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SÉRIE DE FOURIER
QUESTÃO 1
x ( π −x ) =
6
−
(
π 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
12
+
22
+
32
+…
)
Pela definição da serie de Fourier, temos:
( )
a0 ∞ nπx nπx
f ( x )= + ∑ a cos + bn sin
2 n=1 n L L
onde,
a0 π 2
=
2 6
−1
a n= 2
n
π
L=
2
f ( x )=x ( π− x)
a) Cálculo do a0 :
[ ] [ ] [ ]
π π 3 π 3 3 3 3 2
a0 1 1 1 π x 1 π π 1 3 π −2 π π
= ∫ f ( x ) dx= ∫ ( xπ −x ) dx= π 2 x 2− 3
2
= − −0 = =
2 2L 0
2
π
2() 0 0 π 2 3 π 6 6
b) Cálculo do an :
[∫
π π π π π
1 nπx 1
a n= ∫ f ( x ) cos
L 0 L
dx =
π
∫ ( xπ −x ) cos nπx
2
π
2
dx = ∫ ( xπ −x ) cos 2nx dx=
π 0
2 2
π
xπ cos 2 nx dx−∫
0 0 0
2 2
Resolvendo a 1a integral,
3
π
π ∫ x cos 2 nx dx
0
du
u=2nx du=2 n dx dx=
2n
x=
u
{ x=0 , u=0
2 n x=π , u=2 nπ
2 nπ
π
4n
2 ∫ u cos u du
0
f =u df =du/dg=cos u du g=sin u
π
2
¿
4n
Resolvendo a 2a integral,
π
∫ x 2 cos 2 nx dx
0
2 1
f =x df =2 x dx /dg=cos 2 nx dx g= sin2 nx
2n
x2
¿ ¿
2n
du
u=2nx du=2 n dx dx=
2n
x=
u
{ x=0 , u=0
2 n x=π , u=2 nπ
2 nπ
−1
∫ u sin u du
4 n3 0
f =u df =du/dg=sin u du g=−cos u
4
[ ]
2nπ
−1 −1 −1
−u cos u|0 + ∫ cos u du = 3 [ −2 nπ cos 2 nπ +0 + sin u|0 ]= 3 ¿
2nπ 2 nπ
3
4n 0 4n 4n
Portanto,
a n=
2
π ( π −1
0− 2 = 2
2n n )
c) Cálculo do bn :
[∫ ]
π π π π
1 nπx 2 2
b n= ∫ f ( x ) sin dx= ∫ ( xπ−x 2 ) sin 2 nx dx= xπ sin2 nx dx−∫ x 2 sin 2 nx dx
L 0 L π 0 π 0 0
Resolvendo a 1a integral,
π
π ∫ x sin 2nx dx
0
du
u=2nx du=2 n dx dx=
2n
x=
u
{x=0 , u=0
2 n x=π , u=2 nπ
2 nπ
π
4n
2 ∫ u sin u du
0
π
2
¿
4n
Resolvendo a 2a integral,
π
∫ x 2 sin 2nx dx
0
5
−1
f =x 2 df =2 x dx /dg=sin 2 nx dx g= cos 2nx
2n
x2
¿− ¿
2n
π
1
n0
∫ x cos 2 nx dx=0
Portanto,
( ( ))=0
2 2
2 −π −π
b n= −
π 2n 2n
2 ∞
π −1
f (x)= + ∑ 2 cos 2 nx
6 n=1 n
QUESTÃO 2
π
P=2 L=π → L=
2
( )
a0 ∞ nπx nπx
f ( x )= + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n=1 L L
a) Cálculo do a0 :
π
[ ]
L 2 π
1 1
a 0= ∫ f ( x ) dx=
L −L π
∫ cos x dx= 2π sin x|−π
2 2 π π 4
= sin −sin− =
π 2 2 π
−π 2
2 2
b) Cálculo do an :
π π
L 2 2
1 nπx 1
a n= ∫
L −L
f ( x ) cos
L
dx=
π
∫ cos x cos nπx
π
2
dx= ∫ cos x cos 2nx dx
π
−π −π
2 2 2 2
1
cos AB=¿
2
[ cos ( A+ B ) +cos ( A−B ) ] ¿
[( )] [ ]
π π π π
2 2 2 2
2 1 1
a n=
π 2
∫ cos ( x+2 nx ) dx+ ∫ cos ( x−2 nx ) dx =
π
∫ cos ( 1+ 2n ) x dx+ ∫ cos ( 1−2 n ) x dx
−π −π −π −π
2 2 2 2
Resolvendo a 1a integral,
π
2
∫ cos ( 1+2 n ) x dx
−π
2
du
u=( 1+ 2n ) x du=(1+2 n) dx dx=
(1+2 n)
7
[ ]
2 n
1 1 π π 1 π 2(−1)
¿ ∫
(1+2 n) −π
cos u du =
(1+ 2n)
sin(1+2 n) −sin−(1+2 n) =
2 2 (1+2 n)
sin(1+2 n) =
2 (1+2 n)
2
π
1) Para n par : sin =1
2
3π
1) Para n par : sin =−1
2
Então,
π n
sin(1+2 n) =(−1)
2
Resolvendo a 2a integral,
π
2
∫ cos ( 1−2 n ) x dx
−π
2
du
u=( 1−2 n ) x du=(1−2 n) dx dx=
(1−2 n)
[ ]
2
1 1 π π 2 π 2
¿ ∫
(1−2 n) − π
cos u du=
(1−2n)
sin(1−2 n) −sin−(1−2 n) =
2 2 (1−2 n)
sin(1−2 n) =
2 (1−2 n)
sin ( 2n−
2
E, portanto
[( )]
n n n
2 1 2(−1) 2(−1) 2(−1)
a n= + = ¿
π 2 (1+2 n) (1−2 n) π
4 (−1)n
a n=
π ( 1−4 n2)
c) Cálculo do bn :
8
[( )]
π π π
L 2 2 2
1 nπx 2
b n= ∫
L −L
f ( x ) sin
L
dx=
π
∫ cos x sin 2 nx dx = 2π 1
2
∫ sin ( 2 n+1 ) x dx + ∫ sin( 2n−1) x dx
−π −π −π
2 2 2
Resolvendo a 1a integral,
π
2
∫ sin ( 2 n+1 ) x dx
−π
2
du
u=( 2n+ 1 ) x du=(2 n+1) dx dx=
(2 n+1)
π
(2 n +1)
[ ]
2
1 1 π π
¿
(2 n+1) −π
∫ sin u du=
(2 n+1)
cos (2 n+1) −cos−(2n+ 1) = 0(∀ n ∈ N )
2 2
(2 n+1)
2
Resolvendo a 2a integral,
π
2
∫ sin ( 2 n−1 ) x dx
−π
2
du
u=( 2n−1 ) x du=(2 n−1) dx dx=
(2 n−1)
π
(2 n−1)
[ ]
2
1 1 π π
¿
(2 n−1) −π
∫ sinu du=
(2 n−1)
cos( 2n−1) −cos−(2 n−1) =0( ∀ n ∈ N )
2 2
(2 n−1)
2
b n=
2 1
π 2 [ ]
( 0+ 0 ) = 0
E portanto,
∞
2 4 (−1)n
cos x= + ∑ cos 2nx
π n=1 π (1−4 n 2)
9
REFERÊCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS