Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Professores Responsáveis:
Leila B. Moreira e Lucas Helal
Monitora:
Paula Portal Teixeira
Os materiais referentes a este curso estã o depositados no GitHub do Prof. Lucas Helal
(www.github.com/lhelal1/car00097)
Método de Avaliação
A composiçã o de nota será atribuída por nota ú nica, da seguinte maneira:
• Participaçã o em aula (peso 1) - A: 0 , 0 −10 , 0
Resumo
Ensaio clínico randomizado é o delineamento de escolha para avaliar eficá cia e efetividade
de intervençõ es em saú de. Entender os aspectos teó ricos, metodoló gicos, regulató rios e
prá ticos envolvidos no seu planejamento e execuçã o é fundamental para a formaçã o de
alunos de pó s-graduaçã o. Nessa disciplina serã o abordadas etapas de planejamento de um
ensaio clínico randomizado envolvendo definiçã o da questã o de pesquisa, objetivos, tipos
de hipó teses (superioridade, equivalência e nã o-inferioridade), tipos de delineamento (e.g.,
paralelo, fatorial, crossover, etc.), populaçã o em estudo, recrutamento de participantes,
técnicas de randomizaçã o, sigilo da alocaçã o, cegamento, escolha das intervençõ es e grupos
controle, definiçã o de tipos de desfechos, cá lculo de tamanho da amostra, plano de aná lise
estatística, controle de qualidade, questõ es éticas e regulató rias da pesquisa clínica.
Objetivos
Objetivo Geral
Apresentar e discutir os aspectos metodoló gicos, regulató rios, prá ticos e éticos envolvidos
no planejamento e conduçã o de um ensaio clínico randomizado para avaliaçã o de
intervençõ es terapêuticas ou preventivas em Cardiologia.
Objetivos específicos
Ao final da disciplina, o aluno deverá ser capaz de:
• Reconhecer questõ es éticas e de boas prá ticas em pesquisa clínica/regulató rias
fundamentais e envolvidas ao longo de um ensaio clínico randomizado;
• Planejar a aná lise estatística adequada ao tipo, hipó tese, objetivo e desfechos do
estudo;
Conteúdo Programático
Aula 01 (29/05/2023)
Professores: Leila Beltrami e Lucas Helal; Monitora: Paula Teixeira
Tema : Introduçã o e Aspectos É ticos/Regulató rios
• Aspectos éticos e regulató rios fundamentais; Sistema CEP/CONEP: Resoluçã o Nº
466/2012, CEP, CONEP e Plataforma Brasil; Boas Prá ticas Clínicas/Regulató rias
(GCP-ICH E6-R2); Justificativa para conduzir um ECR; Eficá cia versus efetividade;
Protocolos de ensaios clínicos randomizados;
Leitura obrigatória
(Bhatt2017?)
(Novoa 2014)
(Marson Smith, Colquhoun, and Chalmers 2019)
(Chalmers et al. 2014)
(Emanuel 2000)
Leituras adicionais
(Goldim et al. 2003)
[@genro2018]
[@varkey2020]
[@sarti2022]
[@tavares2018]
[@shaw2005]
[@califf2006]
(Duley et al. 2008)
[@hauck1982]
Aula 02 (05/06/2023)
Professores: Leila Beltrami e Lucas Helal; Monitora: Paula Teixeira
Tema: Tipos de ensaios clínicos randomizados, em:
• paralelo;
• fatorial;
• crossover (cruzado);
• clusters (conglomerados);
• sequencial;
Leitura obrigatória
(Hulley 2013)
*Capítulo 11
Leituras adicionais
(James, Rao, and Granger 2015)
(“Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes” 2017)
(“Factorial Treatment Structure and Complete Factorial Designs” 2016)
(“Two-Level Fractional Factorial Designs,” n.d.)
(Xie, Ji, and Tremmel 2012)
(Hundley et al. 2010)
(Shephard 2012)
(n.d.)
(“Designing Cross-over Trials for Three or More Treatments” 2014)
Aula 02 (12/06/2023)
Professores: Leila Beltrami e Lucas Helal; Monitora: Paula Teixeira
Tema: Pergunta de pesquisa, estratégias para definiçã o da pergunta de pesquisa (e.g.,
PICOS), tipos de hipó teses, e introduçã o a elementos estruturais fundamentais.
• Como definir a pergunta de pesquisa?
Leitura obrigatória
(Hulley 2013) *Capítulo 2
(Ioannidis 2016)
[@zarin2011]
Leitura complementar
(Santos, Pimenta, and Nobre 2007)
(Helal et al. 2022)
[@martins2019]
[@wittes2002]
Aula 04 (19/06/2023)
Professores: Leila Beltrami e Lucas Helal; Monitora: Paula Teixeira
Tema: Detalhamento de um ensaio clínico randomizado, quanto:
• à randomizaçã o: quasi-experimento e randomizado;
Leitura obrigatória
(Hulley 2013) *Capítulos 10 e 11
(Page et al. 2016)
Leituras adicionais
(Berger 2013)
[@pitfalls2005]
[@assessin2016]
(Harris 2021)
(Putt and Ravina 2002)
(Blackston et al. 2019)
(Elander and Hermer�n 1995)
(Colagiuri 2010)
(Zhou 2022)
(De Amici et al. 2000)
(“Impact of Selection Bias in Randomized Trials” 2005)
(“Adjusting for Selection Bias in Randomized Trials” 2005)
(“Preventing Selection Bias in Randomized Trials” 2005)
(Szymczynska, Walsh, and Priebe 2015)
(Cook, Douet, and Boutron 2013)
Aula 05 (26/06/2023)
Professores: Leila Beltrami e Lucas Helal; Monitora: Paula Teixeira
Tema: Técnicas de randomizaçã o
• simples;
• estratificada;
• blocos;
• permutaçõ es;
• minimizaçã o.
Leitura obrigatória
(Hilgers et al. 2017)
[@wileyse2015]
Atividade
| Requer leitura deste tutorial e instalaçã o dos softwares indicados.
[tutorial]
(Seshan and Whiting 2023)
10) Aula 10 (31/07/2023): Profa. Leila Beltrami e Prof. Lucas Helal Apresentaçõ es.
“Adjusting for Selection Bias in Randomized Trials.” 2005. In, 157–69. John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470863641.ch7.
Berger, Vance W. 2013. “What Do Non-Randomized Trials Offer Above and Beyond
Randomized Trials?” Contemporary Clinical Trials 35 (1): 168–69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2013.03.008.
Blackston, J., Andrew Chapple, James McGree, Suzanne McDonald, and Jane Nikles. 2019.
“Comparison of Aggregated N-of-1 Trials with Parallel and Crossover Randomized
Controlled Trials Using Simulation Studies.” Healthcare 7 (4): 137.
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040137.
“Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes.” 2017. New
England Journal of Medicine 377 (21): 2097–99. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1712572.
Chalmers, Iain, Michael B Bracken, Ben Djulbegovic, Silvio Garattini, Jonathan Grant, A
Metin Gü lmezoglu, David W Howells, John P A Ioannidis, and Sandy Oliver. 2014. “How to
Increase Value and Reduce Waste When Research Priorities Are Set.” The Lancet 383
(9912): 156–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62229-1.
De Amici, Donatella, Catherine Klersy, Felice Ramajoli, Loretta Brustia, and Pierluigi Politi.
2000. “Impact of the Hawthorne Effect in a Longitudinal Clinical Study.” Controlled Clinical
Trials 21 (2): 103–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-2456(99)00054-9.
“Designing Cross-over Trials for Three or More Treatments.” 2014. In, 161–212. Chapman;
Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17537-10.
Duley, Lelia, Karen Antman, Joseph Arena, Alvaro Avezum, Mel Blumenthal, Jackie Bosch,
Sue Chrolavicius, et al. 2008. “Specific Barriers to the Conduct of Randomized Trials.”
Clinical Trials 5 (1): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1740774507087704.
Elander, Gunnel, and G�ran Hermer�n. 1995. “Placebo Effect and Randomized Clinical
Trials.” Theoretical Medicine 16 (2): 171–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00998543.
Emanuel, Ezekiel J. 2000. “What Makes Clinical Research Ethical?” JAMA 283 (20): 2701.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.20.2701.
“Factorial Treatment Structure and Complete Factorial Designs.” 2016. In, 85–106.
Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16253-11.
Goldim, José Roberto, Carolina da Fonte Pithan, Juliana Ghisleni de Oliveira, and Má rcia
Mocelin Raymundo. 2003. “O Processo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido Em Pesquisa:
Uma Nova Abordagem.” Revista Da Associação Médica Brasileira 49 (4): 372–74.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-42302003000400026.
Harris, Katherine E. 2021. “Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomized Trials.” In, 119–30.
Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817663-4.00028-3.
Helal, Lucas, Filipe Ferrari, Danielle B Rice, Nadera Ahmadzai, Becky Skidmore, Daniel
Umpierre, and David Moher. 2022. “Reproducibility Policies in Cardiology Journals: The
REPLICA Cross-Sectional Study.” http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.04.22278423.
Hilgers, Ralf-Dieter, Diane Uschner, William F. Rosenberger, and Nicole Heussen. 2017.
“ERDO - a Framework to Select an Appropriate Randomization Procedure for Clinical
Trials.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-
0428-z.
Hulley, Stephen B. 2013. Designing Clinical Research. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hundley, Vanora, Helen Cheyne, J Martin Bland, Maggie Styles, and Carol A. Barnett. 2010.
“So You Want to Conduct a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial? Lessons from a National
Cluster Trial of Early Labour.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, May, no–.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01266.x.
“Impact of Selection Bias in Randomized Trials.” 2005. In, 85–102. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1002/0470863641.ch4.
Ioannidis, John P. A. 2016. “Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful.” PLOS Medicine 13
(6): e1002049. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002049.
James, Stefan, Sunil V. Rao, and Christopher B. Granger. 2015. “Registry-Based Randomized
Clinical Trialsa New Clinical Trial Paradigm.” Nature Reviews Cardiology 12 (5): 312–16.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.33.
Marson Smith, P, D Colquhoun, and I Chalmers. 2019. “John Henry Gaddum’s 1940
Guidance on Controlled Clinical Trials.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 112 (9):
394–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819870674.
Novoa, Patricia Correia Rodrigues. 2014. “What Changes in Research Ethics in Brazil:
Resolution No. 466/12 of the National Health Council.” Einstein (São Paulo) 12 (1): vii–vix.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082014ed3077.
Page, Matthew J., Julian P. T. Higgins, Gemma Clayton, Jonathan A. C. Sterne, Asbjørn
Hró bjartsson, and Jelena Savović. 2016. “Empirical Evidence of Study Design Biases in
Randomized Trials: Systematic Review of Meta-Epidemiological Studies.” Edited by
Roberta W. Scherer. PLOS ONE 11 (7): e0159267.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159267.
“Preventing Selection Bias in Randomized Trials.” 2005. In, 103–22. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1002/0470863641.ch5.
Putt, Mary E., and Bernard Ravina. 2002. “Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group
Versus Crossover Study Designs for the Study of Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease.”
Controlled Clinical Trials 23 (2): 111–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-2456(01)00207-
0.
Santos, Cristina Mamédio da Costa, Cibele Andrucioli de Mattos Pimenta, and Moacyr
Roberto Cuce Nobre. 2007. “The PICO Strategy for the Research Question Construction and
Evidence Search.” Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 15 (3): 508–11.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692007000300023.
Seshan, Venkatraman E., and Karissa Whiting. 2023. “Clinfun: Clinical Trial Design and Data
Analysis Functions.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=clinfun.
Shephard, R. J. 2012. “Exergaming and Older Adult Cognition: A Cluster Randomized
Clinical Trial.” Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2012 (January): 423–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yspm.2012.03.015.
Szymczynska, Paulina, Sophie Walsh, and Stefan Priebe. 2015. “Systematic Review and
Meta-Analysis of the Participation Rates in Clinical Trials Evaluating Non-Pharmacological
Interventions for Psychosis.” Trials 16 (S2). https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-16-s2-
p169.
“Two-Level Fractional Factorial Designs.” n.d. In, 49–84. Springer New York.
https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-37344-6_3.
Xie, Fang, Yuan Ji, and Lothar Tremmel. 2012. “A Bayesian Adaptive Design for Multi-Dose,
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase I/II Trials.” Contemporary Clinical Trials 33 (4):
739–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2012.03.001.