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5. Flambagem de colunas;
6. Solicitações combinadas;
7. Ensaios de laboratório.
5. Flambagem de colunas;
6. Solicitações combinadas;
7. Ensaios de laboratório.
Ra Rb Ra Rb
p=f(x)
Ma
A B C
Ra Rb Rc
(b) Superposição;
Nota: Este método só é prático para os casos de carregamento relativamente simples e para peças de
um só vão, uma vez que os cálculos tornam-se extensos quando há um número grande de constantes
de integração.
q ⋅ L2
∑ M A = 0 ⇒ M a = 2 − Rb ⋅ L
(b) Equação do momento fletor: Em função de Rb.
q ⋅ x2 q ⋅ L2 q ⋅ x2
M = Ra ⋅ x − M a − ⇒ M = (q ⋅ L − Rb ) ⋅ x − − Rb ⋅ L −
2 2 2
2 a Integração :
E⋅I ⋅ y =
(q ⋅ L − Rb ) 3 q ⋅ L2
⋅x − −R
x2 q ⋅ x4
2 b ⋅ L⋅ − + C1 ⋅ x + C 2
6 2 24
y L
4.3. Exemplo 1: Aplicação didática
x
Ma q
(d) As constantes de integração C1 e C2 e a redundante Rb: A B x
p/ x = 0 ⇒ dy/dx = 0 :
Ra Rb
(q ⋅ L − Rb ) ⋅ 0 2 − q ⋅ L
Redundante
2
3
q⋅0
E ⋅ I ⋅0 = 2 − Rb ⋅ L ⋅ 0 − + C1 ⇒ C1 = 0
2 6
p/ x = 0 ⇒ y = 0 :
E ⋅ I ⋅0 =
(q ⋅ L − Rb ) 3 q ⋅ L2
⋅0 − −R
02 q ⋅ 04
+ C2 ⇒ C2 = 0
2 b ⋅ L⋅ −
6 2 24
p/ x = L ⇒ y = 0 :
E ⋅ I ⋅0 =
(q ⋅ L − Rb ) 3 q ⋅ L2
⋅L − −R ⋅ L
L2 q ⋅ L4
⋅ − ⇒ R =
3
⋅q⋅L
2 b 2 b
6 24 8
5
Ra = q ⋅ L − Rb ⇒ Ra = ⋅q⋅L
8 Ra Rb
q ⋅ L2 q ⋅ L2
Ma = − Rb ⋅ L ⇒ M a =
2 8
E⋅I ⋅ y =
(q ⋅ L − Rb ) 3 q ⋅ L2
⋅x − −R
x2 q ⋅ x4
2 b ⋅ L⋅ −
6 2 24
y L/2 L/2
y L/2 L/2
Redundante
P x P
Ma Mb
A B x A B x
Ra = Rb = P / 2 Ma = Mb
P
M = Ra ⋅ x − M a ⇒ M = ⋅x − Ma p / 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2
2
1a Integração :
Ra Rb
dy P 2
E⋅I ⋅ = ⋅ x − M a ⋅ x + C1
dx 4
2 a Integração :
P 3 Ma 2
E⋅I ⋅ y = ⋅x − ⋅ x + C1 ⋅ x + C 2
12 2
p/ x = 0 ⇒ dy/dx = 0 :
P y L/2 L/2
E ⋅ I ⋅ 0 = ⋅ 0 2 − M a ⋅ 0 + C1 ⇒ C1 = 0 Redundante
4 x P
Ma Mb
x
p/ x = 0 ⇒ y = 0 : A B
P M
E ⋅ I ⋅ 0 = ⋅ 03 − a ⋅ 0 2 + C 2 ⇒ C 2 = 0
12 2 Ra Rb
p/ x = L / 2 ⇒ dy/dx = 0 :
P L
2
L P⋅L
E ⋅ I ⋅0 = ⋅ − M a ⋅ ⇒ M a =
4 2 2 8
P
Ra = Rb =
2 Ra Rb
P 3 Ma 2
E⋅I ⋅ y = ⋅x − ⋅x p/ 0≤ x≤ L/2
12 2
q Ma q
A B x A B x
y L
y L
q
A B x A yb,2
B x
yb,1
q ⋅ L4 Rb ⋅ L3 Rb
yb ,1 = yb ,2 =
8⋅ E ⋅ I 3⋅ E ⋅ I
5
∑ Fy = Ra + Rb − q ⋅ L = 0 ⇒ Ra = 8
⋅q⋅L
q ⋅ L2 q ⋅ L2
∑ M A = Rb ⋅ L + M a − 2 = 0 ⇒ M a = 8
y L L
q
A B C x
y L L
q
A B C x
Ra Rb Redundante Rc
y L L
5 ⋅ q ⋅ (2 ⋅ L )
4
q
x yb ,1 =
A B C 384 ⋅ E ⋅ I
yb,1
y L L
R ⋅ (2 ⋅ L )
3
yb,2
yb ,2 = b
A B C x 48 ⋅ E ⋅ I
Rb
yb ,1 = yb ,2 y
⇒ L L
q
5 ⋅ q ⋅ (2 ⋅ L ) R ⋅ (2 ⋅ L )
4 3
= b ⇒ A B C x
384 ⋅ E ⋅ I 48 ⋅ E ⋅ I
5
Rb = ⋅q⋅L Ra Rb Rc
4
Sendo :
∑F = Ra + Rb + Rc − q ⋅ 2 ⋅ L = 0
Ra = Rc
y
3
2 ⋅ Ra = q ⋅ 2 ⋅ L − Rb ⇒ Ra = Rc = ⋅ q ⋅ L
8
y D
L L
h
q
A B C x
Rótula
Redundante
Rd
y D
L L
h
q
A B C x
Rótula
Ra Rb
h
q Rd ⋅ h
A B C x C y c ,3 = −
E⋅A
yc,1 yc,3
Rd
y L L
A B yc,2
C x
Rd
(b) A equação de superposição (compatibilidade):
y c ,3 = y c ,1 + y c ,2
1 q 2
Ra Rb M ( x ) = Rb ⋅ x − L − ⋅ x
2
(c.1) Cálculo das reações: d2y 1 q 2
E ⋅ I ⋅ 2 = Rb ⋅ x − L − ⋅ x
dx 2
∑ Fy = Ra + Rb − q ⋅ (2 ⋅ L ) = 0
dy Rb q
q ⋅ (2 ⋅ L )
2 3
2 ⇒ E⋅I ⋅ = ⋅ x−L − ⋅ x + C1
∑ M A = Rb ⋅ L − =0 dx 2 6
2
Rb 3 q 4
E⋅I ⋅ y = ⋅ x−L − ⋅ x + C1 ⋅ x + C 2
Ra = 0 Rb = 2 ⋅ q ⋅ L 6 24
y
(c.4) A flecha yb,1:
L L
A B
q
C x
p / x = 2⋅L :
yc,1
R 3 q 4
E ⋅I ⋅ y = b ⋅ x − 2⋅L − ⋅ 2⋅L + C1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ L
Ra Rb 6 24
q ⋅ L4
(c.3) As constantes de integração: yc ,1 =−
4⋅ E ⋅ I
p/ x =0⇒ y =0:
Rb 3 q 4
E ⋅ I ⋅0 = ⋅ 0 − L − ⋅ 0 + C1 ⋅ 0 + C 2 ⇒ C 2 = 0
6 24
p/ x = L⇒ y =0:
R 3 q 4 q ⋅ L3
E ⋅ I ⋅0 = b ⋅ L − L − ⋅ L + C1 ⋅ L ⇒ C1 =
6 24 24
d2y 1 1 1
(d.1) Cálculo das reações: E ⋅ I ⋅ 2 = Ra ⋅ x + Rb ⋅ x − L + Rd ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ L
dx
∑ Fy = Ra + Rb + Rd = 0
⇒ dy Ra Rb Rd
∑ M A = Rb ⋅ L + Rd ⋅ 2 ⋅ L = 0
2 2 2
E⋅I ⋅ = ⋅ x + ⋅ x−L + ⋅ x − 2⋅ L + C1
dx 2 2 2
Ra = Rd Rb = −2 ⋅ Rd Ra 3 R 3 R 3
E⋅I ⋅ y = ⋅ x + b ⋅ x − L + d ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ L + C1 ⋅ x + C 2
6 6 6
p / x = 2⋅ L :
A B yc,2
C x
R 3 R 3
E ⋅ I ⋅ y = a ⋅ 2⋅ L + b ⋅ 2⋅ L − L +
Ra Rb Rd
6 6
Rd 2 ⋅ Rd ⋅ L3
⋅ 2 ⋅ L − 2 ⋅ L + C1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ L ⇒ yc ,2 =
3
6 3⋅ E ⋅ I
(d.3) As constantes de integração:
p/ x =0⇒ y =0:
R 3 R 3 R 3
E ⋅ I ⋅ 0 = a ⋅ 0 + b ⋅ 0 − L + d ⋅ 0 − 2 ⋅ L + C1 ⋅ 0 + C 2 ⇒ C 2 = 0
6 6 6
p/ x = L⇒ y =0:
Ra 3 Rb 3 Rd 3 Rd ⋅ L2
E ⋅ I ⋅0 = ⋅ L + ⋅ L−L + ⋅ L − 2 ⋅ L + C1 ⋅ L ⇒ C1 = −
6 6 6 6
h
q c ,3
y = −
A B C x C E⋅A
2 ⋅ Rd ⋅ L3
yc,1 yc,3
Rd y c ,2 =
3⋅ E ⋅ I
y L L
q ⋅ L4
yc ,1 = −
A B yc,2
C x 4⋅ E ⋅ I
h
q
A B C x
Rótula
Ra Rb
∑ Fy = Ra + Rb + Rd − q ⋅ (2 ⋅ L ) = 0
q ⋅ (2 ⋅ L ) ⇒
2
∑ A
M = R ⋅ L + R ⋅ 2 ⋅ L − = 0
b d
2
Ra = Rd Rb = 2 ⋅ (q ⋅ L − Rd )
y L
a b Rb⋅L x
Ma P
A B x A B
-P⋅a
Ra Rb
Rb ⋅ L ⋅ L 2 P ⋅ a ⋅ a 1 1
⋅ ⋅ L −
⋅
L − ⋅ a ⋅ =0⇒
2 3 2 3 E ⋅ I
y
P ⋅ a2
⋅ (3 ⋅ L − a )
L
Rb = a b
2⋅ L 3
Ma P
A B x
(c) As reações (estrutura real):
∑ Fy = Ra + Rb − P = 0 Ra Rb
⇒
∑ M A = M a + Rb ⋅ L − P ⋅ a = 0 Rb⋅L x
A B
Ra = P − Rb M a = P ⋅ a − Rb ⋅ L
-P⋅a
∑ Fy = Ra + Rb = 0
⇒ Rb = − Ra M b = M a + M 0 + Rb ⋅ L
∑ M A = M a + M 0 + Rb ⋅ L − M b = 0
θ'b
Ia
R'b
Lb
Mb Mc
B C
θ''b
Ib
Nota: O referido método é chamado de equação dos três
momentos porque relaciona três momentos fletores
R''b
concentrados na viga.
θb
● As reações: A B
∑ Fy = Ra + Rb = 0 Ra = − Rb
θa
⇒
∑ M A = − M O + Rb ⋅ L = 0 Rb = M O / L Ra Rb
● As equações de p, Q e M:
−1 −1 −2
p( x ) = Ra ⋅ x + Rb ⋅ x − L + MO ⋅ x
0 0 −1
Q( x ) = Ra ⋅ x + Rb ⋅ x − L + M O ⋅ x
1 1 0
M ( x ) = Ra ⋅ x + Rb ⋅ x − L + M O ⋅ x
θb
● A linha elástica: A B
d2y
θa
E ⋅ I ⋅ 2 = M( x )
dx Ra Rb
2
d y 1 1 0
E ⋅ I ⋅ 2 = Ra ⋅ x + Rb ⋅ x − L + M O ⋅ x
dx
1a Integração :
dy Ra 2 R 2 1
E⋅I ⋅ = ⋅ x + b ⋅ x − L + M O ⋅ x + C1
dx 2 2
a
2 Integração :
R 3 R 3 M 2
E ⋅ I ⋅ y = a ⋅ x + b ⋅ x − L + O ⋅ x + C1 ⋅ x + C 2
6 6 2
θb
A B
● As constantes de integração:
θa
p/ x = 0 ⇒ y = 0 : Ra Rb
Ra 3 R 3 M 2
E ⋅ I ⋅0 = ⋅ 0 + b ⋅ 0 − L + O ⋅ 0 + C1 ⋅ 0 + C 2 ⇒ C 2 = 0
6 6 2
p/ x = L ⇒ y = 0 :
R R M MO ⋅ L
+ C1 ⋅ L + C 2 ⇒ C1 = −
3 3 2
E ⋅ I ⋅0 = a ⋅ L + b ⋅ L − L + O ⋅ L
6 6 2 3
θb
A B
● As rotações nos apoios:
θa
Ra Rb
p/ x = 0 :
Ra R MO ⋅ L
E ⋅ I ⋅θ a = + M O ⋅ 0 + C1 ⇒ θ a = −
2 2 1
⋅ 0 + b ⋅ 0−L
2 2 3⋅ E ⋅ I
p/ x = L :
Ra Rb MO ⋅ L
E ⋅ I ⋅θ b =
2 2 1
⋅ L + ⋅ L−L + M O ⋅ L + C1 ⇒ θ b =
2 2 6⋅ E ⋅ I
θ'b
Ia
Mb Mc
B C
θ''b
Ib
Nota: O sentido de Ma, Mb e Mc depende do carregamento da
viga, porém, nesta dedução, considerou-se os mesmos como
R''b
positivos.
θ'b,Ma+θ'b,Mb
● Dedução da equação: La
Ma Mb
(b.1) Contribuição de Ma e Mb em θ‘b:
A B
Ia
θ ' b ,Ma = M a ⋅ La / 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I a θ ' b ,Mb = M b ⋅ La / 3 ⋅ E ⋅ I a
La
θ'b,carga
(b.2) Contribuição da carga em θ‘b:
A B
( )
tg θ ' b ,c arg a = θ ' b ,c arg a = ∆ / La Ia
∆
M ⋅x
A
∆=∫ ⋅ dx
B
E⋅I
Aa
A B
θ 'b ,c arg a = Aa ⋅ xa / La ⋅ E ⋅ I a xa
∆
a
,c arg
θ''b
θ ' 'b = θ ' 'b ,Mb +θ ' 'b ,Mc +θ ' ' b ,c arg a
Ab
M ⋅L M ⋅L A ⋅x B C
θ' 'b = b b + c b + b b
3 ⋅ E ⋅ I b 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I b Lb ⋅ E ⋅ I b xb
θ'b
Ia
M b ⋅ Lb M c ⋅ Lb Ab ⋅ xb
− + + ⇒ R'b
3 ⋅ E ⋅ I b 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I b Lb ⋅ E ⋅ I b Lb
Mb Mc
B C
L L L L A ⋅x A ⋅x
θ''b
M a ⋅ a + 2⋅ Mb ⋅ a + b + Mc ⋅ b = −6 ⋅ a a + b b Ib
I
Ia a Ib Ib La ⋅ I b Lb ⋅ I b R''b
A ⋅x A ⋅x
M a ⋅ La + 2 ⋅ M b ⋅ (La + Lb ) + M c ⋅ Lb = −6 ⋅ a a + b b
La Lb
q P
Ma
A B C x
Ia Ib
Ra Rb Rc
y La Lb
q P
A B C x Nota: O valor I=∞ impede o
I=∞ Ia Ib deslocamento angular do
apoio A, semelhantemente
Ra Rb Rc ao engaste.
q
A B C x
Ra Rb Rc
A ⋅x A ⋅x
M a ⋅ La + 2 ⋅ M b ⋅ (La + Lb ) + M c ⋅ Lb = −6 ⋅ a a + b b ⇒
La Lb
Aq ⋅ xq Aq ⋅ xq
0 ⋅ L + 2 ⋅ M b ⋅ (L + L ) + 0 ⋅ L = −6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ⇒ 4 ⋅ M b ⋅ L = −12 ⋅
L L
q⋅L
M (x ) =
q
y L ⋅ x − ⋅ x2 ⇒
2 2
xq L
q
A B x A B Aq = ∫ M (x ) ⋅ dx ⇒
0
I
M(x) q ⋅ L3 L
Aq = xq =
Ra=q⋅L/2 Rb=q⋅L/2 12 2
Aq ⋅ xq q ⋅ L3 L 1 q ⋅ L2
4 ⋅ M b ⋅ L = −12 ⋅ ⇒ 4 ⋅ M b ⋅ L = −12 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⇒ Mb = −
L 12 2 L 8
Ra R'b R''b Rc
q ⋅ L M b q ⋅ L q ⋅ L2 3⋅ q ⋅ L
Ra = + = − ⇒ Ra =
2 L 2 L ⋅8 8
q⋅ L Mb q⋅ L Mb q⋅L q ⋅ L2 5⋅ q ⋅ L
Rb = − + − = 2⋅ + 2⋅ ⇒ Rb =
2 L 2 L 2 L ⋅8 4
q ⋅ L M b q ⋅ L q ⋅ L2 3⋅ q ⋅ L
Rc = + = − ⇒ Rc = Nota: A figura indica os
2 L 2 L ⋅8 8 valores positivos de M.
y L L L
q 3⋅L/4 P=q⋅L
A B C D x
I I I
Ra Rb Rc Rd
q
A B C x
I I
Ra Rb Rc
A ⋅x A ⋅x
M a ⋅ La + 2 ⋅ M b ⋅ (La + Lb ) + M c ⋅ Lb = −6 ⋅ a a + b b ⇒
La Lb
Aq ⋅ xq Aq ⋅ xq
0 ⋅ L + 2 ⋅ M b ⋅ (L + L ) + M c ⋅ L = −6 ⋅ + 0 ⇒ 4 ⋅ M b ⋅ L + M c ⋅ L = −6 ⋅
L L
y L
xq
q
A B x A B
I
M(x)
Ra=q⋅L/2 Rb=q⋅L/2
L
q⋅L
M (x ) = ⋅ x − ⋅ x 2 ⇒ Aq = ∫ M (x ) ⋅ dx ⇒
q
2 2 0
q ⋅ L3 L
Aq = xq =
12 2
L L
3⋅L/4 P=q⋅L
B C D x
I I
Rb Rc Rd
A ⋅x A ⋅x
M a ⋅ La + 2 ⋅ M b ⋅ (La + Lb ) + M c ⋅ Lb = −6 ⋅ a a + b b ⇒
La Lb
Ap ⋅ x p Ap ⋅ x p
M b ⋅ L + 2 ⋅ M c ⋅ (L + L ) + 0 ⋅ L = −6 ⋅ 0 + ⇒ M b ⋅ L + 4 ⋅ M c ⋅ L = −6 ⋅
L L
L
xp
3⋅L/4 P=q⋅L
C D x C D
I
3⋅P⋅L/16
Rc=P/4 Rd=3⋅P/4 3 ⋅ P ⋅ L2
Ap =
32
x1 ⋅ A1 + x2 ⋅ A2 (2 ⋅ b1 / 3) ⋅ (b1 ⋅ h / 2 ) + (b1 + b2 / 3) ⋅ (b2 ⋅ h / 2 )
x= = ⇒
AT (b1 + b2 )⋅ h / 2
x
p / b1 = 3 ⋅ L/4 e b2 = L/4 : b1 b2
x
7 5
x = ⋅L ⇒ xp = ⋅ L 1 2
h
12 12
y
(c) O sistema:
y L L L
q 3⋅L/4 P=q⋅L
A B C D x
I I I
Ra Rb Rc Rd
Aq ⋅ xq 49 ⋅ q ⋅ L2
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ = − ⋅ q⋅L3
Mb = −
4 M b L M c L 6 4 ⋅ M ⋅ L + M ⋅ L = − 960
L ⇒ b c
4
3 ⇒
M ⋅ L + 4 ⋅ M ⋅ L = −6 ⋅ Ap ⋅ x p M b ⋅ L + 4 ⋅ M c ⋅ L = − 15 ⋅ q ⋅ L
11 ⋅ q ⋅ L2
b c 64 Mc = −
L 240
q 3⋅L/4 P=q⋅L
Mb Mb Mc Mc
A B B C C D
q ⋅ L M b q ⋅ L 49 ⋅ q ⋅ L2 431 ⋅ q ⋅ L
Ra = + = − ⇒ Ra =
2 L 2 L ⋅ 960 960
q⋅ L Mb Mb Mc q⋅ L 49 ⋅ q ⋅ L2 11 ⋅ q ⋅ L2 89 ⋅ q ⋅ L
Rb = − − + = + 2⋅ − ⇒ Rb =
2 L L L 2 L ⋅ 960 L ⋅ 240 160
Mb Mc P Mc 49 ⋅ q ⋅ L2 11 ⋅ q ⋅ L2 q ⋅ L 93 ⋅ q ⋅ L
Rc = − + − =− + 2⋅ + ⇒ Rc =
L L 4 L L ⋅ 960 L ⋅ 240 4 320
3 ⋅ P M c 3 ⋅ q ⋅ L 11 ⋅ q ⋅ L2 169 ⋅ q ⋅ L Nota: A figura indica os
Rd = + = − ⇒ Rd =
4 L 4 L ⋅ 240 240 valores positivos de M.