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Essa verso simplificada da Eq. 33-49 conhecida como lei de Brewster. Como o ngulo d e Brewster, a lei de Brewster recebeu esse nome em homenagem a Sir David
Brewster (1781-1868), o cientista escocs que a descobriu experimentalmente em
1812.
REVISO E RESUMO
Ondas Eletromagnticas Uma onda eletromagntica
formada por campos eltricos e magnticos vari:-w is. As vrias freqncias possveis de ondas eletromagnticas constituem um espec1ro, do qual uma pequena parte constitui a luz
visvel. Uma onda eletromagntica que se propaga na direo
do eixo x possui um campo eltrico e um campo magntico B
cujos mdulos dependem de x e t:
E
e
= Em sen(kx -
wt)
B = Bm scn(kx - wt),
(33-1, 33-2)
c = -E
=--- 1
8
,/f.-loF:11 '
(33-5, 33-3)
_.
1 S=-E
x B.
f.-lo
(33-19)
1
2
= --E,111,,
Cf.-lo
(33-26)
onde E, 111, = E11,I 2 . Uma fonte ponrual de ondas eletromagnticas emite as ondas isotropicamente, isto , com igual intensidade
em todas as direes. A intensidade das ondas a uma distncia r
de uma fonte pontual de potncia P s dada por
/=-4
P,
2'
7Tr
(33-27)
F = 2/A
e
(33-33)
p,
21
=-
(absoro total)
(33-34)
(33-35)
Polarizao Dizemos que uma onda eletromagntica polarizada quando o vetor campo eltrico se conserva sempre
(33-36)
Quando a luz que incide no filtro polarizador j est polarizada a
intensidade da luz transmitida depende do ngulo e entre a direo de polarizao da luz incidente e a direo de polarizao do
filtro:
I = / 0 cos 2 9.
(33-38)
tica Geomtrica tica geomtrica o tratamento aproximado da luz no qual as ondas luminosas so representadas
como raios que se propagam em linha reta.
Reflexo e Refrao Quando um raio luminoso encontra
uma interface entre dois meios transparentes em geral aparecem um raio refletido e um raio refratado. Os dois raios esto
sempre no plano de incidncia. O ngulo de reflexo igual ao
ngulo de incidncia, e o ngulo de refrao est relacionado
ao ngulo de incidncia atravs da lei de Snell,
(refrao),
(33-40)
(33-32)
onde n 1 e n 2 so os ndices de refrao dos meios nos quais se propagam o raio incidente e o raio refratado.
Reflexo Interna Total Uma onda que incide em uma interface com um meio cujo ndice de refrao menor que o do
F=-
IA
c
(absoro total),
Perguntas
meio no qual est se propagando experimenta reflexo interna
total se o ngulo de incidncia maior que um ngulo crtico
ec dado por
(ngulo crtico).
(33-44)
e
z
a
TI
l-
l-
la
)-
)-
:i-
FIG. 33-28
Polarizaco por Reflexo Uma onda refletida totalmente polarizada, com o vetor E perpendicular ao plano de
incidncia, quando o ngulo de incidncia igual ao ngulo de
Brewster 88 , dado por
(ngulo de Brewster).
(33-49)
Pergunta 2.
X
3 Na Fig. 33-lSa comece com um feixe de luz polarizada paralelamente ao eixo x e escreva a razo entre a intensidade final / 3
e a intensidade inicial / 0 na forma f i lo = A cos" e. Quais so os
valores de A, n e e quando giramos a direo de polarizao do
primeiro filtro (a) 60 no sentido anti-horrio; (b) 90 no sentido
horrio?
4 Suponha que o segundo filtro da Fig. 33-15a seja girado a partir
de uma direo de polarizao paralela ao eixo y (e = O), terminando com a direo de polarizao alinhada com o eixo x (e =
90 ). Qual das quatro curvas da Fig. 33-29 representa melhor a intensidade da luz que atravessa o sistema de trs filtros em funo
do ngulo fJ durante essa rotao?
FIG. 33-31
Pergunta 6.
5)
a
elo
8)
0-
as
ra
eo
ao
do
FIG. 33-29
Pergunta 4.
FIG. 33-32
Pergunta 7.
lO)
ro-
mdo
FIG. 33-30
Pergunta 5.
FIG. 33-33
Pergunta 8.
face de dois materiais diferentes. O raio incidente (cinzento, na figura) uma mistura de luz vermelha e azul. O ndice de refrao
aproximado para a luz visvel est indicado para cada material.
Qual das trs partes mostra uma situao fisicamente possveP
n = 1,3
(a)
_,,Jv
'
Ar
/
/
/
/
(e)
(b)
FIG. 33-34
n = 1,5
Pergunta 9.
FIG. 33-35
Ar
FIG. 33-36
FIG. 33-37
Informaes adicionais disponveis em O Circo Voador da Fsica, de Jearl Walker, Rio de Janeiro: LTC, 2008.
l,'i
1,4
1,3
Pergunta 11.
Pergunta 10.
1,3
Pergunta 12.
desses sinais de rdio fosse 1,0 X 104 raios terrestres, qual seria (a)
a freqncia e (b) o perodo da radiao emitida? Normalmente
as ondas eletromagnticas so muito atenuadas ao se propagar
em materiais condutores ele eletriciclaclc, como a gua salgada.
seo 33-3 Descrio Qualitativa de uma Onda
Eletromagntica
5 Qual o valor da indutncia que deve ser ligada a um capacitar ele 17 pF em um oscilador capaz de gerar ondas eletromagnticas ele 550 nm (ou seja, dentro ela faixa da luz visvel)? Comente
a resposta.
6 Qual o comprimento de onda ela onda eletromagntica
emitida pelo sistema oscilador-antena da Fig. 33-3 se L = 0,253
,H e e= 25,0 pF?
seo 33-5
Problemas
para a luz solar nessa altitude, supondo tratar-se ele uma onda
plana.
. . 1 6 Uma onda eletromagntica com uma freqncia ele 4,00
x l 0 1 Hz est se propagando no vcuo no sentido positivo do
eixo x. O campo eltrico ela onda paralelo ao eixo y e tem uma
amplitude E 111 No instante 1 = O o campo eltrico no ponto P,
situado sobre o eixo x. tem o valor ele + E 11,!4 e est diminuindo
com o tempo. Qual a distncia. ao longo cio eixo x, entre o ponto
P e o primeiro ponto com E = O(a) no sentido negativo elo eixo x
e (b) no sentido positivo cio eixo x?
. . 17 Um avio que se encontra a uma distncia ele 10 km ele
um transmissor de rdio recebe um sinal com uma intensidade de
10 W/m 2 . Determine a amplitude (a) do campo eltrico e (b) do
campo magntico associado ao sinal na posio do avio. (e) Se
o transmissor irradia uniformemente ao longo de um hemisfrio,
qual a potncia ela transmisso?
18 Uma fonte pontual isotrpica emite luz com um comprimento de onda ele 500 11111 e uma potncia ele 200 W. Um detector
de luz posicionado a 400 m ela fonte. Qual a mxima taxa dBldt
com a qual a componente magntica da luz varia com o tempo na
posio do detector?
seo 33-6
Presso de Radiao
a
3
e
e
eixo x. O campo eltrico, cuja amplitude 300 V/m, oscila paralelamente ao eixo y. Determine (a) a f reqncia; (b) a freqncia
angular; (e) o nmero de onda angular da onda; (d) a amplitude
do campo magntico associado onda. (e) O campo magntico
oscila paralelamente a que eixo? (f) Qual o fluxo mdio de
energia, em watts por metro quadrado, associado onda? A onda
ilumina uniformemente uma placa com uma rea de 2,0 m2 . Se a
placa absorve totalmente a onda, determine (g) a taxa com a qual
o momento transferido placa e (h) a presso exercida pelaradiao sobre a placa.
26 Teoricamente u1m1 c::spaunavc:: podc::ria deslocar-se no
sistema solar usando a presso da radiao solar em uma grande
vela feita de folha de alumnio. Qual deve ser o tamanho da vela
para que a fora exercida pela radiao seja igual em mdulo
fora de atrao gravitacional do Sol? Suponha que a massa da
espaonave, incluindo a vela, 1500 kg e que a vela perfeitamente refletora e est orientada perpencliculannente aos raios
solares. Os dados astronmicos necessrios podem ser obtidos no
Apndice C. (Se for usada uma vela maior, a espaonave se afastar cio Sol.)
. . 27 Urna pequena espaonave cuja massa 1,5 X 10 3 kg (incluindo um astronauta) est deriva no espao, longe de qualquer campo gravitacional. Se o astronauta liga um laser de 10 kW
de potncia, que velocidade a nave atinge em 1,0 dia por causa do
momento associado luz do laser?
, , .............
Sol
'
'
' o
..
'3 '--. 2
Corneta
FIG.
seo 33-7
l)-- 1
'\"',
, , , l Cauda de; poeira
33-41
Problema 31.
Polarizao
"32 Na Fig. 33-42 um feixe de luz no-polarizada, com uma intensidade de 43 W/m 2 , atravessa um sistema composto por dois
filtros polarizadores cujas direes fazem ngulos 8 1 = 70 e
fJ2 = 90 com o eixo y. Qual a intensidade da luz transmitida
pelo sistema?
FIG.
33-39 Problema 28 .
. . 29 Pretende-se levitar uma pequena esfera, totalmente absorvente, 0,500 m acima de uma fonte luminosa pontual e isotrpica fazendo com que a fora para cima exercida pela radiao
seja igual ao peso da esfera. A esfera tem 2,00 mm de raio e uma
massa especfica de 19,0 g/cm 3 . (a) Qual deve ser a potncia da
fonte luminosa? (b) Mesmo que fosse possvel construir uma
fonte com essa potncia, por que o equilbrio da esfera seria instvel?
I,
o
FIG.
82
1\
\
\"'.'
e 1,
\'(!
\
. . 41 Um feixe de luz parcialmente polarizada pode ser considerado uma mistura de luz polarizada e no-polarizada. Suponha
que um feixe desse tipo atravesse um filtro polarizador e que o
filtro seja girado de 360 enquanto se mantm perpendicular ao
feixe. Se a intensidade da luz transmitida varia por um fator de
5,0 durante a rotao do filtro, que frao da intensidade ela luz
incidente est associada luz polarizada do feixe?
. . 42 Na Fig. 33-45 um feixe de luz no-polarizada atravessa
um conjunto de trs filtros polarizadores que transmite 0,0500 da
intensidade luminosa inicial. As direes de polarizao do primeiro e do terceiro filtros so 81 = O e e3 = 90 . Determine (a)
o menor e (b) o maior valor possvel do ngulo e2 ( < 90 ) que
define a direo de polarizao do filtro 2.
43 Queremos fazer a direo de polarizao de um feixe de
luz polarizada girar de 90 fazendo o feixe passar por um ou mais
filtros polarizadores. (a) Qual o nmero mnimo de filtros necessrio? (b) Qual o nmero mnimo de filtros necessrio se a
intensidade da luz transmitida deve ser mais ele 60% ela intensidade original?
. . 44 Na Fig. 33-45 um feixe de luz no-polarizada atravessa um
conjunto de trs filtros polarizadores. Os ngulos e 1, e2 e 83 das
direes de polarizao so medidos no sentido anti-horrio, a
partir do semi-eixo y positivo (os ngulos so esto desenhados
em escala). Os ngulos (31 e e3 so fixos, mas o ngulo e2 pode ser
ajustado. A Fig. 33-47 mostra a intensidade da luz que atravessa o
conjunto em funo ele e2 (A escala cio eixo de intensidades no
conhecida.) Que porcentagem da intensidade inicial da luz
transmitida pelo conjunto para !32 = 90 ?
O '
60
180 2
120
Problema 44.
FIG. 33-47
gua
selro 338
Reflexo e Refrao
45 Um raio de luz que se propaga inicialmente no vcuo incide na superfcie ele uma placa de vidro. No vcuo o raio faz um
ngulo de 32.0 com a normal superfcie, enquanto no vidro faz
um ngulo de 21,0 com a normal. Qual o ndice ele refrao do
vidro?
46 Na Fig. 33-48a um raio luminoso que est se propagando
inicialmente na gua incide com um ngulo 8 1 em outro material,
no qual parte ela luz se refrata. O outro material pode ser do tipo
1 ou do tipo 2; a Fig. 33-48b mostra o ngulo de refrao 82 em
funo do ngulo de incidncia 8 1 para os dois tipos de material.
A escala do eixo vertical definida por 82s = 90 . Sem fazer nenhum clculo, determine (a) se o ndice de refrao do material
I maior ou menor que o ndice de refrao da gua (n = 1,33) e
(b) se o ndice de refrao do material 2 maior ou menor que o
ndice de refrao da gua. Determine o ndice de refrao (c) do
material l e (d) cio material 2.
(a)
FIG. 33-50
(a)
45
: /Normal
("
Problema 46.
FIG. 33-49
!)
FIG. 33-51
Problema 49.
(/,)
FIG. 33-48
superfcie do lquido
1 --L---IE
90
Problema 48.
IL.... L- --Le
(!,)
Problema 47.
1,3
l,'
1,7
1,9
(b)
(a)
FIG. 33-52
Problema 50.
. . 51 Na Fig. 33-53 uma estaca vertical com 2,00 m de comprimento se projeta cio fundo de uma piscina at um ponto 50,0
cm acima da gua. O Sol est 55,0 acima do horizonte. Qual o
comprimento da sombra da estaca no fundo da piscina?
Problemas
JB
FIG. 33-53
Problema 51 .
(a)
(b)
n=
FIG. 33-54
Problema 52 .
Problema 54.
FIG. 33-56
sen ( i + </>)
sent </>
Ar
Problemas 55 e 66.
. . 56
FIG. 33-55
Problema 53.
54
1
1
' 11
8
FIG. 33-58
Problema 56.
m!II
seo 33-9
Uma fonte luminosa pontual est 80,0 cm abaixo da superfcie de uma piscina. Calcule o dimetro do crculo na superfcie
atravs do qual a luz emerge da gua.
57
O ndice de refrao do benzeno 1,8. Qual o ngulo crtico para um raio luminoso que se propaga no benzeno em direo a uma interface plana do benzeno com o ar?
58
. . 59 Na Fig. 33-59 um feixe luminoso que se propaga inicialmente no material 1 refratado para o material 2, atravessa esse
material e incide com o ngulo crtico na interface dos meios 2 e
3. Os ndices de refrao so n 1 = 1,60, n 2 = 1,40 e n3 = 1,20. (a)
Qual o valor do ngulo 8? (b) Se o valor de 8 aumenta, a luz
consegue penetrar no meio 3?
FIG. 33-59
FIG. 33-61
. . 63 A Fig. 33-62 mostra uma fibra tica simplificada: um ncleo de plstico (n 1 = 1,58) envolvido por um revestimento de
plstico com um ndice de refrao menor (n 2 = 1,53). Um raio
luminoso incide em uma das extremidades da fibra com um ngulo e. O raio deve sofrer reflexo interna total no ponto A , onde
atinge a interface ncleo-revestimento. (Isso necessrio para
que n.o haja perda de luz cada vez que o raio incide na interface.)
Qual o maior valor de e para o qual existe reflexo interna total
no ponto A?
Problema 59.
FIG. 33-62
FIG. 33-60
Problema 61.
Problema 62 .
Problema 63.
-----w-----,
2
4
FIG. 33-63
Problema 64.
. . 65 Na Fig. 33-64 um raio luminoso incide perpendicularmente face ab de um prisma de vidro (n = 1,5'2). Determine o
Problemas
maior valor do ngulo <>/: para o qual um raio totalmente refletido na face ac do prisma se este est imerso (a) no ar; (b) na gua.
a
<Pf
FIG.
l-
e
o
le
a
.)
11
''
81
m
as
)0
o)
:la
ga
r,o
nne
)''.
lnl
:g)
reda
''
---
Ar
p ',,,
FIG. 33-65
(2
Raio
incidente
Problema 67.
FIG.
Ar
lareo
Problemas Adicionais
FIG.
(a)
l ,-1
(b)
FIG. 33-68
Problema 72.
FIG. 33-71
Ar
Raio
incidcnt.c
Problema 75.
76 Na Fig. 33-72 dois raios luminosos que estavam se propagando inicialmente no ar passam por cinco placas de plstico
transparente c voltam para o ar. As placas tm interfaces paralelas e espessura desconhecida: os ndices de r e frao so n 1 =
1,7, n 2 = 1,6, n3 = 1,5, n4 = 1,4 e n5 = 1,6. O ngulo de incidncia
do raio b fJ0 = 20 . Em relao normal ltima interface, determine (a) o ngulo de sada do raio a; (b) o ngulo de sada do
raio b. (Sugestiio: Pode ser mais rpido resolver o problema algebricamente.) Se em vez de ar houver um vidro com um ndice de
refrao 1,5 esquerda e direita das placas, determine o ngulo
de sada (c) do raio a; (d) do raio b.
B
FIG. 33-69
Problema 73.
7 4 Na Fig. 33-70 um feixe de luz no-polarizada, com uma intensidade de 25 W/m 2, atravessa um sistema composto por quatro
filtros polarizadores cujos ngulos de polarizao so 8 1 = 40 ,
82 = 20 , fJ_, = 20 e 84 = 30 . Qual a intensidade da luz transmitida pelo sistema')
L.
FIG. 33-70
11
FIG. 33-72
Problema 76.
77
Problema 74.
Ar
'
78 Por volta do ano 150 d.C. Cludio Ptolomeu mediu os seguintes valores para o ngulo de incidncia fi; e o ngulo de refrao 8,. de um raio luminoso ao passar do ar para a gua:
e1
82
fi1
82
10
20
30
40
8
15 30'
22 30'
29
50
60
70
80
35
40 30'
45 30'
50
Problemas
Use os resultados da tabela e a lei de Snell para determinar o ndice de refrao da gua. O interesse desses dados est no fato de
serem as medidas cientficas mais antigas de que se tem notcia.
10 6 m- 1)z + wt].
l,aser
FIG. 33-73
Problema 81.
82 A intensidade mdia da radiao solar que incide perpendicularmente em urna superfcie situada logo acima da atmosfera
da Terra 1,4 kW/n i . (a) Qual a presso de radiao p, exercida pelo Sol sobre essa superfcie, supondo que toda a radiao
absorvida? (b) Calcule a razo entre essa presso e a presso
atmosfrica ao nvel do mar, que 1,0 x 105 Pa.
No sistema solar uma partcula est sujeita influncia combinada da atrao gravitacional do Sol e da fora da radiao solar. Suponha que a partcula uma esfera com uma massa especfica de 1,0 X 10 3 kg/m 3 e que toda a luz incidente absorvida.
(a) Mostre que se o raio da partcula for menor que um certo raio
crtico R a partcula ser ejetada para fora do sistema solar. (b)
Determine o valor do raio crtico.
88
B x = (4,0
10- 6 T) sen[(1, 57
FIG. 33-74
Problema 92.
Em uma regio do espao onde as foras gravitacionais podem ser desprezadas uma esfera acelerada por um feixe luminoso uniforme ele intensidade 6,0 mW/m2 . A esfera, totalmente absorvente, tem um raio de 2,0 .m e uma massa especfica uniforme
de 5,0 X 10 3 kg/m 3 . Determine o mdulo da acelerao da esfera.
93
mtl
Raio
c2 - a Eax 2
2
a2B
at2
--
2
c " -ci-B
ax 2
1. (a) From Fig. 33-2 we find the smaller wavelength in question to be about 515 nm.
(b) Similarly, the larger wavelength is approximately 610 nm.
(c) From Fig. 33-2 the wavelength at which the eye is most sensitive is about 555 nm.
(d) Using the result in (c), we have
f =
555 nm
2. In air, light travels at roughly c = 3.0 108 m/s. Therefore, for t = 1.0 ns, we have a
distance of
d = ct = (3.0 108 m / s) (1.0 10 9 s) = 0.30 m.
F c I c = (3.0 10 m / s)(0.0100 10
G J
H K
(632.8 10 m)
8
m)
T=
1
1
=
= 212 s = 3 min 32 s.
f 4.7 103 Hz
2 LC
= c.
550 109 m
2
L= 2 2 =
4 Cc
4 2 17 1012 F 2.998 108 m / s
hc
= 5.00 1021 H.
c
= 2c LC = 2 ( 2.998 108 m/s )
f
( 0.25310
7. If P is the power and t is the time interval of one pulse, then the energy in a pulse is
hc
E = Pt = 100 1012 W 10
. 109 s = 10
. 105 J.
Em
2.0V/m
=
= 6.67 109 T 6.7 109 T.
8
c 2.998 10 m/s
G
(b) Since the E -wave oscillates in the z direction and travels in the x direction, we have Bx
= Bz = 0. So, the oscillation of the magnetic field is parallel to the y axis.
G G
(c) The direction (+x) of the electromagnetic wave propagation is determined by E B . If
the electric field points in +z, then the magnetic field must point in the y direction.
With SI units understood, we may write
15
x 2.0 cos 10 ( t x / c )
15
By = Bm cos 10 t =
3.0 108
c
x
= ( 6.7 109 ) cos 1015 t
c
Em
5.00 V / m
=
= 167
. 108 T.
c
2.998 108 m / s
5.00 V / m
E2
= m =
= 3.31 102 W / m2 .
7
8
2 0c 2 4 10 T m / A 2.998 10 m / s
hc
hc
3.0 108 m / s 10
. 104 T
cBm2
=
=
2
2 0
2 126
. 106 H / m
= 12
. 106 W / m2 .
gc
= 4.8 1029 W / m2 .
Em
2.0 V / m
=
= 6.7 109 T.
c
2.998 108 m / s
2.0 V / m
E2
I= m =
= 5.3 103 W / m2 .
7
8
2 0c 2 4 10 T m / A 2.998 10 m / s
hc
12
W)
(300 m )2 / 4
4 ( 6.37 10 m )
6
hc
= 1.4 1022 W.
LM 10. 10 W OP
h M 4 6.37 10 m P = 11. 10
hQ
N c
2
12
15
W.
hc
hc
Em = 2 0 I c = 2 4 107 T m / A 140
. 103 W / m2 2.998 108 m / s
= 103
. 103 V / m.
(b) The magnetic field amplitude is therefore
Bm =
Em 103
. 104 V / m
=
= 3.43 106 T.
8
c
2.998 10 m / s
16. (a) The expression Ey = Em sin(kx t) it fits the requirement at point P [it] is
decreasing with time if we imagine P is just to the right (x > 0) of the coordinate origin
(but at a value of x less than /2k = /4 which is where there would be a maximum, at t =
0). It is important to bear in mind, in this description, that the wave is moving to the right.
Specifically, xP = (1/ k ) sin 1 (1/ 4) so that Ey = (1/4) Em at t = 0, there. Also, Ey = 0
with our choice of expression for Ey . Therefore, part (a) is answered simply by solving
for xP. Since k = 2f/c we find
c
1
xP =
sin 1 = 30.1 nm .
2 f
4
(b) If we proceed to the right on the x axis (still studying this snapshot of the wave at t
= 0) we find another point where Ey = 0 at a distance of one-half wavelength from the
1
1
previous point where Ey = 0. Thus (since = c/f ) the next point is at x = 2 = 2 c/f and is
consequently a distance c/2f xP = 345 nm to the right of P.
17. (a) The average rate of energy flow per unit area, or intensity, is related to the electric
field amplitude Em by I = Em2 / 2 0c , so
hc
hc
= 8.7 102 V / m.
(b) The amplitude of the magnetic field is given by
Em 8.7 102 V / m
Bm =
=
= 2.9 1010 T.
8
c
2.998 10 m / s
(c) At a distance r from the transmitter, the intensity is I = P / 2r 2 , where P is the power
of the transmitter over the hemisphere having a surface area 2 r 2 . Thus
P = 2r 2 I = 2 (10103 m )
(10 10
W/m 2 ) = 6.3103 W.
18. From the equation immediately preceding Eq. 33-12, we see that the maximum value
of B/t is Bm . We can relate Bm to the intensity:
Bm =
2c 0 I
Em
=
,
c
c
and relate the intensity to the power P (and distance r) using Eq. 33-27. Finally, we
relate to wavelength using = kc = 2c/. Putting all this together, we obtain
2 0 P 2 c
B
= 3.44 106 T/s .
=
4 c r
t max
19. Since the surface is perfectly absorbing, the radiation pressure is given by pr = I/c,
where I is the intensity. Since the bulb radiates uniformly in all directions, the intensity a
distance r from it is given by I = P/4r2, where P is the power of the bulb. Thus
pr =
500 W
P
=
= 5.9 108 Pa.
2
2
4 r c 4 1.5 m 2.998 108 m / s
gc
I
10 W / m2
=
= 3.3 108 Pa.
8
c 2.998 10 m / s
21. The plasma completely reflects all the energy incident on it, so the radiation pressure
is given by pr = 2I/c, where I is the intensity. The intensity is I = P/A, where P is the
power and A is the area intercepted by the radiation. Thus
2 (1.5 109 W )
2P
pr =
=
= 1.0 107 Pa.
Ac (1.00 106 m 2 ) ( 2.998 108 m/s )
2
e
11
(1.5 10 m )
11
23. Let f be the fraction of the incident beam intensity that is reflected. The fraction
absorbed is 1 f. The reflected portion exerts a radiation pressure of
pr =
2 f I0
c
(1 f ) I 0
,
c
where I0 is the incident intensity. The factor 2 enters the first expression because the
momentum of the reflected portion is reversed. The total radiation pressure is the sum of
the two contributions:
2 f I 0 + (1 f ) I 0 (1 + f ) I 0
ptotal = pr + pa =
=
.
c
c
To relate the intensity and energy density, we consider a tube with length A and crosssectional area A, lying with its axis along the propagation direction of an electromagnetic
wave. The electromagnetic energy inside is U = uAA, where u is the energy density. All
this energy passes through the end in time t = A / c, so the intensity is
I=
U uAAc
=
= uc.
At
AA
Thus u = I/c. The intensity and energy density are positive, regardless of the propagation
direction. For the partially reflected and partially absorbed wave, the intensity just outside
the surface is
I = I0 + f I0 = (1 + f )I0,
where the first term is associated with the incident beam and the second is associated with
the reflected beam. Consequently, the energy density is
u=
the same as radiation pressure.
I (1 + f ) I 0
=
,
c
c
24. (a) We note that the cross section area of the beam is d 2/4, where d is the diameter
of the spot (d = 2.00). The beam intensity is
I=
P
d 2 / 4
5.00 103 W
b gc
2.00 633 10 m
= 3.97 109 W / m2 .
/4
I 3.97 109 W / m2
=
= 13.2 Pa.
c 2.998 108 m / s
(c) In computing the corresponding force, we can use the power and intensity to eliminate
the area (mentioned in part (a)). We obtain
11
N.
Fr
Fr
6(167
. 1011 N)
=
=
m ( d 3 / 6) (5.00 10 3 kg / m3 )[(2.00)(633 109 m)]3
= 314
. 103 m / s2 .
25. (a) Since c = f , where is the wavelength and f is the frequency of the wave,
f =
c 2.998 108 m / s
=
= 10
. 108 Hz.
3.0 m
2
2
=
= 2.1 rad / m.
3.0 m
Em
300V/m
=
= 1.0 106 T.
8
2.998 10 m/s
c
G
G
B
must
be
in
the
positive
z
direction
when
E
is in the positive y direction in order for
(e)
G G
E B to be in the positive x direction (the direction of propagation).
(f) The intensity of the wave is
I=
Em2
(300V/m) 2
=
= 119W/m 2 1.2 102 W/m 2 .
8
7
2 0 c 2(4 10 H/m)(2.998 10 m/s)
(g) Since the sheet is perfectly absorbing, the rate per unit area with which momentum is
delivered to it is I/c, so
dp IA (119 W / m2 )(2.0 m2 )
=
=
= 8.0 107 N.
dt
c
2.998 108 m / s
(h) The radiation pressure is
pr =
dp / dt 8.0 107 N
=
= 4.0 107 Pa.
2
A
2.0 m
mM s 2 IA
,
=
d es2
c
27. If the beam carries energy U away from the spaceship, then it also carries momentum
p = U/c away. Since the total momentum of the spaceship and light is conserved, this is
the magnitude of the momentum acquired by the spaceship. If P is the power of the laser,
then the energy carried away in time t is U = Pt. We note that there are 86400 seconds in
a day. Thus, p = Pt/c and, if m is mass of the spaceship, its speed is
v=
p Pt
(10 103 W)(86400 s)
=
=
= 19
. 103 m / s.
3
8
m mc (15
. 10 kg)(2.998 10 m / s)
28. The mass of the cylinder is m = ( D 2 / 4) H , where D is the diameter of the cylinder.
Since it is in equilibrium
Fnet = mg Fr =
HD 2 g D 2 2 I
= 0.
4
4 c
We solve for H:
H=
=
2I 2P 1
=
gc D 2 / 4 gc
2(4.60W)
[(2.6010 m) / 4](9.8m/s 2 )(3.0 108 m/s)(1.20 103 kg/m3 )
3
= 4.91107 m.
29. (a) The upward force supplied by radiation pressure in this case (Eq. 33-32) must be
equal to the magnitude of the pull of gravity (mg). For a sphere, the projected area
(which is a factor in Eq. 33-32) is that of a circle A = r2 (not the entire surface area of
the sphere) and the volume (needed because the mass is given by the density multiplied
by the volume: m = V) is V = 4 r 3 / 3 . Finally, the intensity is related to the power P of
the light source and another area factor 4R2, given by Eq. 33-27. In this way, with
= 1.9 104 kg/m3 , equating the forces leads to
4 r 3 g 1
11
P = 4 R c
2 = 4.68 10 W .
3 r
(b) Any chance disturbance could move the sphere from being directly above the source,
and then the two force vectors would no longer be along the same axis.
30. Eq. 33-27 suggests that the slope in an intensity versus inverse-square-distance graph
(I plotted versus r 2 ) is P/4. We estimate the slope to be about 20 (in SI units) which
means the power is P = 4(30) 2.5 102 W.
31. We shall assume that the Sun is far enough from the particle to act as an isotropic
point source of light.
G
(a) The forces that act on the dust particle are the radially outward radiation force Fr and
G
the radially inward (toward the Sun) gravitational force Fg . Using Eqs. 33-32 and 33-27,
P R 2 PS R 2
IA
= S2
= 2 ,
4r c
c 4 r c
where R is the radius of the particle, and A = R 2 is the cross-sectional area. On the other
hand, the gravitational force on the particle is given by Newtons law of gravitation (Eq.
13-1):
GM S m GM S (4 R 3 / 3) 4 GM S R 3
=
=
,
Fg =
3r 2
r2
r2
where m = (4 R 3 / 3) is the mass of the particle. When the two forces balance, the
particle travels in a straight path. The condition that Fr = Fg implies
PS R 2 4 GM S R 3
=
,
4r 2 c
3r 2
which can be solved to give
3PS
3(3.9 1026 W)
=
16 c GM S 16 (3 108 m/s)(3.5 103 kg/m 3 )(6.67 10 11 m 3 /kg s 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)
= 1.7 107 m .
R=
(b) Since Fg varies with R 3 and Fr varies with R 2 , if the radius R is larger, then Fg > Fr ,
and the path will be curved toward the Sun (like path 3).
1
2
1
1
I 0 cos2 (9070 ) = (43 W / m2 )(cos2 20 ) = 19 W / m2 .
2
2
33. The angle between the direction of polarization of the light incident on the first
polarizing sheet and the polarizing direction of that sheet is 1 = 70. If I0 is the intensity
of the incident light, then the intensity of the light transmitted through the first sheet is
I1 = I 0 cos2 1 = (43 W / m2 ) cos2 70 = 5.03 W / m2 .
The direction of polarization of the transmitted light makes an angle of 70 with the
vertical and an angle of 2 = 20 with the horizontal. 2 is the angle it makes with the
polarizing direction of the second polarizing sheet. Consequently, the transmitted
intensity is
I 2 = I1 cos2 2 = (5.03 W / m2 ) cos2 20 = 4.4 W / m2 .
34. After passing through the first polarizer the initial intensity I0 reduces by a factor of
1/2. After passing through the second one it is further reduced by a factor of cos2 (
1 2) = cos2 (1 + 2). Finally, after passing through the third one it is again reduced by
a factor of cos2 ( 2 3) = cos2 (2 + 3). Therefore,
If
1
1
= cos 2 (1 + 2 )cos 2 ( 2 + 3 ) = cos 2 (50 + 50)cos 2 (50 + 50)
I0 2
2
= 4.5 104.
35. Let I0 be the intensity of the unpolarized light that is incident on the first polarizing
sheet. The transmitted intensity is I1 = 21 I 0 , and the direction of polarization of the
transmitted light is 1 = 40 counterclockwise from the y axis in the diagram. The
polarizing direction of the second sheet is 2 = 20 clockwise from the y axis, so the angle
between the direction of polarization that is incident on that sheet and the polarizing
direction of the sheet is 40 + 20 = 60. The transmitted intensity is
I 2 = I1 cos2 60 =
1
I 0 cos2 60 ,
2
and the direction of polarization of the transmitted light is 20 clockwise from the y axis.
The polarizing direction of the third sheet is 3 = 40 counterclockwise from the y axis.
Consequently, the angle between the direction of polarization of the light incident on that
sheet and the polarizing direction of the sheet is 20 + 40 = 60. The transmitted
intensity is
1
I 3 = I 2 cos2 60 = I 0 cos4 60 = 31
. 10 2 .
2
Thus, 3.1% of the lights initial intensity is transmitted.
36. We examine the point where the graph reaches zero: 2 = 160. Since the polarizers
must be crossed for the intensity to vanish, then 1 = 160 90 = 70. Now we
consider the case 2 = 90 (which is hard to judge from the graph). Since 1 is still equal
to 70, then the angle between the polarizers is now =20. Accounting for the
automatic reduction (by a factor of one-half) whenever unpolarized light passes
through any polarizing sheet, then our result is
1
2
2 cos ()
= 0.442 44%.
37. (a) Since the incident light is unpolarized, half the intensity is transmitted and half is
absorbed. Thus the transmitted intensity is I = 5.0 mW/m2. The intensity and the electric
field amplitude are related by I = Em2 / 2 0c, so
Em = 2 0cI = 2(4 10 7 H / m)(3.00 108 m / s)(5.0 103 W / m2 )
= 19
. V / m.
(b) The radiation pressure is pr = Ia/c, where Ia is the absorbed intensity. Thus
pr =
5.0 103 W / m2
= 17
. 1011 Pa.
8
3.00 10 m / s
E 2f
E02
Ev2
Ev2
=
= 016
. .
Ev2 + Eh2 Ev2 + (2.3Ev ) 2
G
(b) Since now the horizontal component of E will pass through the glasses,
Eh2
(2.3Ev ) 2
=
=
= 0.84.
I 0 Ev2 + Eh2 Ev2 + (2.3Ev ) 2
If
39. As the polarized beam of intensity I0 passes the first polarizer, its intensity is reduced
to I 0 cos 2 . After passing through the second polarizer which makes a 90 angle with the
first filter, the intensity is
I = ( I 0 cos 2 ) sin 2 = I 0 /10
which implies sin2 cos2 = 1/10, or sin cos = sin2 /2 =1/ 10 . This leads to = 70
or 20.
40. We note the points at which the curve is zero (2 = 0 and 90) in Fig. 33-45(b). We
infer that sheet 2 is perpendicular to one of the other sheets at 2 = 0, and that it is
perpendicular to the other of the other sheets when 2 = 90. Without loss of generality,
we choose 1 = 0, 3 = 90. Now, when 2 = 30, it will be = 30 relative to sheet 1
and = 60 relative to sheet 3. Therefore,
If
Ii
1
cos 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) = 9.4% .
2
41. Let I0 be the intensity of the incident beam and f be the fraction that is polarized. Thus,
the intensity of the polarized portion is f I0. After transmission, this portion contributes
f I0 cos2 to the intensity of the transmitted beam. Here is the angle between the
direction of polarization of the radiation and the polarizing direction of the filter. The
intensity of the unpolarized portion of the incident beam is (1 f )I0 and after transmission,
this portion contributes (1 f )I0/2 to the transmitted intensity. Consequently, the
transmitted intensity is
1
I = f I 0 cos 2 + (1 f ) I 0 .
2
As the filter is rotated, cos2 varies from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 1, so the
transmitted intensity varies from a minimum of
I min =
1
(1 f ) I 0
2
to a maximum of
1
1
I max = f I 0 + (1 f ) I 0 = (1 + f ) I 0 .
2
2
The ratio of Imax to Imin is
I max 1 + f
=
.
I min 1 f
Setting the ratio equal to 5.0 and solving for f, we get f = 0.67.
42. We apply Eq. 33-40 (once) and Eq. 33-42 (twice) to obtain
I=
1
I 0 cos 2 2 cos 2 (90 2 ) .
2
I 1 2
= sin (2 2 ) .
I0 8
(b) Since the first expression we wrote is symmetric under the exchange: 2 90 2,
then we see that the angle's complement, 70.4, is also a solution.
43. (a) The rotation cannot be done with a single sheet. If a sheet is placed with its
polarizing direction at an angle of 90 to the direction of polarization of the incident
radiation, no radiation is transmitted. It can be done with two sheets. We place the first
sheet with its polarizing direction at some angle , between 0 and 90, to the direction of
polarization of the incident radiation. Place the second sheet with its polarizing direction
at 90 to the polarization direction of the incident radiation. The transmitted radiation is
then polarized at 90 to the incident polarization direction. The intensity is
I = I 0 cos 2 cos 2 (90 ) = I 0 cos 2 sin 2 ,
where I 0 is the incident radiation. If is not 0 or 90, the transmitted intensity is not zero.
(b) Consider n sheets, with the polarizing direction of the first sheet making an angle of
= 90/n relative to the direction of polarization of the incident radiation. The polarizing
direction of each successive sheet is rotated 90/n in the same sense from the polarizing
direction of the previous sheet. The transmitted radiation is polarized, with its direction of
polarization making an angle of 90 with the direction of polarization of the incident
radiation. The intensity is
I = I 0 cos 2 n (90 / n) .
We want the smallest integer value of n for which this is greater than 0.60I0. We start
with n = 2 and calculate cos 2 n (90 / n) . If the result is greater than 0.60, we have obtained
the solution. If it is less, increase n by 1 and try again. We repeat this process, increasing
n by 1 each time, until we have a value for which cos 2 n (90 / n) is greater than 0.60. The
first one will be n = 5.
44. We note the points at which the curve is zero (2 = 60 and 140) in Fig. 33-45(b).
We infer that sheet 2 is perpendicular to one of the other sheets at 2 = 60, and that it is
perpendicular to the other of the other sheets when 2 = 140. Without loss of generality,
we choose 1 = 150, 3 = 50. Now, when 2 = 90, it will be | | = 60 relative to
sheet 1 and | | = 40 relative to sheet 3. Therefore,
If
1
= cos 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) = 7.3% .
Ii 2
FG
H
IJ
K
sin 32.0
sin 1
= (100
. )
= 148
. .
sin 2
sin 210
.
46. (a) For the angles of incidence and refraction to be equal, the graph in Fig. 33-48(b)
would consist of a y = x line at 45 in the plot. Instead, the curve for material 1 falls
under such a y = x line, which tells us that all refraction angles are less than incident
ones. With 2 < 1 Snells law implies n2 > n1 .
(b) Using the same argument as in (a), the value of n2 for material 2 is also greater than that
of water (n1).
(c) Its easiest to examine the right end-point of each curve. With 1 = 90 and 2 =
(90), and with n1 = 1.33 (Table 33-1) we find, from Snells law, n2 = 1.4 for material 1.
(d) Similarly, with 1 = 90 and 2 = (90), we obtain n2 = 1.9.
47. The angle of incidence for the light ray on mirror B is 90 . So the outgoing ray r'
makes an angle 90 (90 ) = with the vertical direction, and is antiparallel to the
incoming one. The angle between i and r' is therefore 180.
48. (a) For the angles of incidence and refraction to be equal, the graph in Fig. 33-50(b)
would consist of a y = x line at 45 in the plot. Instead, the curve for material 1 falls
under such a y = x line, which tells us that all refraction angles are less than incident
ones. With 2 < 1 Snells law implies n2 > n1 .
(b) Using the same argument as in (a), the value of n2 for material 2 is also greater than that
of water (n1).
(c) Its easiest to examine the topmost point of each curve. With 2 = 90 and 1 = (90),
and with n2 = 1.33 (Table 33-1) we find n1 = 1.9 from Snells law.
(d) Similarly, with 2 = 90 and 1 = (90), we obtain n1 = 1.4.
49. Note that the normal to the refracting surface is vertical in the diagram. The angle of
refraction is 2 = 90 and the angle of incidence is given by tan 1 = L/D, where D is the
height of the tank and L is its width. Thus
L
1 1.10 m
= 52.31.
= tan
D
0.850 m
1 = tan 1
The law of refraction yields
n1 = n2
FG
H
IJ
K
sin 2
sin 90
= (100
. )
= 126
. ,
sin 1
sin 52.31
50. (a) A simple implication of Snells law is that 2 = 1 when n1 = n2. Since the angle of
incidence is shown in Fig. 33-52(a) to be 30, then we look for a point in Fig. 33-52(b)
where 2 = 30. This seems to occur when n2 = 1.7. By inference, then, n1 = 1.7.
(b) From 1.7sin(60) = 2.4sin(2) we get 2 = 38.
51. Consider a ray that grazes the top of the pole, as shown in the diagram that follows.
Here 1 = 90 = 35, A1 = 0.50 m, and A 2 = 150
. m. The length of the shadow is x + L.
x is given by
x = A1 tan 1 = (0.50 m) tan 35 = 0.35 m.
2 = sin 1
L is given by
L = A 2 tan 2 = (150
. m) tan 25.55 = 0.72 m.
The length of the shadow is 0.35 m + 0.72 m = 1.07 m.
52. (a) Snells law gives nair sin(50) = n2b sin 2b and nair sin(50) = n2r sin 2r where we
use subscripts b and r for the blue and red light rays. Using the common approximation
for airs index (nair = 1.0) we find the two angles of refraction to be 30.176 and 30.507.
Therefore, = 0.33.
(b) Both of the refracted rays emerges from the other side with the same angle (50) with
which they were incident on the first side (generally speaking, light comes into a block at
the same angle that it emerges with from the opposite parallel side). There is thus no
difference (the difference is 0) and thus there is no dispersion in this case.
sin 1 = 35.3.
n4
4 = sin 1
54. (a) From n1sin1 = n2sin2 and n2sin2 = n3sin3, we find n1sin1 = n3sin3. This has
a simple implication: that 1 =3 when n1 = n3. Since we are given 1 = 40 in Fig. 3356(a) then we look for a point in Fig. 33-56(b) where 3 = 40. This seems to occur at n3
= 1.6, so we infer that n1 = 1.6.
(b) Our first step in our solution to part (a) shows that information concerning n2
disappears (cancels) in the manipulation. Thus, we cannot tell; we need more
information.
(c) From 1.6sin70 = 2.4sin3 we obtain 3 = 39.
55. We label the light rays point of entry A, the vertex of the prism B, and the light rays
exit point C. Also, the point in Fig. 33-57 where is defined (at the point of intersection
of the extrapolations of the incident and emergent rays) is denoted D. The angle indicated
by ADC is the supplement of , so we denote it s = 180 . The angle of refraction in
the glass is 2 = n1 sin . The angles between the interior ray and the nearby surfaces is the
complement of 2, so we denote it 2c = 90 2. Now, the angles in the triangle ABC
must add to 180:
180 = 2 2 c + 2 =
bg
b g
c b gh
b g
sin 21 +
sin
.
n=
=
sin 2
sin 21
56. (a) We use subscripts b and r for the blue and red light rays. Snells law gives
1
2r = sin11.331 sin(70) = 44.911
for the refraction angles at the first surface (where the normal axis is vertical). These rays
strike the second surface (where A is) at complementary angles to those just calculated
(since the normal axis is horizontal for the second surface). Taking this into
consideration, we again use Snells law to calculate the second refractions (with which
the light re-enters the air):
57. Reference to Fig. 33-24 may help in the visualization of why there appears to be a
circle of light (consider revolving that picture about a vertical axis). The depth and the
radius of that circle (which is from point a to point f in that figure) is related to the
tangent of the angle of incidence. Thus, the diameter D of the circle in question is
LM
N
FG 1 IJ = sin FG 1 IJ = 34 .
H nK
H 18. K
1
59. (a) We note that the complement of the angle of refraction (in material 2) is the
critical angle. Thus,
2
n
n1 sin = n2 cos c = n2 1 3 = n22 n32
n2
leads to = 26.8.
(b) Increasing leads to a decrease of the angle with which the light strikes the interface
between materials 2 and 3, so it becomes greater than the critical angle; therefore, there
will be some transmission of light into material 3.
60. (a) Reference to Fig. 33-24 may help in the visualization of why there appears to be a
circle of light (consider revolving that picture about a vertical axis). The depth and the
radius of that circle (which is from point a to point f in that figure) is related to the
tangent of the angle of incidence. The diameter of the circle in question is given by d =
2h tan c. For water n = 1.33, so Eq. 33-47 gives sin c = 1/1.33, or c = 48.75. Thus,
d = 2h tan c = 2(2.00 m)(tan 48.75) = 4.56 m.
(b) The diameter d of the circle will increase if the fish descends (increasing h).
c = sin 1
n3
n2
62. (a) The condition (in Eq. 33-44) required in the critical angle calculation is 3 = 90.
Thus (with 2 = c, which we dont compute here),
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 = n3 sin 3
leads to 1 = = sin1 n3/n1 = 54.3.
(b) Yes. Reducing leads to a reduction of 2 so that it becomes less than the critical
angle; therefore, there will be some transmission of light into material 3.
(c) We note that the complement of the angle of refraction (in material 2) is the critical
angle. Thus,
n1 sin = n2 cos c = n2
Fn I
1 G J
Hn K
3
= n22 n32
leads to = 51.1.
(d) No. Reducing leads to an increase of the angle with which the light strikes the
interface between materials 2 and 3, so it becomes greater than the critical angle.
Therefore, there will be no transmission of light into material 3.
63. When examining Fig. 33-62, it is important to note that the angle (measured from the
central axis) for the light ray in air, , is not the angle for the ray in the glass core, which
we denote ' . The law of refraction leads to
sin =
1
sin
n1
assuming nair = 1. The angle of incidence for the light ray striking the coating is the
complement of ', which we denote as 'comp and recall that
sin comp = cos = 1 sin 2 .
In the critical case, 'comp must equal c specified by Eq. 33-47. Therefore,
FG
H
n2
1
= sin comp = 1 sin 2 = 1
sin
n1
n1
IJ
K
which leads to the result: sin = n12 n22 . With n1 = 1.58 and n2 = 1.53, we obtain
= sin 1 158
. 2 153
. 2 = 23.2 .
64. (a) We note that the upper-right corner is at an angle (measured from the point where
the light enters, and measured relative to a normal axis established at that point [the
normal at that point would be horizontal in Fig. 33-63) is at tan1(2/3) = 33.7. The angle
of refraction is given by
nair sin 40 = 1.56 sin 2
which yields 2 = 24.33 if we use the common approximation nair = 1.0, and yields 2 =
24.34 if we use the more accurate value for nair found in Table 33-1. The value is less
than 33.7 which means that the light goes to side 3.
(b) The ray strikes a point on side 3 which is 0.643 cm below that upper-right corner, and
then (using the fact that the angle is symmetrical upon reflection) strikes the top surface
(side 2) at a point 1.42 cm to the left of that corner. Since 1.42 cm is certainly less than 3
cm we have a self-consistency check to the effect that the ray does indeed strike side 2 as
its second reflection (if we had gotten 3.42 cm instead of 1.42 cm, then the situation
would be quite different).
(c) The normal axes for sides 1 and 3 are both horizontal, so the angle of incidence (in the
plastic) at side 3 is the same as the angle of refraction was at side 1. Thus,
1.56 sin 24.3 = nair sin air
air = 40 .
(d) It strikes the top surface (side 2) at an angle (measured from the normal axis there,
which in this case would be a vertical axis) of 90 2 = 66 which is much greater than
the critical angle for total internal reflection (sin1(nair /1.56 ) = 39.9). Therefore, no
refraction occurs when the light strikes side 2.
(e) In this case, we have
nair sin 70 = 1.56 sin 2
which yields 2 = 37.04 if we use the common approximation nair = 1.0, and yields 2 =
37.05 if we use the more accurate value for nair found in Table 33-1. This is greater than
the 33.7 mentioned above (regarding the upper-right corner), so the ray strikes side 2
instead of side 3.
(f) After bouncing from side 2 (at a point fairly close to that corner) to goes to side 3.
(g) When it bounced from side 2, its angle of incidence (because the normal axis for side
2 is orthogonal to that for side 1) is 90 2 = 53 which is much greater than the critical
angle for total internal reflection (which, again, is sin1(nair /1.56 ) = 39.9). Therefore, no
refraction occurs when the light strikes side 2.
(h) For the same reasons implicit in the calculation of part (c), the refracted ray emerges
from side 3 with the same angle (70) that it entered side 1 at (we see that the occurrence
of an intermediate reflection [from side 2] does not alter this overall fact: light comes into
the block at the same angle that it emerges with from the opposite parallel side.
65. (a) No refraction occurs at the surface ab, so the angle of incidence at surface ac is
90 . For total internal reflection at the second surface, ng sin (90 ) must be greater
than na. Here ng is the index of refraction for the glass and na is the index of refraction for
air. Since sin (90 ) = cos , we want the largest value of for which ng cos na.
Recall that cos decreases as increases from zero. When has the largest value for
which total internal reflection occurs, then ng cos = na, or
= cos1
F n I = cos FG 1 IJ = 48.9 .
GH n JK
H 152
. K
a
= cos1
F n I = cos FG 133
. I
J = 29.0 .
GH n JK
H 152
. K
w
g
66. (a) We refer to the entry point for the original incident ray as point A (which we take
to be on the left side of the prism, as in Fig. 33-57), the prism vertex as point B, and the
point where the interior ray strikes the right surface of the prism as point C. The angle
between line AB and the interior ray is (the complement of the angle of refraction at the
first surface), and the angle between the line BC and the interior ray is (the complement
of its angle of incidence when it strikes the second surface). When the incident ray is at
the minimum angle for which light is able to exit the prism, the light exits along the
second face. That is, the angle of refraction at the second face is 90, and the angle of
incidence there for the interior ray is the critical angle for total internal reflection. Let 1
be the angle of incidence for the original incident ray and 2 be the angle of refraction at
the first face, and let 3 be the angle of incidence at the second face. The law of refraction,
applied to point C, yields n sin 3 = 1, so
sin 3 = 1/n = 1/1.60 = 0.625 3 = 38.68.
The interior angles of the triangle ABC must sum to 180, so + = 120. Now, =
90 3 = 51.32, so = 120 51.32 = 69.68. Thus, 2 = 90 = 21.32. The law of
refraction, applied to point A, yields
sin 1 = n sin 2 = 1.60 sin 21.32 = 0.5817.
Thus 1 = 35.6.
(b) We apply the law of refraction to point C. Since the angle of refraction there is the
same as the angle of incidence at A, n sin 3 = sin 1. Now, + = 120, = 90 3,
and = 90 2, as before. This means 2 + 3 = 60. Thus, the law of refraction leads to
sin 1 = n sin ( 60 2 ) sin 1 = n sin 60 cos 2 n cos 60 sin 2
c h
b g
n 2 sin 2 1 .
n sin 60
. sin 60
160
= 0.80
Let 1 be the angle of incidence and 2 be the angle of refraction at the first surface. Let
3 be the angle of incidence at the second surface. The angle of refraction there is 4 =
90. The law of refraction, applied to the second surface, yields n sin 3 = sin 4 = 1. As
shown in the diagram, the normals to the surfaces at P and Q are perpendicular to each
other. The interior angles of the triangle formed by the ray and the two normals must sum
to 180, so 3 = 90 2 and
sin 2 1
= 1.
n2
. ) = 531
. .
68. (a) We use Eq. 33-49: B = tan 1nw = tan 1 (133
(b) Yes, since nw depends on the wavelength of the light.
69. The angle of incidence B for which reflected light is fully polarized is given by Eq.
33-48 of the text. If n1 is the index of refraction for the medium of incidence and n2 is the
index of refraction for the second medium, then
70. Since the layers are parallel, the angle of refraction regarding the first surface is the
same as the angle of incidence regarding the second surface (as is suggested by the
notation in Fig. 33-66). We recall that as part of the derivation of Eq. 33-49 (Brewsters
angle), the refracted angle is the complement of the incident angle:
2 = ( 1 ) c = 90 1 .
We apply Eq. 33-49 to both refractions, setting up a product:
n2
n1
n3
= (tan B1 2 ) (tan B 23 )
n2
n3
= (tan 1 )(tan 2 ).
n1
1
.
tan 1
Therefore, the product of tangents cancel and we obtain n3/n1 = 1. Consequently, the third
medium is air: n3 = 1.0.
71. (a) The first contribution to the overall deviation is at the first refraction:
1 = i r . The next contribution to the overall deviation is the reflection. Noting that
the angle between the ray right before reflection and the axis normal to the back surface
of the sphere is equal to r, and recalling the law of reflection, we conclude that the angle
by which the ray turns (comparing the direction of propagation before and after the
reflection) is 2 = 1802 r . The final contribution is the refraction suffered by the ray
upon leaving the sphere: 3 = i r again. Therefore,
dev = 1 + 2 + 3 = 180 + 2 i 4 r .
(b) We substitute r = sin 1 ( n1 sin i ) into the expression derived in part (a), using the two
given values for n. The higher curve is for the blue light.
(c) We can expand the graph and try to estimate the minimum, or search for it with a
more sophisticated numerical procedure. We find that the dev minimum for red light is
137.63 137.6, and this occurs at i = 59.52.
(d) For blue light, we find that the dev minimum is 139.35 139.4, and this occurs at i
= 59.52.
(e) The difference in dev in the previous two parts is 1.72.
72. (a) The first contribution to the overall deviation is at the first refraction:
1 = i r . The next contribution(s) to the overall deviation is (are) the reflection(s).
Noting that the angle between the ray right before reflection and the axis normal to the
back surface of the sphere is equal to r, and recalling the law of reflection, we conclude
that the angle by which the ray turns (comparing the direction of propagation before and
after [each] reflection) is r = 180 2 r . Thus, for k reflections, we have 2 = k r to
account for these contributions. The final contribution is the refraction suffered by the ray
upon leaving the sphere: 3 = i r again. Therefore,
73. Let 1 = 45 be the angle of incidence at the first surface and 2 be the angle of
refraction there. Let 3 be the angle of incidence at the second surface. The condition for
total internal reflection at the second surface is n sin 3 1. We want to find the smallest
value of the index of refraction n for which this inequality holds. The law of refraction,
applied to the first surface, yields n sin 2 = sin 1. Consideration of the triangle formed
by the surface of the slab and the ray in the slab tells us that 3 = 90 2. Thus, the
condition for total internal reflection becomes
1 n sin(90 2) = n cos 2.
Squaring this equation and using sin2 2 + cos2 2 = 1, we obtain 1 n2 (1 sin2 2).
Substituting sin 2 = (1/n) sin 1 now leads to
FG
H
1 n2 1
IJ
K
sin 2 1
= n 2 sin 2 1 .
2
n
The largest value of n for which this equation is true is given by 1 = n2 sin2 1. We
solve for n:
n = 1 + sin 2 1 = 1 + sin 2 45 = 122
. .
74. Since some of the angles in Fig. 33-70 are measured from vertical axes and some are
measured from horizontal axes, we must be very careful in taking differences. For
instance, the angle difference between the first polarizer struck by the light and the
second is 110 (or 70 depending on how we measure it; it does not matter in the final
result whether we put 1 = 70 or put 1 = 110). Similarly, the angle difference
between the second and the third is 2 = 40, and between the third and the fourth is 3
= 40, also. Accounting for the automatic reduction (by a factor of one-half) whenever
unpolarized light passes through any polarizing sheet, then our result is the incident
intensity multiplied by
1
cos 2 (1 ) cos 2 ( 2 ) cos 2 ( 3 ) .
2
Thus, the light that emerges from the system has intensity equal to 0.50 W/m2.
75. Let be the angle of incidence and 2 be the angle of refraction at the left face of the
plate. Let n be the index of refraction of the glass. Then, the law of refraction yields sin
= n sin 2. The angle of incidence at the right face is also 2. If 3 is the angle of
emergence there, then n sin 2 = sin 3. Thus sin 3 = sin and 3 = .
The emerging ray is parallel to the incident ray. We wish to derive an expression for x in
terms of . If D is the length of the ray in the glass, then D cos 2 = t and D = t/cos 2.
The angle in the diagram equals 2 and
x = D sin = D sin ( 2).
Thus,
x=
t sin ( 2 )
.
cos 2
If all the angles , 2, 3, and 2 are small and measured in radians, then sin , sin
2 2, sin( 2) 2, and cos 2 1. Thus x t( 2). The law of refraction
applied to the point of incidence at the left face of the plate is now n2, so 2 /n
and
n 1 t
xt
=
.
n
n
FG
H
IJ b g
K
76. (a) Suppose there are a total of N transparent layers (N = 5 in our case). We label
these layers from left to right with indices 1, 2, , N. Let the index of refraction of the air
be n0. We denote the initial angle of incidence of the light ray upon the air-layer boundary
as i and the angle of the emerging light ray as f. We note that, since all the boundaries
are parallel to each other, the angle of incidence j at the boundary between the j-th and
the (j + 1)-th layers is the same as the angle between the transmitted light ray and the
normal in the j-th layer. Thus, for the first boundary (the one between the air and the first
layer)
n1 sin i
,
=
n0 sin 1
for the second boundary
n2 sin 1
,
=
n1 sin 2
We see that the L.H.S. of the equation above can be reduced to n0/n0 while the R.H.S. is
equal to sini/sinf. Equating these two expressions, we find
sin f =
FG n IJ sin
Hn K
0
= sin i ,
which gives i = f. So for the two light rays in the problem statement, the angle of the
emerging light rays are both the same as their respective incident angles. Thus, f = 0 for
ray a,
(b) and f = 20 for ray b.
(c) In this case, all we need to do is to change the value of n0 from 1.0 (for air) to 1.5 (for
glass). This does not change the result above. That is, we still have f = 0 for ray a,
(d) and f = 20 for ray b.
Note that the result of this problem is fairly general. It is independent of the number of
layers and the thickness and index of refraction of each layer.
77. The time for light to travel a distance d in free space is t = d/c, where c is the speed of
light (3.00 108 m/s).
(a) We take d to be 150 km = 150 103 m. Then,
t=
d
150 103 m
=
= 5.00 10 4 s.
c 3.00 108 m / s
(b) At full moon, the Moon and Sun are on opposite sides of Earth, so the distance
traveled by the light is
d = (1.5 108 km) + 2 (3.8 105 km) = 1.51 108 km = 1.51 1011 m.
The time taken by light to travel this distance is
t=
d 1.511011 m
=
= 500 s = 8.4 min.
c 3.00 108 m/s
d
2.6 1012 m
=
= 8.7 103 s = 2.4 h.
8
c 3.00 10 m / s
(d) We take d to be 6500 ly and the speed of light to be 1.00 ly/y. Then,
t=
d
6500 ly
=
= 6500 y.
c 1.00 ly / y
The explosion took place in the year 1054 6500 = 5446 or 5446 b.c.
79. (a) From kc = where k = 1.00 106 m1, we obtain = 3.00 1014 rad/s. The
magnetic field amplitude is, from Eq. 33-5,
B = E/c = (5.00 V/m)/c = 1.67 108 T.
G
G
From the fact that k (the direction of propagation), E = Ey j, and B are mutually
G
perpendicular, we conclude that the only non-zero component of B is Bx, so that we have
Bx = (1.67 108 T) sin[(1.00 106 / m) z + (3.00 1014 / s)t ].
(b) The wavelength is = 2/k = 6.28 106 m.
(c) The period is T = 2/ = 2.09 1014 s.
(d) The intensity is
I=
1
c 0
FG 5.00 V m IJ
H 2 K
= 0.0332 W m 2 .
G
(e) As noted in part (a), the only nonzero component of B is Bx. The magnetic field
oscillates along the x axis.
(f) The wavelength found in part (b) places this in the infrared portion of the spectrum.
80. (a) Setting v = c in the wave relation kv = = 2f, we find f = 1.91 108 Hz.
(b) Erms = Em/ 2 = Bm/c 2 = 18.2 V/m.
(c) I = (Erms)2/co = 0.878 W/m2.
I 1.4 10 3 W m 2
= 4.7 10 6 N m 2 .
=
c
3.0 10 8 m s
83. (a) The area of a hemisphere is A = 2r2, and we get I = P/A = 3.5 W/m2.
(b) Our part (a) result multiplied by 0.22 m2 gives 0.78 W.
(c) The part (b) answer divided by the A of part (a) leads to1.5 1017 W/m2.
(d) Then Eq. 33-26 gives Erms = 76 nV/m Emax = 2 Erms = 1.1 107 V/m.
(e) Brms = Erms/c = 2.5 1016 T = 0.25 fT.
84. Accounting for the automatic reduction (by a factor of one-half) whenever
unpolarized light passes through any polarizing sheet, then our result is
3
1
2
2 (cos (30))
= 0.21.
85. We remind ourselves that when the unpolarized light passes through the first sheet, its
intensity is reduced by a factor of 2. Thus, to end up with an overall reduction of onethird, the second sheet must cause a further decrease by a factor of two-thirds (since
(1/2)(2/3) = 1/3). Thus, cos2 = 2/3 = 35.
E
100 V m
=
= 3.3 10 7 T.
8
c 3.0 10 m s
G
G
G G
G
(b) With E B = 0 S , where E = Ek and S = S (j) , one can verify easily that since
G
k (i) = j, B has to be in the x direction.
87. From Fig. 33-19 we find nmax = 1.470 for = 400 nm and nmin = 1.456 for = 700 nm.
(a) The corresponding Brewsters angles are
88. (a) Let r be the radius and be the density of the particle. Since its volume is (4/3)r3,
its mass is m = (4/3)r3. Let R be the distance from the Sun to the particle and let M be
the mass of the Sun. Then, the gravitational force of attraction of the Sun on the particle
has magnitude
GMm 4 GMr 3
Fg =
=
.
R2
3R 2
If P is the power output of the Sun, then at the position of the particle, the radiation
intensity is I = P/4R2, and since the particle is perfectly absorbing, the radiation pressure
on it is
I
P
pr = =
.
c 4 R 2 c
All of the radiation that passes through a circle of radius r and area A = r 2 ,
perpendicular to the direction of propagation, is absorbed by the particle, so the force of
the radiation on the particle has magnitude
Fr = pr A =
Pr 2
Pr 2
.
=
4 R 2 c 4 R 2 c
The force is radially outward from the Sun. Notice that both the force of gravity and the
force of the radiation are inversely proportional to R2. If one of these forces is larger than
the other at some distance from the Sun, then that force is larger at all distances. The two
forces depend on the particle radius r differently: Fg is proportional to r3 and Fr is
proportional to r2. We expect a small radius particle to be blown away by the radiation
pressure and a large radius particle with the same density to be pulled inward toward the
Sun. The critical value for the radius is the value for which the two forces are equal.
Equating the expressions for Fg and Fr, we solve for r:
r=
3P
.
16GMc
16(6.67 10 11
. 107 m.
= 58
3(3.90 1026 W)
N m2 / kg 2 )(199
. 1030 kg)(1.0 103 kg / m3 )(3.00 108 m / s)
89. (a) The polarization direction is defined by the electric field (which is perpendicular
to the magnetic field in the wave, and also perpendicular to the direction of wave travel).
The given function indicates the magnetic field is along the x axis (by the subscript on B)
and the wave motion is along y axis (see the argument of the sine function). Thus, the
electric field direction must be parallel to the z axis.
(b) Since k is given as 1.57 107/m, then = 2/k = 4.0 107 m, which means f = c/ =
7.5 1014 Hz.
(c) The magnetic field amplitude is given as Bm = 4.0 106 T. The electric field
amplitude Em is equal to Bm divided by the speed of light c. The rms value of the electric
field is then Em divided by 2 . Eq. 33-26 then gives I = 1.9 kW/m2.
91. With the index of refraction n = 1.456 at the red end, since sin c = 1/n, the critical
angle is c = 43.38 for red.
(a) At an angle of incidence of 1 = 42.00 < c, the refracted light is white.
(b) At an angle of incidence of 1 = 43.10 which is slightly less than c, the refracted
light is white but dominated by red end.
(c) At an angle of incidence of 1 = 44.00 > c, there is no refracted light.
92. We apply Eq. 33-40 (once) and Eq. 33-42 (twice) to obtain
I=
1
I 0 cos 2 1' cos 2 2'
2
.
a=
3
c
This simplifies to
3I
a=
4 cR
which yields a = 1.5 109 m/s2.
94. We apply Eq. 33-40 (once) and Eq. 33-42 (twice) to obtain
I=
1
I 0 cos 2 1' cos 2 2'
2
where 1' = (90 1 ) + 2 = 110 is the relative angle between the first and the second
polarizing sheets, and 2' = 90 2 = 50 is the relative angle between the second and the
third polarizing sheets. Thus, we have I/I0 = 0.024.
95. We apply Eq. 33-40 (once) and Eq. 33-42 (twice) to obtain
I=
1
I 0 cos 2 cos 2 .
2
96. We use Eq. 33-33 for the force, where A is the area of the reflecting surface (4.0 m2).
The intensity is gotten from Eq. 33-27 where P = PS is in Appendix C (see also Sample
Problem 33-2) and r = 3.0 1011 m (given in the problem statement). Our result for the
force is 9.2 N.
97. Eq. 33-5 gives B = E/c, which relates the field values at any instant and so relates
rms values to rms values, and amplitude values to amplitude values, as the case may be.
Thus, the rms value of the magnetic field is
Brms = (0.200 V/m)/(3 108 m/s) = 6.67 1010 T,
which (upon multiplication by 2 ) yields an amplitude value of magnetic field equal to
9.43 1010 T.
98. (a) The Sun is far enough away that we approximate its rays as parallel in this
Figure. That is, if the sunray makes angle from horizontal when the bird is in one
position, then it makes the same angle when the bird is any other position. Therefore,
its shadow on the ground moves as the bird moves: at 15 m/s.
(b) If the bird is in a position, a distance x > 0 from the wall, such that its shadow is on
the wall at a distance 0 y h from the top of the wall, then it is clear from the Figure
that tan = y/x. Thus,
dy dx
=
tan = ( 15 m / s) tan 30 = 8.7 m / s,
dt dt
which means that the distance y (which was measured as a positive number downward
from the top of the wall) is shrinking at the rate of 8.7 m/s.
(c) Since tan grows as 0 < 90 increases, then a larger value of |dy/dt| implies a
larger value of . The Sun is higher in the sky when the hawk glides by.
(d) With |dy/dt| = 45 m/s, we find
vhawk =
dy / dt
dx
=
tan
dt
99. (a) The wave is traveling in the y direction (see 16-5 for the significance of the
relative sign between the spatial and temporal arguments of the wave function).
(b) Figure 33-5 may helpG in visualizing this. The direction of propagation (along the y
axis) is perpendicular to B (presumably along the x axis,
G since the problem gives Bx and
no other component) and both are perpendicular to E (which determines the axis of
polarization). Thus, the wave is z-polarized.
(c) Since the magnetic field amplitude is Bm = 4.00 T, then (by Eq. 33-5) Em = 1199
V/m 1.20 103 V/m . Dividing by 2 yields Erms = 848 V/m. Then, Eq. 33-26 gives
I=
I
c 0
2
E rms
= 191
. 103 W / m2 .
2.00 1015
= 6.67 106 m1 .
c
100. (a) The angle of incidence B,1 at B is the complement of the critical angle at A; its
sine is
n
sin B ,1 = cos c = 1 3
n2
B ,2
2
2
n3
n2
1 n2
= sin
1 = sin
1 = 35.1 .
n3
n2
n3
= sin 1
(c) The angle of incidence A,1 at A is the complement of the critical angle at B; its sine is
2
n
sin A,1 = cos c = 1 3 .
n2
A,2
2
2
n3
n2
1 n2
= sin
1 = sin
1 = 35.1 .
n3
n2
n3
(d) From
2
n
n1 sin = n2 sin A,1 = n2 1 3 = n22 n32 ,
n2
we find
n2 n2
2
3
n1
= sin 1
= 26.1
(e) The angle of incidence B,1 at B is the complement of the Brewster angle at A; its sine
is
n2
sin B ,1 =
n22 + n32
B ,2
n22
= sin
n n2 + n2
3
3 2
1
= 60.7 .
(f) From
n1 sin = n2 sin Brewster = n2
n3
n + n32
2
2
we find
= 35.3 .
n n2 + n2
3
1 2
= sin 1
n2 n3
101. (a) and (b) At the Brewster angle, incident + refracted = B + 32.0 = 90.0, so B =
58.0 and
nglass = tan B = tan 58.0 = 1.60.
102. We take the derivative with respect to x of both sides of Eq. 33-11:
E 2 E B
2B
=
=
x x x 2 x t
xt
FG
H
FG
H
IJ
K
IJ
K
2 B
2 E
B
E
=
0 0
= 0 0 2 .
=
t
xt t
t
x
t
Substituting 2 E x 2 = 2 B xt from the first equation above into the second one, we
get
2
2 E 2 E
2 E
1 2 E
2 E
0 0 2 = 2
c
.
=
=
t
x
t 2 0 0 x 2
x 2
Similarly, we differentiate both sides of Eq. 33-11 with respect to t
2 E
2 B
= 2 ,
xt
t
and differentiate both sides of Eq. 33-18 with respect to x
2 B
2 E
2 = 00
.
x
xt
Combining these two equations, we get
2
2 B
1 2 B
2 B
.
=
=c
t 2 0 0 x 2
x 2
2 E 2
Em sin( kx t ) = 2 Em sin ( kx t ),
=
t 2 t 2
and
c2
2
2 E
2
c
E m sin( kx t ) = k 2 c 2 sin( kx t ) = 2 Em sin ( kx t ).
=
2
2
x
x
Consequently,
2
2 E
2 E
c
=
t 2
x 2
(b) From E = Em f ( kx t ),
2 E
2 f ( kx t )
d2 f
2
=
E
=
E
m
m
t 2
t 2
du 2
and
c2
u = kx t
2
2 E
2 f ( kx t )
2
2
2d f
=
c
E
=
c
E
k
m
m
x 2
t 2
du 2
u = kx t
Since = ck the right-hand sides of these two equations are equal. Therefore,
2
2 E
2 E
c
.
=
t 2
x 2
104. Since intensity is power divided by area (and the area is spherical in the isotropic
case), then the intensity at a distance of r = 20 m from the source is
I=
P
= 0.040 W m 2 .
4 r 2
as illustrated in Sample Problem 33-2. Now, in Eq. 33-32 for a totally absorbing area A,
we note that the exposed area of the small sphere is that on a flat circle A = (0.020 m)2 =
0.0013 m2. Therefore,
F=
IA (0.040)(0.0013)
= 1.7 10 13 N.
=
8
c
3 10
Captulo 33