GERUND, INFINITIVE AND

BARE INFITIVE
 Gerúndio ou infinitivo?
Muitas vezes essa pergunta pode ser um tormento.
Isso porque em inglês, quando um verbo é seguido
imediatamente por outro verbo; em alguns casos, um

INFINITIV verbo só admite a construção com gerúndio ou com

infinitivo, em outros casos podemos aceitar ambos.

E Daí a grande dúvida do que usar e de quando usar.

               
X GERUND Primeiro passo é diferenciar o gerúndio do infinitivo.
O gerúndio é empregado da seguinte forma: VERBO + ING. 
Já a forma do infinitivo é: TO + RADICAL DO VERBO.

Exemplo de gerúndios em inglês: eating, drinking, sleeping,

studying, leaving
Exemplo de infinitivos em inglês: to eat, to drink, to sleep, to study,
to leave
 1. NO PORTUGUÊS, QUANDO OS VERBOS SÃO SUBSTANTIVOS ELES FICAM NO
INFINITIVO. PORÉM, NO INGLÊS, FICAM NO GERÚNDIO. ESSA É UMA DAS GRANDES
CONFUSÕES FEITAS PELOS ESTUDANTES DE LÍNGUA INGLESA PORQUE ELES QUEREM
TRADUZIR AO “PÉ DA LETRA” E DESSA FORMA NÃO FUNCIONA. OBSERVE OS
EXEMPLOS:

  PORTUGUÊS    INGLÊS

  Cozinhar é divertido.   Cooking is fun.

  Praticar esportes é importante para a

  Practicing sport is important for health.
saúde.

  Viajar é a melhor forma de relaxar.   Travelling is the best way to relax.

 "GERUND" COMO SUJEITO DA ORAÇÃO

• EATING PEOPLE IS WRONG.
• HUNTING TIGERS IS DANGEROUS.
• FLYING MAKES ME NERVOUS.
• BRUSHING YOUR TEETH IS IMPORTANT.
• SMOKING CAUSES LUNG CANCER.
 .  USAMOS SEMPRE O GERÚNDIO DEPOIS
DE PREPOSIÇÕES/CONJUNÇÕES

• I DRANK COFFEE BEFORE LEAVING MY HOUSE.

I AM INTERESTED IN STUDYING ENGLISH.
SHE’S VERY GOOD AT MAKING JOKES.
• YOU CAN´T READ YOUR MESSAGES WHILE DRIVING
• ISSO TAMBÉM SE APLICA A ALGUMAS EXPRESSÕES QUE TERMINAM
COM PREPOSIÇÃO, COMO "IN SPITE OF" E "THERE'S NO POINT IN".
 
 "GERUND" APÓS "PHRASAL VERB"
OS "PHRASAL VERBS" SÃO COMPOSTOS POR UM
VERBO + PREPOSIÇÃO OU ADVÉRBIO.

• WHEN WILL YOU GIVE UP SMOKING?

• SHE ALWAYS PUTS OFF GOING TO THE DENTIST.
• HE KEPT ON ASKING FOR MONEY.
• JIM ENDED UP BUYING A NEW TV AFTER HIS OLD ONE BROKE.
"GERUND" EM SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS
NOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS QUE INCLUEM UM
"GERUND", FICA CLARO QUE SEU SIGNIFICADO É O DE UM
SUBSTANTIVO, E NÃO O DE UM VERBO NA FORMA
CONTÍNUA. POR EXEMPLO, A EXPRESSÃO "SWIMMING
POOL" SE REFERE A UMA PISCINA PARA NADAR, E NÃO A
UMA PISCINA QUE ESTÁ NADANDO.
. • I AM GIVING SALLY A DRIVING LESSON.
• THEY HAVE A SWIMMING POOL IN THEIR BACK YARD.
• I BOUGHT SOME NEW RUNNING SHOES.
 "GERUND" APÓS DETERMINADAS EXPRESSÕES
O "GERUND" É NECESSÁRIO APÓS AS SEGUINTES
EXPRESSÕES: 
CAN'T HELP, CAN'T STAND, TO BE WORTH E IT'S NO USE.
• SHE COULDN'T HELP FALLING IN LOVE WITH HIM.
• I CAN'T STAND BEING STUCK IN TRAFFIC JAMS.
• IT'S NO USE TRYING TO ESCAPE.
• IT MIGHT BE WORTH PHONING THE STATION TO
CHECK THE TIME OF THE TRAIN.
 O GERÚNDIO SEMPRE É USADO DEPOIS DE
ALGUNS VERBOS COMO:
•(CAN’T) HELP •ENJOY •MIND
•(CAN’T) STAND- •FEEL LIKE – TER VONTADE •MISS
SUPORTAR •FINISH
•PRACTISE
•ADMIT •GIVE UP - DESISTIR
•IMAGINE
•PUT OFF – ADIAR
•AVOID
•INVOLVE
•CONSIDER
•IT’S WORTH- VALER A PENA
•DENY - NEGAR
•KEEP (ON)
•DISLIKE •LOOK FORWARD TO –
ESPERAR ANCIOSAMENTE
•  ENJOYCOOKING.
WE HAVEN’T FINISHED EATING YET.
HE GIVE UP SMOKING.
I CAN'T HELP THINKING ABOUT IT.
I CAN'T STAND PARKING THE CAR IN THE CITY.
HE ADMITS BEING INVOLVED IN THE SCANDAL.
  COM ALGUNS VERBOS É POSSÍVEL USAR TANTO
GERÚNDIO (ING) QUANTO INFINITIVO (TO), SEM
QUE HAJA ALTERAÇÃO DE SIGNIFICADO.
• BEGIN
• CONTINUE
• START
• INTEND
• PROPOSE
•
I STARTED TO WORK / WORKING HERE IN 2009.
  HATE, LIKE, LOVE OU PREFER TAMBÉM PODEM
SER USADOS COM O GERÚNDIO OU O INFINITIVO.
PORÉM, O GERÚNDIO É MAIS ENFÁTICO.
• I LIKE COOKING. (ÊNFASE NO PRÓPRIO PROCESSO.)
I LIKE TO COOK (MENOS ENFÁTICO)
• SHE HATES TALKING ABOUT IT
• SHE HATES TO TALK ABOUT IT
• WE PREFER STAYING HERE TONIGHT
• WE PREFER TO STAY HERE TONIGHT
 
 ALGUNS VERBOS PODER SER UTILIZADOS TANTO
COM O INFINITIVO QUANTO COM O GERÚNDIO.
PORÉM, HÁ ALTERAÇÃO DE SENTIDO COM O USO
DE CADA UM DELES. OS VERBOS MAIS COMUNS SÃO:
• REGRET – ( + GERUND – ARREPENDER-SE DE TER FEITO ALGO; + INFINITIVE ARREPENDER- SE
ANTES DE ACONTECER , DE FAZER)
• REMEMBER - + ( + INFINITIVE - LEMBRAR-SE DE FAZER ALGO E FAZER; + GERUND – ALGO
ACONTECEU NO PASSADO E AGORA VC SE LEMBRA)
• STOP – ( + GERUND – PARAR DE FAZER, NÃO CONTINUAR; + INFINITIVE – PARAR PARA FAZER )
• TRY – ( + INFINITIVE – TENTAR FAZER, FAZER UMA TENTATIVE; + GERUND – EXPERIMENTAR,
FAZER UMA EXPERIENCIA )
• FORGET – ( + GERUND – NUNCA VAI SE ESQUECER; + INFINITIVE – ESQUECER –SE DE FAZER ALGO)
• THIS MORNING I REMEMBERED TO LOCK THE DOOR
• I REMEMBERED LOCKING THE DOOR. ( I REMEMBER HAVING LOCK THE DOOR)

• DO NOT FORGET TO BUY THE EGGS.

• I WILL NEVER FORGET MEETING MY BOSS THE FIRST TIME.

• SHE WILL STOP WORKING AS SOON AS SHE GETS MARRIED.

• SHE STOPPED TO WORK TO HELP HER DAUGHTER WITH THE HOMEWORK.
• HE REGRETED SPEKING SO RUDLY= HE REGRETED HAVING SPOKEN SO RUDLY
• HE REGRET TO ANNOUNCE THE LATE ARRIVAL OF THE 12:45 FROM LONDON
( LAMENTAÇÃO ANTES DO ANUNCIO)
 RESUMO:
I forgot to meet him.
(I didn’t meet him because I forgot to do it.)
forget
I forgot meeting him.

VERBOS QUE
(I don’t have the memory of meeting him before.)

He went on to learn English and French.

MUDAM O
(He ended one period of time before this.)
go on
He went on learning English and French.
(He continued learning the languages.)

SENTIDO SE She quit to work here.

(She quit another job in order to work here.)

SEGUIDOS DE
quit
She quit working here.
(She quit her job here. She doesn’t work here anymore.)

INFINITIVO OU regret
I regret promising to help you.
(I’m sorry that I made the promise.)

GERÚNDIO I regret to tell you that we can't hire you.

(I’m telling you now, and I’m sorry.)

She remembered to visit her grandmother.

(She didn’t forget to visit.)
remember
She remembered visiting her grandmother.
(She had memories of this time.)

I stopped to call you.

(I interrupted another action in order to call you.)
stop
I stopped calling you.
(I stopped this activity. Maybe we had a fight.)

I tried to open the window.

(I attempted this action but didn’t succeed.)
try
I tried opening the window.
(This was one option I sampled. Maybe the room was hot.)
INFINITIVE
VERBOS QUE PRECISAM SER SEGUIDOS POR
INFINITIVE:
• AGREE: I AGREED TO GO TO A PARTY WITH MY FRIEND.
• DECIDE: THE PRESIDENT DECIDED NOT TO PARTICIPATE IN THE
DISCUSSIONS.
• DESERVE: EVERYONE DESERVES TO BE RESPECTED.
• EXPECT: I EXPECT TO KNOW MY EXAM GRADE BY TOMORROW.
• HOPE: WE WERE HOPING TO AVOID TRAFFIC BY LEAVING EARLY.
• LEARN: HE LEARNED NOT TO TRUST ANYONE.
• NEED: SHE NEEDS TO LEARN HOW TO COOK.
• OFFER: I OFFERED TO HELP MY BROTHER WITH
HOMEWORK.
• PLAN: WE ARE PLANNING TO WATCH A MOVIE TONIGHT.
• PROMISE: MY FRIEND PROMISED TO FIND THE TIME TO
HELP ME MOVE.
• SEEM: WE SEEM TO BE LOST.
• WAIT: I CANNOT WAIT TO SEE MY FAMILY.
• WANT: I DON’T WANT TO GO TO BED YET.
• THERE ARE LOTS OF VERBS THAT REQUIRE AN INFINITIVE AFTER. YOU WILL
LEARN THEM NATURALLY, AS YOU PROGRESS IN YOUR ENGLISH STUDIES.
 DEVEMOS USAR INFINITIVR APÓS
ADJETIVOS

• IT IS NOT EASY TO GRADUATE FROM UNIVERSITY.

• IT IS NECESSARY TO SPEAK ENGLISH TO WORK IN A HOTEL.
• IT IS WONDERFUL TO HAVE CLOSE FRIENDS.
• WHEN YOU DESCRIBE SOMETHING WITH AN ADJECTIVE (UNDERLINED IN THE
EXAMPLES ABOVE), AN INFINITIVE SHOULD FOLLOW (IN BOLD). USING GERUNDS
HERE WOULD BE INCORRECT.
• BUT REMEMBER! SE VOCÊ FOR FAZER DESSE
OBJETO O SUJEITO, O GERUNDIO DEVE SER
USADO:
• GRADUATING FROM UNIVERSITY IS NOT EASY.
• SPEAKING ENGLISH IS NECESSARY TO WORK IN A
HOTEL.
• HAVING CLOSE FRIENDS IS WONDERFUL.
• “TOO + [ADJECTIVE]”
• THIS DRESS IS TOO BIG TO WEAR.
• THIS CAR IS TOO EXPENSIVE TO BUY.

•  “[ADJECTIVE] + ENOUGH”:
• MY CHILD IS NOT TALL ENOUGH TO RIDE THIS
ROLLERCOASTER.
 SOMENTE INFINITIVE É USADO DEPOIS DE
CERTOS VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE PRONOMES, QUE
SE REFIRAM A PESSOA.

• WE ASKED HER NO TO GO.

• THEY TOLD US TO INFORM ALL THE
PROBLEMS.
• I REMINDED HIM TO TAKE NA UMBRELA.
• ASK: CAN I ASK YOU TO HELP ME WITH SOMETHING?
• EXPECT: I NEVER EXPECTED HIM TO BECOME FAMOUS.
• HIRE (GIVE A JOB TO SOMEONE): DID THE COMPANY HIRE YOU JUST TO SIT IN
YOUR OFFICE?
• INVITE: I INVITED A FRIEND TO ATTEND THE CEREMONY.
• ORDER: SHE ORDERED THE CHILD TO STAY AT HOME.
• REMIND: PLEASE REMIND ME TO WASH THE DISHES.
• REQUIRE: THE TEST REQUIRED HIM TO CONCENTRATE FULLY.
• TEACH: THAT WILL TEACH YOU TO FOLLOW THE RULES!
• TELL: WHO TOLD YOU TO COME HERE?
• URGE: THEY URGED ME TO CONTINUE MY RESEARCH. (IMPULSINAR, ESTIMULAR)
• WARN: I AM WARNING YOU NOT TO DO THIS! ( ALERTAR)
BARE INFINITIVE
 A ESTRUTURA DO INFINITIVE SEM O “TO” É
CHAMADA DE BARE INFINITIVE
• AFTER AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS : 
(WILL, SHALL, WOULD, COULD, CAN, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, SHOULD, NEEDN’T)
• I MIGHT WALK THERE IF IT DOESN’T RAIN.
• YOU NEEDN’T GO ON A DIET BUT YOU MUST EAT HEALTHY FOOD.
• AFTER THE CAUSATIVE VERBS 'MAKE', 'HAVE', 'LET' AND 'HELP'*: 
(*‘HELP’ CAN ALSO BE USED WITH ‘TO’)
• SHE MADE THE CHILDREN DO THEIR HOMEWORK.”
• THE LAWYER HAD HIS ASSISTANT MAKE COPIES OF THE CONTRACT.
• DAD WOULDN'T LET ME DRIVE HIS CAR.
• CAN YOU HELP ME FIND/TO FIND MY KEYS.
• AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION: (SEE, WATCH, NOTICE, OBSERVE, FEEL,
HEAR…)
I WATCHED HIM MOVE TO A SEAT AT THE BACK.
• WE SAW THE BURGLAR CLIMB OVER THE WALL.
• HE HEARD THE TEACHER CALL HIS NAME.
• WE FELT THE GROUND SHAKE BENEATH OUR FEET.
•  AFTER ‘WOULD RATHER’, ‘HAD BETTER’:
• I´D RATHER SIT HERE.
• YOU’D BETTER CALL A DOCTOR.
•  AFTER PREPOSITIONS SUCH AS ‘EXCEPT’, ‘BUT’ AND ‘THAN’:
• I´LL DO ANYTHING EXCEPT COOK. .
• SHE DOES NOTHING BUT CRY.
• SHE WOULD PREFER TO STAY SINGLE THAN MARRY THAT MAN.

• IN THE SECOND CLAUSE WHEN TWO INFINITIVE STRUCTURES ARE

CONNECTED:
• I WANT YOU TO TIDY THE HOUSE AND (TO) WASH UP AFTER THE PARTY.”
• HE DECIDED TO TURN OFF THE COMPUTER AND (TO) GO HOME.