFLGR
IRVIäULFR FDUERQDWR IXQGLGR ä[LGR VäOLGR FRP GHVWDTXH SDUD R KLGURJÛQLR HP
HQHUJLD HOÚWULFD 2 LQWHUHVVH SRU HVVH WLSR GH GLVSRVLWLYR WHP VLGRQRWDGDPHQWH
FUHVFHQWH WHQGR HP YLVWD TXH D VXD HILFLÛQFLD HQHUJÚWLFD Ú VXSHULRU ÑV GDV
PÒTXLQDVWÚUPLFDVFRPEHQHIÞFLRVSDUDDHFRQRPLDGHFRPEXVWÞYHOHSDUDRXVR
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FXVWR DLQGD Ú HOHYDGR 8PD GDV ÒUHDV PDLV SURPLVVRUDV SDUD DSOLFDØæHV GH
FÚOXODV D FRPEXVWÞYHO DWXDOPHQWH QR %UDVLO Ú D GH VLVWHPDV SDUD SURGXØÔR GH
HQHUJLDHOÚWULFDGHN:DN:SDUDDWHQGHUHVSHFLDOPHQWHRVFDVRVGHFDUJDV
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HOÚWULFD FRP DOWR JUDX GH FRQILDELOLGDGH (VVHV FRQVXPLGRUHV VÔR IRUPDGRV SRU
HPSUHVDV GH WHOHFRPXQLFDØæHV EDQFRV FHQWURV GH SHVTXLVD KRVSLWDLV
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2V EDQFRV GH EDWHULDV H RV XOWUDFDSDFLWRUHV RX VXSHUFDSDFLWRUHV VÔR RV
PDLRUHVUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGDWHFQRORJLDGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR(VWDVIRQWHVSRVVXHP
XPDFDSDFLGDGHGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRGXUDQWHDVYDULDØæHVGRVFLFORVGHFDUJDGR
VLVWHPD 1RV ëOWLPRV DQRV WHPVH FRQVHJXLGR DYDQØRV LPSRUWDQWHV QR
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHVWHV VLVWHPDV GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR 3RU H[HPSOR XP DUUDQMR
GH YLQWH H RLWR FÚOXODV GH XOWUDFDSDFLWRU SRGH IRUQHFHU N: SRU DOJXQV
VHJXQGRV>@

15
5HDSURYHLWDPHQWRGH&DORU
$PDLRUSDUWHGDHQHUJLDFRQWLGDQRFRPEXVWÞYHOXVDGRSDUDRDFLRQDPHQWR
GH XP JHUDGRU WHUPHOÚWULFR Ú WUDQVIRUPDGD HP FDORU H SHUGLGD SDUD R PHLR
DPELHQWH (VWH IDWR RFRUUH LQGHSHQGHQGR GR WLSR GH FRPEXVWÞYHO GLHVHO JÒV
QDWXUDOFDUYÔRHWF RXGRPRWRU DH[SORVÔRWXUELQDDJÒVRXDYDSRUHWF 1R
HQWDQWRDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGDHQHUJLDGRFRPEXVWÞYHOXVDGDHPXPJHUDGRU
SRGHVHUWUDQVIRUPDGDHPHQHUJLDHOÚWULFDDWUDYÚVGRUHDSURYHLWDPHQWRGRFDORU

16

,,, 0ÚWRGRV GH $ORFDØÔR GH 3HUGDV HP 6LVWHPDV GH

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IRFR PDLRU WHP VLGR D WUDQVPLVVÔR GHYLGR DRV YDORUHV DWLQJLGRV H D JUDQGH
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LQFHQWLYR Ñ LQVWDODØÔR GH SHTXHQRV JHUDGRUHV TXH WHP VLGR GDGR HP YÒULRV
SDÞVHV H XOWLPDPHQWH QR %UDVLO R SUREOHPD DSDUHFH QRV DOLPHQWDGRUHV GH
GLVWULEXLØÔR 1HVWH FDSÞWXOR PRVWUDVH R LPSDFWR GDV SHUGDV QRV DOLPHQWDGRUHV
H[LVWHQWHV FRP D SUHVHQØD GH JHUDGRUHV HRX FRQVXPLGRUHV SRWHQFLDOPHQWH
OLYUHV
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GLVWULEXLØÔR RV FRQVXPLGRUHV H RV JHUDGRUHV $JRUD Ú QHFHVVÒULR RSHUDU
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D DWULEXLU UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV SHOR LPSDFWR QDV SHUGDV LPSOLFDQGR HP DORFDU D
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GH DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV FRP EDVH QR LPSDFWR TXH FDGD
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PÚWRGRV TXH OHYDP HP FRQWD R SULQFÞSLR GD GLYLVÔR SURSRUFLRQDO >@ >@ H >@
17
&DSÞWXOR 0ÚWRGRVGH$ORFDØÔRGH3HUGDVHP6LVWHPDVGH'LVWULEXLØÔRFRP*'
QÔR FRQVLGHUDP D LQIOXÛQFLD GD SRWÛQFLD UHDWLYD DSUHVHQWDP DSUR[LPDØæHV QD

FRQVLGHUDØÔR GRV WHUPRV FUX]DGRV TXH DSDUHFHP QR FÒOFXOR GDV SHUGDV QRV
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1D DXVÛQFLD GH XP PÚWRGR LGHDO GH DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV Ú LPSRUWDQWH
EXVFDU PÚWRGRV TXH DSUHVHQWHP DOJXPDV FDUDFWHUÞVWLFDV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD XP
GHWHUPLQDGR DOLPHQWDGRU RX UHGH HOÚWULFD $OJXQV UHTXLVLWRV SRUÚP GHYHP VHU
H[LJLGRVGHVWHVPÚWRGRV>@H>@HTXHVÔRGHVWDFDGRVDVHJXLU

• $WULEXLUDRFRQVXPLGRURXJHUDGRURYHUGDGHLURFXVWRGRLPSDFWRFDXVDGR
SRU HOH DR VLVWHPD SHUPLWLQGR LQFHQWLYRV H SHQDOLGDGHV HP IXQØÔR GD
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• 6HU FRQVLVWHQWH FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV GR FÒOFXOR GH IOX[R GH SRWÛQFLD H RX
FRPPHGLØæHV
• (YLWDURXUHGX]LURXVRGHDSUR[LPDØæHV
• 1ÔRDSUHVHQWDUFRPSRUWDPHQWRUHOHYDQWHHPWHUPRVGLVFULPLQDWäULRVHGH
VXEVÞGLRVFUX]DGRV

$IHUUDPHQWDEÒVLFDSDUDDVLPXODØÔRGRVPÚWRGRVGHDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVÚ
XP IOX[R GH SRWÛQFLD HILFLHQWH 0ÚWRGRV GH IOX[R GH SRWÛQFLD WÛP VLGR
GHVHQYROYLGRV SDUD DQÒOLVHV GH VLVWHPDV PRQRIÒVLFRV H WULIÒVLFRV UDGLDLV H
IUDFDPHQWH PDOKDGRV (VWXGRV WÛP PRVWUDGR TXH ERQV UHVXOWDGRV VÔR
HQFRQWUDGRV XVDQGR R SURFHGLPHQWR EDFNZDUGIRUZDUG 2 PÚWRGR GH IOX[R GH
SRWÛQFLDTXHIRLXWLOL]DGRQHVWHWUDEDOKRÚGHVFULWRQR$SÛQGLFH$

18
([SUHVVæHVGH3HUGDV(OÚWULFDV$WLYDV

$V SHUGDV HOÚWULFDV SRU HIHLWR -RXOH TXH RFRUUHP QDV OLQKDV GH XPD UHGH
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XPDGHVWDVOLQKDV(VWHVYDORUHVVÔRREWLGRVFRPXVRGDH[SUHVVÔR

/ = , /W 5G , /
HPTXH
, / YHWRUGDVFRUUHQWHVQDVOLQKDVGDUHGHHOÚWULFD
5G PDWUL] GLDJRQDO TXH FRQWÚP QD SRVLØÔR NN R YDORU GD UHVLVWÛQFLD GD
OLQKDN

(P DOJXQV FDVRV Ú LQWHUHVVDQWH REWHU H[SUHVVæHV SDUD DV SHUGDV HP
IXQØæHV GH WHQVæHV LQMHØæHV GH FRUUHQWHV HRX SRWÛQFLDV QDV EDUUDV 'HVWD
IRUPD REWÚPVH D VHJXLU DOJXPDV H[SUHVVæHV SDUD R FÒOFXOR GDV SHUGDV
HOÚWULFDV
$V OLQKDV GH WUDQVPLVVÔR GH VLVWHPDV HOÚWULFRV SRGHP VHU UHSUHVHQWDGDV
SRUXPFLUFXLWRHPPRGHORπFRPRPRVWUDDILJXUD

\ P
N NP

,
NP
VK
M ENP VK
M ENP

)LJXUD0RGHORHTXLYDOHQWHπGHXPDOLQKDGHWUDQVPLVVÔR

19
$ FRUUHQWH ,NP Ú FRPSRVWD SRU XPD FRPSRQHQWH VÚULH H XP FRPSRQHQWH

VKXQW TXH SRGH VHU FDOFXODGD D SDUWLU GDV WHQVæHV WHUPLQDLV (N H (P H GRV
SDUÓPHWURVGRPRGHORπHTXLYDOHQWH1HVWHWUDEDOKRVHJXHVHDVUHSUHVHQWDØæHV
GDUHIHUÛQFLD>@HQWÔRDFRUUHQWHQDOLQKDNPÚHVFULWDFRPRVHJXH

, NP = \ NP (( N − ( P ) + M ENP
VK
(N
HPTXH
\ NP DGPLWÓQFLDGDOLQKDNP
,NP FRUUHQWHQDOLQKDNP
VK
ENP VXVFHSWÓQFLDVKXQW
(NWHQVÔRQDEDUUDN
(PWHQVÔRQDEDUUDP

2IOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDQDOLQKDÚGDGRSRU

6 NP = 3NP + M 4NP = ( N , NP
*

HPTXH
6NP IOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDFRPSOH[DHQWUHDVEDUUDNHP
3NP H4NP IOX[RVGDVSRWÛQFLDVDWLYDHUHDWLYDQDOLQKDNPUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

2VIOX[RV3NPH4NPVÔR

3NP = 9N2 J NP − 9N 9P J NP cosθ NP − 9N 9P ENP sen θ NP
(
4NP = −9N2 ENP + ENP
VK
)
+ 9N 9P ENP cosθ NP − 9N 9P J NP sen θ NP
HPTXH
J NP FRQGXWÓQFLDVÚULHQDOLJDØÔRNP
ENP VXVFHSWÓQFLDVÚULHQDOLJDØÔRNP
9NH9P PDJQLWXGHVGDVWHQVæHVGDVEDUUDVNHPUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

θ NP = θ N −θ P ;

θ N H θ P ÓQJXORVGDVWHQVæHVGDVEDUUDVNHP
20
2V IOX[RV 3PN H 4PN SRGHP VHU REWLGRV VHJXLQGR R PHVPR SURFHGLPHQWR
>@HVÔRLQGLFDGRVQDVHTXDØæHV H

3PN = 9P2 J NP − 9N 9P J NP cosθ PN − 9N 9P ENP sen θ PN
(
4PN = −9P2 ENP + ENP
VK
)
+ 9N 9P ENP cos θ PN − 9N 9P J NP sen θ PN

$VSHUGDVGHSRWÛQFLDVDWLYDHUHDWLYDHPFDGDOLQKDGDUHGHHOÚWULFDVÔR
REWLGDVFRPRVHJXH

(
/NP = 3NP + 3PN = J NP 9N2 + 9P2 − 2 9N 9P cosθ NP )
VK
0 NP = 4NP + 4PN = − ENP ( ) (
9N2 + 9P2 − ENP 9N2 + 9P2 − 29N 9P cosθ NP )

2 YDORU WRWDO GDV SHUGDV HOÚWULFDV DWLYDV QD UHGH SRGH VHU REWLGR FRPR D
VHJXLU
1 Q Q
/= ∑∑ /NP
2 N =1 P =1

/=
1 Q Q
∑ ∑
2 N =1 P =1
[
J NP 9N2 + 9P2 − 29N 9P cos (θ N − θ P ) ]
HPTXH
QQëPHURGDVEDUUDVGDUHGHHOÚWULFD

$VSHUGDVWDPEÚPSRGHPVHUREWLGDVDSDUWLUGDH[SUHVVÔRGDLQMHØÔRGD
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SDUWHVH GD HTXDØÔR GH LQMHØÔR OÞTXLGD GH FRUUHQWH HP XPD EDUUD N GR VLVWHPD
HOÚWULFRTXHÚGDGDSRU

,N = ∑ , NP
P∈.

,N = ∑ (\ NP + M ENPVK ) (N + ∑ (− \ NP (NP )

P .
∈ L .
∈
VHQGR
, LQMHØÔROÞTXLGDGHFRUUHQWHQDEDUUDN
N
.FRQMXQWRGHWRGDVDVEDUUDVGRVLVWHPD . PQ

21
(VWDH[SUHVVÔRSRGHVHUJHQHUDOL]DGDQDIRUPDPDWULFLDO
, =< (
HPTXH
, : YHWRUGDVLQMHØæHVGHFRUUHQWHFXMDVFRPSRQHQWHVVÔR, N QE N
θN
( YHWRUGDVWHQVæHVQRGDLVFXMDVFRPSRQHQWHVVÔR(N 9NH M

< *M%PDWUL]DGPLWÓQFLDQRGDO

9ROWDQGR SDUD D LQMHØÔR GH FRUUHQWH D H[SUHVVÔR SRGH VHU UHHVFULWD
FRPRVHJXH
,N = ∑ <NP (NP
P∈.

$JRUD SRGHVH UHHVFUHYHU D H[SUHVVÔR GD LQMHØÔR GD SRWÛQFLD FRPSOH[D
QDEDUUDNFRPRHP

6 N = 3N + M4N = ( N , N*

$VSDUWHVDWLYDHUHDWLYDVÔRREWLGDVHP H UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

3N = 9N ∑ 9P (* NP cos θ NP + %NP sen θ NP )
P∈.
4N = 9N ∑9P (*NP sen θ NP − %NP cos θ NP )
P∈.

$ ILP GH REWHU DV SHUGDV GD UHGH HOÚWULFD D H[SUHVVÔR GH 3 SRGH VHU N
UHHVFULWDFRQIRUPHDHTXDØÔR RXDWUDYÚVGDHTXDØÔR

3N = 9N ∑ 9P * NP cos θ NP + 9N ∑ 9P %NP sen θ NP
P∈. P∈.
3N = 9N2 *NN + 9N ∑9
P∈Ω .
P *NP cos θ NP + 9N ∑9
P∈Ω .
P %NP sen θ NP
HPTXH
Ω FRQMXQWRGHWRGDVDVEDUUDVPDGMDFHQWHVÑEDUUDN
N

$ VRPD GDV LQMHØæHV GH SRWÛQFLDV HP WRGDV DV EDUUDV GD UHGH IRUQHFH R
YDORUGDVSHUGDVFRPRPRVWUDGRQDHTXDØÔR
22
Q
/ = ∑ 3N
N =1

$H[SUHVVÔR SRGHVHUUHHVFULWDFRPRVHJXH

Q Q
/ = ∑ 9N2 *NN + 9N ∑ 9P *NP cos θ NP + ∑ 9N ∑9P %NP sen θ NP
N =1 P∈Ω . N =1 P∈Ω .

I II

$ SDUWH II” GD HTXDØÔR WHP XP YDORU LJXDO D ]HUR SRLV R WHUPR
9N 9P %NP sen θ NP UHSUHVHQWDXPIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDTXHVDLGHNSDUDPHRWHUPR
9P9N %PN sen θ PN RIOX[RTXHFKHJDHPPGHNFRPYDORULJXDOHVLQDORSRVWRDR
WHUPR 9N 9P %NP sen θ NP (QWÔRDVSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVSRGHPVHUREWLGDVHPIXQØÔR
GDVWHQVæHVQRGDLVDSDUWLUGDHTXDØÔR

Q
/ = ∑ 9N2 * NN + 9N ∑9P *NP cos θ NP
N =1 P∈Ω .

3DUDREWHUDVSHUGDVHPIXQØÔRGDVLQMHØæHVGHFRUUHQWHQDVEDUUDVSDUWH
VHGDHTXDØÔR SDUDHVFUHYHUDHTXDØÔR

Q 
/ = ℜ∑ ( N , N* 
 N =1 
HPTXH
ℜ SDUWHUHDOGDJUDQGH]DFRPSOH[D

$VVLP DV SHUGDV WDPEÚP SRGHP VHU H[SUHVVDV D SDUWLU GD PDWUL]
DGPLWÓQFLDHWHQVæHVFRPRVHJXH
Q  Q * * 
/ = ℜ∑ (N  ∑ <NP (P 
 N =1  P=1 

23
$HTXDØÔR SRGHVHUUHHVFULWDHPIXQØÔRGDPDWUL]LPSHGÓQFLDHGH

LQMHØæHVGHFRUUHQWH3RUWDQWRREWÚPVHXPDH[SUHVVÔRGHSHUGDVHPIXQØÔRGDV
LQMHØæHVGHFRUUHQWHFRPRPRVWUDGRDVHJXLU

Q Q

/ = ℜ∑ , N* ∑ = NP , P 
 N =1 P =1 

Q  Q  Q  Q 
/ = ℜ∑ , N*  ∑ 5NP , P  + ℜ∑ , N*  ∑ ; NP , P 
 N =1  P=1   N =1  P=1 
I II

2 VHJXQGR WHUPR GD HTXDØÔR FRPR RFRUUH QD HTXDØÔR Ú
LJXDOD]HUR3RUWDQWRDVSHUGDVSRGHPVHFDOFXODGDVFRQIRUPHHTXDØÔR

Q  Q 
/ = ℜ∑ , N*  ∑ 5NP , P 
 N =1  P =1 

0ÚWRGRVGH$ORFDØÔRGH3HUGDV

1HVWH LWHP DSUHVHQWDPVH TXDWUR PÚWRGRV GH DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV
GLVFXWLGRV QD OLWHUDWXUD FRP DSOLFDØæHV HP VLVWHPDV GH GLVWULEXLØÔR H XPD
DSOLFDØÔR QRYD SDUD XP PÚWRGR WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH DSOLFDGR HP VLVWHPDV GH
WUDQVPLVVÔR (VWH PÚWRGR Ú EDVHDGR QD PDWUL] =EXV H IRL DSUHVHQWDGR HP >@
FRPGHVWDTXHSDUDDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHDSOLFDØÔRHPUHGHVFRPHIHLWRFDSDFLWLYR
GDVOLQKDVGHVSUH]DGDV FRPRÚRFDVRGRVVLVWHPDVGHGLVWULEXLØÔR

24
0ÚWRGRGD6XVWLWXLØÔR 06

(VWH PÚWRGR Ú EDVHDGR QR WHRUHPD GD FRPSHQVDØÔR H Ú XWLOL]DGR HP >@
SDUD REWHU RV /$)V ORVV DGMXVWPHQW IDFWRUV 1HVWH WUDEDOKR DSUHVHQWDVH XPD
IRUPDVLVWHPÒWLFDGHFDOFXODUHVWHVIDWRUHVHSRUWDQWRDVSHUGDVTXHGHYHPVHU
DORFDGDVSDUDFDGDDJHQWH2PÚWRGRFRQVLVWHHP

L 2EWHU DV SHUGDV GR VLVWHPD / FRP WRGRV RV JHUDGRUHV H FDUJDV
SUHVHQWHVFRQIRUPHHTXDØÔR
LL 6XEVWLWXLULQMHØÔRGHSRWÛQFLDGHXPDFDUJDRXJHUDGRUSRU]HURHREWHU
RYDORUGDVSHUGDVGHVWHQRYRVLVWHPD /’
LLL $ORFDUSHUGDVSDUDDVFDUJDVHDRVJHUDGRUHVFRPRVHQGR /’ = / − /’
L

$SäVRFÒOFXORGRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDSRGHVHIDFLOPHQWHREWHURVYDORUHVGDV
FRUUHQWHV HP WRGRV RV UDPRV GD UHGH HOÚWULFD H HQWÔR DV SHUGDV HOÚWULFDV VÔR
REWLGDVFRPXVRGDH[SUHVVÔR
&RPDVXEVWLWXLØÔRGDLQMHØÔRGHSRWÛQFLDGHXPJHUDGRURXXPDFDUJDSRU
]HURSRGHVHREWHUXPQRYRYHWRUGHFRUUHQWHVQRVUDPRVHSRUWDQWRRQRYRYDORU
GH SHUGDV HOÚWULFDV /’ H HQWÔR UHDOL]DU D DORFDØÔR FRPR QR SDVVR GHVFULWR
DFLPD 2EVHUYDVH TXH R VRPDWäULR GDV SHUGDV DORFDGDV /’ Ú GLIHUHQWH GR
L
VRPDWäULRGDVSHUGDVQDOLQKDV / PRVWUDQGRXPDLQFRQVLVWÛQFLDGRPÚWRGRFRP
RVUHVXOWDGRVGRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLD$ILPGHWRUQDURPÚWRGRFRQVLVWHQWHFRPRV
UHVXOWDGRVGRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDSRGHVHDSOLFDUXPIDWRUGHFRUUHØÔR(VWHIDWRUÚ
REWLGRDWUDYÚVGDGLYLVÔRHQWUHDVSHUGDVWRWDLVGRVLVWHPDHTXDØÔR HR
VRPDWäULR GDV SHUGDV DORFDGDV /’ (QWÔR R IDWRU GH FRUUHØÔR Ú GDGR SHOD
L
HTXDØÔR

/
IF =

Q
∑/
L =1
’
L

$ DORFDØÔR ILQDO GDV SHUGDV SDUD FDGD DJHQWH SRGH VHU UHDOL]DGD
FRUULJLQGRVHRVYDORUHVREWLGRVDQWHULRUPHQWHFRPR
25
/ = IF × / ’
L L

$ GHVYDQWDJHP GHVWH PÚWRGR VH HQFRQWUD QD QHFHVVLGDGH GH DSOLFDU XP
IDWRUGHFRUUHØÔRSDUDRPÚWRGRVHWRUQDUFRQVLVWHQWHFRPRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDH
QDQHFHVVLGDGHGHVLPXODUWDQWRVIOX[RVGHSRWÛQFLDVTXDQWRVVÔRRVXVXÒULRVGD
UHGH

0ÚWRGRGH$ORFDØÔRGH3HUGDV%DVHDGRHP'LYLVÔR3URSRUFLRQDO 36

(VWH PÚWRGR DORFD DV SHUGDV HOÚWULFDV SURSRUFLRQDOPHQWH DR LPSDFWR GH
FDGDXVXÒULR JHUDGRURXFRQVXPLGRU QRIOX[RGDFRUUHQWHHPFDGDHOHPHQWRGD
UHGH
2 SULPHLUR SUREOHPD D VHU UHVROYLGR SRU HVWH PÚWRGR Ú WUDØDU R FDPLQKR
SHUFRUULGR SHOR IOX[R GH FRUUHQWH HQWUH JHUDGRUHV H FDUJDV RX VHMD TXDLV
JHUDGRUHV FRQWULEXHP SDUD TXDLV FDUJDV H TXDQWR FRQWULEXHP 2XWUR SUREOHPD
HQFRQWUDGR Ú UHVROYHU RV FKDPDGRV WHUPRV FUX]DGRV (VWHV WHUPRV DSDUHFHP
TXDQGR HP FHUWRV HOHPHQWRV GD UHGH FLUFXODP FRUUHQWHV GHYLGR DV GLIHUHQWHV
FDUJDVFRPRGHVWDFDGRQDILJXUD
(, 1 + , 2 ) ,

R ,

)LJXUD)OX[RGHFRUUHQWHHPXPDOLQKDGHGLVWULEXLØÔRGHYLGRDGXDVFDUJDV

$VSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVQDOLQKDGDILJXUDSRGHPVHUFDOFXODGDVFRQIRUPH
HTXDØÔR

/ = 5 × (, 1 + , 2 )
2
2XDLQGD

/ = 5 × , 12 + 5 × , 22 + 2 × 5 × , 1 × , 2
, ,, ,,,
26
$VSDUFHODV,H,,GDHTXDØÔR VÔRDVSDUFHODVGHSHUGDVGHYLGRÑV

FDUJDVHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHHDSDUFHOD,,,VÔRRVWHUPRVFUX]DGRVRXVHMDD
SDUFHOD GDV SHUGDV GHYLGR ÑV GXDV FDUJDV 2 SUREOHPD Ú DWULEXLU XPD
SRUFHQWDJHPGHVWDSDUFHOD,,,SDUDDVFDUJDV
2 PÚWRGR 36 >@ QHFHVVLWD QR VHX GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD DSOLFDØÔR GH XP
PÚWRGRWUDQVSRUWHDILPGHFRQKHFHUTXDLVRV FDPLQKRV GRVIOX[RVGHFRUUHQWHH
QDWHQWDWLYDGHUHVROYHURSUREOHPDGRVWHUPRVFUX]DGRV'HQWUHRVPÚWRGRVGH
WUDQVSRUWH H[LVWHQWHV QD OLWHUDWXUD IRL LPSOHPHQWDGR QHVWH WUDEDOKR R PÚWRGR
SURSRVWRSRU>@(VWHPÚWRGRÚEDVHDGRQXPDDQÒOLVHPDWULFLDOGDUHGHRTXDO
SRGHVHUGLYLGLGRHPGXDVSDUWHVXPDOJRULWPRSDUDMXVDQWH GRZQVWUHDPORRNLQJ
DOJRULWKP TXHSHUPLWHFRQKHFHUDFRQWULEXLØÔRGHFDGDFRQVXPLGRUQRIOX[RGD
SRWÛQFLDRXGDFRUUHQWHHPFDGDHOHPHQWRGDUHGHHXPDOJRULWPRSDUDPRQWDQWH
XSVWUHDPORRNLQJ DOJRULWKP TXH SHUPLWH FRQKHFHU D FRQWULEXLØÔR GH FDGD
JHUDGRUQRIOX[RGDSRWÛQFLDRXGDFRUUHQWHHPFDGDHOHPHQWRGDUHGH
&RQVLGHUDQGRDUHGHVHPSHUGDVSRGHVHHVFUHYHUTXHRIOX[RGDFRUUHQWH
GRQäNSDUDRQäPÚLJXDODRIOX[RGDFRUUHQWHGRQäPSDUDRQäNRXVHMD

, NP = , PN

&RQVLGHUDQGRRIOX[RGDFRUUHQWHDOLPHQWDGRSHORQäLSRGHVHHVFUHYHUD
FRUUHQWHQRGDOFRPRVHJXH

,N = ∑ , NP
P∈.
+ , / N = ∑ &N × , P + , / N
P∈.

HPTXH
,UDPR
& NP =
,N
, P YDORUGRWUÓQVLWRGDFRUUHQWHTXHIOXLUHDOPHQWHQRQäP
, / N YDORUGDFRUUHQWHGDFDUJDOLJDGDDRQäN

$HTXDØÔR SRGHVHUUHHVFULWDFRQIRUPHHTXDØÔR

, NP
,/N = ,N − ∑ × ,P
P∈. ,P
27
2X
, / N = [ $G ] × ,
HPTXH
[$G] PDWUL]GLVWULEXLØÔRSDUDMXVDQWH

IYHWRUGRVIOX[RVQRGDLV

'HVWDIRUPDRVHOHPHQWRVGDPDWUL][$G]VÔRREWLGRVFRQIRUPHVHJXH

 1 SDUD N = P
 − ,
[$G ]NP =
NP
SDUD L ≠ M H M ∈ Ω L
 (,G M )
0 QDV GHPDLV SRVLo}HV

$VVLPRVYDORUHVGRVIOX[RVQRGDLVSRGHPVHUREWLGRVDWUDYÚVGDHTXDØÔR

, = [$G ] × , / N
−1

2V YDORUHV GRV WUÓQVLWRV GH FRUUHQWH QDV OLQKDV NP XWLOL]DQGR D GLYLVÔR
SURSRUFLRQDOSRGHPVHUREWLGRVFRQIRUPHDHTXDØÔR

−1
, NP , NP Q
, NP = ,N ≅ × ∑ [ $G ] × , / M SDUD M ∈ N
,N ,N M =1 N− M

$ SDUWLU GR DOJRULWPR GH WUDQVSRUWH R 36 EXVFD UHVROYHU R SUREOHPD GH
DORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVHPWUÛVHWDSDV1DSULPHLUDHWDSDVÔRUHWLUDGRVRVJHUDGRUHV
GRVLVWHPDHIHLWDDDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVVRPHQWHDRVFRQVXPLGRUHV1DVHJXQGD
HWDSD FRP R VLVWHPD FRPSOHWR FDUJDV H JHUDGRUHV Ú IHLWD D DORFDØÔR GDV
SHUGDV DRV JHUDGRUHV H QD ëOWLPD HWDSD Ú IHLWD D DORFDØÔR GDV SHUGDV
UHPDQHVFHQWHV DRV JHUDGRUHV &RP LVWR HVWH PÚWRGR DORFD SHUGDV SDUD DV
FDUJDVLQGHSHQGHQWHGDSUHVHQØDRXQÔRGHJHUDGRUHV

28
$ORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVÑVFDUJDV

$ DORFDØÔR GDV SHUGDV ÑV FDUJDV Ú IHLWD D SDUWLU GD FRQWULEXLØÔR GH FDGD
FDUJDQDVFRUUHQWHVQRVUDPRVDWUDYÚVGRVVHJXLQWHVSDVVRV
L 6LPXODURIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDVHPJHUDGRUHV
LL (QFRQWUDU R FDPLQKR GR IOX[R GD FRUUHQWH HQWUH VXEHVWDØÔR H FDUJD
DWUDYÚVGDVPDWUL]HV>$UV@H>$LV@ GRZQVWUHDPORRNLQJDOJRULWKP>@
FRPRPRVWUDDVHTXDØæHV H

 1 SDUD L = M
 − ℜ(,UDPR )
[$UV] = SDUD L ≠ M H M ∈ Ω L
LM
 ℜ (,G )
M

 0 QDV GHPDLV SRVLo}HV
 1 SDUD L = M
 − ℑ(,UDPR)
[$LV] = SDUD L ≠ M H M ∈ Ω L
 ℑ(,G )
LM
M

HPTXH
,UDPRFRUUHQWHQDOLQKDL
ℜ H ℑ UHSUHVHQWDPDVSDUWHVUHDOHLPDJLQÒULDGDFRUUHQWH
,GFRUUHQWHGHPDQGDGDQDEDUUDILQDOGDOLQKDL

LLL &DOFXODU D FRQWULEXLØÔR UHDO H LPDJLQÒULD GDV SHUGDV GH XP
FRQVXPLGRUNQXPDOLQKDLGRVLVWHPDFRPRPRVWUDDVHTXDØæHV
H

ℜ( ,UDPR ) × $UV −1 (QRI , N ) × ℜ(,F )
[&UV] , =
L L N

ℜ( ,G (QRI ))
L N
ℑ( ,UDPR ) × $LV −1 (QRI , N ) × ℑ(,F )

[&LV] , =
L L N

ℑ( ,G (QRI ))
L N
HPTXH
,F FRUUHQWHGRFRQVXPLGRUN
N
QRI EDUUDILQDOGRUDPRL
L
ℜ H ℑ UHSUHVHQWDPDVSDUWHVUHDOHLPDJLQÒULDGDFRUUHQWH
29
LY $ORFDUDVSHUGDVDRFRQVXPLGRUN VLVWHPDVHPJHUDGRU FRPRVHJXH


QO
 Q
&UV 2 
/V = ∑  U ∑  2 × &UV × &UV ×  + LN
N
  L
&UV 2
+ &UV 2 LN LM
=1L
 =1  M
 LN LM
 
QO Q
&LV 2 
+ ∑  U ∑  2 × &LV × &LV ×  + LN

  L
&LV 2
+ &LV 2  LN LM
=1
 =1 
L M
 LN LM
(( ))
QO
+ ∑ U &UV 2 + &LV 2
L LN LN
L =1
HPTXH
QOQëPHURGHOLQKDVGRVLVWHPD
U UHVLVWÛQFLDGDOLQKDL.
L

&UV 2 &LV 2
2V WHUPRV H
LN
GD HTXDØÔR SRGHP VHU
LN
&UV 2 + &UV 2
LN
&LV 2 + &LV 2LM LN LM
LQWHUSUHWDGDVFRPRXPIDWRUGHFRUUHØÔRSDUDDORFDUDVSHUGDVGHYLGRDRVWHUPRV
FUX]DGRVGDHTXDØÔR

$ORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVDRVJHUDGRUHV

1HVWD HWDSD VÔR REWLGRV QRYRV YDORUHV GH FRUUHQWHV SDUD FDGD UDPR D
SDUWLU GRV UHVXOWDGRV GH XP IOX[R GH SRWÛQFLD FRQVLGHUDQGR D SUHVHQØD GRV
JHUDGRUHVGLVWULEXÞGRV$FRQWULEXLØÔRGHFDGDFDUJDSDUDDVSDUWHVUHDO &LS H
LPDJLQÒULD &LT GDV FRUUHQWHV QRV UDPRV Ú FDOFXODGD GRZQVWUHDPORRNLQJ
DOJRULWKP>@

L (QFRQWUDURFDPLQKRGRIOX[RGDFRUUHQWHTXHFKHJDÑFDUJDDWUDYÚVGDV
HTXDØæHV H GRZQVWUHDPORRNLQJDOJRULWKP>@

[$UF]LM
= [$UV ] LM

[$LF ]
LM
= [ $LV ] LM
30
LL &DOFXODU D FRQWULEXLØÔR GH FDGD FRQVXPLGRU N SDUD DV SDUWHV UHDO H
LPDJLQÒULD GDV FRUUHQWHV QRV UDPRV FRQIRUPH HTXDØÔR H
GRZQVWUHDPORRNLQJDOJRWLWKP>@

ℜ( ,UDPR ) × $UF −1 (QRI , N ) × ℜ(,F )
[&UF] , =
L L N

ℜ( ,G (QRI ))
L N

ℑ( ,UDPR ) × $LF (QRI , N ) × ℑ(,F −1
)
[&LF ] , =
L L N

ℑ( ,G (QRI ))
L N
HPTXH
,F FRUUHQWHLQMHWDGDQDEDUUDN
N

LLL 'HILQLURVHQWLGRGRIOX[RFRPRGLUHWRRXLQYHUVRWHQGRFRPRUHIHUÛQFLDR
FDVREDVH$HTXDØÔR PRVWUDDGHILQLØÔRGRVVHQWLGRVGRVIOX[RV

 &, − (1 ) > 0 VH &, − (1 ) HVWi QD GLUHomR GLUHWD
N [ N [

L M L M
&, − < 0 VH &, − HVWi QD GLUHomR LQYHUVD

N (1 ) [ (1 ) N [
L M L M

LY &DOFXODU DV YDULDØæHV GD FRQWULEXLØÔR GD FRUUHQWH RFRUULGD HP FDGD
UDPRVHPHFRPJHUDGRUFRQIRUPHHTXDØæHV H

∆&U = &UF − &UV
LM LM LM

∆&L = &LF − &LV
LM LM LM

Y (QFRQWUDU R FDPLQKR GR IOX[R GD FRUUHQWH SURYRFDGD SHORV JHUDGRUHV
FRQIRUPHHTXDØæHV H XSVWUHDPORRNLQJDOJRULWKP>@
31
 1 SDUD L = M
 − ℜ(,UDPR )
[$UJ ] = SDUD L ≠ M H M ∈ Ω L
LM
 ℜ (,V ) M

 0 QDV GHPDLV SRVLo}HV

 1 SDUD L = M
 − ℑ(,UDPR )
[$LJ ] = SDUD L ≠ M H M ∈ Ω L
LM
 ℑ(,V ) M

HPTXH
,UDPRFRUUHQWHQDOLQKDL
,VSRWÛQFLDTXHVDLGDEDUUDLQLFLDOGDOLQKDL.

YL &DOFXODUDFRQWULEXLØÔRGRJHUDGRUMSDUDDVSDUWHVUHDOHLPDJLQÒULDGDV
FRUUHQWHVQRUDPRL FRPRVHJXH

ℜ( ,UDPR ) × $UJ −1 (QRL , M ) × ℜ(,F )
[&UJ ] , =
L L M

ℜ( ,V(QRL ))
L M

ℑ( ,UDPR ) × $LV −1 (QRL , M ) × ℑ(,F )
[&LJ ] , =
L L M

ℑ( ,V(QRL ))
L N
HPTXH
QRL QäLQLFLDOGDOLQKDL
L

YLL &DOFXODU D FRQWULEXLØÔR GR JHUDGRU M SDUD R FRQVXPLGRU N HTXDØæHV
H
ℜ( ,F ) × $UJ −1 (N , M ) × ℜ(,HVS )
[&UJF] , =
N M

ℜ( ,V N )
N M

ℑ( ,F ) × $LV −1 × ℑ(,HVS )
[&LJF] , =
N N M M

ℑ( ,V N )
L N
HPTXH
,HVS Ú D GLIHUHQØD HQWUH D FRUUHQWH IRUQHFLGD SHOR JHUDGRU M H D
M
FRQVXPLGDSHODEDUUDHPTXHHVWÒHVWHJHUDGRU
32
YLLL$WXDOL]DUDYDULDØÔRGDFRUUHQWHFDOFXODGDVDWUDYÚVGDVHTXDØæHV
H FRQIRUPHHTXDØæHV H

∆&[ × &[JF
∆&[ ’ = VH ∆&[ < 0
LN NM

M
$
NL LN
LN
∆&[ × &[J
∆&[ ’ = VH ∆&[ < 0
LN LM

M
%
NL LN
∆&[ × &[J
∆&[ ’ = VH ∆&[ > 0
LN LM

M
&
NL LN
HPTXH
∆&[ ’ : UHSUHVHQWDDYDULDØÔRGDFRQWULEXLØÔRGDFRUUHQWHGRJHUDGRUMQD
NL
M
OLQKDL HFRQVXPLGRUNSDUDDVSDUWHVUHDOHLPDJLQÒULD
∆&[ : UHSUHVHQWDDVSDUWHVUHDOHLPDJLQÒULDGDYDULDØÔRGDFRQWULEXLØÔR
LN
GRFRQVXPLGRUNQDOLQKDL
&[JF N : UHSUHVHQWD DV SDUWHV UHDO H LPDJLQÒULD GD FRQWULEXLØÔR GD

M
FRUUHQWHGRJHUDGRUMQRFRQVXPLGRUN
QJHU
$LN = ∑ &[JFLM UHSUHVHQWDRFRQMXQWRGHJHUDGRUHVTXHFRQWULEXHPSDUD

M =1
DFRUUHQWHGRFRQVXPLGRUN &UJF! VHPFRQWULEXÞUHPQRVHQWLGR

GLUHWRSDUDDOLQKDL &UJ
&[J : UHSUHVHQWDDVSDUWHVUHDOHLPDJLQÒULDGDFRQWULEXLØÔRGDFRUUHQWH
LM
GRJHUDGRUMQDOLQKDL
Q
% = ∑ &[J UHSUHVHQWD R FRQMXQWR GH JHUDGRUHV TXH FRQWULEXHP QR

L LN
M =1
VHQWLGR LQYHUVR SDUD D FRUUHQWH GD OLQKD L &UJ H FRQWULEXHP

SDUDDFRUUHQWHGRFRQVXPLGRUN &UJF≠
Q
& = ∑ &[J UHSUHVHQWD R FRQMXQWR GH JHUDGRUHV TXH FRQWULEXHP QR

L LN
M =1
VHQWLGR GLUHWR SDUD D FRUUHQWH GD OLQKD L &UJ ! H

VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH FRQWULEXHP SDUD D FRUUHQWH GR FRQVXPLGRU N
&UJF≠
33
L[ 'HWHUPLQDURYDORUJOREDOGDVYDULDØæHVGDFRQWULEXLØÔRGRJHUDGRUM QD

OLQKDLHTXDØÔR

Q
∆&[ = ∑ ∆&[ ’
LM NL
M

N =1

[ $ORFDØÔR GDV SHUGDV GR JHUDGRU M DWUDYÚV GD YDULDØÔR GD FRUUHQWH
DWXDOL]DGDHTXDØÔR

QO  QJHU  ∆&ULM2 

/J M = ∑ 5L ∑ ∆&ULM × ∆&ULP ×
  +
 P=1  ∆&U 2
+ ∆ &U 2 
L =1
  LM LP  
QO  QJHU  ∆&LLM2 

+ ∑ 5L ∑ ∆&LLM × ∆&LLP ×
  +
  ∆&L 2
+ ∆ &L 2 
L =1
 P =1  LM LP  

( ( ))
QO
+ ∑ 5L ∆&ULM + 2 × ∆&ULM × ℜ(,UDPR _ VJ L ) +
2
L =1
( ( ))
QO
+ ∑ 5L ∆&LLM2 + 2 × ∆&LLM × ℑ(,UDPR _ VJ L )
L =1

HPTXH
ngerQëPHURGHJHUDGRUHVGRVLVWHPD
,UDPRBVJ FRUUHQWHQRUDPRLGRVLVWHPDVHPJHUDGRU
L

3DUD R PÚWRGR 36 VH WRUQDU FRQVLVWHQWH FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV GR IOX[R GH
SRWÛQFLD VÔR XWLOL]DGRV GRLV IDWRUHV GH FRUUHØÔR 2 SULPHLUR SDUD FRUULJLU RV
WHUPRVFUX]DGRV HTXDØæHV H FRQIRUPHGHVFULWRQRLWHPHR
VHJXQGRDRDORFDUDVSHUGDVUHPDQHVFHQWHVDRVJHUDGRUHV

$ORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVUHPDQHVFHQWHDRVJHUDGRUHV

$YDULDØÔRGRVYDORUHVGDVWHQVæHVFRPHVHPDSUHVHQØDGRVJHUDGRUHV
GLVWULEXÞGRVOHYDÑH[LVWÛQFLDGHSHUGDVQÔRDORFDGDVVHQGRSUHFLVRGHWHUPLQDUH
34
DORFDU HVWHV YDORUHV 1D WHUFHLUD HWDSD Ú IHLWD D DORFDØÔR GDV SHUGDV
UHPDQHVFHQWHVDRVJHUDGRUHVGLVWULEXÞGRVDSDUWLUGRVVHJXLQWHVSDVVRV

L &DOFXODURWRWDOGHSHUGDVUHPDQHVFHQWHV/UDWUDYÚVGDHTXDØÔR

 Q Q
 QJHU
/U =  ∑ /FJ L − ∑ /VJ L  − ∑ /J M
 L =11 L =11  M =1
HPTXH
/FJ WRWDOGHSHUGDVGRVLVWHPDFRPJHUDGRU
/VJWRWDOGHSHUGDVGRVLVWHPDVHPJHUDGRU
/JWRWDOGHSHUGDVDORFDGDVDRVJHUDGRUHV

LL &DOFXODUDVSHUGDVUHPDQHVFHQWHVSDUDRJHUDGRUM FRPRVHJXH

6JHU
/U = × /U
M
6JHU _ WRWDO
M
HPTXH
6JHU PäGXORGDSRWÛQFLDIRUQHFLGDSHORJHUDGRUM
M
6JHUBWRWDOVRPDGRVPäGXORVGDVSRWÛQFLDVIRUQHFLGDVSHORVJHUDGRUHV

LLL 5HDORFDUDVSHUGDVDRJHUDGRUMHTXDØÔR

/J = /J + /U
M M M

35
0ÚWRGR%DVHDGRQR)DWRUGH3HUGDV0DUJLQDLV 0/& >@

(VWH PÚWRGR Ú EDVHDGR QXP IDWRU GH SHUGDV LQFUHPHQWDLV TXH PHGH D
YDULDØÔRWRWDOGDVSHUGDVGDSRWÛQFLDDWLYD/GHFRUUHQWHGDYDULDØÔRPDUJLQDOGR
FRQVXPRJHUDØÔR GDV SRWÛQFLDV DWLYDV 3 H UHDWLYDV 4 HP FDGD EDUUD L GR
L L
VLVWHPD(VWHPÚWRGRSULPHLUDPHQWHHQFRQWUDXPIDWRUPDUJLQDOFKDPDGRGH ρ~
SDUDFDGDEDUUDL GDUHGH

~  ∂/  ~  ∂/ 
ρ3 =   H ρ4 =  ;
 ∂3L   ∂4 
L L
HPTXH
~
ρ 3 e ρ~4 : rHSUHVHQWDPRVIDWRUHVDWLYRHUHDWLYRGR0/&SDUDXPDEDUUDL
L L

$YDULDØÔRGHSRWÛQFLDUHDWLYDGHXPXVXÒULRSRUH[HPSORJHUDGRUNSDUD
FRQWUROH GH WHQVÔR EDUUDV GR WLSR 39 QÔR SURYRFD PXGDQØDV QDV SHUGDV
HOÚWULFDVGRVLVWHPDDVVLPFRQVLGHUDVH

∂/
= 0
∂4N
HPTXH
N EDUUD39

8PD GDV IXQØæHV GD HVSHFLILFDØÔR GH EDUUD GH UHIHUÛQFLD QR FÒOFXOR GR
IOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDÚIRUQHFHUSRWÛQFLDSDUDIHFKDUREDODQØRGHSRWÛQFLDHSRUWDQWR
VXSULU DV SHUGDV DWLYDV H UHDWLYDV 8PD YDULDØÔR PDUJLQDO QD SRWÛQFLD DWLYD RX
UHDWLYDGDEDUUDGHUHIHUÛQFLDQÔRGHYHFDXVDUYDULDØÔRQDVSHUGDV/RXVHMD

∂/ ∂/
= 0 H = 0
∂3UHI ∂4UHI

'HYLGRÑFRQVLGHUDØÔRDQWHULRUDHVFROKDGDEDUUDGHUHIHUÛQFLDSRGHWHU
XPD JUDQGH LPSRUWÓQFLD QRV YDORUHV H SRODULGDGH GRV IDWRUHV 0/& 3RUÚP SDUD
RVVLVWHPDVGHGLVWULEXLØÔRHVWHSUREOHPDQÔRDSDUHFHSRLVDEDUUDGHUHIHUÛQFLD
ÚVHPSUHHVFROKLGDFRPRVHQGRDEDUUDGHVXSULPHQWRTXHÚDVXEHVWDØÔR
36
2IDWRUGHSHUGDVPDUJLQDLVÚREWLGRHPIXQØÔRGHXPSRQWRGHRSHUDØÔR
GR VLVWHPD $V GHULYDGDV GDV SHUGDV HP UHODØÔR ÑV SRWÛQFLDV DWLYD H UHDWLYD
LQMHWDGDV QÔR VÔR FRQKHFLGDV HTXDØÔR PDV DV GHULYDGDV GDV SRWÛQFLDV
HP IXQØÔR GDV YDULÒYHLV GH HVWDGR VÔR IDFLOPHQWH REWLGDV DSOLFDQGR D HTXDØÔR

 ∂3 ∂3 
 ∂3   ∂θ ∂9   ∂θ 
∂4  =  ∂4 ∂4  ∂9 
     
 ∂θ ∂9 

$GHULYDGDGDVSHUGDVSRGHVHUHVFULWDHPIXQØÔRGDVSRWÛQFLDVHHVWDV
HPIXQØÔRGDVYDULÒYHLVGHHVWDGR UHJUDGDFDGHLD FRQIRUPHHTXDØÔR

/ = /(3(θ,9 ) , 4(θ,9 ))

'HVHQYROYHQGR D HTXDØÔR DWUDYÚV GD HTXDØÔR REWÚPVH D
GHULYDGDGDVSHUGDVHPIXQØÔRGDVYDULÒYHLVGHHVWDGRVFRPRVHJXH

∂/ ∂/ ∂3 ∂/ ∂4
= × + ×
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ ∂3 ∂θ

∂/ ∂/ ∂3 ∂/ ∂4
= × + ×
∂9 ∂3 ∂9 ∂4 ∂9

$V GHULYDGDV GDV SRWÛQFLDV HP UHODØÔR DV YDULÒYHLV GH HVWDGR IRUPDP D
PDWUL]-DFRELDQDWUDQVSRVWDGRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDGH1HZWRQ5DSKVRQFRQIRUPH
HTXDØÔR
 ∂3 ∂4 
 ∂θ 
[- ] =  ∂∂3θ
W
∂4 

 
 ∂9 ∂9 

$HTXDØÔR SRGHVHUUHHVFULWDDSOLFDQGRDFRQVLGHUDØÔRGDHTXDØÔR
REWHQGRDHTXDØÔR
37
 ∂/   ∂/ 
   
[- ] ×  ∂∂3/  =  ∂∂/θ 
W

   
 ∂4   ∂9 

$VVLPR0/&LQLFLDOSRGHVHUREWLGRDWUDYÚVGDHTXDØÔR
 ∂/ 
 
~
ρ= - [ ]
−1
×  ∂θ 
W
∂/

 
I  ∂9 

II

HPTXH FRPRGHILQLGRHP>@

+ 0
[- ]W
=
1 / 

δ3N
+ NP = = 9N9P (* NP sen θ NP − %NP cos θ NP )
δθ P
H
δ3
+ NN = N = −9N2 %NN − 9N ∑ 9P (* NP sen θ NP − %NP cos θ NP )
δθ N P∈.

δ3N
1 NP = = 9N (* NP cos θ NP + %NP sen θ NP )
δ9P
N
δ3N
1 NN = = 9N *NN + ∑9P (*NP cosθNP + %NP sen θNP )
δ9N P∈.

δ4N
0 NP = = −9N9P (* NP cos θ NP + %NP sen θ NP )
δθ P
M
δ4N
0 NN = = − 9N2 * NN + 9N ∑ 9P (* NP cos θ NP + %NP sen θ NP )
δθ N P∈.

δ4N
/NP = = 9N (* NP sen θ NP − %NP cos θ NP )
δ9P
L
δ4N
/NN = = − 9N %NN + ∑ 9P (* NP sen θ NP − %NP cos θ NP )
δ9N P∈.
38
$VHJXQGDSDUFHODGDHTXDØÔR ÚGHWHUPLQDGDDSDUWLUGDGHULYDØÔR

GDVSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVGRVLVWHPDHPIXQØÔRGDVYDULÒYHLVGHHVWDGR&RQIRUPHR
LWHP GHVWH FDSÞWXOR HVWDV SHUGDV SRGHP VHU GHWHUPLQDGDV DWUDYÚV GR
VRPDWäULRGDVSRWÛQFLDVLQMHWDGDVQDVEDUUDVGRVLVWHPDHTXDØÔR
3RUWDQGRDVGHULYDØæHVSDUFLDLVGDV3HUGDV/HPIXQØÔRGDVYDULÒYHLVθH
9VÔRDSUHVHQWDGDVQDVHTXDØæHV H

∂/ Q
= 2∑ J NP9N9P sen(θ N − θ P ) N = 1,..., Q
∂θ N P −1

∂/ Q
= 2∑ J NP [9N − 9P cos(θ N − θ P )] N = 1,..., Q
∂9N P −1

2 VRPDWäULR GDV SHUGDV DORFDGDV DWUDYÚV GR IDWRU 0/& HTXDØÔR
UHSUHVHQWDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHRGREURGDVSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVGDUHGH>@

/’= ~
ρ 3 +~
SL
ρ 4 L TL L

∑/ ’
L
= 2/
HPTXH
/’ DORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVQDEDUUDL
L
~
ρ H ~ρ IDWRUHVLQLFLDLVGHSHUGDVPDUJLQDOGDEDUUDL
3 L
4L

3DUD TXH HVWH VRPDWäULR HTXDØÔR VHMD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
LJXDO DR YDORU GDV SHUGDV Ú QHFHVVÒULR DSOLFDU R PHVPR IDWRU GH FRUUHØÔR GD
HTXDØÔR GRPÚWRGR06

$VVLPRVIDWRUHVGHSHUGDVPDUJLQDLVSRGHPVHUFDOFXODGRVFRPRVHJXH

ρ 3 = IF [ ~
ρ3

ρ 4 = IF [ ~
ρ4

39

3RUWDQGR D DORFDØÔR GDV SHUGDV QR VLVWHPD GH GLVWULEXLØÔR D SDUWLU GR
PÚWRGR0/&ÚGDGDSHODHTXDØÔR
/L = ρ 3 × 3L + ρ 4 × 4L
L L

$VSHUGDVWRWDLVGRVLVWHPDDWUDYÚVGR0/&SRGHPVHUREWLGDVFRQIRUPH
HTXDØÔR

Q Q
/ = ∑ ρ 3 3L + ∑ ρ 4 4L
L L

L =1 L =1

$VHJXLUHVWÒDSUHVHQWDGRRDOJRULWPRGRPÚWRGR0/&

L IRUPDØÔR GD PDWUL] MDFRELDQD WUDQVSRVWD GR IOX[R GH 1HZWRQ
5DSVKRQDSDUWLUGRVUHVXOWDGRVGRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLD
LL FDOFXODUDVGHULYDGDVSDUFLDLVGDV3HUGDV/HPIXQØÔRGDVYDULÒYHLV
θH9HTXDØæHV H
LLL FDOFXODURVIDWRUHVLQLFLDLVGHSHUGDVPDUJLQDLVHTXDØÔR
LY FDOFXODURVIDWRUHVGHFRUUHØÔRHTXDØÔR
Y UHFDOFXODU RV IDWRUHV GHSHUGDVPDUJLQDLV 0/& HTXDØæHV H

YL FDOFXODUDDORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVGRVLVWHPDHTXDØÔR

40
0ÚWRGR%DVHDGRQR)DWRUGH3HUGDV'LUHWDV '/& >@
2REMHWLYRGHVWHPÚWRGRÚYLQFXODUDVSHUGDVGLUHWDPHQWHÑLQMHØÔRQRGDO
VHP D DSOLFDØÔR GH IDWRU GH FRUUHØÔR XPD GHILFLÛQFLD GR PÚWRGR 0/& $V
SHUGDVHOÚWULFDVHPXPDUHGHSRGHPVHUFDOFXODGDVDWUDYÚVGDHTXDØÔR H
SDUD XPD GDGD PXGDQØD QR SRQWR GH RSHUDØÔR DV SHUGDV SRGHP VHU REWLGDV
XVDQGRXPDH[SDQVÔRHPVÚULHGH7D\ORUHPWRUQRGRSRQWRLQLFLDOGHRSHUDØÔR
FRQIRUPHVÔRDSUHVHQWDGRVQDVHTXDØæHV H

/≅I θ ∆θ9 ∆9

RX
7
 ∂/ ∂/ 
(
/ = I θ ,90 0
) + [∆θ ∆9 ]
∂θ  + [∆θ
1
∆9 ][+ ][∆θ ∆9 ] + ...
7

1 4 ∂43
42 94
 2
[- ] 7
HPTXH
∆θ H ∆9 VÔR DV YDULDØæHV HQWUH RV YDORUHV DSäV D FRQYHUJÛQFLD H D
LQLFLDOL]DØÔR
+ : PDWUL]KHVVLDQDGHULYDGDGHRUGHPGRLVGDHTXDØÔR HPUHODØÔRDV
YDULÒYHLV GH HVWDGR (VWD PDWUL] Ú IRUPDGD QD LQLFLDOLDØÔR GR IOX[R GH
SRWÛQFLDRTXDOJHUDOPHQWHDPDJQLWXGHGDWHQVÔRDVVXPHYDORUGHSXH
RÓQJXORGDWHQVÔRDVVXPHYDORU]HURDVVLPFRQWÚPVRPHQWHDSDUWHUHDOGD
DGPLWÓQFLDGDVOLQKDVHÚVLPÚWULFD$PDWUL]+SRGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDGDFRPR

 Q 
2∑ J NP − 2 J NP 0 0 
 P Q

 − 2J 2∑ J NP 0 0 
 NP

+ = P
Q 
 0 0 2∑ J NP − 2 J NP 
 P 
 Q

 0 0 − 2 J NP 2∑ J NP 
 P 

41
$SOLFDQGRDVFRQGLØæHVLQLFLDLVQDHTXDØÔR WHPVH

9 0 = 1.0
L
θ 0 = 0 L = 1, K , Q − 1
L
DVVLP
( )
I θ 0 , 9 0 = /0 = 0
2V YDORUHV GDV GHULYDGDV GH RUGHP XP VÔR LJXDLV D ]HUR QDV FRQGLØæHV
LQLFLDLV IODWVWDUW HQWÔRDVSHUGDVSRGHPVHUREWLGDVFRPRQDHTXDØÔR

/≅
1
[∆θ ∆9 ][+ ][∆θ ∆9 ]
7

2

1DHTXDØÔR DVSHUGDVQÔRDSDUHFHPHPIXQØÔRGDVLQMHØæHVQRGDLV
GH SRWÛQFLD H HQWÔR Ú QHFHVVÒULR XPD DQDORJLD FRP R PÚWRGR GH 1HZWRQ GH
FÒOFXORGHIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDRXVHMD

[∆θ ∆9 ] = -
7
[] −1
[∆3 ∆4 ]
7

1DHTXDØÔR DPDWUL]MDFRELDQDPÚGLDÚFDOFXODGDDSDUWLUGDPDWUL]
MDFRELDQD QDV FRQGLØæHV LQLFLDLV IODW VWDUW H GD PDWUL] MDFRELDQD QR SRQWR GH
RSHUDØÔRFRPRPRVWUDGRQDHTXDØÔR
-=
1 0
2
(
- +- )
HPTXH
 ∂3 ∂3 
 ∂9  =  + 1
[- ] =  ∂∂4θ ∂4   0
  / 
 ∂θ ∂9 

)LQDOPHQWHDVSHUGDVQRVLVWHPDVÔRREWLGDVFRPR

/≅
1
2
[∆θ ∆9 ][+ ] - [ ] [3
−1
4]
7
42
2IDWRUGHSHUGDVGLUHWDVγÚGDGRSRU

[∆θ ∆9 ][+ ][- ]

1 −1
γ ≅
2
HPTXH
γ 3 
γ= 
γ 4 

1HVWHPÚWRGRQÔRÚQHFHVVÒULRDSOLFDURVIDWRUHVGHFRUUHØÔRSDUDUHDOL]DU
D DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV H SDUD XPD GDGD EDUUD GR VLVWHPD D DORFDØÔR Ú REWLGD
FRPR

/L = γ 3 × 3L + γ 4 × 4
L L
L
HPTXH
/ DORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVQDEDUUDL
L
γ 3 SDUWHDWLYDGRIDWRUGHSHUGDVPDUJLQDOGDEDUUDL
L
γ 4 SDUWHUHDWLYDGRIDWRUGHSHUGDVPDUJLQDOGDEDUUDL
L

$VHJXLUHVWÒDSUHVHQWDGRRDOJRULWPRGRPÚWRGR'/&

L VLPXODUIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLD
LL FDOFXODURYHWRUGDYDULDØÔRGDVYDULÒYHLVGHHVWDGR θH9
[∆θ [
∆9 ] = θ − θ 0 9 − 9 0 ]
HPTXH
9Hθ PDJQLWXGHHÓQJXORGDWHQVÔRQDLQLFLDOL]DØÔRGRIOX[RGH
SRWÛQFLD.
LLL IRUPDØÔRGDPDWUL]KHVVLDQDHTXDØÔR
LY IRUPDØÔR GD PDWUL] [- ] TXH Ú D PÚGLD HQWUH D PDWUL] MDFRELDQD
IRUPDGD D SDUWLU GDV YDULÒYHLV GH HVWDGR DSäV D FRQYHUJÛQFLD GR
IOX[R GH SRWÛQFLD H D MDFRELDQD IRUPDGD D SDUWLU GDV YDULÒYHLV GH
HVWDGRQDLQLFLDOL]DØÔRGRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLDHTXDØÔR
Y FDOFXODURIDWRUGHSHUGDVGLUHWDVHTXDØÔR
YL FDOFXODUDDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVHTXDØÔR
43
0ÚWRGRGH$ORFDØÔRGH3HUGDV%DVHDGRQD=EXV

2 PÚWRGR GH DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV EDVHDGR QD =EXV WHP FRPR REMHWLYR
GLVWULEXLUDVSHUGDV/GHWUDQVPLVVÔRHQWUHDVQEDUUDVGRVLVWHPDDWULEXLQGRD
FDGD EDUUD D UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GH SDJDU SHODV SHUGDV TXH HOD SURYRFD Ñ UHGH
HOÚWULFDRXDUHFHEHUFDVRFRQWULEXDSDUDDGLPLQXLØÔRGHVWDVSHUGDV>@
2 PÚWRGR =EXV IRL DSUHVHQWDGR FRPR QÔR SRVVXLQGR DSOLFDØÔR HP UHGHV
GHGLVWULEXLØÔR>@3DUDDORFDUDVSHUGDVSDUDFDGDEDUUDGRVLVWHPDSDUWHVHGD
HTXDØÔR TXH IRUQHFH R YDORU WRWDO GDV SHUGDV SDUD REWHU D VHJXLQWH
HTXDØÔR

  Q 
/N = ℜ, N*  ∑ 5NP , P 
  P=1 
HPTXH
5NP SDUWHUHDOGRHOHPHQWRGDSRVLØÔR NP GDPDWUL]=EXVGRVLVWHPD

,N FRUUHQWHFRPSOH[DLQMHWDGDQDEDUUDN

$ILPGHH[SORUDUDVYDQWDJHQVGDHVSDUVLGDGHGDPDWUL]<SRGHVHDGRWDU
R SURFHGLPHQWR VXJHULGR HP >@ VHQGR GHVHQYROYLGR H PRVWUDGR QDV HTXDØæHV
D 'HVWD IRUPD QÔR KÒ D QHFHVVLGDGHV GH REWHU D PDWUL] =EXV
H[SOÞFLWD

5, = 5 (ℜ{, } + Mℑ{, })
HPTXH
ℜ SDUWHUHDO
ℑ SDUWHLPDJLQÒULD

2X
5, = 5 (ℜ{, }) + M5 (ℑ{, })

{ }
6HQGR 5 = ℜ < −1 HQWÔR D SDUFHOD 5, GD HTXDØÔR SRGH VHU REWLGD
FRQIRUPHHTXDØÔR >@
44
{ } { }
5, = ℜ < −1 (ℜ{, }) + Mℜ < −1 (ℑ{, })
'HVWD PDQHLUD R WHUPR 5, SRGH VHU FDOFXODGR DWUDYÚV GD VRPD GH GXDV
VROXØæHVHQYROYHQGRXPDPDWUL]HVSDUVD<
(PVLVWHPDVGHGLVWULEXLØÔRJHUDOPHQWHDVVXVFHSWÓQFLDVHPGHULYDØÔRGR
PRGHORπGDVOLQKDVVÔRGHVSUH]ÞYHLVHHQWÔRDPDWUL]<WRUQDVHVLQJXODU

3DUD DSOLFDU R PÚWRGR =EXV HP UHGHV GH GLVWULEXLØÔR GHYHVH REVHUYDU
TXH
«3DUDUHGHVGHWUDQVPLVVÔRÚIXQGDPHQWDODORFDUSHUGDVSDUDWRGDVDV
EDUUDV LQFOXLQGR D EDUUD GH UHIHUÛQFLD JHUDOPHQWH XP LPSRUWDQWH
JHUDGRU
« 3DUD UHGHV GHGLVWULEXLØÔRQÔRVHGHYHDORFDUSHUGDVSDUDDEDUUDGH

UHIHUÛQFLD EDUUD GD VXEHVWDØÔR (VWD Ú D EDUUD GH VXSULPHQWR
SULQFLSDO GH XP DOLPHQWDGRU FRP GRLV WLSRV GH XVXÒULRV JHUDGRUHV H
FRQVXPLGRUHVTXHGHYHPVHURVUHVSRQVÒYHLVSHORVHQFDUJRV
«2PÚWRGR=EXV WUDGLFLRQDO QÔRIRLFRQFHELGRSDUDDORFDUSHUGDVHP

UHGHVGHGLVWULEXLØÔRSRLVDRDORFDSHUGDVÑEDUUDGHUHIHUÛQFLD

$ VROXØÔR SDUD HVWHV SUREOHPDV SRGH VHU REWLGD DWUDYÚV GR PHVPR
SURFHGLPHQWR DGRWDGR SDUD UHVROYHU D VLQJXODULGDGH GD PDWUL] %¶ QR PÚWRGR
OLQHDUL]DGRGHIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLD>@RXVHMDIRUPDVHDPDWUL]<HHPVHJXLGD
HOLPLQDVHDOLQKDHDFROXQDFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVÑEDUUDGHUHIHUÛQFLD
&RP HVWH SURFHGLPHQWRSRGHVHHPSUHJDURPÚWRGR=EXVSDUDDORFDUDV
SHUGDVHPUHGHVGHGLVWULEXLØÔRFRPRXVHPHIHLWRFDSDFLWLYRPDQWHQGRDVVXDV
SULQFLSDLVFDUDFWHUÞVWLFDV
- 1ÔRDSUHVHQWDQHQKXPDDSUR[LPDØÔRQDVXDIRUPXODØÔR
- 2VUHVXOWDGRVVÔRFRQVLVWHQWHVFRPRIOX[RGHSRWÛQFLD VRPDWäULRGDV
SHUGDVDORFDGDVLJXDODRVRPDWäULRGDVSHUGDVQDVOLQKDV H
- $ORFDSHUGDVSRVLWLYDVHQHJDWLYDV
$GLFLRQDOPHQWHFRPRGHVHMDGRREWÚPVHDQÔRDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVSDUD
DEDUUDGHUHIHUÛQFLDHPDQWÚPVHDVLPSOLFLGDGHGRPÚWRGR
45

,9 7HVWHVH5HVXOWDGRV

2GHVHPSHQKRGRVPÚWRGRVGHDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDV06360/&'/&H
=EXVÚYHULILFDGRXWLOL]DQGRVHWUÛVGLIHUHQWHVVLVWHPDVGHGLVWULEXLØÔRGHHQHUJLD
HOÚWULFD 2V SULPHLURV WHVWHV VÔR UHDOL]DGRV FRP XP VLVWHPD VLPSOLILFDGR H GH
SHTXHQR SRUWH FRP DSHQDV EDUUDV >@ &RP HVWH VLVWHPD Ú SRVVÞYHO YHULILFDU
IDFLOPHQWHYDQWDJHQVHGHVYDQWDJHQVGRVPÚWRGRV
$SäV DV DQÒOLVHV QHVWH VLVWHPD RV PÚWRGRV VÔR DYDOLDGRV FRP XVR GH
RXWURV GRLV VLVWHPDV FXMRV GDGRV VÔR HQFRQWUDGRV QD OLWHUDWXUD XP VLVWHPD GH
EDUUDV>@HRVLVWHPDWHVWH,(((EDUUDV>@

6LVWHPDGHEDUUDV

8PVLVWHPDGHEDUUDVWHPVLGRXWLOL]DGR>@SDUDREVHUYDURLPSDFWRGH
JHUDGRUHVGLVWULEXÞGRVVREUHDVSHUGDVQDVUHGHVHSDUDDYDOLDURVPÚWRGRVGH
DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV (VWH VLVWHPD Ú PRVWUDGR QD ILJXUD VHQGR TXH D
VXEHVWDØÔR FRUUHVSRQGH Ñ EDUUD H TXH XP JHUDGRU GLVWULEXÞGR SRGH VHU
FRQHFWDGRQDEDUUD2VGDGRVGDUHGHVÔRPRVWUDGRVQD7DEHOD$SRWÛQFLD
UHDWLYDÚGHVSUH]DGDQDVDQÒOLVHV$WHQVÔRQDEDUUDGHUHIHUÛQFLDÚGHSX

46
&DSÞWXOR 7HVWHVH5HVXOWDGRV

2l l l
Pd1 Pd2

QRL QRI 5 SX ; SX 3J N: 3G N:

$ILPGHYHULILFDURLPSDFWRGRJHUDGRUGLVWULEXÞGR GDEDUUD VLPXODPVH
GLYHUVDVFRQGLØæHVGHRSHUDØÔRSDUWLQGRGDVLWXDØÔRVHPJHUDØÔRGLVWULEXÞGDDWÚ
XP YDORU GH N: GH JHUDØÔR QD EDUUD$ILJXUDPRVWUDFRPRYDULDPDV
SHUGDV HOÚWULFDV QD UHGH SDUD DV GLIHUHQWHV FRQGLØæHV GH JHUDØÔR 2EVHUYDVH
TXH D JHUDØÔR GLVWULEXÞGD SRGH SURYRFDU DXPHQWR GH SHUGDV QD UHGH SRUÚP
H[LVWHXPSRQWRäWLPRGHLQVWDODØÔRHGHSRWÛQFLDDVHUIRUQHFLGDSHORJHUDGRU
$GHFLVÔRVREUHRYDORUDVHUJHUDGRHDORFDOL]DØÔRGRJHUDGRUSRGHVHU
FRQGX]LGDSRUXPHVWXGRGHDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVSDUDFDGDXPDGDVEDUUDV(VWH
HVWXGRSRGHLQGLFDULQFHQWLYRVHSHQDOL]DØæHVSDUDRJHUDGRU$VILJXUDVD
H DV ILJXUDV D PRVWUDP D DORFDØÔR GDV SHUGDV UHDOL]DGD SRU GLYHUVRV
PÚWRGRVSDUDGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLØæHVGHJHUDØÔRQDEDUUD
47
4
3,5
3HUGDV7RWDLV N: 3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
3JHU N:

)LJXUD9DULDØÔRGDVSHUGDVSDUDGLIHUHQWHVYDORUHVGHJHUDØÔRSDUDRVLVWHPDGH
EDUUDV

1DDQÒOLVHVHPJHUDGRUILJXUDÚSRVVÞYHOQRWDUTXHRVFLQFRPÚWRGRV
DORFDP SHUGDV OHYDQGR HP FRQVLGHUDØÔR D SRVLØÔR GD EDUUD QD UHGH SRLV DV
EDUUDVHSRVVXHPFDUJDVLJXDLVHUHFHEHPDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVGLIHUHQWHV

2,5
/ = 3,674914 (kW)
MS
2
PS
3HUGDV N:
1,5 MLC
DLC
1 Zbus
0,5
0
1 2 3
%DUUDV

)LJXUD$ORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVGRVGLIHUHQWHVPÚWRGRVSDUDRVLVWHPDGHEDUUDVVHP
JHUDØÔR

$LQVWDODØÔRGHXPJHUDGRUGHN:QDEDUUDDOWHUDVXEVWDQFLDOPHQWHD
DORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVFRPRPRVWUDGRQDILJXUD9HULILFDVHTXHDSUHVHQØDGR
48
JHUDGRU GLPLQXL DV SHUGDV QR VLVWHPD H WRGRV RV PÚWRGRV DWULEXÞUDP SHUGDV
QHJDWLYDV LQFHQWLYRV SDUDRDJHQWHTXHSURYRFRXDGLPLQXLØÔRGDVSHUGDV
2 PÚWRGR 06 DORFD XP LQFHQWLYR PDLRU SDUD R JHUDGRU H
FRQVHTíHQWHPHQWHYDORUHVPDLRUHVDSDJDUSDUDDVFDUJDVRXVHMDDVEDUUDV
HSDVVDUDPDSDJDUPDLVGRTXHSDJDYDPVHPDSUHVHQØDGRJHUDGRU(VWHÚ
XP FDVR GH VXEVÞGLR FUX]DGR GH GLIÞFLO DFHLWDØÔR H Ú XPD GHVYDQWDJHP GHVWH
PÚWRGR
2PÚWRGR36FRQWLQXDDDORFDUYDORUHVLJXDLV FRPHVHPJHUDGRU SDUDDV
FDUJDV SRUÚP LVWR HVWÒ FODUR QD IRUPXODØÔR GR PÚWRGR 6RPHQWH R JHUDGRU
UHFHEH EHQHIÞFLRV SHOD UHGXØÔRGHSHUGDV(VWHUHVXOWDGRSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGR
GLVFULPLQDWäULR SRLV KRXYH XPD UHGXØÔR GDV SHUGDV QD UHGH H LVWR QÔR WURX[H
EHQHIÞFLRVDRVFRQVXPLGRUHV
2V PÚWRGRV 0/& '/& H =EXV DSUHVHQWDUDP FRPSRUWDPHQWRV
VHPHOKDQWHV H DORFDUDP LQFHQWLYRV DRV JHUDGRUHV H PHQRUHVYDORUHVGHSHUGDV
DRVFRQVXPLGRUHV
2,5
/ = 2,029598 (kW) MS
LASs
2
PS
PS
1,5 MLC
MLC
1 DLC
DLC
Zbus
Zbus
3HUGDV N:
0,5
-0,5 1 2 3
-1
-1,5
-2
-2,5
%DUUDV

)LJXUD$ORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVGRVGLIHUHQWHVPÚWRGRVSDUDRVLVWHPDGHEDUUDVFRP
JHUDØÔRGHN:QDEDUUD

1DVLPXODØÔRFRPXPDJHUDØÔRGHN:QDEDUUDRVYDORUHVDORFDGRV
ÑV EDUUDV XWLOL]DQGR RV WUÛV SULPHLURV SDVVRV GR PÚWRGR 06 LWHP
UHVXOWDUDP QXP VRPDWäULR LQFRQVLVWHQWH FRQIRUPH SRGH VHU YLVWR QD WDEHOD
49
$R DSOLFDU R IDWRU GH FRUUHØÔR HQFRQWUDVH XPD DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV
WDPEÚPLQFRQVLVWHQWHLVWRÚDORFDPVHSHUGDVSRVLWLYDVDRJHUDGRU ILJXUD
(VWD VLWXDØÔR OHYRX DXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRPXLWRGLIHUHQWHHPUHODØÔRDRVRXWURV
PÚWRGRV H TXH QÔR HUD HVSHUDGR SRLV KRXYH XPD UHGXØÔR GDV SHUGDV HP
UHODØÔRDRFDVRFRPJHUDGRUGHN:

7DEHOD$ORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVDWUDYÚVGRPÚWRGR/$6V
%DUUDV /

∑ /’
/

2,5
MS
LASs
2
PS
PS
1,5 MLC
MLC
1 DLC
DLC
3HUGDV N:
0,5 Zbus
Zbus
0
-0,5 1 2 3
-1
-1,5
/ = 1,212581 (kW)
-2
-2,5
%DUUDV


1DILJXUDRVPÚWRGRV060/&'/&H=EXVSDVVDUDPDDORFDUSHUGDV
SRVLWLYDV DR JHUDGRU HPERUD DV SHUGDV QD UHGH VHMDP SUDWLFDPHQWH LJXDLV ÑV
SHUGDVGDVLPXODØÔRPRVWUDGDQDILJXUD
50
2 PÚWRGR 36 FRQWLQXD DORFDQGR SHUGDV QHJDWLYDV SDUD R JHUDGRU H RV

PHVPRVYDORUHVGDILJXUDSDUDDVEDUUDVH&RPXPJHUDGRUGHN:QD
EDUUDRIOX[RQRVLVWHPDFRPHØDDWHUVHQWLGRLQYHUVRQDPDLRUSDUWHGDUHGHH
DVFDUJDV SULQFLSDOPHQWHDEDUUD FRPHØDPDILFDUEHPSRVLFLRQDGDVQDUHGH
RX VHMD SUä[LPDV D XP JUDQGH JHUDGRU H HVWD Ú D SULQFLSDO UD]ÔR SDUD TXH RV
PÚWRGRV0/&'/&H=EXVDORFDUHPSHUGDVSRVLWLYDVSDUDRJHUDGRUSRLVDJRUD
DVFDUJDVSUHFLVDPVHULQFHQWLYDGDV

2,5
/ = 1,202422 (kW) LASs
MS
2 PS
PS
1,5 MLC
MLC
1 DLC
DLC
Zbus
Zbus
3HUGDV N:
0,5
-0,5 1 2 3
-1
-1,5
-2
-2,5
%DUUDV


$ ILP GH YLVXDOL]DU PHOKRU R TXH DFRQWHFH GH GLIHUHQWH FRP UHODØÔR ÑV
SHUGDV HQWUH DV ILJXUDV H PRVWUDPVH RV IOX[RV H DV SHUGDV QDV OLQKDV
SDUD DV GXDV VLWXDØæHV QDV ILJXUDV H 1RWDU TXH DV FRUUHQWHV IRUDP
REWLGDVFRPPXLWDVVLPSOLILFDØæHVRXVHMDVROLFLWDØÔRGHSRWÛQFLDGDFDUJDLJXDO
DFRUUHQWHQRUDPR

2 2
2 r 200 0 r 200
I01 I23
200 200

51

2 2 2
2 r 100 r100 r 300
I01 I12 I23

200 200


&RQVLGHUDQGR D VLWXDØÔR GD ILJXUD REVHUYDVH TXH DV SHUGDV
DXPHQWDP EDVWDQWH TXDQGR R FRQVXPLGRU GD EDUUD Ú GHVOLJDGR H R JHUDGRU
PDQWLGRFRPRPRVWUDDILJXUD

2 2 2
2 r100 r300 r 300
I01 I12 I23

200 0


3DUDDVLWXDØÔRGDILJXUDRGHVOLJDPHQWRGDFDUJDGDEDUUDSURYRFD
XPDGLPLQXLØÔRGDVSHUGDVFRPRLOXVWUDGRQDILJXUD

2 2
r200 r 200
I12 I23
200 0


'HVWDV DQÒOLVHV FRQFOXLVH TXH RV JHUDGRUHV DSUHVHQWDP HP UHODØÔR DV
SHUGDV JHUDØÔR DGHTXDGD TXDQGR R SRQWR GH RSHUDØÔR HQFRQWUDVH QD SDUWH
GHVFHQGHQWH GD FXUYD ILJXUD H JHUDØÔR H[FHVVLYD TXDQGR R SRQWR GH
RSHUDØÔRVHHQFRQWUDQDSDUWHDVFHQGHQWHGDPHVPD
52
$ JHUDØÔR äWLPD HP UHODØÔR DR QÞYHO GDV SHUGDV Ú GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
N: 1D ILJXUD Ú PRVWUDGR R GHVHPSHQKR GRV PÚWRGRV SDUD HVWD
VLWXDØÔR 2V PÚWRGRV 0/& '/& H =EXV SUDWLFDPHQWH QÔR DORFDP SHUGDV DR
JHUDGRUGLVWULEXLQGRDVSHUGDVHQWUHRVFRQVXPLGRUHVH2PÚWRGR06DORFD
SHUGDV SRVLWLYDV DR JHUDGRU H QHJDWLYDV Ñ EDUUD R TXH Ú LQFRHUHQWH 2 36
PDQWÚPRPHVPRYDORUGHDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVSDUDDVEDUUDVHHPUHODØÔR
DRFDVREDVH VHPJHUDGRU PRVWUDQGRTXHDGLPLQXLØÔRRXDXPHQWRGDVSHUGDV
QR VLVWHPD DWUDYÚV GD YDULDØÔR GD JHUDØÔR DIHWD DSHQDV R JHUDGRU ,VWR PRVWUD
TXH R PÚWRGR QÔR ID] XPD GLVWULEXLØÔR DGHTXDGD GRV EHQHIÞFLRV RX SUHMXÞ]RV
FDXVDGRVSHORJHUDGRU
3
/ = 1,107796 (kW) MS
PS
2
MLC
DLC
1
3HUGDV N:
Zbus
0
1 2 3
-1
-2
-3 %DUUDV


2 ERP SRVLFLRQDPHQWR GDV EDUUDV GH FDUJDV SRGH VHU PHOKRU REVHUYDGR
TXDQGR VH DXPHQWD D JHUDØÔR QD EDUUD FRPR QDV ILJXUDV H 2V
PÚWRGRV 0/& '/& H =EXV PRVWUDP UHVXOWDGRV LQGLFDQGR LVWR 2 PÚWRGR 36
FRQWLQXDDORFDQGRYDORUHVQHJDWLYRVSDUDRJHUDGRUHRVPHVPRVYDORUHVSDUDDV
FDUJDVHQTXDQWRTXHRPÚWRGR06QÔRUHIOHWHRERPSRVLFLRQDPHQWRGDVFDUJDV
IUHQWHDRJHUDGRU

53

2,5
LASs
MS
2
PS
PS
1,5 MLC
MLC
1 DLC
DLC
3HUGDV N:
0,5 Zbus
Zbus
0
-0,5 1 2 3
-1
-1,5
-2 / = 1,98231 (kW)
-2,5
%DUUDV


6
/ = 3,53965 (kW) LASs
MS
5 PS
PS
MLC
MLC
4
DLC
DLC
3HUGDV N:
3 Zbus
Zbus
2
1
0
1 2 3
-1
-2 %DUUDV


54
6LVWHPDGHEDUUDV

2 VLVWHPD GH EDUUDV IRL H[WUDÞGR GH >@ H R GLDJUDPD XQLILODU Ú
PRVWUDGR QD ILJXUD 1D 7DEHOD VÔR IRUQHFLGDV DV SRWÛQFLDV
FRQYHQFLRQDLV GRV JHUDGRUHV H QD 7DEHOD RV GDGRV GH OLQKDV HP SX H DV
SRWÛQFLDVDWLYDHUHDWLYDGHPDQGDGDVGDVEDUUDV)RLXWLOL]DGDXPDWHQVÔREDVH
GHN9HXPDSRWÛQFLDEDVHGH09$

0 1 2 4 7 10
2
3 5 8 11
6 9 12 13 14

7DEHOD'DGRVGRVJHUDGRUHV
JHUDGRUHV 3RWÛQFLDDWLYD N: 3RWÛQFLDUHDWLYD N9$U

55
QRL QRI 5 SX ; SX %VK SX 3G N: 4G N9$U

7RWDOGDVFDUJDV

$V WUÛV SULPHLUDV DQÒOLVHV UHDOL]DGDV UHWUDWDP RV FRPSRUWDPHQWRV GRV
PÚWRGRV VHP JHUDGRUHV ILJXUD FRP XP JHUDGRU IRUQHFHQGR N: H
N9$U ILJXUD HFRPRVGRLVJHUDGRUHV ILJXUD 2WHUFHLURWHVWHR
JHUDGRUIRUQHFHN:HN9$UHRJHUDGRUIRUQHFHN:HN9$U
&RPSDUDQGR RV UHVXOWDGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV QDV ILJXUDV H QRWDVH
TXH DSHVDU GH WHU RFRUULGR XPD UHGXØÔR GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH GDV SHUGDV
HOÚWULFDVGRVLVWHPDRPÚWRGR36FRQWLQXRXDDORFDUYDORUHVSUDWLFDPHQWHLJXDLV
ÑV FDUJDV EHQHILFLDQGR DSHQDV R JHUDGRU 2V PÚWRGRV 06 0/& '/& H =EXV
DORFDUDP YDORUHV LQIHULRUHV GDV SHUGDV HP UHODØÔR DR FDVR EDVH D WRGDV DV
EDUUDVHDORFRXSHUGDVQHJDWLYDVDRJHUDGRU
56
80
70
/ = 93,2193 (kW) LASs
MS
60 PS
3HUGDV N:
50 MLC
MLC
40 DLC
DLC
Zbus
Zbus
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
%DUUDV

EDUUDVVHPJHUDGRU

LASs
MS
8
PS
PS
6
/ = 9,2564 (kW) ML
MLC
4 DL
DLC
2 Zbus
3HUGDV N:
Zbus
0
-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-4
-6
-8
-10
%DUUDV

EDUUDVFRPJHUDGRUQDEDUUD 3JHU N:H4JHU N9$U

$LQFOXVÔRGHRXWURJHUDGRUQRVLVWHPDILJXUDDXPHQWDDGLVSDULGDGH
QDDORFDØÔRGDVSHUGDVHQWUHRPÚWRGR36HRVGHPDLV(QTXDQWRWRGRRVLVWHPD
Ú PDLV XPD YH] EHQHILFLDGR SHOD UHGXØÔR GDV SHUGDV DWUDYÚV GRVPÚWRGRV06
0/& '/& H =EXV GLPLQXLQGR RV YDORUHV GH DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV ÑV FDUJDV H
DORFDQGR SHUGDV QHJDWLYDV DRV JHUDGRUHV R PÚWRGR 36 PDQWÚP D PHVPD
DORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVSDUDRVFRQVXPLGRUHVHGLVWULEXLREHQHIÞFLRDSHQDVHQWUHRV
JHUDGRUHV $ DORFDØÔR SDUD RV JHUDGRUHV DWUDYÚV GR 36 WDPEÚP DSUHVHQWD
SUREOHPDVTXDQGRVHFRPSDUDDVILJXUDVH
57
8 LASs
MS
6 PS
PS
/ = 7,35766 (kW) MLC
MLC
4
DLC
DLC
3HUGDV N:
2 Zbus
Zbus
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-2
-4
-6
-8
%DUUDV

EDUUDVFRPJHUDGRUHVQDVEDUUDV 3JHU N:H4JHU N9$U H
3JHU N:H4JHU N9$U

$ ILP GH DQDOLVDU R LPSDFWR GR JHUDGRU QR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GRV PÚWRGRV
IRUDP IHLWRV VLPXODØæHV DSHQDV FRP R JHUDGRU LQFUHPHQWDQGR VXD SRWÛQFLD
DWLYD GH D N: FRP R LQWHUYDOR GH N: VHQGR PDQWLGD IL[D DSRWÛQFLD
UHDWLYD N9$U
1DILJXUDÚPRVWUDGDDYDULDØÔRGDVSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVGRVLVWHPDSDUD
GLIHUHQWHVFRQGLØæHVGHRSHUDØÔR

80
70
60
3HUGDV N:
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
3RWrQFLD$WLYDGR*HUDGRU N:

)LJXUD&XUYDGDVSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVGRVLVWHPDYDULDØÔRGDSRWÛQFLDDWLYDGRJHUDGRU
HFRPRJHUDGRUGHVFRQHFWDGR
58

&RPSDUDQGRDVILJXUDVHQRWDVHDGLIHUHQØDGRWUDWDPHQWRGDGR
DRJHUDGRUHQWUHRVGRLVSULPHLURVPÚWRGRV 06H36 HRVGHPDLV 0/&'/&H
=EXV &RPDJHUDØÔRGHN:RVFLQFRPÚWRGRVDORFDUDPSHUGDVQHJDWLYDV
DR JHUDGRU -Ò SDUD D JHUDØÔR GH N: RV PÚWRGRV 0/& '/& H =EXV
DORFDUDP SHUGDV SRVLWLYDV DR JHUDGRU GHYLGR DR IDWR TXH HVWHV PÚWRGRV
GLPLQXÞUDPDVSHUGDVSDUDDVEDUUDVGHFDUJDEHPSRVLFLRQDGDV2PÚWRGR06
QDDQÒOLVHDSUHVHQWDGDQDILJXUDSXQLXDPDLRULDGDVEDUUDV DXPHQWDQGRÑV
SHUGDV DORFDGDV D HODV HP UHODØÔR Ñ VLWXDØÔR DSUHVHQWDGD QD ILJXUD SDUD
EHQHILFLDU R JHUDGRU R TXH WRUQD R PÚWRGR GLVFULPLQDWäULR 2 PÚWRGR 36
PDQWHYHDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVSDUDDVFDUJDVHPDPEDVDVDQÒOLVHVEHQHILFLDQGR
DSHQDVRJHUDGRUFRPXPDXPHQWRGHLQFHQWLYRV

LASs
MS
8
PS
PS
6 / = 9,276555 (kW)
MLC
MLC
4 DLC
DLC
2 Zbus
Zbus
3HUGDV N:
0
-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-4
-6
-8
-10
%DUUDV

59
8
6
/ = 8,839682 (kW)
4
2
3HUGDV N:
0
-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-4 MS
-6 PS
-8 MLC
-10 DLC
-12 Zbus
%DUUDV


1DDQÒOLVHIHLWDFRQVLGHUDQGRXPDJHUDØÔRGHN:RVPÚWRGRV0/&
'/&H=EXVEHQHILFLDUDPRFRQVXPLGRUGDEDUUDSRUHVWDUSHUWRGRFHQWURGH
JHUDØÔRDWULEXLQGRDHOHSHUGDVQHJDWLYDVFRQIRUPHDSUHVHQWDGRQDILJXUD

15
/ = 10,7213 KW
10
5
3HUGDV N:
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-5
MS
-10
PS
-15 MLC
-20 DLC
Zbus
-25
%DUUDV


60
3DUD PHOKRU DQDOLVDU R GHVHPSHQKR GRV PÚWRGRV VÔR DSUHVHQWDGDV DV

ILJXUDVHFRPRVIOX[RVSDUDDVWUÛVDQÒOLVHVGDVILJXUDVH
2EVHUYDVHTXHRVHQWLGRGRIOX[RHQWUHDVEDUUDVHLQYHUWHVHQDILJXUD
HPUHODØÔRÑILJXUD

0 1 2 4 7 10
2
3 5 8 11
6 9 12 13 14

0 1 2 4 7 10
2
3 5 8 11
6 9 12 13 14

4XDQGR R JHUDGRU IRUQHFH XPD SRWÛQFLD GH N: ILJXUD RV
PÚWRGRV 06 H 36 WDPEÚP SDVVDUDP D SXQLU HVWH JHUDGRU SRLV REVHUYDVH QD
ILJXUDTXHDVSHUGDVQDUHGHVÔRPDLRUHVGRTXHRFDVRVHPJHUDGRU2V
PÚWRGRV 0/& '/& H =EXV WDPEÚP DSUHVHQWDP SHUGDV SRVLWLYDV DR JHUDGRU
SRUÚPDSUHVHQWDPLQFHQWLYRVDRFRQVXPLGRUGDEDUUD
61
60
50 LASs
MS
/ = 21,34454 (kW) PS
PS
40
MLC
MLC
30
3HUGDV N:
DLC
DLC
20 Zbus
Zbus
10
0
-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-20
-30
%DUUDV


2XWUDV DQÒOLVHV IRUDP IHLWDV FRP D PHVPD YDULDØÔR GD SRWÛQFLD DWLYD GR
JHUDGRUPDVFRQHFWDQGRRJHUDGRUQDEDUUDFRPIRUQHFLPHQWRGHN:
HN9$U1DILJXUDÚDSUHVHQWDGDDFXUYDGDVSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVGRVLVWHPD
GHEDUUDVYDULDQGRVHDSRWÛQFLDIRUQHFLGDSHORJHUDGRU

80
70
60
3HUGDV N:
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
SRWrQFLDDWLY DJHUDGRU N:

)LJXUD&XUYDGDVSHUGDVHOÚWULFDVGRVLVWHPDGHEDUUDVYDULDØÔRGDSRWÛQFLD
DWLYDGRJHUDGRUHFRPRJHUDGRUFRQHFWDGR

62
2 SULQFLSDO REMHWLYR GDV DQÒOLVHV DSUHVHQWDGDV D VHJXLU Ú REVHUYDU R

GHVHPSHQKRGRVPÚWRGRVFRPDSUHVHQØDGHPDLVGRTXHXPJHUDGRU
1DV DQÒOLVHV DSUHVHQWDGDV QDV ILJXUDV H RV PÚWRGRV
EHQHILFLDUDPRJHUDGRU EDUUD 2PÚWRGR36DXPHQWRXRVLQFHQWLYRVGDGRV
DRJHUDGRUUHGX]LXDVSHUGDVDORFDGDVDRJHUDGRUPDVPDQWHYHDDORFDØÔR
GDVSHUGDVGDVGHPDLVEDUUDV2VRXWURVPÚWRGRVEHQHILFLDUDPWRGDVDVEDUUDV
GRVLVWHPD

50
LASs
MS / = 58,30156 kW
40 PS
PS
MLC
MLC
30
3HUGDV N:
DLC
DLC
Zbus
Zbus
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-10
%DUUDV

25
/ = 31,32667 kW MS
LASs
20
PS
PS
15 MLC
MLC
10 DLC
DLC
3HUGDV N:
5 Zbus
Zbus
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-5
-10
-15
%DUUDV

63
3DUDXPDJHUDØÔRGHN: JHUDGRU UHVXOWDGRVPRVWUDGRVQDILJXUD

RV PÚWRGRV DORFDUDP SHUGDV QHJDWLYDV DRV GRLV JHUDGRUHV 1RWDVH D
GLVSDULGDGHHQWUHRPÚWRGR36HRVGHPDLVDRDQDOLVDUDDORFDØÔRGHSHUGDVDRV
JHUDGRUHV 2 PÚWRGR 36 DORFD SHUGDV H[FHVVLYDV DR JHUDGRU HQTXDQWR DV
EDUUDVQÔRUHFHEHUDPQHQKXPEHQHIÞFLR

LASs
MS
8
PS
PS
6 / = 7,369178 kW
MLC
MLC
4 DLC
DLC
2 Zbus
Zbus
3HUGDV N:
0
-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-4
-6
-8
-10
%DUUDV


1RV UHVXOWDGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV QD ILJXUD RV PÚWRGRV 0/& '/& H
=EXV DORFDUDP SHUGDV SRVLWLYDV DR JHUDGRU HQTXDQWRRVRXWURVGRLVPÚWRGRV
FRQWLQXDUDP D DORFDU SHUGDV QHJDWLYDV SDUD HVWH JHUDGRU,VWRRFRUUHSRUTXHRV
PÚWRGRV0/&'/&H=EXVFRQVLGHUDPRVHQWLGRGRIOX[RQRVLVWHPDHDJHUDØÔR
äWLPD SDUD R JHUDGRU Ú GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH N: D SDUWLU GHVWH YDORU DV
SHUGDV GR VLVWHPD YROWDP D DXPHQWDU DOJXPDV FDUJDV SDVVDP D VHU
FRQVLGHUDGDVFRPRSUä[LPDVDRFHQWURGHJHUDØÔR

64
10
/ = 7,3339241 kW
5
0
3HUGDV N:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-5
LASs
MS
-10 PS
MLC
MLC
-15 DLC
DLC
Zbus
Zbus
-20
%DUUDV


1RV UHVXOWDGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV QD ILJXUD WRGRV RV PÚWRGRV DORFDUDP
SHUGDV SRVLWLYDV DR JHUDGRU 2V PÚWRGRV 0/& '/& H =EXV DSUHVHQWDUDP
UHVXOWDGRV FRQVLVWHQWHV H VHPHOKDQWHV QD DORFDØÔR GH SHUGDV SDUD WRGDV DV
EDUUDVHRVPÚWRGRV06H36QÔRDSUHVHQWDUDPERQVUHVXOWDGRV
15 60
PS
MS / = 14,19346 kW
MLC
PS
10 40
DLC
MLC
Zbus
DLC 3HUGDV/$6V N:
5 20
3HUGDV N:
LASs
Zbus
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-5 -20
-10 -40
-15 -60
%DUUDV

EDUUDVFRPJHUDGRU 3JHU N:H4JHU N9$U HFRPRJHUDGRU2HL[RD
GLUHWDUHIHUHVHDRPÚWRGR06HRGDHVTXHUGDDRVGHPDLV
65
6LVWHPD,(((
2 VLVWHPD GH EDUUDV Ú PRVWUDGR QD ILJXUD H Ú XP VLVWHPD WHVWH
DGRWDGRFRPRSDGUÔRSHOR,(((>@2VGDGRVGRJHUDGRUVÔRDSUHVHQWDGRVQD
7DEHOD 2V SDUÓPHWURV GDV OLQKDV H RV GDGRV GDV FDUJDV DV FDUJDV HVWÔR
FRQHFWDGDV QR QRI HVWÔR QD 7DEHOD $V EDVHV DGRWDGDV VÔR GH N9 H
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33
14 31 1
11 28
30
9 26
24
10
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 13 21 23 25 27
0 4 19 20 22 29
17 32
12 15 16 18
)LJXUD6LVWHPD,(((

7DEHOD'DGRVGRJHUDGRU
*HUDGRU
%DUUD 9 N9 3J N: 4PLQ N9$U 4PD[ N9$U

66

7DEHOD'DGRVGRVLVWHPD,(((
noi nof R (p.u.) X (p.u.) Pd (kW) Qd (kVAr) Ca (kVAr)

0 1 2,03E-03 8,95E-04 19,10 9,87 0,00
1 2 1,36E-03 6,00E-04 0,00 0,00 0,00
2 3 2,54E-02 1,12E-02 5,29 2,74 0,00
3 4 4,60E-03 2,03E-03 0,00 0,00 0,00
3 5 2,95E-02 1,30E-02 0,00 0,00 0,00
5 6 2,34E-02 1,03E-02 0,00 0,00 0,00
6 7 7,87E-04 3,47E-04 0,00 0,00 0,00
7 8 2,44E-04 1,08E-04 0,13 0,07 0,00
8 9 1,35E-03 5,93E-04 11,30 5,84 0,00
8 10 8,04E-03 3,54E-03 14,90 7,71 0,00
9 11 3,79E-02 1,67E-02 11,84 23,36 0,00
10 12 6,61E-04 2,91E-04 2,06 1,07 0,00
10 13 2,39E-03 1,05E-03 0,00 0,00 0,00
11 14 1,08E-02 4,77E-03 0,00 0,00 0,00
12 15 1,61E-02 7,09E-03 0,00 0,00 0,00
15 16 4,09E-04 1,80E-04 1,24 0,64 0,00
16 17 2,90E-02 1,28E-02 0,00 0,00 0,00
16 18 1,84E-02 8,10E-03 0,00 0,00 0,00
17 19 7,87E-04 3,47E-04 4,37 2,26 0,00
19 20 3,06E-03 6,58E-03 0,00 0,00 0,00
19 21 3,86E-03 1,70E-03 10,00 5,17 0,00
20 22 8,31E-03 3,66E-03 27,00 21,62 0,00
21 23 4,59E-03 2,02E-03 0,05 25,00 0,00
21 24 1,28E-03 5,62E-04 0,00 0,00 0,00
23 25 1,59E-03 7,01E-04 46,57 29,72 0,00
23 26 2,20E-04 9,72E-05 3,04 1,57 0,00
25 27 2,11E-03 9,30E-04 13,10 6,77 0,00
26 28 1,06E-03 4,68E-04 149,05 114,9 100,00
27 29 2,20E-04 9,72E-05 9,20 4,76 0,00
27 30 6,77E-04 2,98E-04 8,86 7,09 0,00
28 31 2,87E-03 1,26E-03 7,54 3,90 0,00
29 32 2,56E-03 1,68E-03 0,00 0,00 0,00
31 33 4,17E-04 1,84E-04 19,45 15,57 150,00
&DUJD7RWDO 364,09 289,63
67
2V FLQFR PÚWRGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV IRUDP DQDOLVDGRV XVDQGRVH R VLVWHPD

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14
12 LASs
MS
PS
PS / = 21,680320 (kW)
10
MLC
MLC
8 DLC
DLC
Zbus
6
Zbus
4
0
1 3 8 9 10 11 12 16 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33

)LJXUD$ORFDØÔRDVEDUUDVFRPFDUJDGRVLVWHPD,(((VHPDSUHVHQØDGH
JHUDGRU

LASs
15 MS
PS
/ = 7,788054 (kW) PS
MLC
MLC
10
DLC
DLC
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Zbus
0
1 3 8 9 10 11 12 16 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33
-5
-10
-15

)LJXUD$ORFDØÔRSDUDDVEDUUDVFRPFDUJDGRVLVWHPD,(((FRPJHUDGRUQD
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SXQLX DOJXPDV EDUUDV DXPHQWDQGR RV YDORUHV GDV SHUGDV DORFDGDV H R PÚWRGR
68
36PDQWHYHRYDORUGDVSHUGDVDORFDGDVÑVEDUUDV-ÒRVPÚWRGRV0/&'/&H
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25
20
3HUGDV N:
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10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
3RWrQFLDDWLY DGRJHUDGRU N:

QDEDUUD

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FRQVXPLGRU
69
15
MS
/ = 11,56336 (kW) PS
10
MLC
DLC
3HUGDV N:
5
Zbus
0
1 3 8 9 10 11 12 16 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33
-5
-10
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2 20
MS
1,5 15
PS
/ = 0,63456 (kW)
1 MLC 10
DLC :
3HUGDV N:
0,5 5 N
Zbus
6
0 0 3

V
1 3 8 9 10 11 12 16 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 D
G
-0,5 -5 U
H
3
-1 -10
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-2 -20
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70
$ ILJXUD PRVWUD R UHVXOWDGR GD VLWXDØÔR FRP XP JHUDGRU GH N:
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40 15
MS
30
PS 10
20 MLC
DLC
5 :
3HUGDV N:
10 Zbus N

6
0 0 3

V
D
1 3 8 9 10 11 12 16 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 G
-10 U
-5 H
3
-20
/ = 22,95656 (kW)
-10
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71
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

FRQHFWDGRQDEDUUD

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16
MS
14 / = 17,48895 (kW)
12 PS
10 MLC
3HUGDV N:
8 DLC
6 Zbus
4
2
0
-2 1 3 5 8 9 10 11 12 16 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33
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72
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20
10
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:
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V
D
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MS
U
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3
/ = 11,8136 (kW)
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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO”

FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DE ILHA SOLTEIRA

Tese submetida à Universidade

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