INGLÊS TÉCNICO

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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Class content:

• Os cognatos e a importância de seu

reconhecimento para a compreensão
do texto.
• Estruturas verbais na construção do
sentido do texto.

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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Cognates are also called Easy Words - as they have the same
origin - or are related in some way - to others in a foreign
language. You can deduced them even without a previous
knowledge of your target language.

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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There are about 1600 cognates between Portuguese and
English. I've organized a few of them into 4 groups:

Nouns - Words that refer to people, places, things, events,

substances or qualities: Brazil, dessert, branch

Adjectives - Words that describe nouns or pronouns: tender,

little, old

Verbs - Words that describe actions, conditions or

experiences:correr, digitar, traduzir, imprimir

Adverbs - Words which describe or give more information

about verbs, adjectives, adverbs or phrases: daily, urgently 

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NOUNS

    English        Português   English               Português 

              
-al -al -ism -ismo, isma
  animal   animal   atheism   ateísmo
  hospital   hospital   criticism   criticismo
  moral   moral   feminism   feminismo
English                   Português       
-ty -dade
  capacity   capacidade
  eternity   eternidade
  flexibility   flexibilidade
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English             Português    English           Português   

            
-ist -ista -or -or
  dentist   dentista   actor   ator
  humorist   humorista   color   cor
  tourist   turista   favor   favor

English                   Português       
-nce, -ance -ência, ança
  abstinence   abstinência
  patience   paciência
  perseverance   perseferança
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ADJETIVOS          
 English           Português   
    
      English         Português  -ic -ico, ica
       
  economic   econômico
-al -al
  metallic   metálico
  real   real
  pacific   pacífico
  sensual   sensual       English         Português 
  virtual   virtual        
-id -ido, ida
  lucid   lúcido
  splendid   esplêndido
  vivid   vívido
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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       English         Português   
      
-ive -ivo, iva
  adoptive   adotivo
      English      Português 
  descriptive   descritivo
        
  imaginative   imaginativo
-ary -ário, ária
       English         Português      adversary   adversário
      
  arbitrary   arbitrário
-ible, able -ível, ável
  contrary   contrário
  accessible   acessível
  admirable   admirável
  convertible   conversível
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           English           Português 
        
-al -al
  automobile   automóvel
  mobile   móvel
  projectile   projétil

English         
       Português       
 
-ous -oso, osa
  delicious   delicioso
  famous   famoso
  generous   generoso
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VERBS
     English        Português   
      English        Português          
      
-fy -ficar
-e -ar
  amplify   amplificar
  dance   dançar
  complete   completar   qualify   qualificar
  imagine   imaginar   simplify   simplificar
           English                   Português       
-ent, ult, ort -entar, ultar, ortar
  comment   comentar
  consult   consultar
  export   exportar
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ADVERBS

           English                   Português       
-ly -mente
  creatively   criativamente
  separately   separadamente
  usually   usualmente

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FALSE COGNATES
or FALSE FRIENDS

http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/falsos_cognat
os1.php
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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FALSE COGNATES ARE A BITCH1! Now the doubt2 appears in

your mind. How could this have possibly happened? After
years of dedication, and maybe even a certificate or two
that prove your fluency, you thought
you’d eventually3speak perfectly, but now you just look like
an uneducated4 fool. You’veassumed5 that you’re fluent,
you’ve even discussed6 it with your parents7, and now you
start to think that maybe you were always
just pretending8 to speak the language, that
youactually9 don’t know anything. Be brave10 and pay
attention because maybe you aren’t seeing the true
meaning of the words.

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You’ve probably been wrong thousands of times, maybe

even millions, yet you never even realize11 it as you were 
listening to the lyrics to your favorite music12, which you’ll
now have to go back and read letter by letter13 to make
sure you understood. And what about your
favorite novel14 that you assumed5 you understood so
well?  How could you have trusted that
horrible propaganda15  campaign from that school you
studied at, so sure that you had made
a sensible16 decision, only to realize10 that you were
tricked by an expert17? 

*“bitch” and “doubt” are not technically false cognates,

but most Brazilians don’t truly understand what they
mean”
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1.*BITCH rarely means “PROSTITUTE.” You can learn more

about the complicated uses of this word here, but this
article uses “bitch” as (1) A COMPLICATED PROBLEM that’s
difficult to solve, and (2) YOUR SERVANT (as used as the
title to this paragraph)
2.*DOUBT does not mean “QUESTION” as Brazilians typically
use it.  When you say “I have a doubt” in English (which
nobody actually says), you are basically saying, “I am in
doubt/ estou na dúvida” which communicates confusion, but
doesn’t ask for clarification.  “Tenho uma dúvida” should be
“I have a question.”
3.EVENTUALLY does not mean “OCCASSIONALLY” or “BY
CHANCE” as the Portuguese False Cognate Suggests. It really
means “FINALMENTE” or “POR FIM.”

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4. UNEDUCATED does not mean “MALEDUCADO.” It really

means “SEM INSTRUÇÃO” or “SEM CULTURA.”
5. ASSUME does not usually mean “ASSUMIR.” It means
“SUPOR” In English. There is a popular English saying that says
“When you ASSUME, you make an ASS out of U and ME” (ASS +
U + ME = ASSUME).
6. DISCUSS in English is not the same as “DISCUTIR.”
“DISCUTIR” usually has a heavy, or negative connotation,
where as “discuss” in English is just neutral, which is to
“CONVERSAR” about something.
7. PARENTS does not mean “PARENTES.” It really means “PAIS”
or “Mom & Dad.” “PARENTES” in Portuguese means
“RELATIVES” or “(extended) FAMILY” in English.
8. PRETEND does not mean “PRETENDER”. It means “fingir,”.

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9. ACTUALLY does not mean “ATUALMENTE.” “Actually” in
English means “NA VERDADE,” while “Atualmente” in
Portuguese means “Currently” in English.
10. BRAVE does not mean “BRAVO” as it does in Portuguese.
Brave means “Corajoso.” While technically “bravo” means
“corjoso” too, the common use of it “Bravo” in the sense of
“mad” or “angry.”
11. REALIZE does not mean “REALIZAR” here. Although there
are limited contexts, such as “realize your dream,” Realize in
English almost always means “PERCEBER” in Portuguese.”
12. MUSIC in English does not mean “MUSICA/ CANÇÃO” in the
above example. You can say, “I like Brazilian Music” or “Music
in English is good” but the 3 or 4 minute recording is called a
SONG. For example: “Although generally don’t like Bossa Nova
MUSIC, but I really do like the SONG ‘Girl From Ipanema.’”
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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12. LETTER does not mean “LETRA” in the above example in
the same way you think. “LETRA” (the words to a song) really
means “LYRICS,” while “LETTERS” of the alphabet really do
mean “LETRA.” So, while the above example would translate
“Letra por letra,” you may have thought we were saying
“lyrics” (the words to the song”).
13. NOVEL does not mean “NOVELA” in English. The
Portuguese word, “Novela” means “Soap Opera” in English,
while “Novel” in English means “Romance” in Portuguese.
14. PROPAGANDA English is not the same as “PROPAGANDA”
in Portuguese. They are similar, but the sense and the use of
the word is very different. The Portuguese word “propaganda”
really means “MANIPULATIVE ADVERTISING” (almost lies),
while “ADVERTISING/ ADVERTISEMENT” is the correct
translation of the Portuguese word, “Propaganda.”
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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16. SENSIBLE does not mean “SENSÍVEL” from Portuguese.

 “Sensível” really translates to “sensitive” in English, while
the English word “sensible” means “SENSATO” in Portuguse.
17. EXPERT does not mean “ESPERTO” from Portuguese.
“Esperto” is closer to something like “Clever” or even
“smart” person. “Expert” English means something like
“PERITO” or “ESPECIALISTA” in Portuguese.

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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False cognates are pairs of words in the same or

different languages that are similar in form and meaning but
have different roots. That is, they appear to be, or are
sometimes considered, cognates, when in fact they are not.
This is different from a false friend, which is where the words
in fact have similar roots but have diverged in meaning.

Existem outras palavras que diferem completa ou parcialmente

quanto ao significado, apesar de a ortografia nos levar a
pensar que elas realmente tenham o mesmo significado no
português. Estes pares de palavras são conhecidos como False
Cognates ou False Friends (Falsos Cognatos ou Falsos
Amigos). 

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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VERB STRUCTURE
Importância dos verbos no
contexto comunicativo
A importância dos verbos no
contexto comunicativo é
indiscutível e fazer com que
os educandos percebam isso é
necessário. Por essa razão,
algumas práticas são eficazes.

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_sys-tense-time.htm
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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Speaking/Reading
I
You
Subject Objects
He/She/It VERB
(sujeito) complements
You
We
They Time and Tense

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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I AM
YOU ARE
HE/SHE/IT IS TO BE
YOU ARE (SER OU ESTAR)
WE ARE
THEY ARE
Estado
Qualidade

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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•He is a good Kid.
He isn’t (is not) a good kid.
Is he a good kid?
•They are trying to rescue the victims.
They aren’t (are not) trying to rescue the victims.
Are they trying to rescue the victims?
•It is cold here.
It isn’t cold here.
Is it cold here?
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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Tense and time

What is the difference between tense and time?

Tense: classifies verbs as:
present tense
or past tense

Time: classifies situations described by
verbs according to whether they occur at some time:
in the past,
in the present
or in the future
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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PRESENT TENSE
The simple present tense in English is used to describe an
action that is regular, true or normal.
We use the present tense:

1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time

period.
I take the train to the office.
The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts.
The President of The USA lives in The White House.
A dog has four legs.
We come from Switzerland.
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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3. For habits.
I get up early every day.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true.

It rains a lot in winter.
The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
They speak English at work.

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Verb Conjugation e Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive
(without the TO).
In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending
on the ending of that verb:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES
in the third person.
go – goes
catch – catches
wash – washes
kiss – kisses
fix – fixes
buzz – buzzes
Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove

the Y and add -IES.
marry – marries
study – studies
carry – carries
worry – worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

play – plays
enjoy – enjoys
say – says

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Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense
To make a negative sentence in English we normally
use Don't or Doesn't between the subject and the verb.

Affirmative: You speak French.

Negative: You don't speak French.

Affirmative: He speaks German.

Negative: He doesn't speak German.

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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ATTENTION:

•To he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and

the verb to make a negative sentence. To I, you, we or they
we add don't between the subject and the verb to make a
negative sentence.

•The letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative

sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the
negative sentence.

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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Simple Past

FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbes

Examples:
You called Debbie. X

Did you call Debbie? Past Now Future

You did not call Debbie.

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started
and finished at a specific time in the past.

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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I
HE WAS ERA/ESTAVA
SHE
IT
NÓS ÉRAMOS/ESTÁVAMOS
YOU
WERE VOCÊ(S) ERA/ESTAVA /
WE ERAM/ESTAVAM
THEY ELES (AS) ERAM/ESTAVAM

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place

to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at

9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

She lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais

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Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais