INICIAÇÃO À FILOLOGIA GERMÂNICA

BREVE HISTÓRIA COMPARADA DO INGLÊS E DO ALEMÃO

Álvaro Braa!"a #$FR%&
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I2 CONSIDERAÇ3ES GERAIS
DEFINIÇÃO DAS CIÊNCIAS DA LING$AGEM
F'lolo'a 0 ,1 4/'lo( #a-'5a,1& 6 loo( #4alavra7 (a81r&2 O o891)'vo ,a
F'lolo'a (1r'a a r1()a:ra";o
r1()a:ra";o ,1 :- )1<)o o:7 1- :- (1!)',o -a'( 1(41+=>+o7
+o!/1+'-1!)o ,1 :-a l=!:a o: ,1 :- ,1 (1:( 1()?'o( a)rav@( ,1
,o+:-1!)o( 1(+r')o(2
F'lolo'a G1r-!'+a 0 +'.!+'a :1 1():,a a +:l):ra ,o( 4ovo( :1 ala-
l=!:a( 1r-!'+a(2 A 1<4r1((;o
1<4r1((;o l=!:a( 1r-!'+a( o' +r'a,a 1-  4or
Fra!5 Bo44 4ara ,1('!ar :-a a-=l'a ,1 l=!:a( ,1r'va,a( ,o '!,o1:ro41:2
L'!=()'+a 0 +'.!+'a :1 1():,a o( 4r'!+=4'o( 1ra'( ,a or-a";o 1 1vol:";o
,a l'!:a1-2
F'lolo'a 0 1():,o ,a +'v'l'5a";o ,1 :- 4ovo a)rav@( ,1 ,o+:-1!)o(
l')1r?r'o( 1(+r')o(2

II2 PR0HISTÓRIA LINGJSTICA

II22 O '!,o1:ro41: 0 o '!,o1:ro41:7 a 4ro)o0l=!:a7 1ra :-a l=!:a K1<'o!al2
A K1<;o !o-'!al 1ra 1')a ,1 a+or,o +o- a :!";o ('!)?)'+a a K1<;o v1r8al
+ara+)1r'5ava0(17 ,1!)r1 o:)ra( -ar+a(7 41la 4r1(1!"a ,o !-1ro( ('!:lar7
4l:ral 1 ,:al2 A 4ro)o0l=!:a 1()ava l'a,a a v?r'o( 4ovo( ,1 +:l):ra 4a()or'l
1 :1rr1'ra2 Co- a ra-1!)a";o ,a a!)'a :!',a,1 '!,o1:ro4@'a (:r'ra-
,:a( ra!,1( a-=l'a( l'!=()'+a(
ra-o 1:ro41: 0 l=!:a( +1!):-7 :1 +o!(1rvara- a( a!)'a( o+l:('va(
:):ra'( ,o '!,o1:ro41:
ra-o a('?)'+o 0 l=!:a( (a)1- 0 1vol:";o ,a( o+l:('va( :):ra'( 4ara
+o!(oa!)1( r'+a)'va(2 E< la)'- 0 1::(7 (!(+r')o 0 a"va(

D'()r'8:'";o ,o( ra-o( or':!,o( ,o '!,o1:ro41:

Ramo europeu - centum Ramo asiático - satem

Grego Sânscrito

Itálico Iraniano

Eslavo Armênio

Báltico *Hitita

Albanês *Tocário

Il!rico *"r!gio

Trácio

Germânico

 # l!nguas e$tintas% * # l!nguas mortas

QUADRO COMPARATIVO DAS LÍNGUAS INDOEUROPÉIAS

( apud BUNSE:1983,17)

G&tico

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Grego Sânscrito

Itálico Iraniano

Eslavo Armênio

Báltico *Hitita

Albanês *Tocário

Il!rico *"r!gio

Trácio

Germânico

 # l!nguas e$tintas% * # l!nguas mortas

QUADRO COMPARATIVO DAS LÍNGUAS INDOEUROPÉIAS

( apud BUNSE:1983,17)

G&tico

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 si'()um

si'()ut

sin+

II22 L=!:a( 1r-!'+a( !a E:ro4a 1 1- o:)ro( +o!)'!1!)1(

a& E:ro4a 0 al1-;o7 ,'!a-ar:.(7 1r*'+o #Il/a( F1r1&7 r=('o #4rov=!+'a
/ola!,1(a ,1 Fr'1(la!,&7 /ola!,.(7 '!l.(7 '(la!,.(7 l1)518:r:.( #,'al1)o
ra!+o0-o(1la!o ,o al1-;o 1- L:<1-8:ro
L:<1-8:ro +o- ()a):( ,1 l=!:a&7
!or:1:.( 1 (:1+o2
8& O:)ra( r1'Q1( 0 ar'aa!( #,1(,1  a (1:!,a l=!:a ,a R148l'+a S:l
Ar'+a!a&
'=,'(+/1 #a!)1( ,a S1:!,a G:1rra M:!,'al ala,o a l1()1 1 (:,o1()1 ,a
E:ro4a2 Ho91 1- ,'a ala,o !a A-@r'+a ,o Nor)1 1 A-@r'+a ,o S:l&2

III2 $NIDADE GERMÂNICA

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E(+a!,'!?v'a 1 ,1 l? 1- )r.( ,'r1"Q1(
,'r1"Q1( o1()1 #R1!o&7 (:l #Da!8'o& 1 l1()1
#V=():la&7 a+arr1)a!,o7
a+arr1)a!,o7 +o- '((o7 a -'ra";o ,o( +1l)a(2 $-a :!',a,1
1r-a!o0+1l)a +o1<'()':
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A)rav@( ,1 '!or-a"Q1( ,o( a:)or1( +l?(('+o( +o-o C@(ar7 T?+')o 1 Pl=!'o7 o
V1l/o7 +o!/1+1-o( al:-a( or-a( l1<'+a'( :(a,a( 41lo( 1r-a!o(
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(a8o!1)1 )a<:( #Da+/(&7 )1<:o /ar4a #Har1&7 /ar4a r:!a #R:!1&7 r:!a2
D1!)r1 1((1( )1()1-:!
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N1a: #Á:()r'a& /ar'a()' )1'Xa #,1+'ra";o '!+o!+l:,1!)1&
O:)ro ,o+:-1!)o '-4or)a!)1 @ o Cor!:( A:r1:-7
A:r1:-7 1!+o!)ra,o 1- Goll1/:(7
D'!a-ar+a 1 ,a)a,o a4ro<'-a,a-1!)1
a4ro<'-a,a-1!)1 ,1 YU ,2C2 E Hl1Xaa()'R Hol)'9aR
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Co-o -a'( '-4or)a!)1 1!]-1!o o!@)'+o ,'1r1!+'a,or ,o '!,o1:ro41: 1

,o 1r-!'+o )1-o( a Er()1 La:)v1r(+/'18:! o: Pr'-1'ra M:)a";o
Co!(o!!)'+a #-:)a";o 1r-!'+a&7 a :al (14aro: o 1r-!'+o0+o-:- 17
+o- '((o7 )o,a( a( l=!:a( 1r-!'+a(7 ,a( ,1-a'( l=!:a( '!,o1:ro4@'a(2
C')a!,o B$NSE #W0&
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M 0 o+l:('va( a(4'ra,a( (o!ora( #8/7 ,/7 /&

a* on%e as %ea#s +,n&-as #n%oe-'o!#as oss-,a -a T "/0se no &e')n#$o

-a A

Inglês

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III.3. Inovações o'o0s#n"4"#$as %o &e')n#$o

%esaa'e$#en"o %o %-a+5

%#s"#nç6o %os "eas e vo&a+ 0a (as$-+#nos e ne-"'os*5 0o (e#n#nos*7 0# o- 0-

("o%os os &/ne'os* e "eas e $onsoan"es5

aa'e$#en"o %a +e86o o'"e e %a +e86o 'a$a %o a%9e"#vo7 $onse'va%a a"! :o9e nas
+,n&-as &e')n#$as ($o e8$eç6o %o #n&+/s*.

III.3.1. ;o'as 'a$as e o'as o'"es

%* aoon#a "o'na0se - a"o' %o#nan"e %a o'o+o&#a %os ve'2os o'"es7

$ons"#"-#n%o - o'ea #n"e'no
e* $'#aç6o %a $+asse %os ve'2os 'a$os7 <-e $ons"#"-#'4 - novo "#o +e8#ona+
&e')n#$o. Esses ve'2os a'esen"a - o'ea $ons"an"e t o- d7 $oo #n#8o
en"'e o "ea ve'2a+ e o s-#8o n=e'o0essoa+

III.>. Inovações +e8#$a#s

III.>.1. Q-a%'o $oa'a"#vo 0s##+a'#%a%es

III.>.3. Q-a%'o $oa'a"#vo 0 %#e'enças

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IV2 DIVISÃO DO GERMÂNICO

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G1r-!'+o or'1!)al 0 *)'+o

V2 INTROD$ÇÃO AO EST$DO DO INGLÊS E DO ALEMÃO

I2 A l=!:a '!l1(a 1 o la)'- r1K1<o( !a )o4o!=-'a E< 0+a()1r7 0+/1()1r7
0+1()1r7 0+a()or 1 0<1)1r ` la)2 +a()r:- #a+a-4a-1!)o -'l')ar&
II2 A l=!:a al1-; 1 o la)'- r1K1<o( !a )o4o!=-'a E<2 l! 0 Colo!'a Cla:,'a
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Pa((a: 0 Ca()ra Ba)ava Tr'1r 0 A::()a Tr1v1ror:-2
Fa(1( 1vol:)'va( ,a l=!:a '!l1(a Fa(1( 1vol:)'va( ,a l=!:a al1-;
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VI2 PRIMEIROS CONTATOS

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Fo!)1( 4r'-')'va( )ar)1(('a!o(7 1!=+'o( 1 r1o( +o!/1+'a- a( 'l/a(2 P=)1a(
,1 Ma(('l'a ,1!o-'!ava a r1';o Al8'o! 2 Po()1r'or-1!)17 o( 8r1)Q1(7 or'1-
+1l)a7 ><ara-0(1 !a +o()a -1r','o!al #60 UUaC&
0  aC 0 4r'-1'ro( +o!)a)o( 1!)r1 8r1)Q1( 1 ro-a!o(2 D1(1-8ar:1 ,1
C@(ar !a Br1)a!/a 1 1- Y aC r1)or!a e 'l/a
0 1- YW ,2C2 Cl?:,'o :!,a a 4rov=!+'a ,a Br')a!!'a7 a :al +o-4r11!,'a a(
r1'Q1( +1!)ral 1 (:,1()12 %? 1- UU ,2C2 +o!(ol',a0(1 o ,o-=!'o ro-a!o
a)rav@( ,1 1()ra,a(7 or)al15a( 1 +',a,1( -:ra,a(7 1()a81l1+1!,o0(1 o
l'-1( 1!)r1 For)/ 1 Clf,1
0 T?+')o 1- (1: V',a I:l'' Ar'+ola1 !o( ,? 4r1+'o(a( '!or-a"Q1( (o8r1 a
Br')!'a7 (:a +o!:'()a 1 +o():-1( ,o( /a8')a!)1( #+a42 U0&2
$- a)or '-4or)a!)1 1 ,1+'('vo 4ara o ,1(1!volv'-1!)o ,a 1<4r1((;o 1-
la)'- !a r1';o o' a '!)ro,:";o ,o Cr'()'a!'(-o !o (@+:lo III2 %? 1- WY
/av'a 8'(4a,o( 1- Lo!,r1( 1 gor2 Gra!,1 4ar)1 ,a 4o4:la";o a+1')o: a
+:l):ra +r'();0ro-a!a7 4or@- o( !a)'vo( ,1 l=!:a +1l)a !:!+a ,1'<ara- (:a
l=!:a (1r (:4la!)a,a 41lo la)'-2
E- YU Ro-a r1)'ra0(1 ,a Br1)a!/a7 '!va,',a 4or +al,]!'o(7 4'+)o( 1
1(+o)o(7 v'!,o( ,o !or)1 1 ,1 (a<Q1( a 4ar)'r ,o -ar2 W a!o( ,14o'(
o+orr1: a '!va(;o ,1>!')'va ,a 'l/a 1')a 4or 9:)o(7 a!lo( 1 (a<Q1(7 (1!,o o(
,o'( l)'-o( +o-a!,a,o( 4or H1!1() 1 Hor(a:1 (1 1()1!,1ra- a)@ o
(@+:lo VI2 O( 9:)o(7 ,a r1';o ,a %:)l!,'a #D'!a-ar+a&7 a!lo( 1 (a<Q1(
#r1'Q1( +o()1'ra( ,o Mar ,o Nor)1&2
R1(:-o !o (@+:lo V7 a4*( a (a=,a ,o( ro-a!o(7 )1-o( :- 1()a,o +1l)a
or':!,o ,a (a=,a ro-a!a7 (1!,o :1 !a 4r'-1'ra -1)a,1 ,o -1(-o (@+:lo7
o( 1r-!'+o( +o!)'!1!)a'( +o!:'()ara- a 'l/a 1 ><ara-0(1 1- ,1>!')'vo2
A( '!or-a"Q1( -a'( 4r1+'(a( (o8r1 o ,1(lo+a-1!)o ,1((a( )r'8o( !o( (;o
,a,a( 41la H'()or'a E++l1('a()'+a G1!)'( A!lor:- #dW&7 ,1 B1,a V1!1ra8'l'(
1 a Cr]!'+a A!lo0Sa<]!'+a2 Ao( a!lo(7 B1,a )a-8@- +/a-a ,1 (a<Q1(
a!l' ('v1 (a<o!1(7 1!1ral'5a!,o -a'( o )1r-o a!l' 1 a l=!:a ,1 (1r-o
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:a,ro ,'()r'8:)'vo ,a( )r'8o( 1r-!'+a(
9:)o( 0 (:,1()17 1!) 1 a 'l/a ,1 c'/)
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,o T-'(a7 E((1< 1 M',,l1(1<
a!lo( 0 +o()a or'1!)al7 !or)1 ,o r'o H:-81r2
C')a!,o B$NSE #W0W& 1 BRITO #0&
E- >!( ,o (@+:lo V7 o( a!lo( ao (1 1()a81l1+1r1- 1- Ea() A!l'a7
1!+o!)rara- o( +1l)a( 1 o( ,1!o-'!ara- X1ala(7 4l ,1 X1al/7 Zora()1'ro7
1()ra!1'ro7 1(+ravo\7 4a((a!,o a ,1!o-'!?0lo( a(('-7 ,1 o!,1 v1- o
1!)=l'+o X1l(/7 4o'( o( al1(1( ,'r''ra-0(1 4ara Cor!Xall 1 cal1(2
A (o+'1,a,1 a!lo0(a<; 1ra or-a,a 1 8a(1a,a !a a-=l'a 1 !o +l;7 +o- a
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#V',1 1arl7 Z+o!,1\&2
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a)or 4r14o!,1ra!)1 4ara a :!'>+a";o ,o( r1'!o( a!lo0(a<Q1(2 Co-o o(
'!va(or1( 1ra- 4a;o(7 o 4a4a Gr1*r'o7 o Gra!,17 a4*( v1r 4r'('o!1'ro(
a!lo(7 ,1+',': )or!ar 1((1( 4ovo( a!1l'2 E- d7 A::()'!:(7 ,14o'(
+/a-a,o7 Za4*()olo ,a I!la)1rra\ @ 1!v'a,o e( Il/a( +o- YU -o!1(
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