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Unit 41

 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

O Present Perfect Tense é formado pela combinação do verbo HAVE

/ HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE. (TER + PARTICÍPIO PASSADO). O
Present Perfect é o tempo verbal em inglês que os alunos de língua
portuguesa costumam ter mais dificuldades pois ele é usado em dois
casos em que no português costumamos usar outros tempos verbais.

Com praticamente todos os verbos, a equivalência entre as duas

línguas é a mesma, mas com o Present Perfect é diferente. Você
deve, portanto, procurar usar o Present Perfect de acordo com suas
definições, e não a tradução.

Ex.: I have lived in Brazil since 1982.

(Eu tenho vivido no Brasil desde 1982.)

He has already lived in England.

(Ele já viveu / tem vivido na Inglaterra.)

Ele é usado em dois casos principais:

1) Uma ação que começou no passado e tem continuado até o

momento presente:

Ex.: I have lived in Rio since I was born.

(Eu tenho vivido no Rio desde (que) eu nasci.)
She has worked at that company for three years.
(Ela tem trabalhado naquela companhia por três anos.)
We have had many problems since we moved to our new
apartment.
(Nós temos tido muitos problemas desde (que) nos
mudamos para nosso novo apartamento.)
They have studied English for many years.
(Eles tem estudado inglês por muitos anos.)

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Para este primeiro caso, temos um equivalente em português, se bem

que costumamos usar mais frequentemente o verbo no presente (Eu
vivo no Brasil desde 1983). No inglês, não usamos verbos no presente
para ações vindas do passado para o presente. Temos que usar o
Present Perfect.

Para este primeiro caso, temos duas palavras-chave:

Since - Desde - usado para se referir a quando a ação começou.

Ex.: I have lived in Brazil since 1982.

(Eu tenho vivido no Brasil desde 1982.)

For - Por - usado para se referir ao período de tempo em que a

ação tem acontecido.

Ex.: I have lived in Brazil for more than thirty years.

(Eu tenho vivido no Brasil por mais do que trinta anos.)

2) O segundo caso do Present Perfect é para ações que aconteceram

em um tempo indefinido no passado. Ou seja, não há uma referên-
cia de tempo de quando a ação aconteceu. Este segundo caso não
tem equivalência no português e portanto não há tradução exata,
pois no português sempre utilizamos o Pretérito Perfeito para este
tipo de situação.

Ex.: I have already lived in England.

(Eu já tenho vivido / vivi na Inglaterra.)
She has read that book twice.
(Ela tem lido / leu aquele livro duas vezes.)
We have seen that film many times.
(Nós temos visto / vimos aquele filme muitas vezes.

Se nós definirmos quando a ação aconteceu, n´s usamos o Simple

Past Tense:

Ex.: I lived in England in 1982.

She read that book twice last month.
We saw that film many times last year.
They arrived five minutes ago.
 The Present Perfect Tense:

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Affirmative:

He has played tennis since he was eight years old.

They have had classes since March.
We have worked there for six years.
You have gone to that nightclub many times.
She has spoken to him.

Interrogative:

Has he played tennis since he was eight years old?

Have they had classes since March?
Have we worked there for six years?
Have you gone to that nightclub many times?
Has she spoken to him?

Negative:

He hasn’t played tennis since he was eight years old.

They haven’t had classes since March.
We haven’t worked there for six years.
You haven’t gone to that nightclub many times.
She hasn’t spoken to him.

Para usarmos o Present Perfect Tense, temos que saber a forma

do Past Participle / Particípio Passado dos verbos:

REGULAR VERBS

Base Form: Past Tense Form: Past Participle Form:

Work Worked Worked (Trabalhado)

Study Studied Studied (Estudado)
Play Played Played (Jogado)
Receive Received Received (Recebido)
Ask Asked Asked (Perguntado)
Finish Finished Finished (Terminado)

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Like Liked Liked (Gostado)

Love Loved Loved (Amado)
Hate Hated Hated (Odiado)
Visit Visited Visited (Visitado)
Start Started Started (Começado)

Obs.: Se o Past Tense Form do verbo terminar em “__ed”, o Past

Participle Form também certamente terminará em “__ed”. É por esta
razão que esses verbos são chamados de Regular Verbs.

IRREGULAR VERBS

Base Form: Past Tense Form: Past Participle Form:

Be Was / Were Been (Sido / Estado)

Begin Began Begun (Começado)
Bite Bit Bitten (Mordido)
Bring Brought Brought (Trazido)
Buy Bought Bought (Comprado)
Come Came Come (Vindo)
Cost Cost Cost (Custado)
Do Did Done (Feito)
Drink Drank Drunk (Bebido)
Have Had Had (Tido)
Leave Left Left (Deixado)
Speak Spoke Spoken (Falado)
Teach Taught Taught (Ensinado)
Think Thought Thought (Pensado)
Sell Sold Sold (Vendido)
Win Won Won (Ganho, ganhado)

Há apenas cinco formas para cada verbo na lingua inglesa:

INFINITIVE FORM: to work to go to have

PRESENT TENSE FORM: work/works go/goes have/has
GERUND FORM: working going having
PAST TENSE FORM: worked went had
PAST PARTICIPLE FORM: worked gone had
EXERCISE 1:

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Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Tense:

01. They ________________________________ (to visit) us recently.

02. She ______________________________ (to be) in her room for
over an hour.
03. We ______________________________ (to think) about this
problem many times.
04. Brazil ____________________ (to win) the World Cup five times.
05. Kevin ______________________ (to live) abroad (no exterior) for
three years.
06. I ______________________ (to have) little time to study this week.
07. Marina __________________________ (to buy) a new car.
08. Our dog ___________________________ (to bite) the maid twice.
09. We _________________________ (to come) to class by car today.
10. Peter __________ already _________________ (to leave).
11. I _____________________________ (to speak) English all my life.
12. We __________________________ (to be) in class for half an hour.

EXERCISE 2:

Change the following sentences into the interrogative and negative

forms:

1. We have seen that film several times on TV.

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________.

2. Mary has spoken to her boss (chefe) about this.

__________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________.

3. It has been very easy to learn English.

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__________________________________________________?

___________________________________________________.

4. They have lost their keys again.

__________________________________________________?

___________________________________________________.

5. Douglas has known us for a long time.

__________________________________________________?

___________________________________________________.

6. Charles has taught English since 1979.

__________________________________________________?

___________________________________________________.

7. We have seen that new film.

__________________________________________________?

___________________________________________________.

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Unit 42

EXERCISE 1:

Answer the following questions:

01. Do you live in an apartment or in a house?

___________________________________________________.

02. Since when have you lived in your apartment / house?

___________________________________________________.

03. For how long have you lived there?

___________________________________________________.

04. Where did you use to live before?

___________________________________________________.

05. For how long did you live in your previous apartment / house?

___________________________________________________.

06. When did you move into your present apartment / house?

___________________________________________________.

07. Since when have you studied English?

___________________________________________________.

08. For how long have you studied English?

___________________________________________________.

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09. Where did you use to study English before?

___________________________________________________.

10. Have you seen any good films recently?

___________________________________________________.

11. What films have you seen?

___________________________________________________.

 ALREADY & YET:

Em perguntas, podemos usar tanto ALREADY (Já) quanto YET

(Ainda, Até agora).

ALREADY (Já) é sempre usado antes do verbo principal e YET

(Ainda, Ate agora) é sempre usado no fim da pergunta.

Ex.: Have you already finished your dinner?

Have you finished your dinner yet?

Em frases afirmativas, usamos ALREADY.

Em frases negativas, usamos YET.

Ex.: I have already finished my dinner.

I haven’t finished my dinner yet.

EXERCISE 2:

Complete the sentences with ALREADY or YET:

1) I have __________________ watched “Gone with the Wind” but I

haven’t watched “Casablanca” __________________.
2) Have you __________________ begun to think in English?
3) No, I haven’t begun thinking in English __________________.
4) I haven’t taken a bath __________________ today.
5) Has a woman gone to the moon (lua) __________________?
6) No, a woman hasn’t gone to the moon _______________.

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7) We have __________________ completed Book 2 but we haven’t

completed Book 3 __________________.
8) How many Formula 1 championships has Sebastian Vettel _________
won?
9) He has _________________ won four championships.
10)How many classes have we __________________ had this month?
11) We’ve __________________ had six classes.

 FREQUENCY ADVERBS:

EVER, NEVER, ALWAYS, SELDOM, FREQUENTLY, RARELY:

EVER - Já, em toda sua vida. Já, até hoje.

NEVER - Nunca
ALWAYS - Sempre
FREQUENTLY - Freqüentemente
OFTEN - Freqüentemente
RARELY - Raramente
SELDOM - Raramente

Estes adverbs of frequency são sempre posicionados imediatamente

antes do verbo principal.

Ex.: Have you ever lived in England?

I have never gone to Miami.
He has always arrived on time.
We have often invited her to our parties.
(Nós temos frequentemente convidado ela para nossas
festas.)
You have frequently arrived late.
They have rarely spoken to us.
She has seldom visited me recently.

Obs: Ever significa “em algum tempo, em toda a sua vida”.

Already refere-se a um passado mais recente.

Ex.: Have you ever done an English exercise?

Yes, I have already done many.

Have you already done your last exercise?

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No, I haven’t done it yet.

SOMETIMES, OCCASIONALLY, HARDLY, HARDLY EVER, ALMOST,

ALMOST NEVER, REGULARLY:

Sometimes - às vezes, ocasionalmente

Occasionally - ocasionalmente
Hardly - quase não
Hardly ever - quase nunca
Almost - quase
Almost never - quase nunca
Regularly - regularmente

Estes também são Frequency Adverbs e são posicionados antes do

verbo principal.

Ex: I have often repeated this example.

You have sometimes done the wrong thing.
(Você tem às vezes feito a coisa errada.)
He has occasionally arrived late.
She has hardly spoken to him this month.
(Ela quase não tem falado com ele este mês.)
It hardly ever rains in the Sahara Desert.
(Quase nunca chove no deserto do Saara.)
We are almost arriving there.
You are almost never on time for class.
They were regularly having meetings at the office.

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Unit 43

 Comparing the PRESENT PERFECT and the SIMPLE PAST:

A segunda definição do Present Perfect Tense é de uma ação que

aconteceu em um tempo indefinido no passado. (sem tradução exata
para o português.)

O Simple Past Tense é usado para se referir a uma ação que aconteceu
em um tempo definido no passado.

Ex.: I have seen that film.

Have you seen that film?
Yes, I saw that film last week.

EXERCISE 1:

Answer the following questions:

01. Have you ever gone to the States?

___________________________________________________.

02. When did you go there?

___________________________________________________.

03. Have you ever watched the film “Gone with the Wind”?

___________________________________________________.

04. Have you watched the film “Casablanca” yet?

___________________________________________________.

05. How many classes have you had this month?

___________________________________________________.

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06. When did you have your last class?

___________________________________________________.

07. How many championships has Sebastian Vettel already won?

___________________________________________________.

08. When did he win the last one?

___________________________________________________.

09. How often have you arrived late for class this month?

___________________________________________________.

10. Did you arrive late for class today?

___________________________________________________.

11. Have you already begun thinking in English?

___________________________________________________.

EXERCISE 2:

Complete the blanks with the Present Perfect or Simple Past tense:

1) ____________ you ever _______________ (to go) skiing?

Oh, yes, I _________________ (to go) skiing in Colorado last year.
2) ________ you ever ___________ (to lose) anything valuable
(valioso)?
No, I haven’t. But my brother ______________ (to lose) a camera
while he was in Rio two years ago.
3) ____________ you ever _____________ (to get) a traffic ticket
(multa de trânsito)?
Yes, I have. Once I ________________ (to get) a ticket and had to
pay $ 50.00.

4) ___________ you ever _____________ (to see) a beauty contest

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(concurso de beleza)?
Yes, I have. I __________________ (to see) a beauty contest five
years ago.
5) __________ you ever _____________ (to be) late for an important
Appointment (compromisso)?
No, I haven’t. But my sister _____________ (to be) thirty minutes
late for her wedding.

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Unit 44

 THERE HAS BEEN / THERE HAVE BEEN:

O verbo THERE TO BE (Ter, Haver) implica na existência ou presence

de alguma coisa. De modo a usá-lo em tempos diferentes, nós mudamos o
tempo verbal do verbo TO BE.

Present Tense Form: There is - Há, tem - Singular

There are - Há, tem - Plural

Past Tense Form: There was - Houve - Singular

There were - Houveram - Plural

Future Tense Form: There will be - Haverá, haverão

There is going to be - Vai haver
There are going to be - Vão haver

Present Perfect Form: There has been - Tem havido, houve

- Singular
There have been - Tem havido,
houveram - Plural

Ex.: There has been a problem with the computer.

There have been some problems with the computer.

Has there been a problem with the computer?

Have there been any problems with the computer?

There hasn’t been a problem with the computer.

There haven’t been any problems with the computer.

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EXERCISE 1:

Change the following sentences into the interrogative and negative

forms:

1) There has been an emergency at the hospital.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

2) There has been an accident on the highway (rodovia).

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

3) There have been some changes (mudanças) in the program.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

4) There have been some students absent this month.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

5) There has been little time to do everything.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

6) There has been a mistake in our calculations.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

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EXERCISE 2:

Complete the sentences using the verb THERE TO BE in the correct

tense:

1) ____________________________ a meeting with our boss tomorrow.

2) ___________________________________ many problems recently.

3) __________________________________ some cheap shoes for sale

at that store last week.
(Haviam alguns sapatos baratos à venda naquela loja semana passada.)

4) ___________________________________ a conflict between those

two countries for some time now.
(tem havido um conflito entre aqueles dois países por algum tempo
agora.)

5) ________________________________ a great show at that theatre

two months ago.

6) ___________________________ an interruption in our transmissions

last night.
(Houve uma interrupção em nossas transmissões ontem a noite.)

7) ________________________________ many problems at our office

lately (ultimamente).

8) _________________________________ a storm yesterday evening.

(Houve uma tempestade ontem a noite.)

9) Are you very busy? ___________________________________ a

few things I want to talk to you about.

10)_______________________________ some misunderstandings about

this point for a long time now.
(Tem havido alguns mal entendidos sobre este ponto por algum tempo
agora.)

11) ___________________________________ a test next class.

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12)__________________________________ lots of cars in the streets
last Sunday.

ALSO & TOO:

Ambos são sinônimos (Também), mas ALSO é usado antes do verbo

principal e TOO é usado no fim da frase.

Ex: I go to the beach on Sundays.

I also go to the beach on Sundays,
(Eu também vou para a praia aos domingos.)
I go to the beach on Sundays too.
(Eu vou para a praia aos domingos também.)

Janet wakes up early.

Kevin also wakes up early.
Kevin wakes up early too.

TOO (IN EXCESS):

TOO também é usado para indicar em excesso (Demais):

Ex: This exercise is too difficult for me. I don’t know the answers.
(Este exercício é difícil demais para mim. Eu não sei as respostas.)
I have eaten too much. Now I don’t feel well.
(Eu comi demais. Agora eu não me sinto bem.)
He arrived too late to see the play. They closed the doors fifteen
minutes after the play started.
(Ele chegou tarde demais para ver a peça. Eles fecharam as portas
quinze minutos após a peça começar.)

EXERCISE 3:

Complete the blanks with ALSO or TOO:

01. I won’t be going to the movies tonight because I am ________ tired.

02. You have been watching _________ much TV. You should watch less.
03. She is __________ going to go with us.

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04. I have __________ spoken to him.
05. Alfred had an accident because he was driving __________ fast.
06. I didn’t go to the farm (fazenda) last weekend because it was raining
_______ much.
07. They have been working __________ much.
08. It is __________ far to go on foot.
(É longe demais para ir a pé.)
09. Are you __________ going to go to the game?
10. Robert and Deborah are going to go to the game __________.

TOO & ENOUGH:

TOO é usado para indicar excesso e é posicionado antes de um adjetivo ou

advérbio.

Ex: He is too short to play basketball.

(Ele é baixo demais para jogar basquete.)
She is too tired to go out tonight.
(Ela está cansada demais para sair hoje a noite.)
They are too old to play football.
(Eles estão velhos demais para jogarem futebol.)
He is too young to get married.
(Ele está jovem demais para se casar.)

ENOUGH é usado para indicar que alguma coisa é suficiente. Ele é usado
após adjetivos, advérbios ou verbos e antes de substantivos.

Ex: He is tall enough to play basketball.

(Ele é alto o bastante para jogar basquetebol.)
He is old enough to get married.
(Ele é velho o bastante para se casar.)
She has enough money to travel.
(Ela tem dinheiro o bastante para viajar.)
There are enough boys here to play a game of football.
(Há meninos o bastante aqui para jogar um jogo de futebol.)

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Unit 44

 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

O Present Perfect Continuous Tense é formado com HAVE / HAS +

BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (GERUND).
Ele é usado com o 1º caso do Present Perfect – uma ação que começou no
passado e tem continuado até o momento presente, mas indica que essa
ação foi uma ação contínua. Ele não é usado com o 2º caso do Present
Perfect – uma ação em um tempo indefinido no passado.

Ex.: We have been studying English since March.

(Nós temos estado estudando / estamos estudando inglês
desde março.)
He has been working at that company for three years.
(Ele tem estado trabalhando / vem trabalhando / está
trabalhando naquela companhia por três anos.)
She has been sleeping since half past nine.
(Ela tem estado dormindo / vem dormindo / está dormindo
Desde nove e meia.)

Interrogative:

Have we been studying English since March?

Has he been working at that company for three years?
Has she been sleeping since half past nine?

Negative:

We haven’t been studying English since March.

He hasn’t been working at that company for three years.
She hasn’t been sleeping since half past nine.

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EXERCISE 1:

Change the following sentences into the interrogative and negative

forms:

1) You have been reading for two hours.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

2) They have been living here since 1995.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

3) He has been preparing the report since this morning.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

4) We have been driving for three hours.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

5) It has been raining for two days.

_____________________________________________________?

_____________________________________________________.

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 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE vs. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

O Present Perfect Continuous Tense pode sempre ser substituido pelo

Present Perfect Simple, uma vez que ambos indicam uma ação que
começou no passado e tem continuado até o momento presente. O opôsto
nem sempre é possível, no entanto, uma vez que o Present Perfect
Simple não indica necessáriamente uma ação contínua e também não se
refere a uma ação que ocorreu em um tempo indefinido no passado.

EXERCISE 2:

Complete the following sentences with the Present Perfect Simple or

the Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in parenthesis. Use the
Continuous Form whenever possible. (Use o Present Perfect Continuous
sempre que for possível. Caso contrário, use o Present Perfect Simple:

1) They ___________________________ (already, to talk) with the

police.
2) She ________________________________ (to arrive) late for work
several times this month.
3) Most of the students ________________________________ (to
study) hard this month.
4) Karen and Philip ________________________________ (to go) out
of town (for a da cidade) every weekend.
5) Andrew _______________________ (not, to be) absent (ausente)
this month.
6) He __________________________ (to work) there since last year.
7) The children _______________________ (to get up) early every day.
8) Frank ________________________ (finally, to pass) his driving test
(teste de direção).
9) We ________________________________ (to wait) for you all day.
10)He ________________________________ (to have) trouble
(problemas) with chemistry (química) this semester.
11) My father ________________________________ (to give) me
pocket money (mesada) every fortnight (quinzena).
12)We __________________________ (not, to see) him since last year.
13) I __________________________ (not, to find) any suits (ternos)
that fit (caber) me.
14) Ruth ________________________________ (to pass) her college
entrance exams with excellent grades.

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15) He is a very experienced driver. He __________________________
(to drive) for many years.
16) Jane ________________________________ (to run) on the beach
every morning. She wants to get in shape (ficar em forma)!
17) You are filthy (imundo)! Where ____________ you ______________
(to be)?
18) We ____________________________ (already, to begin) to speak
English better.
19) Kevin, your friends _________________________ (to arrive)!
20) Where ______________ you ______________ (to leave) your keys?
21) I don’t know where he is. He ________________ (not, to call) me yet.
22) How much beer ____________ you _________________ (to have)?
23) The weather ________________ (to be) lovely (maravilhoso) for the
last few days.
24) I _______________________________ (just, to do) my homework.
25) She _____________________________ (already, to call) the police.

Now answer the following questions about yourself:

01. How long have you been working at your company?

___________________________________________________.

02. Since when have you been studying English?

___________________________________________________.

03. Where have you been spending (passando) your weekends?

___________________________________________________.

04. Have you been reading any interesting books lately?

___________________________________________________.

05. What books have you been reading?

___________________________________________________.

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06. What have you been doing every day?

___________________________________________________.

07. For how long have you been living in your apartment / house?

___________________________________________________.

08. Have you been going to the beach lately?

___________________________________________________.

09. Which beach have you been going to?

___________________________________________________.

10. Have you been spending too much money lately?

___________________________________________________.

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Unit 45

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE:

The Past Perfect Tense is used when we refer to an action that had
happened before a second action occurred / O Past Perfect Tense é
usado quando nos referimos a uma ação que tinha acontecido antes de
uma segunda ação ocorrer. É igual ao português.

Affirmative Form:

Ex.: I had lived in England before I came to Brazil.

(Eu tinha vivido na Inglaterra antes de vir para o Brasil.)
He had studied a lot before taking the exams.
(Ele tinha estudado muito antes de fazer os exams.)
They had already eaten lunch when you invited them to go to a
restaurant.
(Eles já tinham almoçado quando você os convidou par air para
um restaurante.)

Interrogative Form:

Ex.: Had you lived in England before you came to Brazil?

Had he studied a lot before taking the exams?
Had they already eaten lunch when you invited them to go to a
restaurant?

Negative Form:

Ex.: I had not lived in England before I came to Brazil.

He had not studied a lot before taking the exams.
They had not eaten lunch when you invited them to go to a
restaurant.

In the negative, we can use the abbreviation “HADN’T”:

Ex.: I hadn’t lived in England before I came to Brazil.

He hadn’t studied a lot before taking the exams.
They hadn’t eaten lunch when you invited them to go to a

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restaurant.
EXERCISE 1:

Change the following sentences into the interrogative and negative

forms:

1) He had gone to the cinema before he went home.

_______________________ to the cinema before he went home?

________________________ to the cinema before he went home.

2) We had studied English for many years before starting this course.

____________ English for many years before starting this course?

____________ English for many years before starting this course.

3) You had had many problems at work before you changed jobs (mudou
de emprego).

______________ many problems at work before you changed jobs?

______________ many problems at work before you changed jobs.

4) She had finished cooking dinner before they arrived.

_______________________ cooking dinner before they arrived ?

________________________ cooking dinner before they arrived .

5) It had rained for seven days before it stopped.

_________________________ for seven days before it stopped?

__________________________ for seven days before it stopped.

6) They had spoken to him before they went out.

____________________________ to him before they went out?

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_____________________________ to him before they went out.
EXERCISE 2:

Complete these sentences. Use the Simple Past or Past Continuous with
the verbs in Part A, and the Simple Past or Past Perfect with the
verbs in Part B. Then combine Part A with the continuation in Part B:

Part A:

1. A thief _________________________ (break into) our house last

night while my sister and I _________________________ (pick up) a
pizza for dinner. ( )
(Um ladrão quebrou para dentro/invadiu nossa casa ontem à noite
enquanto minha irmã e eu estávamos pegando uma pizza para o jantar.)
2. I _________________________ (shop) with some friends yesterday
and I _________________________ (lose) my keys. ( )
(Eu estava fazendo compras com alguns amigos ontem e eu perdi minhas
chaves.)
3. I _________________________ (drive) around with my friends all
day on Sunday and I _________________________ (run out) of gas
on the freeway. ( )
(Eu estava dirigindo por aí/dando uma volta de carro com meus amigos o
dia todo no domingo e eu fiquei sem gasolina na rodovia.)
4. I _________________________ (try) to go and visit my parents last
night when I _________________________ (get) stuck in the
elevator in their apartment building. ( )
(Eu estava tentando (e) ir visitar meus pais ontem à noite quando eu
fiquei preso no elevador no prédio de apartamentos deles.)

Part B:

a. Luckily, I _________________________ (give) a friend a copy of my

keys and she ________________________ (come) over and let me in.
(Por sorte/afortunadamente, eu tinha dado a um(a) amigo(a) uma cópia
de minhas chaves e ela veio e me deixou entrar.)
b. It _________________________ (reach) the fifth floor when it
_______________________ (stop). After I ___________________
(be) stuck in the elevator for about half an hour, someone finally
___________________ (start) it again.

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(Ele tinha alcançado o quinto andar quando ele parou. Depois (que) eu
tinha estado preso(a) no elevador por aproximadamente meia hora,
alguém finalmente começou ele de novo.)
c. I guess we _________________________ (leave) the door unlocked
because that’s how the thief _________________________ (get)
into the house.
(Eu suponho (que) nós tínhamos deixado a porta destrancada porque isso
foi como/foi assim (que) o ladrão entrou na casa.)
d. Luckily, I ________________________ (bring) my cellular phone with
me so I _________________________ (call) my parents to bring me
a gallon of gasoline.
(Por sorte/Afortunadamente, eu tinha trazido meu telefone celular
comigo então eu chamei/liguei para meus pais para me trazerem um galão
de gasolina.)

 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

O Past Perfect Continuous Tense é formado com HAD + BEEN +

GERUND e é usado para indicar que a ação que had been happening /
tinha estado acontecendo / vinha acontecendo antes de uma segunda
ação era uma ação contínua.

Ex.: It had been raining for many hours before it stopped.

(Tinha estado chovendo / Vinha chovendo por muitas horas
antes de parar/que parou.)
I had been living in England for eight years before I came
to Brazil.
(Eu tinha estado vivendo / vinha vivendo na Inglaterra por
oito anos antes de vir/antes (que) eu vim para o Brasil.)
She had been studying every day before doing her final
exams.
(Ela tinha estado estudando / vinha estudando todo dia antes
de fazer os exames finais.)

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Unit 46

The Modal Verbs WOULD / CAN / COULD / MAY:

O Modal Verb WOULD é equivalente à terminação “-ria” dos verbos no

português. No inglês, o modal WOULD é chamado de CONDITIONAL
TENSE, porque com frequencia ele indica uma condição.

Ex.: I would like to speak to you.

(Eu gostaria de falar com você.)
John would go with you if you invited him.
(John iria com você se você o convidasse.)

Quando fazemos um pedido, podemos usar o verbo no imperativo

(Comandos – Abra a porta. / Feche a janela.) ou, de forma mais polida e
educada, podemos usar os modais Would / Can / Could / May:

Would
Can you help me? = Please help me.
Could

Would you help me? = Você me ajudaria?

Can you help me? = Você pode me ajudar?
Could you help me? = Você poderia me ajudar?
May I help you? = Posso lhe ajudar?

Would = Equivalente à terminação “ria”

Can = Poder (capacidade)
Could = Pude, podia, poderia (passado de Can)
May = Poder (possibilidade ou permissão)

CAN: poder, ter capacidade ou aptidão para (usado para

presente e futuro).

Ex: He can go with you today.

(Ele pode ir com você hoje.)

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He can go with you tomorrow.
(Ele pode ir com você amanhã.)

COULD: pude, podia, poderia (passado de CAN).

Ex: He could go with you yesterday.

(Ele podia ir com você ontem.)

MAY: poder, no sentido de possibilidade ou permissão.

Ex: It may rain today.

(Pode chover hoje.)
He didn’t come to class. He may be sick.
(Ele não veio para a aula. Ele pode estar doente.)
You may come in. The meeting is beginning now.
(Você pode entrar. A reunião está começando
agora.)
May I help you?
(Eu posso lhe ajudar?)

Os Modal Verbs Will, Would, Can, Could e May não tem variação de
conjugação de acordo com a pessoa e são sempre seguidos por verbos no
Base Form (Forma Básica), que é a forma do infinitivo mas sem a
preposição “to”.

Ex.: I can speak English.

(Eu posso/sei falar inglês.)
He would like to eat a sandwich.
(Ele gostaria de comer um sanduíche.)
She could be more careful.
(Ela poderia ser mais cuidadosa.)
We will leave tomorrow night.
(Nós partiremos/iremos embora amanhã à noite.)
They may be at home.
(Eles podem estar em casa.)

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Unit 47
 SHOULD / OUGHT TO:

Should e Ought to (devia, deveria) são sinônimos. Eles indicam que

seria aconselhável, recomendável ou uma boa idéia fazer alguma coisa.
Ought to normalmente só é usado na afirmativa.

Ex.: I have a terrible headache. What should I do?

(Eu tenho uma dor de cabeça terrível. O que eu deveria
fazer?)
You should take an aspirin.
(Você deveria tomar uma aspirina.)
You ought to take an aspirin.
(Idem.)

EXERCISE 1:

Make a suggestion for each problem using Should or Ought to and the
expressions in the box:

Call a doctor – Take an aspirin – Go to the hospital – Take some medicine

(remédio) – Go to the dentist - Go on a diet (Ir em uma dieta) – Take some
vitamins and stay in bed (ficar na cama)

1) Peter has a terrible toothache (dor de dente). What should he do?

___________________________________________________.

2) She has a stomachache (dor de estômago). What should she do?

___________________________________________________.

3) The baby has an earache (dor de ouvido). What should the parents
do?

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___________________________________________________.

4) I have a terrible cold (resfriado). What should I do?

___________________________________________________.

5) John has broken his arm (quebrou o braço). What should he do?

___________________________________________________.

6) Carol is very fat (gorda). What should she do?

___________________________________________________.

 Need + infinitive:

To need (Necessitar, Precisar) indica necessidade. Quando é seguido

por um verbo, este verbo estará sempre no infinitive form.

Ex.: I need a glass of water.

(Eu necessito de / preciso de um copo de água.)
She needs to speak to you.
(Ela necessita / precisa falar para/com você.)
When you travel to the United States, you need to get a
visa.
(Quando você viaja para os Estados Unidos, você
necessita/precisa pegar um visto.)

 Had better:

Had better indica que seria melhor ou recomendável fazer alguma coisa.

Ex.: You have a test tomorrow. You had better study.

(Você tem um teste amanhã. Seria melhor você estudar.)
She is very fat. She had better go on a diet.
(Ela está muito gorda. Seria melhor ela ir numa dieta.)

Obs.: Should, ought to, e had better tem significados parecidos.

Ex.: You should pay more attention in class.

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You ought to pay more attention in class.
You had better pay more attention in class.

Unit 48
 The Modals MUST / HAVE TO:

Must (dever) e Have to (ter que) são praticamente sinônimos na afirma-

tiva. Eles indicam uma ordem ou uma obrigação.

Ex.: You must get up! It’s time to go to work!

(Você deve se levantar! É hora de ir para o trabalho!)
You have to get up! It’s time to go to work!
(Você tem que se levantar! É hora de ir para o trabalho!)

Must é usado no presente e futuro.

Ex.: You must go to work now.

You must go to work tomorrow.

Have to é usado em todos os tempos verbais.

Ex.: You have to go to work now.

(Você tem que ir para o trabalho agora.)
You will have to go to work tomorrow.
(Você terá que ir para o trabalho amanhã.)
You had to go to work yesterday.
(Você teve que ir para o trabalho ontem.)
You have had to go to work every day this week.
(Você tem tido que ir para o trabalho todo dia esta semana.)

Na negativa, Must e Have to tem significados diferentes:

Must not (mustn’t) - Não dever. Indica uma proibição.

Not have to - Não ter que. Indica que não é necessário.

Ex.: You mustn’t smoke inside elevators. It is prohibited.

(Você não deve fumar dentro de elevadores. É proibido.)
You mustn’t step on the grass in this park.
(Você não deve pisar na grama.)
I don’t have to wake up early today because it’s Sunday.

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(Eu não tenho que acordar cedo amanhã porque é domingo.)
He doesn’t have to go to work tomorrow because it’s
Saturday.
(Ele não tem que ir para o trabalho amanhã porque é sábado.)

EXERCISE 1:

Use must, mustn’t, have to or don’t / doesn’t have to:

1) You ___________________ get a passport to travel to the States.

(Você deve/tem que pegar um passaporte para viajar para os Estados
Unidos.)
2) Children ______________________ play with fire.
(Crianças não devem brincar com fogo.)
3) You ______________________ park your car in front of a bank. It
is prohibited.
(Você não deve estacionar seu carro em frente a um banco. É
proibido.)
4) You ___________________ brush your teeth before you go to bed.
(Você deve/tem que escovar seus dentes antes de você ir para cama.)
5) Children _________________________ obey their parents.
(Crianças devem/tem que obedecer seus pais.)
6) You _________________________ do that. It’s not necessary.
(Você não tem que fazer isso. Não é necessário.)
7) The doctor said I _______________________ stop smoking.
(O doutor disse (que) eu devo/tenho que parar de fumar.)
8) He __________________ get a taxi. It’s still early so he can get
the bus.
(Ele não tem que pegar um táxi. Ainda é cedo então ele pode pegar um
ônibus.)
9) You _____________________ be rich to be happy.
(Você não tem que ser rico para ser feliz.)
10)You __________________ buy a map. We have a big one in the car.
(Você não tem que comprar um mapa. Nós temos um grande no carro.)

 Must (Dever) também é usado para indicar uma forte probabilidade

ou uma conclusão lógica:

Ex.: My neighbors have a Ferrari. They must be rich.

(Meus vizinhos tem uma Ferrari. Eles devem ser ricos.)

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John got 100 on his test. He must have studied a lot.

(John tirou 100 no teste dele. Ele deve ter estudado muito.)

EXERCISE 2:

Follow the model and complete the sentences with the adjectives in the
box:

Ex.: He walked from his house to his work. He must be tired.

(Ele andou/caminhou da casa dele para o trabalho dele. Ele deve
estar cansado.)

Happy – Rich – Beautiful – Crazy – Intelligent – Strong

1) Paul’s sister was Miss Brazil last year.

She ________________________________________________.

2) My daughter is the best student in school.

She ________________________________________________.

3) John and Maggie are in love. (John e Maggie estão apaixonados.)

They _______________________________________________.

4) My boss has a Ferrari and an airplane (aeroplano/avião).

He ________________________________________________.

5) Nick can lift (levantar) a hundred kilos.

He ________________________________________________.

6) My neighbors have ten children.

They _______________________________________________.

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Unit 49
A estrutura dos verbos na língua inglesa é uma estrutura muito simples,
em particular se nós a compararmos com a estrutura dos verbos em línguas
de origem latina como o português. No inglês, há apenas cinco formas
verbais para cada verbo (com a exceção do verbo To Be, que é um verbo
único):

 VERB FORMS:

INFINITIVE: To go To work To have

PRESENT: go/goes work/works have/has
PAST: went worked had
PAST PARTICIPLE: gone worked had
PRESENT PARTICIPLE: going working having

Dessas cinco formas básicas de verbos, há apenas duas que podemos

conjugar diretamente sem usarmos um verbo auxiliary: o Present Tense
Form e o Past Tense Form:

Ex.: I go to the beach on Sundays.

I went to the beach last Sunday.
He works every day.
He worked yesterday.
We have a lot of work to do today.
We had a lot of work to do yesterday.

Mas na interrogativa e negativa, temos que usar os verbos auxiliares

Do e Does para o Present Tense, e Did (passado de “Do”) para o Past
Tense:

Do/Does/Did + Forma Básica do Verbo (infinitivo sem “to”)

Ex.: Do you go to the beach on Sundays?

I don’t go to the beach on Sundays.

Did you go to the beach last Sunday?

I didn’t go to the beach last Sunday.

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Does he work every day?
He doesn’t work every day.

Did he work yesterday?

He didn’t work yesterday.

 VERB COMBINATIONS:

01) The Continuous Tenses: To be + Present Participle (Gerund)

Ex.: I am working now. (Present Continuous)

I was working yesterday. (Past Continuous)

02) The Perfect Tenses: To have + Past Participle

Ex.: I have worked a lot this week. (Present Perfect)

I have been working a lot. (Pres. Perf. Continuous)

03) Modal verbs: Will, would, can, could, may, might, shall,
should, must + Base Form of the Verb
(infinitive without “to)

Ex.: I will go to the States next month.

(Eu irei para os Estados Unidos mês que vem.)
I would love to go with you.
(Eu amaria ir com você.)
You can go with me.
(Você pode ir comigo.)
I could go last year.
(Eu podia ir ano passado.)
Jane may go too.
(Jane pode ir também.)
Christina might go too.
(Christina pode ir também.)
We shall go together.
(Nós iramos juntos.)
You should go with us.
(Você deveria ir conosco.)
You must go with us.
(Você deve ir conosco.)

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THE MODAL VERBS:

Will - Future

Ex.: I will work (Eu trabalharei)

Would - Conditional

Ex.: I would work (Eu trabalharia)

Can - Poder, ter capacidade

Ex.: I can work (Eu posso trabalhar)

Could - Podia, poderia

Ex.: I could work (Eu podia / poderia trabalhar)

May - Poder, possibilidade ou permissão

Ex.: He may work (Ele pode trabalhar)

Might - Poder, possibilidade

Ex.: He might work (Ele pode trabalhar. Talvez ele trabalhe)

Shall - Future

Ex.: He shall work (Ele trabalhará)

Should - Devia, deveria, conselho

Ex.: He should work (Ele deveria trabalhar)

Must - Dever, obrigação ou probabilidade

Ex.: He must work (Ele deve trabalhar)

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THE COMPOUND VERBS:

Compound Verbs / Verbos compostos são os verbos compostos pela

combinação de MODAL + BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (GERUND) ou
MODAL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE. São três combinações funda-
mentais: MODAL + BASE FORM (Forma Básica), BE + GERUND e
HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.

Ex.: I will be working tomorrow.

(Eu estarei trabalhando amanhã.)

I will have finished by ten o’clock.

(Eu terei terminado até as dez horas.)

I would be working now, but I am sick.

(Eu estaria trabalhando agora, mas eu estou doente)

I would have finished last night but I didn’t have time.

(Eu teria terminado ontem mas eu não tive tempo.)

He can’t be sleeping now. It’s too early!

(Ele não pode estar dormindo agora. É cedo demais!)

He can’t have forgotten. I told him last night!

(Ele não pode ter esquecido. Eu contei para ele ontem à noite!)

She could be living in the States.

(Ela poderia estar morando nos Estados Unidos.)

She could have told us.

(Ela poderia ter nos contado.)

They may be sleeping. I don’t know. I haven’t called them.

(Eles podem estar dormindo. Eu não sei. Eu não os chamei.)

They may have forgotten the appointment.

(Eles podem ter esquecido o compromisso.)

They might be sleeping. I don’t know.

(Eles podem estar dormindo. Eu não sei.)

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They might have had some problem.

(Eles podem ter tido algum problema.)

We shall be travelling next month.

(Nós estaremos viajando no próximo mês.)

We shall have solved the problem by tomorrow.

(Nós teremos resolvido o problema até amanhã.)

You should be studying. You have a test tomorrow.

(Você deveria estar estudando. Você tem um teste amanhã.)

You should have studied more. Your test was terrible!

(Você deveria ter estudado mais. Seu teste foi terrível!)
He must be studying. He has a test tomorrow.
(Ele deve estar estudando. Ele tem um teste amanhã.)

He must have studied a lot. He got an excellent grade.

(Ele deve ter estudado muito. Ele tirou uma nota excelente).

IMPORTANT OBSERVATION: Do not confuse the verbs “To be” and

“To have”!!!

TRANSLATION EXERCISE:

Translate the following sentences / Traduza as seguintes frases:

1. Ele trabalha todo dia.

2. Ele trabalhou ontem.

3. Ele está trabalhando agora.

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4. Ele tem trabalhado muito.

5. Ele estava trabalhando ontem.

6. Ele trabalhará amanhã.

___________________________________________________

7. Ele estará trabalhando amanhã.

___________________________________________________

8. Ele terá terminado até amanhã.

9. Ele irá com você se você o convidar.

______________________________________________________

10. Ele iria se você o convidasse.

______________________________________________________

11. Ele teria ido se você o tivesse convidado.

12. Ele estaria trabalhando agora se ele não estivesse doente.

13. Ele pode trabalhar.

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14. Ele poderia trabalhar.

15. Ele poderia estar trabalhando.

16. Ele poderia ter trabalhado.

17. Ele pode estar doente.

18. Ele pode ter esquecido a aula.

19. Ele deveria estudar.

20. Ele deveria estar estudando.

21. Ele deveria ter estudado.

22. Ele deve estudar.

23. Ele deve estar estudando.

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24. Ele deve ter estudado.

______________________________________________________

ORAL EXERCISE: CHANGE THE SENTENCES INTO INTERROGATIVE

AND NEGATIVE!

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Unit 50

 The FUTURE CONDITIONAL or FUTURE UNREAL:

As frases de Future Conditional oo Future Unreal são formadas com

FUTURE + IF + PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.
Elas indicam uma ação que ocorrerá no futuro sob a condição de uma
outra ação ocorrer.

Ex: I will go to the States if I have money.

(Eu irei para os Estados Unidos se eu tiver dinheiro.)

The students will pass the test if they study.

(Os alunos passarão no teste se eles estudarem.)

Usamos a mesma construção com frases usando WHEN.

Ex.: I will go to the States when I have money.

( Eu irei para os Estados Unidos quando eu tiver dinheiro.)

The students will pass the test when they study.

(Os alunos passarão no teste quando eles estudarem.)

No inglês, o Present Subjunctive Verb Form é igual ao Present Simple

Verb Form.

Ex.: I have money. (Eu tenho dinheiro.)

If I have money. (Se eu tiver dinheiro.)

As frases condicionais podem ser invertidas:

Ex: If I have money, I will go to the States.

When I have money, I will go to the States.

If the students study, they will pass the test.

When the students study, they will pass the test.

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Interrogative:

Ex: Will you go to the States if you have money?

If you have money, will you go to the States?

Will you go to the States when you have money?

When you have money, will you go to the States?

Will the students pass the test if they study?

If the students study, will they pass the test?

Will the students pass the test when they study?

When the students study, will they pass the test?

Negative:

Ex: I won’t go to the States if I don’t have money.

If I don’t have money, I won’t go to the States.

I won’t go to the States when I don’t have money.

When I don’t have money, I won’t go to the States.

The students won’t pass the test if they don’t study.

If the students don’t study, they won’t pass the test.

The students won’t pass the tests when they don’t study.
When the students don’t study, they won’t pass the tests.

EXERCISE 1:

Complete the following sentences:

01. I will speak to him if _____________________________________.

02.They will come with us if __________________________________.
03. I will be very happy if ____________________________________.
04. We will invite them if ____________________________________.
05. She will follow (seguir) us in her car if ________________________
________________________.
06. You will need a lot of money if ______________________________.

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EXERCISE 2:

Ask questions using WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHO, etc.:

1) When ______________________________________________?
Paul will buy a new car when he sells his old one.

2) When _____________________________________________?
Stephanie will travel to the States when she receives her visa.

3) Where _________________________ in New York if his company

pays the bill?
Ted will stay at a good hotel in New York if his company pays the
bill (conta).

4) Where ____________________________ if they can get a taxi?

Peter and Janet will go shopping far from the hotel if they can get
a taxi.

5) Who ___________________________in London if he doesn’t ask

for information?
Jack will get lost in London if he doesn’t ask for information.

6) For how long __________________________________ if she

has enough money?
Marina will stay abroad (ficará no exterior) for two months if she
has enough money.

7) When ____________________________________________?
Jennifer will speak to us when she finishes her class.

8) When _____________________________________________?
Maryanne will call her parents when she arrives in Rome.

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Unit 51
 The PRESENT CONDITIONAL or PRESENT UNREAL:

As frases de Present Conditional ou Present Unreal são formadas

com o CONDITIONAL (WOULD) + IF + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE.
Elas indicam uma ação que ocorreria no presente sob a condição de
que uma outra ação ocorresse..

Ex: I would go to the States if I had money.

(Eu iria para os Estados Unidos se eu tivesse dinheiro.)

The students would pass the test if they studied.

(Os alunos passariam no teste se eles estudassem.)

No inglês, o Past Subjunctive Verb Form é o mesmo que o Past

Simple Verb Form.

Ex.: I had money. (Eu tinha dinheiro.)

If I had money. (Se eu tivesse dinheiro.)

As frases condicionais podem ser invertidas:

Ex: If I had money, I would go to the States.

If the students studied, they would pass the test.

Interrogative:

Ex: Would you go to the States if you had money?

If you had money, would you go to the States?

Would the students pass the test if they studied?

If the students studied, would they pass the test?

Negative:

Ex: I wouldn’t go to the States if I didn’t have money.

If I didn’t have money, I wouldn’t go to the States.

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The students wouldn’t pass the test if they didn’t study.

If the students didn’t study, they wouldn’t pass the test.

COMPARE:

If I have money (Se eu tiver dinheiro) - Present Subjunctive

If I had money (Se eu tivesse dinheiro) - Past Subjunctive

If they study (Se eles estudarem) – Present Subjunctive

If they studied (Se eles estudassem) – Past Subjunctive

EXERCISE 1:

Ask the questions using WHAT, WHERE WHEN, WHO, Etc.:

1) What ______________________________ if they studied more?

(O que os alunos passariam se eles estudassem mais?)
The students would pass their exams if they studied more.
(Os alunos passariam em seus exams se les estudassem mais.)

2) What ______________________________ if he had money?

(O que Paul compraria se ele tivesse dinheiro?)
Paul would buy a new car if he had money.
(Paul compraria um carro novo se eles tivesse dinheiro.)

3) Where ________________________ to if she could get her visa?

(Onde Stephanie iria para se ela pudesse pegar o visto dela?)
Stephanie would travel to the States if she could get her visa.
(Stephanie viajaria para os Estados Unidos se ela pudesse pegar o
visto dela.)

4) Where _________________________ in New York if his company

paid the bill?
(Onde Ted ficaria se a companhia dele pagasse a conta?)
Ted would stay in a good hotel if his company paid the bill.
(Ted ficaria em um bom hotel se a companhia dele pagasse a conta.)

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5) Where ________________________________________ if they

could get a taxi?
(Onde Peter e Janet iriam fazer compras se eles pudessem pegar um
táxi?)
Peter and Janet would go shopping far from hotel if they could get a
taxi.
(Peter e Janet iriam fazer compras longe do hotel se eles pudessem
pegar um táxi.)

6) Where __________________________________ if he didn’t ask

for information?
(Onde Jack ficaria perdido se ele não pedisse por informação?)
Jack would get lost in London if he didn’t ask for information.
(Jack ficaria perdido em Londres se ele não pedisse por informação.)

7) For how long ______________________ if she had enough money?

(Por quanto tempo Marina ficaria no exterior se ela tivesse dinheiro
suficiente?)
Marina would stay abroad for two months if she had enough money.
(Marina ficaria no exterior por dois meses se ela tivesse dinheiro
suficiente.)

8) How many of his friends __________________________ for

dinner tonight if he could find them?
(Quantos dos amigos dele Ronnie convidaria para jantar hoje à noite
se ele pudesse encontrá-los?)
Ronnie would invite two of his friends for dinner tonight if he could
find them.
(Ronnie convidaria dois de seus amigos para jantar hoje à noite se ele
pudesse encontrá-los.)

9) How _________________________________ on time for class?

(Como Sandra chegaria na hora para a aula?)
Sandra would arrive on time for class if she got the subway.
(Sandra chegaria na hora para a aula se ela pegasse o metrô.)

10) What ____________________________ today if she had time?

(O que Janet faria hoje se ela tivesse tempo?)
Janet would go to the cinema today if she had time.
(Janet iria para o cinema hoje se ela tivesse tempo.)

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EXERCISE 2:

Complete the following sentences:

1) I would speak to him if _________________________________.

2) I would like to go if ___________________________________.

3) I would be very happy if ________________________________.

4) My teacher would explain it again if _______________________.

(Meu professor explicaria de novo se….)

5) We would need a lot of money if __________________________.

6) It would make me furious if _____________________________.

(Me faria furioso(a) se…)

7) I would get very annoyed if ______________________________.

(Eu ficaria muito chateado(a) se…

EXERCISE 3:

Answer the following questions:

1. What would you do if you won a million dollars?

_____________________________________________________.

2. Where would you live if you could live anywhere (em qualquer lugar) you
wanted?

_____________________________________________________.

3. Who would you invite if you gave a party?

_____________________________________________________.

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4. If you gave a party, where would it be?

_____________________________________________________.

5. Would you like to live in England if you could?

_____________________________________________________.

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Unit 52
 The PAST CONDITIONAL or PAST UNREAL:

As frases de Past Conditional ou Past Unreal são formadas com o

CONDITIONAL PERFECT (WOULD HAVE) + IF + PAST PERFECT
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Elas indicam uma ação que teria acontecido no passado sob a condição
de que uma outra ação tivesse ocorrido.

Ex: I would have gone to the States if I had had money.

(Eu teria ido para os Estados Unidos se eu tivesse tido
dinheiro.)

The students would have passed the test if they had studied.
(Os alunos teriam passado no teste se eles tivessem
estudado.)

No ingles, o Past Perfect Subjunctive Verb Form é o mesmo que o

Past Perfect Simple.

Ex.: I had studied. (Eu tinha estudado)

If I had studied. (Se eu tivesse estudado)

As frases condicionais podem ser invertidas:

Ex: If I had had money, I would have gone to the States.

If the students had studied, they would have passed the
test.

Interrogative:

Ex: Would you have gone the States if you had had money?
If you had had money, would you have gone the States?

Would the students have passed the test if they had studied?
If the students had studied, would they have passed the
test?

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Negative:

Ex: I wouldn’t have gone to the States if I hadn’t had money.

If I hadn’t had money, I wouldn’t have gone to the States.

The students wouldn’t have passed the test if they hadn’t

studied.
If the students hadn’t studied, they wouldn’t have passed
the test.

O Past Conditional indica uma ação que não aconteceu no passado, mas que
teria acontecido (would have happened) se uma outra ação tivesse ocorrido
(had occurred).

Ex.: Did you go to the States? No, I didn’t.

Why not? Because I didn’t have enough money.
Would you like to have gone? Yes, of course. If I had had enough
money, I would certainly have gone to
the States.

Did Helen pass the test? No, she didn’t.

Did she study for the test? No, she didn’t.
If she had studied for the test, she
would certainly have passed.

EXERCISE 1:

Ask the questions using WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, etc.:

1) What ______________________________ if he had had enough

money?
(O que Paul teria comprado se ele tivesse tido dinheiro suficiente?)
Paul would have bought a new car he had had enough money.
(Paul teria comprador um novo carro se ele tivesse tido dinheiro
suficiente.)

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2) Where _____________________ last week if she had gotten her
visa?
(Onde Stephanie teria viajado para se ela tivesse pego o visto dela?)
Stephanie would have traveled to the States last week if she had
gotten her visa.
(Stephanie teria viajado para os Estados Unidos semana passada se
ela tivesse pego o visto dela.)

3) Where ______________________ in New York if his company had

paid the bill?
(Onde Ted teria ficado se a companhia dele tivesse pago a conta?)
Ted would have stayed in a good hotel if his company had paid the
bill.
(Ted teria ficado em um bom hotel se a companhia dele tivesse pago
a conta.)

4) Where _________________________________ if they had been

able to get a taxi.
(Onde Peter e Janet teriam ido fazer compras se eles tivessem pego
um táxi?)
Peter and Janet would have gone shopping far from the hotel if they
had gotten a taxi.
(Peter e Janet teriam ido fazer compras longe do hotel se eles
tivessem pego um táxi.)

5) Where _______________________________ if he hadn’t asked

for information?
(Onde Jack teria ficado perdido se ele não tivesse pedido por
informação?)
Jack would have gotten lost in London if he hadn’t asked for
information.
(Jack teria ficado perdido em Londres se ele não tivesse pedido por
informação.)

6) For how long __________________________ if she’d had enough

money?
Marina would have stayed abroad for two months if she’d had enough
money.

7) How many friends _____________________________ for dinner

last night if he could have found them?

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Ronnie would have invited two of his friends for dinner last night if
he could have found them.

8) Where _________________________________ today if she had

had time?
Sandra would have gone to the cinema today if she had had time.

EXERCISE 2:

Complete the following sentences:

1) I would have enjoyed myself very much if ___________________

___________________________________________________.

2) You would have told him if _______________________________

________________________________________, wouldn’t you?

3) It would have been interesting if __________________________

___________________________________________________.

4) She would have gone with you if ___________________________

___________________________________________________.

5) We would have passed the test if__________________________

___________________________________________________.

6) They would have arrived earlier if _________________________

___________________________________________________.

7) If ________________________________________________,
you wouldn’t have believed me.

8) I would have telephoned her if ____________________________

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___________________________________________________.

EXERCISE 3:

Put the following sentences into the Present and Past Conditional forms
as in the example:

Ex.: They will go with you tomorrow if you invite them.

They would go with you today if you invited them.
They would have gone with you yesterday if you had invited them.

01 We will speak to him tomorrow if he comes to the meeting.

_____________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________.

02. He will fail the test if he misses too many classes.

_____________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________.

03. He will certainly marry her if he loves her.

_____________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________.

04. It will rain tomorrow if the temperature drops (cair).

_____________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________.

05. They will attend the classes if they don’t have other things to do.

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_____________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________.

06. Frances will be very happy if she gets the job.

_____________________________________________________,

_____________________________________________________.

EXERCISE 4:

Answer the following questions:

1) What would you like to be doing now if you weren’t having class?

__________________________________________________.

2) Where will you go next weekend if the weather is good?

__________________________________________________.

3) Who will you invite if you give a party?

__________________________________________________.

4) What would have happened if you hadn’t studied for your test?

__________________________________________________.

5) What would you have done last weekend if you’d had enough money?

__________________________________________________.

6) Which car would you like to buy if you had lots of money?

__________________________________________________.

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7) Where would you like to go if you could travel abroad?

__________________________________________________.

8) If you had studied more, would you have gotten a better grade
(melhor nota) on your last test?

__________________________________________________.

9) What would you do if you won the lottery?

__________________________________________________.

10) Where will you be tomorrow afternoon if somebody wants to call

you?

__________________________________________________.

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Unit 53
EXERCISE 1:

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parenthesis:

1) I (to help) ____________________________________ him if

he had asked me.
2) Steven (not, to have) _________________________ an accident
if he had been driving carefully (cuidadosamente).
3) We would have known about it if we (to see) _________________
the news.
(Nós teríamos sabido se nós tivéssemos visto as notícias.)
4) Where would you go if you (can) ________________ go anywhere
in the world?
5) If the joke (to be) _________________________ funny, I would
have laughed.
(Se a piada tivesse sido engraçada, eu teria rido.)
6) If I can, I (to go) _____________________________ with you.
7) If I could, I (to help) ______________________________ her.
8) If I could have, I (to arrive) ____________________________
earlier.
9) She would have gone to the theater if she (to have) ___________
somebody to take her.
10) I (to go) _________________________ to the beach yesterday
if it hadn’t been raining so much.
11) They would go out a lot more if they (to have) ________________
more time.
12) The boss will have an answer tomorrow if all (to run) ___________
(correr) well.

 MORE ON THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSES:

No Past Subjunctive, quando nós usamos o verbo “To Be” depois do “IF”,
é mais comum e correto usarmos “WERE” (fosse, estivesse) para todas
as pessoas.

Ex.: I would buy a Rolls Royce if I were rich.

If she were really angry, she would not speak to you.

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Há casos também onde podemos ter uma mistura de estruturas
condicionais:

Ex.: If they had studied more last month, they would be in Book now.
(Se eles tivessem estudado mais no mês passado, eles estariam
no Livro 4 agora).

If he weren’t already married, I would have married him years

ago.
(Se ele não fosse já casado, eu teria me casado com ele anos
atrás.)

 CAN / TO BE ABLE TO:

CAN e TO BE ABLE TO são sinônimos. Eles querem dizer poder, ter a

capacidade para”. CAN é usado no Presente e Futuro. TO BE ABLE TO
é usado com todos os tempos verbais.

Ex.: I can speak English well.

I am able to speak English well.

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Unit 54

 THERE WOULD BE / THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN:

THERE WOULD BE e THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN são as Formas

Condicionais de THERE IS e THERE ARE.

THERE WOULD BE - Haveria

THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN – Teria havido

Ex.: THERE WOULD BE much confusion if the police didn’t arrive.

(Haveria muita confusão se a polícia não chegasse.)

THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN much confusion if the police

hadn’t arrived.
(Teria havido muita confusão se a policia não tivesse chegado.)

 THERE CAN BE / THERE COULD BE / THERE COULD HAVE

BEEN.

THERE CAN BE – Pode haver

THERE COULD BE – Poderia haver
THERE COULD HAVE BEEN – Poderia ter havido

Ex.: THERE CAN BE a mistake in our calculations.

(Pode haver um erro em nossos cálculos.)

THERE COULD BE a mistake in our calculations.

(Poderia haver um erro em nossos cálculos.)

THERE COULD HAVE BEEN a mistake in our calculations.

(Poderia ter havido um erro em nossos cálculos.)

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 The PAST MODALS:

WOULD HAVE - Teria

COULD HAVE - Podia ter, poderia ter
MAY HAVE - Pode ter (possibilidade)
MIGHT HAVE - Pode ter, poderia ter (possibilidade)
SHOULD HAVE - Devia ter, deveria ter (sugestão)
MUST HAVE - Deve ter (probabilidade)

Os PAST MODALS são sempre seguidos por verbos no PAST

PARTICIPLE:

Ex: You would have seen him if you had gone with us.
She could have spoken to him if she had wanted to.
Joe didn’t go to the party last night. He may have been sick.
Janet and Bill aren’t here yet. They might have gotten lost.
Ted got a low grade on his test. He should have studied more.
Helen got a hundred on the test. She must have studied a lot.

EXERCISE 1:

Complete the sentences with the appropriate PAST MODALS:

1. Anne fell down and broke her leg. She ____________________

been more careful.
2. Albert was very sad that you totally ignored him at the party. Really,
Karen, you _________________________ given him at least a
little attention.
3. Carol slept for twelve hours last night? Oh my, she _____________
been exhausted!
4. You __________________ been more careful. You ____________
____________ hurt yourself.
5. Chris hasn’t arrived yet. He ____________________ been held up
in the traffic.
6. Daniel didn’t come to our meeting. He __________________
forgotten all about it.
7. Jenny hasn’t called us from Miami yet. I guess she _____________
tried but couldn’t get through.

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8. You were held up last night? Oh, my goodness, it _______________
been awful!
9. If you didn’t want to eat lobster, you _________________ ordered
something else.
10. Philip ____________________ enjoyed going to the party with you
if you had invited him.
11. He _______________________ had a good reason not to talk to
you. Jeff is usually very polite.
12. Why didn’t you invite Theresa? I am certain she _______________
gone with you if you had asked her.

 MAY HAVE / MIGHT HAVE:

MAY HAVE - Pode ter

MIGHT HAVE - Pode ter / Poderia ter

When we use MAY HAVE, we do not know the result:

Ex: I don’t know why Patricia didn’t come to work yesterday. She
may have been ill. (I don’t know if she was ill or not.)

When we use MIGHT HAVE, we know the result:

Ex: He shouldn’t have driven after drinking. He might have had an

accident. (I know he didn’t have an accident, but there was a
possibility.)

EXERCISE 2:

Match each situation with an appropriate explanation:

Situation:

01. Jane wasn’t very happy today, ( )

02. Brian got a call and looked very worried (preocupado). ( )
03. The teacher looked very happy today. ( )
04. Jack was very tired today. ( )
05. Jeff was fired (foi despedido) from his job. ( )
06. David is broke (quebrado/falido). ( )

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Explanation:

A. She could have gotten a raise (aumento).

B. He must not have slept enough.
C. He may have been to the casino again.
D. He couldn’t have heard good news.
E. She may have fought (brigado) with her boyfriend.
F. He might not have done his work.

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Unit 55

 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:

O Future Perfect Tense é formado com WILL + HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE.
Ele é usado para se referir a uma ação que estará no passado em um
certo momento no futuro.

Ex: I will have finished my work by ten o’clock.

(Eu terei terminado meu trabalho até as dez horas)

By next year, she will have finished her course.

(Até o ano que vem, ela terá terminado o curso dela)

 ANOTHER / OTHER / OTHERS:

Another Singular (um outro, uma outra)

Other Plural (outros, outras)
Others Plural (outros, outras)
The other Singular ou Plural (o outro a outra, os outros,
as outras)
The others Plural (os outros, as outras)

ANOTHER:

Another é singular. Significa um outro, um outro.

Ex: Have you got another pen to lend me?

When will you have another class?

Ele é também usado com numerous significando mais:

Ex: One more day = Another day

Five more minutes = Another five minutes
Two more weeks = Another two weeks

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Ex: It will take us another three days to finish this report.
Please give me another five minutes. I’m almost finishing.
They need another five days to finish the work.

A diferença entre OTHER e OTHERS:

Other é seguido pelo objeto em referência:

Ex: They are going to invite some other people to the party.
We are going to study other things next semester.
Has the teacher given you other books to read?
I have some friends in Rio and other friends in São Paulo.

Others não é seguido pelo objeto em referência:

Ex: I have some friends in Rio and others in São Paulo.

I have some friends in Rio and others in São Paulo.
This is a great book. Are there any others?

THE OTHER:

The other pode ser singular ou plural, seguido pelo objeto em

referência.

Ex: What did you do with the other bag?

I saw him at the party the other day.
Have you seen the other students?
Did you go to the other beaches?

THE OTHERS:

The others é plural, mas não é seguido pelo objeto em referência.

Ex: Some of the students are here. Where are the others?
There are a few tennis balls in the bag, but what happened to
the others?

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EXERCISE:

Fill in the blanks with ANOTHER / OTHER / OTHERS / THE OTHER

or THE OTHERS:

01) Sylvia has some _______________ things to tell you.

02) Where do _______________ students have class?
3) One book is here. Do you know where _______________ are?
4) Waiter, I would like _______________ two milkshakes, please.
5) Where did they take _______________ tourists?
6) Have you ever lived in _______________ city?
7) Will you be bringing _______________ drinks to the party?
8) I am not interested in _______________ people’s lives.
9) It will take us _______________ year to be speaking English well.
10) Have you already spoken to _______________ about this?
11) She needs to buy _______________ clothes because she is
starting a new job.
12) They still have _______________ two hours of class.
13) I am expecting (esperando) ______________ phone call any minute.
14) There will be _______________ girls at the party.
15) Don’t worry about it. There are _______________ where that one
came from. (Não se preocupe sobre isso. Há outros de onde veio
esse.)
16) We have some _______________ things to do today.
17) Do you have any _______________ children?
18) Oh, yes, I have _______________ three daughters.
19) What are you going to do about _______________?
20) I will speak to him _______________ day.

© 2013 por Charles Edward Stuart Boden - Direitos Autorais Reservados - Proibida a Reprodução.

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