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PDF of Politicas Da Inimizade Achille Mbembe Full Chapter Ebook
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, CAS DA IN IM
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AMBASSADE
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POLITICAS
DA I N I M I Z A D E
Achille M b e m b e
. ~o Nascimento
tradução Seb astia
Rara F.al:>1~tf Éboussi Boulaga,
rrean-Fran~ê
rrean-Fran~Õis Baya~{l 'r eter L. Geschiere
~~;/i, ._ -· ' ' .
l!t
-,;·--,i~i~; .
Introdução
11 O rascunho do mundo
Capítulo 1
25 A saída da democracia
Reviramento, inversão e aceleração
O corpo noturno da democracia
Mitológicas
A consumação do divino
Necropolítica e relação sem desejo
Capítulo 2
75 A s_o ciedade da inimizade
O objeto perturbador
O inimigo, esse Outro que eu sou
Os condenados da fé
'
Estado de insegurança
Nanorracismo e narcoterapia
Capítulo 3
111 A farmácia de Fanon
O princípio da destruição
Sociedade de objetos e metafísica da destruição
Medos racistas
Descolonização radical e um festival da imaginação
A relação de cuidado
O duplo espantoso
A vida em seu fim
c a p ít ulo 4
Este meio-d
ia abrasado
r
Impasses do h
un1anis m o
o O u tr o do ser h
u m a n o e as g
o n1undo zero e n e a lo g ia s d o
ob)eto
Anti1nuseu
Autofagia
Capitalismo e
a n im is m o
E m a n c ip a ç ã o
d o s vivos
C o n clu s ã o
205 A ética do p
assante
o RASCUNHO DO MUNDO
Segurar na mão un1 livro não basta para saber tirar proveito dele.
De início, desejáva1nos escrever um que de modo nenhum esti-
vesse envolto e1n mistério . No fim das contas, chegamo s a um
breve ensaio feito de sombrea mentos esboçados, de capítulos pa-
ralelos, de traços mais ou menos descontí nuos, de pinceladas, de
gestos vívidos e súbitos, quando não de sutis movime ntos de re-
cuo seguidos de bruscas reviravoltas.
É verdade que o tema, áspero, em nada se prestava ao som do
violino. Bastaria, pois, sugerir a presença de um osso, de uma ca-
veira ou de um esquelet o no corpo do elemento . Esse osso, essa
caveira e esse esquelet o têm nomes: o repovoa mento da Terra,
o abandon o da democra cia, a sociedad e da inimizad e, a relação
sem desejo, a voz do sangue, o terror e o antiterro r enquant o re-
médio e veneno da nossa era (capítulo s 1 e 2). O melhor meio de
se chegar a esses diferente s esquelet os foi engendr ar uma farma
que não fosse frouxa, mas rija e carregad a de energia. Seja como
for, eis aqui um texto sobre cuja superfíci e o leitor pode deslizar
livremente, sem nenhum controle de documen tos nem visto de
entrada. Pode nele permane cer pelo tempo que quiser, movimen -
tar-se à vontade, entrar e sair a qualquer moment o, por qualquer
porta. Pode seguir em qualque r direção, mantend o em relação a
cada um de seus termos e a cada uma de suas afirmações o mesmo
distancia mento crítico e, se necessár io, uma pitada de ceticismo.
11
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favorably received. Boieldieu was not yet ripe for operatic
composition, but at least these works furthered his career in that
they obtained him the privilege of free entrance to other operatic
performances, and thus his experience and taste were gradually
expanded.
The partial success fired his heart sufficiently for him to leave
Rouen and seek Paris for the second time. This time he carried with
him thirty francs, an operatic score, and an abundance of self-
confidence. He was now nineteen years old. His reception was the
chilling one usually accorded to young composers in Paris, and very
soon he began to feel the nippings of hunger, which put the thoughts
of public success out of his head for the nonce, and drove him to
teaching piano. He however had the good fortune to make the
acquaintance of the celebrated tenor Garat, and this gentleman
became interested in him, and finally sang some of his chansons in
public and in fashionable drawing-rooms. These little songs soon
found favor, and Boieldieu became gradually known through them.
M. Cochet, the publisher, paid him twelve francs each for these
productions, a figure which seems ridiculous until one remembers
that Schubert sometimes accepted a franc or two for some of his
immortal lieder. Some of these early works of Boieldieu are still in
the musical repertoire, and are occasionally heard in concerts, as for
example, “O toi que j’aime,” and “Menestrel,” and they served at the
time to spread the social success of the composer. Finally Boieldieu
made the acquaintance of Fiévée, the novelist, who wrote for him a
short libretto in one act, “La Dot de Suzette,” and this opera, after
many intrigues and jealousies, achieved performance and success,
thanks to a bright libretto, sparkling melodies, and the excellent
performance of Madame St. Aubin.
Boieldieu’s prospects now changed with Aladdin-like suddenness,
for his next opera, “La Famille Suisse,” was performed at the Theatre
Feydeau for thirty nights in alternation with Cherubini’s “Medee,”
and thus early began that connection with the great Italian maestro,
at that time the best musician in France, which was to be so fruitful
of good results to the new favorite. In 1798 Boieldieu turned for a
while from operatic work, and composed a number of piano sonatas,
piano and harp duets, and a piano concerto. Although these
exercised no permanent influence on the art, they obtained for him
the appointment of professor of piano at the Paris Conservatoire, two
years later. In this position, however he was not very successful; he
was too much wrapped up in composition to make a good teacher.
The musical historian Fétis, who was his pupil, confirms this
estimate; but the post at the Conservatoire led to a close
acquaintance with Cherubini, by which Boieldieu began to remedy
his lack of knowledge of counterpoint and fugal work. Although Fétis
denies that Boieldieu was ever the pupil of Cherubini, there is every
reason to believe that this was the case, even if a regular stipend was
not paid for the tuition. The very fact that in 1799 the two worked in
collaboration on “La Prisonnière” might tend to show that Boieldieu
was anxious to attain something of Cherubini’s musical learning, and
his submission of many later operas to the judgment of this master
proves that he was willing to be guided by him.
About this time Boieldieu produced two operas that carried his
fame beyond his native country; these were the Polish “Benjowski”
and the very tuneful “Caliph of Bagdad,” both of which will receive
further mention in the analytical portion of this article. A little later
there appeared a more advanced work,—“Ma Tante Aurore.” The
success was now so well established that all Parisian managers
sought for works from the gifted pen, and opera followed opera.
From a lithograph.
One of the most unique and interesting figures in the French musical
world of the close of the eighteenth century is Etienne Nicolas
Méhul. Sprung from comparative obscurity, he mounted to a world-
wide fame. Starting out in life with the scantiest educational
advantages, he reached a high degree of elegant culture. Living in a
most dissolute period, he retained through life an irreproachable
character. The son of a cook in a regimental barracks, he was
tendered the position of chapelmaster by the great Napoleon.
Méhul was born at Givet, in the Ardennes, June 22, 1763. Like
many other great composers, he was of low degree, had but few
opportunities for study at the start, and struggled hard to gain his
musical footing. His talent displayed itself at an early age and he
himself never had a doubt as to his ultimate vocation in life, though
his naturally religious disposition had predetermined his parents to
send him to a monastery. At ten years of age he played in the
Franciscan Church at Givet, such qualifications as he may have had
being the result of his studies with a blind organist. Shortly after this
time, Wilhelm Hauser, a distinguished German organist, arrived at
the neighboring convent of La Val Dieu, whither the boy repaired to
pursue his studies. He was fortunate enough to attract the favorable
attention of the Abbé Lissoir, under whose auspices he studied for
three years with Hauser. He made such rapid progress that he soon
equalled his master and was appointed deputy organist at the
convent. It is altogether probable that he would have been his
successor had not good fortune attended him again. His playing
attracted the notice of an officer of the garrison, who was a musical
amateur, and it needed but little solicitation to induce the boy to go
to Paris. He arrived at the capital in his sixteenth year and placed
himself under the tuition of Edelmann, a Strasburg composer of
eminence, who some years afterward deserted music for politics and
perished ultimately upon the same scaffold to which he had
consigned many a victim. With Edelmann he studied both the piano
and composition, supporting himself meanwhile by giving lessons
and writing sonatas and minor compositions for that instrument.
The genius of his good fortune did not desert him in these days of
stress. It was shortly after his arrival in Paris that Gluck’s “Iphigénia
en Tauride” was placed in rehearsal. The popular interest in the
performance had been heightened by the feud which had raged so
bitterly between the Gluck and Piccini factions. Méhul caught the
infection and, being without the money to purchase a ticket, he
smuggled himself into the theatre the day before, intending to
remain in concealment until the next eventful evening. He was
discovered, however, by one of the inspectors, and as the latter was
on the point of ejecting him, Gluck’s attention was drawn to him. He
made some inquiries, and upon learning the facts in the case gave the
young man a ticket. It was the turning-point in his career and
decided the direction he should take; for Gluck followed up the
chance acquaintance, took a decided interest in Méhul, gave him the
benefit of his experience and advice and instructed him in the
dramatic qualities of music. The young composer already had
produced a cantata at the Concert Spirituel, written upon the subject
of Rousseau’s Sacred Ode, and was ambitious to become known as a
composer of church music, for the religious element was always
strong in him; but Gluck changed all this and set his feet in the path
of the opera, which he was destined to follow to the end of his life.
MÉHUL.
Méhul made his parting bow to the public with the opera of “La
Journée aux Aventures,” which was produced in 1817 with
considerable success. The same year closed his earthly labors. He
had been in ill health for some time, and shortly after the production
of his last opera he went, upon the advice of friends, to the south of
France, where he had a residence, hoping thereby to regain his
strength. His ailment, consumption, however, had so weakened his
constitution that the change was fruitless. Moreover, he was
homesick for Paris. In writing to a friend he mournfully says: “I have
broken up all my habits. I am deprived of all my old friends, I am
alone at the end of the world, surrounded by people whose language
I can scarcely understand—and all this sacrifice to obtain a little
more sun. The air which best agrees with me is that which I breathe
among you.” He returned to Paris, warmly welcomed by his friends
and the public. He made one, and only one more visit to the opera.
He was soon stricken down in his last illness and died Oct. 18, 1817,
in his fifty-fourth year, universally lamented both in France and
Germany, for, like his pupil Hérold, he was as much of a favorite in
the latter country as in the former. In fact neither of these composers
was appreciated to the full extent of his ability in France, at least
until after death, a neglect which was not confined to them, however:
Berlioz shared the same fate. More than one French composer
indeed has made his greatest success in Germany. Tributes of respect
and admiration were shown to his memory in both countries. His
funeral was attended by a great concourse of persons, and the pupils
of the Conservatory with which he had been identified so many
years, covered his grave with flowers. On the day of his interment
memorial services were held in many places in Germany and France
at which public addresses were made. Méhul married a daughter of
Dr. Gastoldi, but having no children adopted his nephew, M.
Daussoigne, a young musician of excellent promise. His posthumous
opera, “Valentine de Milan,” was finished by the nephew and was
performed in 1822, upon which occasion the composer’s bust was
publicly crowned. The popular success, indeed, which he achieved as
a composer, was unquestionably expedited by his high character as a
man. His uprightness and natural tenderness had commended him
to all the pupils of the Conservatory, and his strong affections did the
same service for him with his friends. His generosity and
benevolence were proverbial. The utter absence of jealousy in his
disposition especially commended him to musicians. He had a
particular abhorrence of intrigue and of those small rivalries which
were abundant at that time, and which sometimes developed into
great wars, as has already been hinted at in the reference to the
famous struggle between the factions of Gluck and Piccini, which not
only enrolled musicians, composers and opera-goers in opposing
ranks, but even brought courtiers, the nobility and members of the
royal family into fierce antagonism. In the midst of all this small
turbulence Méhul had carried himself with even poise, working for
the best interest of his art and always true to its canons, though he
made many tentative innovations when fortune frowned upon him.
At a time of more than ordinary dissipation and immorality, he
maintained the highest moral principles and a sterling manhood. It
was but natural, therefore, that such a man should have been
mourned sincerely, and it may have added to public admiration that
he had reached his high distinction by his own efforts, rising from
rude and obscure beginnings to the summit of European fame.
Méhul was the legitimate successor of Gluck. It was that
composer’s “Iphigénie,” as we have seen, that first caught his fancy,
fired his ambition and directed his attention to dramatic
composition. It was owing to Gluck himself, who at once recognized
the ability of the young musician, that his feet were set in the right
path, and it was to his advice and instruction—the instruction of a
friend rather than of a teacher—that he owed his discovery and
appreciation of the dramatic quality of music. Other composers,
among them Cherubini, had a certain influence upon him, but Gluck
was the all in all of his system, the source of his inspiration and the
dominant element of his methods of treatment. He clung to dramatic
truth with as much tenacity as did the great author of “Orpheus” and
the “Iphigénias” and strove with the same earnestness to make his
music a close and perspicuous illustration of the text, and to keep it
elevated in style. Meanwhile his own nature was assisting him. Style
and character are closely related, and Méhul’s music is a reflection of
his own personal traits, namely, refinement of sentiment,
seriousness and earnestness of presence, strong religious tendencies
as shown in the opera—or shall we not call it oratorio—of “Joseph,”
and nobility of character as shown in all his dramatic work. His style
is always elevated, though at times he made the effort to unite light
and graceful melodies of the effervescent and short-lived sort which
find so much favor on the French stage. He was not successful in
these, however. He was more at home in passion and pathos, in
strong, broad motives, rich harmony and ingenious and elaborate
accompaniments. In a word, his standards, like those of Gluck, in
whose steps he followed so closely, were classical and of the highest
romantic type. At times he was daring and ingenious in his
innovations, as in “Ariodant,” where four horns and three ’cellos
carry on an animated conversation; in “Phrosine et Mélidore,” where
four horns have a full part in the score; and in “Uthal,” where the
violas are substituted for the violins, as already has been mentioned.
These, however, were only experiments, though they serve to show
his originality of conception as well as his curious scholarship—a
scholarship all the more remarkable when the poverty of his early
training is considered. And yet he did more than almost any other of
his contemporaries to elevate the Opera Comique, and has come
down in musical history as one of the principal founders of the
modern French School.