DOUBLEROOT Cheat Sheet – Complex Numbers

Definition Argument: arg(z)

z = x + iy z = x + iy ⇒ arg(z) = θ, where tan θ = y/x
i = √−1; x = Re(z); y = Im(z) Quadrant of θ is determined by signs of x and y

Algebra Properties
z1 = x1 + iy1 ; z2 = x2 + iy2 arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg (z2 )

z1 ± z2 = (x1 ± x2 ) + i(y1 ± y2 ) arg(z n ) = n arg(z)

z1 z2 = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i(x2 y1 + x1 y2 ) arg(z1 /z2 ) = arg(z1 ) − arg (z2 )

z1 (x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i(x2 y1 − y2 x1 ) arg(z) = 2kπ ⇔ Im(z) = 0

= k∈Z
z2 x22 + y22 arg(z) = kπ + π/2 ⇔ Re(z) = 0
k∈Z
Modulus: |z|
Polar Form
z = x + iy ⇒ |z| = �x 2 + y 2
z = |z|eiθ = |z|(cos θ + i sin θ)
θ = arg (z)
Properties
|z| = |−z| = |z�| = |−z�| De Moivre’s Formula
|z| = ±Re(z) ⇔ Im(z) = 0 (cos θ + i sin θ)n = (cos nθ + i sin nθ)

|z| = ±Im(z) ⇔ Re(z) = 0 Geometry

|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
|z n | = |z|n
Modulus
|z1 /z2 | = |z1 |/|z2 |
Conjugate
|z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 | Argument
Equality holds when 0, z1 , and z2 are collinear and
z1 and z2 are on the same side of 0

|z1 − z2 | ≥ �|z1 | − |z2 |�

Equality holds when 0, z1 , and z2 are collinear and
z1 and z2 are on the same side of 0

Conjugate: z�
z = x + iy ⇒ z� = x − iy
Sum
Properties Difference
�
z =z
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z1 ± z2 = z�1 ± z�2
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z1 z2 = z�1 z�2
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(z n ) = (z�)n
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z1 z�1
� �=
z2 z�2 Product
|z�| = |z| Quotient

arg(z�) = 2kπ − arg(z)

k∈Z
z� = z ⇔ Im(z) = 0
z� = −z ⇔ Re(z) = 0
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