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Várias linhas indiretas de evidência sugerem que a fotossíntese ocorreu nos oceanos a 3,8 bilhões de anos1
O Tempo Geológico
Organismos multicelulares são encontrados em sedimentos oceânicos a cerca de 680 milhões de anos1
O Tempo Geológico
Éon Fanerozóico
O Tempo Geológico
Éon
Períodos
Eras
Paleozóico Mesozóico Cenozóico
O Tempo Geológico
O Tempo Geológico
O Tempo Geológico
Épocas
Pleistoceno (2,6 ma a 11.800 aa)
Holoceno
Pleistoceno
Holoceno
Pleistoceno
Grandes civilizações
Primeiras migrações dos Migrações dos Início da européias:
Homens modernos para fora humanos modernos para agricultura Gregos, Romanos
Da África a Ásia e Europa
Fig. 5. Representa
temperature recon
Holocene tempera
Pequena Idade do Gelo Emissão GEE the world, referenc
mean (Northern H
tropics between 30
Hemisphere >30°S
2013). (b) Global
Período Quente medieval
last 2000 years, re
averages and refer
1200–1964 mean (
2013).
Caçadores - coletores
Sociedade Agrária
Holoceno - 10.000 anos de paraíso para a humanidade
10500000
9 bilhões em
2050
7 bilhões em 2011
Milhões
7000000
4 bilhões em 1975
3500000
2 bilhões em 1920
1 bilhão em 1800
0
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
Fonte: UN Population Division 2018 Ano
Para um grande mundo sobre um pequeno planeta….
Paul J. Crutzen Prêmio Nobel em Química em1995
Antropoceno
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvgG-pxlobk
As origens do Antropoceno I:
A Era Industrial (1800-1950)
1. Revolução Industrial.
2. O uso generalizado de carvão (combustíveis
fósseis).
3. A expansão da sociedade econômica.
4. A população humana se expande a partir de
cerca de 1 bilhão para cerca de 2,5 bilhões.
O Antropoceno II:
A Grande Aceleração
(1950 - em diante)
Figure 1. Trends from 1750 to 2010 in globally aggregated indicators for socio-economic development.
Steffen, Will, et al. "The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great
(1) Global population data according to the HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment, 2013)
acceleration."
database. Data The Anthropocene
before 1950 are modelled. Data are plotted as Review 2.1(2)(2015):
decadal points. Global real81-98.
GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) in year 2010 US dollars. Data are a combination of Maddison for the years 1750 to
Tendências do sistema Terra (1750-2010)
https://www.fni.no/news/experts-respond-to-anthropocene-critics-article1345-330.html
◥
REVIEW
EARTH HISTORY
Human activity is leaving a pervasive and persistent signature on Earth. Vigorous debate
continues about whether this warrants recognition as a new geologic time unit known as
the Anthropocene. We review anthropogenic markers of functional changes in the Earth
Waters,
system through theColin N., et al. "Therecord.
stratigraphic Anthropocene is functionally and
The appearance of stratigraphically
manufactured materials in
distinct from the Holocene." Science 351.6269 (2016): aad2622.
sediments, including aluminum, plastics, and concrete, coincides with global spikes in
Uma Biosfera moldada pela humanidade
Earth From Space
Documentário Home- -2019
2006
Em
Atualmente,
2050, espera-se
cerca deque54%
cerca
da de
população
6,7 bilhões
mundial
de pessoas
vive em- cerca
áreasdeurbanas
66% da
população
que coletivamente
mundial geram
total estimada
mais de 80%
de 9,7do bilhões,
produto interno
estejambruto
morando
(PIB) nas
do
cidades
planeta (Nações
(ONU-Habitat
Unidas2016a).
2018).
Documentário Home - 2006
http://www.news.wisc.edu/11907
34 milhões Km2 de pastos (África)
http://www.news.wisc.edu/11907
Documentário Home - 2006
https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
67%
30%
3%
BAR-ON, Yinon M.; PHILLIPS, Rob; MILO, Ron. The biomass distribution on Earth.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 115, n. 25, p. 6506-6511, 2018.
Earth From Space - 2019
2010
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nFZaSbkf0U
Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Biological annihilation via the
ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines."
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.30 (2017): E6089-E6096.
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dodging-extinction
Climate changes
Extinction Vortex
bitats have revealed a serial at least with respect to species composition, than pare only contemporary rates of extinction on land
s, birds, reptiles, and inver- terrestrial fauna. The delayed
◥ onset of intensive and in the sea, a cautionary lesson emerges. Ma- global extinctions of marine animal speci
eviously played important global marine R Edefaunation
V I E W is most visible in a rine extinction rates today look similar to the the past 514 years (i.e., limit of IUCN tem
(1). Here, we review the comparative chronology of faunal extinctions in moderate levels of terrestrial extinction observed coverage) and none in the past five decades
that have been made in which humans are likely to have directly or in- before the industrial revolution (fig. S1). Rates of By contrast, the IUCN recognizes 514 extinc
MARINE CONSERVATION of terrestrial animals during the same p
storical and contemporary directly played a role (8) (Fig. 1). extinction on land increased dramatically after this
(Fig. 1). While approximately six times mor
efaunation in marine envi- period, and we may now be sitting at the precipice
ght patterns of similarity
en marine and terrestrial
Marine defaunation: Animal loss in
Comparing rates of animal extinction
Despite the recent acceleration of marine defau-
of a similar extinction transition in the oceans.
imal species have been cataloged on land th
the oceans (10), this imbalance does not ex
the 36-fold difference between terrestria
to identify better ways to
and anticipate the effects of
the global ocean
nation, rates of outright marine extinction have
been relatively low. The International Union for
Three other kinds of extinction
The small number of species known to be perma-
marine animal extinctions.
It is important to note that the status of o
our Anthropocene oceans. Conservation of Nature (IUCN) records only 15 small fraction of described marine anima
Douglas J. McCauley,1* Malin L. Pinsky,2 nently
Stephenlost
R.from the world’s
Palumbi,3
Jamesoceans inadequately
A. Estes,4
cies have been evaluated by the IUCN, and m
defaunation Francis H. Joyce,1 Robert R. Warner1 assessed species were determined to be data
n in the oceans cient (11) (Fig. 2). This lack of information n
Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only sitates that officially reported numbers of ex
egan 10,000 to 100,000 years hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. and endangered marine fauna be consider
expanding their range and Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we have profoundly affected minimum estimates (11). There remain, how
ontact with novel faunal marine wildlife, altering the functioning and provisioning of services in every ocean. a number of data-independent explanation
Current ocean trends, coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons, suggest that marine the lower extinction rates of marine fauna
contrast, the physical prop-
defaunation rates will rapidly intensify as human use of the oceans industrializes. Though rine species, for instance, tend to be more
environment limited our protected areas are a powerful tool to harness ocean productivity, especially when designed spread, exhibit less endemism, and have h
ccess and eliminate marine with future climate in mind, additional management strategies will be required. Overall, dispersal (12, 13).
difficulty notwithstanding, habitat degradation is likely to intensify as a major driver of marine wildlife loss. Proactive Complacency about the magnitude of con
ting marine animals at least intervention can avert a marine defaunation disaster of the magnitude observed on land. porary marine extinctions is, however, ill-ad
evelopment that some have If we disregard the >50,000-year head sta
S
ning feature in becoming everal decades of research on defaunation assemblages remain today more Pleistocene-like, intense terrestrial defaunation (Fig. 1) and
” (5). Even this early harvest in terrestrial habitats have revealed a serial at least with respect to species composition, than pare only contemporary rates of extinction on
fauna (6). However, global loss of mammals, birds, reptiles, and inver- terrestrial fauna. The delayed onset of intensive and in the sea, a cautionary lesson emerges
tebrates that previously played important global marine defaunation is most visible in a rine extinction rates today look similar t
unation only intensified in
ecological roles (1). Here, we review the comparative chronology of faunal extinctions in moderate levels of terrestrial extinction obs
h the advent of industrial major advancements that have been made in which humans are likely to have directly or in- before the industrial revolution (fig. S1). Ra
expansion of coastal popu- understanding the historical and contemporary directly played a role (8) (Fig. 1). extinction on land increased dramatically afte
extant global marine faunal processes of similar defaunation in marine envi- period, and we may now be sitting at the pre
ronments. We highlight patterns of similarity Comparing rates of animal extinction of a similar extinction transition in the oce
and difference between marine and terrestrial Despite the recent acceleration of marine defau-
olution, and Marine Biology, defaunation profiles to identify betterFig. ways Three other kinds of extinction
1. to nation, rates
Comparative of outright of
chronology marine extinction have
human-associated
ta Barbara, CA 93106, USA. understand, manage, and anticipate the effects of been relatively low. The International Union for
olution, and Natural Resources, terrestrial and marine animal extinctions. Green bars The small number of species known to be pe
future defaunation in our Anthropocene oceans. Conservation of Nature (IUCN) records only 15 nently lost from the world’s oceans inadequ
stal Sciences, Rutgers University, indicate animal extinctions that occurred on land, and blue
USA. 3Department of Biology, Patterns of marine defaunation bars indicate marine animal extinctions. Timeline mea-
s Marine Station, Pacific Grove,
sures McCauley,
before Douglas
yearsDelayed 2014 CE. J.,
defaunation inetthe
Only al.oceans
"Marineoccurring
extinctions defaunation: Animal
less than lossyears
55,000 in theagoglobal ocean."
are depicted.
nt of Ecology and Evolutionary
rnia, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. DefaunationDefaunation
has ancient onorigins on Science
land began land but
10,000 347.6219
tohas years (2015):
intensified
100,000 1255641.
only within the last several hundred years in the
: douglas.mccauley@lifesci.ucsb.edu oceans. Seeago as humans
details in (8).were expanding their range and
coming into first contact with novel faunal
assemblages (2–4). By contrast, the physical prop-
.org erties of the marine environment limited 16 ourJANUARY 2015 • VOL 347 ISSUE 6219 1255641-1
capacity early on to access and eliminate marine
Mudanças na biodiversidade variam em diferentes partes do mundo As tendências do IPV aqui apresentadas seguem
as classificações regionais do IPBES, com todas
grupo de espécies são ponderadas de acordo com
quantas espécies são encontradas em cada região
as populações terrestres e de água doce dentro do IPBES. Mais detalhes sobre essas tendências
Planeta Vivo global de 2022 mostra uma redução média de 69% nas
sensíveis – portanto, se as
(Sociedade Zoológica de Londres) doce de todo o mundo. Apesar de 30 anos de intervenções políticas
1 forem bem-sucedidas, as t
- 20% para impedir a perda de biodiversidade, continuamos a observar
mostrarão rapidamente.
declínios semelhantes aos mostrados em relatórios anteriores.
0
O IPV global de 2022 mostra um declínio médio de 69% nas
Fontes de dados em i
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018
Legendas
IPBES 2021
Declínio
perigoso
"sem
precedentes"
Taxas de
Extinção de
Espécies
“Acelerando"
Nathan Pacoureau Tubarões2 e raias são importantes para a saúde de nossos oceanos,
Legenda e Nicholas K Dulvy mas tornaram-se cada vez mais valorizados por sua carne, pelas
(Universidade de Simon Fraser) partes usadas devido a suas supostas propriedades medicinais (por
Valores do índice (1970 = 1)
LPI de tubarões oceânicos
Pequeno < 250 cm
exemplo, as brânquias da raia-manta e da raia-diabo) ou para uso
em pratos como sopa de barbatana de tubarão 63,64.
Intervalo de credibilidade
A abundância
1 global de 18 de 31 raias e tubarões oceânicos diminuiu
LPI de tubarões oceânicos
Médio 250 - 500 cm 71% nos últimos 50 anos65. Esse colapso na abundância reflete um
Intervalo de credibilidade aumento no risco de extinção para a maioria das espécies. Em 1980, - 31%
nove dos 31 tubarões e raias oceânicos foram ameaçados. Em 2020,
LPI de tubarões oceânicos três quartos (77%, equivalente a 24 espécies) presentavam risco
Grande > 500 cm elevado de extinção com risco elevado de extinção. Por exemplo, o - 75%
Intervalo aceitável tubarão-galha-branca diminuiu 95% globalmente em três gerações
- 81%
0
e, consequentemente, passou de “Vulnerável” para “Criticamente
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018
Ameaçado” na Lista Vermelha da UICN66.
Figura 9a: Índice Planeta Vivo de 1970 a 2018 separado por tamanho
Pacoureau, N., Rigby, C.L., Kyne, P.M. et al. Half a century of global
2 corporal (comprimento total máximo dividido em três categorias: pequeno, ≤250
decline in oceanic
cm; médio, and
sharks Nature
rays. cm;
250–500 589,>500
grande, 567–571
cm). (2021).
A sobrepesca de tubarões e raias seguiu
Legenda
um padrão clássico de esgotamento em série. As espécies maiores foram capturadas
ecimento de raias e tubarões oceânicos
global de raias e tubarões oceânicos diminuiu 71% nos
os, devido principalmente a um aumento de 18 vezes
pesca desde 1970.
Oceans Traits g Dusky shark 1
a 1.5 d 1.5
Atlantic Ocean Habitat Oceanic whitetip shark
Living Planet Index
2
0.5 85% 0.5 White shark 1
Longfin mako
c 0 f 0 Shortfin
S ho mako 1
Valores do índice (1970 = 1)
naturepl.com/Doug Wechseler/WWF
"A única época que sabemos que pode
suportar a humanidade como nós a conhecemos"
Prof. Johan Rockström
Stockholm Resilience Centre
Stockholm Environment Institute
naturepl.com/Doug Allan/ WWF
O que faremos nos próximos 50 anos
determinará o nosso futuro nos próximos 10.000 anos