Apostila Basic 1 - Carol Me Ensina

Licensed to Ana Luiza Gonçalves - tyka.rasta@gmail.com - 126.289.
326-79
BASIC 1 - APOSTILA DO CURSO COMPLETA
BASIC 1
Aula 1 a
Licensed to Ana Luiza Gonçalves - tyka.rasta@gmail.com - 126.289.326-79
AULA 1: Dicas Basiquinhas 1 - Very Quick Tips

1- Pronome Pessoal do Caso Reto (Personal Pronoun) I
Porque o I é sempre maiúsculo?
A pronúncia de ‘I’ mudou com o tempo. Era um som curto, porque vinha do alemão ‘ich’ (um som como o ‘i’ de
‘ticket’). Quando virou o I longo de hoje, como em ‘bike’, deixamos a letra maior para combinar com o som.
O ‘i’ minúsculo é difícil de ler. É mais fácil enxergar o I maiúsculo quando ele é usado sozinho. As pessoas
começaram a grafar assim, e a moda pegou.
Para mostrar que a pessoa escrevendo é importante. Usar a letra maiúscula em I e não em you pode ajudar quem
escreve a ter mais autoridade. Isso não explica, porém, a falta de maiúscula em me.
Para dar ao inglês a identidade de idioma nacional. O inglês nem sempre foi o idioma oficial. Antigamente, quem
mandava na Inglaterra falava latim ou um francês arcaico. Este é um dos motivos para as regras gramaticais e a
ortografia de inglês nem sempre serem previsíveis. Quando o inglês virou o idioma oficial, as pessoas fizeram
mudanças pequenas para conferir a ele maior autoridade. Talvez o I maiúsculo tenha sido uma delas.
2- Dias da semana, pronúncia, como se usa e muito mais (Weekdays)
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
AULA 2: Dicas Basiquinhas 2 - Very Quick Tips 2

Os nomes próprios e os apelidos das pessoas não se traduzem. Quando se trata dum nome ou apelido num alfabeto
diferente do nosso procede-se a uma transliteração. Suponho que a transliteração se faz por transcrição fonética.
Nomes próprios "geralmente" não se traduzem, mas se transliteram conforme a índole de cada língua. Os nomes
Eva, David e outros que levam a letra w wav, "v" em hebraico aparecem como Eua, Dauid, nos textos gregos. No
grego moderno a letra b beta b na antiguidade", hoje é v. Hoje se escreve Dabid para David e Eba para Eva.
Não se traduz Bill Gates (do inglês) para Guilherme Portões em português. Também não se traduz Michael Jackson
para Miguel Filho de Jacó. Também é errado simplesmente escrever um nome em português da forma como
ouvimos em inglês: "Maicou Djéquisson", por exemplo, seria uma esquisitice sem tamanho! O nome deve ser
mantido na forma como se escreve no original e, na medida do possível, deve-se manter a pronúncia da língua
original.
Exemplos clássicos
João - O nome "João", por exemplo é Yohanan, em hebraico; Ioannes, em grego; John, em inglês; Jean, em francês;
Giovani, em italiano, Juan, em espanhol; Johannes, em alemão.
Jacó - Jacó, em hebraico é Yaakov; Iakobo (Tiago), em grego; Jacques, em francês; Giácomo, em italiano; Jacob, em
inglês.
Todavia, há nomes que mudam substancialmente de uma língua para outra. Eliazar, em hebraico, é Lázaro em
grego. Elisabete é a forma hebraica do nome grego Isabel.
O argumento, portanto, de que todo nome deve ser preservado na forma original, em todas as línguas é
inconsistente, sem apoio bíblico. Daí notamos que o nome "Jesus" é resultado da transliteração pura e simples do
original grego Iesous (pronuncia-se Iesus), contradizendo a hipótese de que o nome "Jesus"
originou-se através de uma tentativa mal intencionada dos papas de blasfemar do nome do Salvador.
AULA 3: GO TO - Quem vai, vai para...

Grammar > Verbs > Using verbs > Go
We use go to refer to movement, most commonly away from the speaker or listener to another place. We normally
use go without an object:
Does this tram go to the city centre?

Can you wait here while I go back to the house to fetch my jacket?
Warning:
Don’t confuse go and walk:
Shall we take the bus or shall we walk?
Not: Shall we take the bus or shall we go?
Go + -ing
We use go + -ing form when we speak about general activities that involve movement:
Jack and his dad have gone fishing until later this evening.
It was pouring with rain and all we could do was to go shopping.
If the activities have a clear beginning and end, then go + to-infinitive is used:
They’ve gone to watch the tennis final.
Not: They’ve gone watching …
Go + complement
We use go + an adjective (complement) to describe changes to the state of things:
Don’t let the coffee go cold.
Their car went wrong again just two days after it had been repaired.
Go is a word with many different meanings. You will find other meanings of go, and phrasal verbs with go, in a good
learner’s dictionary.
See also:
Get
Get or go?
Go and, come and …

In speaking, we often use and after go and come before the base form of verbs like ask, buy, check, collect, do, find,
get:
Why don’t you go and ask her?
I need to go and buy myself some running shoes.
Can you come and do the washing-up?
She should go and find another job.
Spoken English:
In informal American English, speakers often leave out and:
Would you like to come have lunch with us?
I was expecting him to go get the keys.
She goes to the desert

with a camel.
AULA 4: Datas em Inglês - Como Usar? Como Falar?

Existem várias formas de escrevermos datas em Inglês. Elas variam da maneira mais formal para a mais informal, e
existem diferenças entre o inglês britânico e o americano.
A escolha do formato a se utilizar é uma questão de nível de formalidade, polidez e escolha pessoal. Normalmente,
os formatos mais longos, como o B ou C são os que denotam maior polidez - visto que demonstram maior respeito
pelo leitor.
Speaking the Date
30 March 1993 = "March the thirtieth, nineteen ninety-three" (No inglês americano, também "March thirtieth...") ou
"the thirtieth of March, nineteen ninety-three"
1200 = "twelve hundred"
1305 = "thirteen hundred and five" ou "thirteen O five"
1498 = "fourteen (hundred and) ninety-eight"
1910 = "nineteen (hundred and) ten"
1946 = "nineteen (hundred and) forty-six"
2000 = "two thousand"
2009 = "two thousand and nine"
Para anunciar a data, utiliza-se:

It's May the first. (É dia primeiro de maio.)
Para perguntar sobre datas, podemos dizer, por exemplo: What's the date (today)? - Que dia é hoje?
What date is it? - Qual é a data (disto)? / Quando é (um acontecimento)?
What date is (your birthday)? - Que dia é (o seu aniversário)?
BC and AD = a.C. e d.C.

Para fazer a distinção entre datas antes e depois do nascimento de Cristo, em inglês utiliza-se as abreviaturas BC (=
Before Christ - antes de Cristo - a.C.) e AD (= Anno Domini - em Latim in the year of the Lord - "no ano do Senhor"
- depois de Cristo - d.C.). BC vem após a data, já AD pode vir antes ou depois.
Julius Caesar first came to Britain in 55 BC. (Júlio César foi a primeira vez à Grã-Bretanha em 55 a.C.)
The emperor Trajan was born in AD 53 / 53 AD. (O emperador Trajano nasceu em 53 d.C)
AULA 5: Números Cardinais

Os números cardinais de um a doze em inglês têm cada um o seu nome próprio, sem seguir uma regra determinada.
1 – One
2 - Two
3 – Three
4 – Four
5 – Five
6 – Six
7 – Seven
8 – Eight
9 – Nine
10 – Ten
11 – Eleven
12 – Twelve
A terminação –teen éadicionada a partir do número cardinal treze

(thirteen) atéo dezenove (nineteen). Os números ordinais de décimo
terceiro (13o) a décimo nono (19o) seguem também a regra de adição
da terminação –th: thirteenth (décimo terceiro), fourteenth (décimo
quarto) e fifteenth (décimo quinto).
13 – Thirteen
Notes:
14 – Fourteen
15 – Fifteen
16 – Sixteen
17 – Seventeen
18 – Eighteen
19 – Nineteen
O número cardinal vinte étwenty. A partir dele, para adicionar
unidades, colocam-se primeiro as dezenas e depois as unidades para
descrever o número: vinte e um étwenty-one, por exemplo.
20 – Twenty
21 – Twenty-one
22 – Twenty-two
23 – Twenty-three
24 – Twenty-four
25 – Twenty-five
26 – Twenty-six
27 – Twenty-seven
28 – Twenty-eight
29 – Twenty-nine
A partir do twenty, os números cardinais das dezenas recebem a

terminação –ty. Todas seguem a mesma regra ao adicionarem-se
unidades: trinta e três éthirty-three, quarenta e quatro éfourthy-

four e cinquenta e cinco éfifthy-five, por exemplo.
Jáos números ordinais a partir do twentieth (vigésimo) recebem a

terminação –ieth. Para aumentá-los, as dezenas permanecem na
mesma forma dos cardinais e apenas as unidades entram na forma
ordinal: vigésimo quarto (24o) étwenty-fourth (24th).
20 – Twenty
30 – Thirty
40 – Fourty
50 – Fifty
60 – Sixty
70 – Seventy
80 – Eighty
90 – Ninety
Para formar números cardinais a partir de cem (one hundred), são colocadas primeiro as centenas, depois as
dezenas e depois as unidades. Trezentos e vinte e quatro (324) éthree hundred and twenty-four, por exemplo. Para
mil, milhão e bilhão, segue-se a mesma regra: mil duzentos e trinta e cinco (1235) é one thousand two hundred and
thirty five, e assim por diante.
Os milhões funcionam da mesma maneira também, sótrocando por million:
1,000,000 = One million

Nota: o divisor de milhar éuma vírgula ( , ) , ao contrário do português que éum ponto. Por exemplo, 1,000 significa
"um mil", e não apenas um. Um seria 1.000 (nesse exemplo, com três casas decimais).
Exemplos:
345 - Three hundred forty five

790 - Seven hundred ninety
1,630,014 = One million six hundred thirty thousand and fourteen
AULA 6: Números Ordinais

Os Ordinal Numbers indicam a ordem ou lugar do ser numa determinada série. À exceção de first (primeiro),
second (segundo), third (terceiro) e os números que os contêm em sua grafia, os números ordinais são formados
com a adição do sufixo -th.
A abreviação dos Ordinal Numbers é feita acrescentando-se ao número as duas últimas letras de sua forma extensa.
Por exemplo:
Na grafia da abreviação, as duas últimas letras podem ser elevadas:

21o - vigésimo primeiro = 21st - twenty-first

72o - septuagésimo segundo = 72nd - seventy-second
167o - centésimo sexagésimo sétimo = 167th - one hundred and sixty-seventh
Repare que, nos números ordinais acima de 100, o uso da conjunção and segue as mesmas regras dos cardinais:
205th – two hundred and fifth

440th – four hundred and fortieth
Números Ordinais em datas - Ordinal Numbers in dates
Uma mesma data pode ser expressa de diversas maneiras. Por exemplo, a data 13 de maio pode ser escrita das
seguintes formas: May 13 / May 13th / 13 May / 13th May.
O modo como se fala é geralmente May the thirteenth ou The thirteen of May. Entretanto, no inglês americano,
também é possível dizer May thirteen.
Os números Romanos (I, II, III, IV etc.) não são tão comuns no inglês moderno, mas ainda são utilizados em algumas
situações: nos nomes de reis e rainhas, na numeração das páginas da introdução de alguns livros, nos números dos
parágrafos em certos documentos, nos números das questões em alguns exames, nos algarismos de alguns relógios
e, eventualmente, na representação dos séculos. Examples:
This table was bought in the time of Henry V. (Esta mesa foi comprada na época de Henry V.)
The XX Century actually ended on December, 31, 2000; not on December 31, 1999; as many people think.
(O século vinte na realidade terminou em 31 de dezembro de 2000 e não em 31 de dezembro de 1999, como muitos
acreditam.)
MPORTANT REMARKS!
Após um substantivo, geralmente utiliza-se um número cardinal para se falar de títulos em geral. Compare:
the fourth book - Book Four

the third act - Act Three
Mozart's thirty-ninth symphony - Symphony No. 39 , by Mozart
the third day of the course - Timetable for Day Three
No entanto, os títulos de reis, rainhas, papas, etc., que levam números romanos em sua escrita, falam-se com
números ordinais:
Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth

Louis XIV - Louis the Fourteenth
Elizabeth II - Elizabeth the Second
Pope Paul VI - Pope Paul the Sixth
AULA 7: Nouns - Genders

Nouns answer the questions "What is it?" and "Who is it?" They give names to things, people, and places.
EXAMPLES
dog
bicycle
Mary
girl
beauty
France
world
In general there is no distinction between masculine, feminine in English nouns. However, gender is sometimes
shown by different forms or different words when referring to people or animals.
Many nouns that refer to people's roles and jobs can be used for either a masculine or a feminine subject, like for
example cousin, teenager, teacher, doctor, student, friend, colleague.
EXAMPLES
Mary is my friend. She is a doctor.

Peter is my cousin. He is a doctor.
Arthur is my friend. He is a student.
Jane is my cousin. She is a student.
It is possible to make the distinction for these neutral words by
adding the words male or female.
EXAMPLES
Sam is a female doctor.

No, he is not my boyfriend, he is just a male friend.
I have three female cousins and two male cousins.
Infrequently, nouns describing things without a gender are referred
to with a gendered pronoun to show familiarity. It is also correct to
use the gender-neutral pronoun (it).
Masculine - Feminine Common gender nouns
actor - actress Some nouns are used for both males and females.
author - authoress These nouns are referred to as common gender nouns.
bachelor - spinster (mesma palavra tanto no masculino, quanto no
boy - girl feminino)
bridegroom - bride
brother - sister Examples
conductor - conductress baby,
count - countess bird,
czar - czarina cat,
dad - mom cattle,
daddy - mommy child,
duke - duchess companion,
man - woman comrade,
emperor - empress cousin,
father - mother dancer,
god - goddess deer,
grandfather - grandmother friend,
heir - heiress guardian,
hero - heroine guest,
host - hostess infant,
husband - wife owner,
king - queen parent,
man - woman passenger,
master - mistress pig,
murderer - murderess president,
nephew - niece pupil,
poet - poetess relative,
policeman - policewoman sheep,
prince - princess singer,
sir - madam student,
son - daughter swan,
uncle - aunt teacher
Why is a ship called “she”?
Interestingly, in Modern English, there are some word groups left which are considered ‘feminine’, at least in a
poetic or quaint sense. These include ships, countries and churches, for example.
Therefore, in English, ships are sometimes referred to as “she”. For example, “I travelled from England to New York
on the Queen Elizabeth; she (the Queen Elizabeth) is a great ship.”
A naval historian provides an explanation why this might be the case. As we have seen, other languages have “male”,
“female” and sometimes “neuter” words. But, English generally uses a neutral words such as “the” or “it”. So,
making ships female and calling them “she” is an example of old English-speaking practice. Why? Because it gives a
gender to an inanimate object. It’s worth noting that Lloyd’s Register of Shipping now calls ships “it”.
There are some other examples of gender in English language, too:
I love my car. She (the car) is my greatest passion.

France is popular with her (France’s) neighbours at the moment.
I travelled from England to New York on the Queen Elizabeth; she (the Queen Elizabeth) is a great ship.
So, if you’re a non-native speaker of English and want to impress someone with your linguistic
knowledge, make a reference to a ship or country using the word ‘she’.
“The Titanic sank in 1912, didn’t she?”
AULA 8: Personal Pronouns

he, she and they
We use he/him to refer to men, and she/her to refer to women. When we are not sure if we are talking about a man
or a woman, we use they/them:
This is Jack. He's my brother. I don't think you have met him.
This is Angela. She's my sister. Have you met her before?
You could go to a doctor. They might help you.
Talk to a friend. Ask them to help you.
you and they
We use you to talk about people in general, including the speaker and the hearer:
You can buy this book everywhere. = This book is on sale everywhere.
You can't park here. = Parking is not allowed here.
We use they/them to talk about institutions and organisations:
They serve good food here. (they = the restaurant)
Ask them for a cheaper ticket. (them = the airline)
especially the government and the authorities:
They don't let you smoke in here.
They are going to increase taxes.
They are building a new motorway.
They say it’s going to rain tomorrow.
it
We use it to talk about ourselves:
on the telephone:
Hello. It's George.
when other people cannot see us:
It's me. It's Mary. (Mary is knocking on the door.)
We also use it to talk about other people:
when we point people out for the first time:
Look. It's Paul McCartney.
Who's that? I think it's John's brother.
when we cannot see someone and we ask them for their name:
Hello. Who is it? (someone answering the phone)
Who is it? (someone about to answer the door)
She is a ballerina.
She is a dancer.
She is a wearing a tutu*.
*Tutu: Nome do vestido usado por bailarinas

AULA 9: Possessive Adjectives

Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone. The possessive pronouns are my, our, your, his, her,
its, and their. There’s also an “independent” form of each of these pronouns: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, and
theirs. Possessive pronouns are never spelled with apostrophes.
Possessive pronouns simplify constructions that show possession of a noun.
Jane takes pride in Jane’s outfits.
It sounds odd to use Jane’s name twice in this sentence. A possessive pronoun solves the problem:
Jane takes pride in her outfits.
Thus, possessive pronouns are quite handy and are used frequently in the English language.
Examples:
My plane is delayed.
Your dinner is ready.
Could you bring his tea out to him?
Remember not to judge a book by its cover.
I would have knocked on their door, but I heard their baby crying.
This is my cow.
AULA 10: Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns do not have an apostrophe:
Is that car yours/hers/ours/theirs?

(NOT Is that car your's/her's/our's/their's?)
We can use a possessive pronoun instead of a full noun phrase to avoid repeating words:
Is that John's car?
No, it's mine. (NOT No, it's [my car].)
Whose coat is this?
Is it yours? (NOT Is it [your coat]?)
Her coat is grey.
Mine is brown. (NOT [My coat] is brown.)
Possessives: pronouns
We can use possessive pronouns and nouns after of. We can say:
Susan is one of my friends. > Susan is a friend of mine.
(NOT Susan is a friend of me.)
I am one of Susan's friends. > I am a friend of Susan's.
(NOT I am a friend of Susan.)
AULA 11: Object Pronouns

Object pronouns are those pronouns that receive the action in a sentence. They are me, you, him, her, us, them, and
whom. Any noun receiving an action in the sentence, like these pronouns, is an object and is categorized as
objective case.* An object pronoun can also be used after prepositions, i.e. “I will go with him.” In this article, we will
only focus on nouns as recipients as these are the most frequently confused. With few exceptions, English grammar
requires that objects follow the verb in a sentence.
I give them cookies every week.
In this sentence, “I” is the actor (subject pronoun) performing the action of making (verb). “Them” is the noun
receiving the giving; it is the object. You wouldn’t ever use a subject noun after “give” here. To most native speakers
and even English learners, the following incorrect sentence should grate on the ears:
I give they cookies every week.
Eek. Now consider the following example:
She gave Jim and I extra cookies.
Can you spot the problem? “I”—just like “they”—is a subject noun living in an object noun’s place. The correct
sentence should have “me” (the object pronoun) following the verb:
She gave Jim and me extra cookies.
To check for correct case, you should be able to replace me with any other object pronoun and have a clear
sentence. Remember that object nouns always are the recipients in sentences. If an action is happening to a noun,
you should use object nouns.
AULA 12: Reflexive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun is a specific type of pronoun that is used for the object of a verb when it refers to the same noun
as the subject of that verb. In English, these are the pronouns that end with “self” or “selves”: e.g., “himself,”
“myself,” “ourselves,” etc.
The following can be considered a rule with regards to reflexive pronouns:

If the object and the subject of a verb are the same, use a reflexive pronoun for the object. Otherwise, do not use
one.
An example of proper usage would be:
Jane shook herself awake.
The meaning of the sentence is fairly clear. Jane was drifting to sleep at a time when she shouldn’t be, possibly
during class, so she made a sudden movement in order to stay awake. However, if we were to replace the reflexive
pronoun with the standard accusative pronoun “her,” the meaning changes:
Jane shook her awake.
A grammatical error that is somewhat common among developing writers is the use of reflexive pronouns when
they are not needed, usually in an attempt to appear more formal. Though this does not necessarily impair meaning,
it is considered incorrect. An example follows:
If you have questions, email Bob or myself.
There is no need for a reflexive pronoun here, as the person doing the emailing (“you”) is not the same as the person
being emailed. The correct version would be:
If you have questions, email Bob or me.
Note that the reflexive pronoun has been replaced with the first person accusative pronoun. The meaning is the
same either way, but the first is recognized as incorrect and should be avoided. A good way to determine whether
you need to use the reflexive pronoun is to apply the same trick that is usually used to check whether your
pronouns should be nominative or accusative break the sentence down. For instance:
If you have questions, email myself.
Freeing the pronoun from the detritus of the rest of the verb’s object makes the problem much clearer. The phrase
“email myself” cannot be used in this context, because the only person who can “email myself”is “I.” Remember, we
only need the reflexive if the subject and the object of the verb are both the same. In this case, the subject is second-
person (“you”), and the object is first-person (“myself”), so they can’t be referring to the same individual.
AULA 13: Demonstrative Pronouns

What is a Demonstrative Pronoun?
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence. These
pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural.
When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or time:
Near in time or distance: this, these
Far in time or distance: that, those
Because there are only a few demonstrative pronouns in the English language, there are just three simple rules for
using them correctly. Remember them and you will have no difficulty using these surprisingly interesting parts of
speech.
Demonstrative pronouns always identify nouns, whether those nouns are named specifically or not. For
example: “I can’t believe this.” We have no idea what “this” is, but it’s definitely something the writer cannot
believe. It exists, even though we don’t know what it is.
Demonstrative pronouns are usually used to describe animals, places, or things, however they can be used to
describe people when the person is identified, i.e., This sounds like Mary singing.
Do not confuse demonstrative adjectives with demonstrative pronouns. The words are identical, but
demonstrative adjectives qualify nouns, whereas demonstrative pronouns stand alone.
Demonstrative pronouns can be used in place of a noun, so long as the noun being replaced can be understood from
the pronoun’s context. Although this concept might seem a bit confusing at first, the following examples of
demonstrative pronouns will add clarity.
Demonstrative Pronouns Examples
This was my mother’s ring.

That looks like the car I used to drive.
These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.
Those look like riper than the apples on my tree.
Such was her command over the English language.
None of these answers are correct.
Neither of the horses can be ridden.
This is my art!
AULA 14: Impersonal Pronouns

Impersonal Pronoun "One"
We can use "one" to talk about people in general or for unspecified objects.
One can’t learn a language in six weeks.

If one (somebody, you) wishes to make oneself popular, one must work very hard for it.
One is knocking at the door.(not general, it is specified)
Somebody is knocking at the door.
Also use "They" or "You" in the same way
They speak English in this part of the country.

They don't respect teachers in some schools.
You really can't find anything in this shop. (I may be talking to myself)
One really can't find anything in this shop.
If one gets ill, one should see a doctor. (Sb. he / she / they)
One is knocking at the door.

Somebody (not in general, it is a specified)
The newspapers that most men like are the ones with most sports pages.
If one gets sick, one should see a doctor.
Attention:
If you begin your sentence with "one", you should continue using "one, one's, oneself..." when referring to the same
person.
If one wants to be happy, one should not be greedy.

If one wants to succeed, one should study hard.
In the sentence below however, we can substitute "he", "he or she" or "they".
If someone wants to succeed, he should study hard.

If someone wants to succeed, he or she should study hard.
If someone wants to succeed, they should study hard.
Impersonal Pronoun It
It is one of the most commonly used impersonal pronouns in English. It can refer to many unspecified subjects
depending on the context.
It is very cold today. (the weather)

It is Saturday today.
It is 5 o’clock somewhere.
It is always snowy in Lake Tahoe.
Infinitive Subject
It is impossible to beat them. (To beat them is impossible)

It is unbelievable!
AULA 15: To Be (Verb)

The verb to be is the most important verb in the English language. It is difficult to use because it is an irregular verb
in almost all of its forms. In the simple present tense, to be is conjugated as follows:
Examples:
Is Brad Pitt brazilian?

No, he isn't. He's American.
What about Angelina Joli? Is she American, too?
Yes, she is. She is American.
Are brad Pitt and Angelina Joli British?
No, They aren't. They are American.
Use of the simple present of to be
The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes place habitually, but with the verb
"to be" the simple present tense also refers to a present or general state, whether temporary, permanent or habitual.
I am sad.
She is prettyl.
The verb to be in the simple present can be also used to refer to something that is true at the present moment.
She is 19 years old.

He is a former** carpenter.
Remember:
I, you, he, she, it, you, they are subject pronouns (also called personal pronouns, a term used to include both subject
and object pronouns.) am, are, is are forms of the verb to be in the simple present. 'm, 're, 's are short (contracted)
forms of am, are, is 'm not, aren't, isn't are short (contracted forms) of am not, are not, is not.
**former: aposentado
AULA 16: There is & There are

We use there is and there are to say that something exists.
Positive Sentences
We use there is for singular and there are for plural.
There is one table in the classroom.

There are three chairs in the classroom.
There is a spider in the bath.
There are many people at the bus stop.
We also use There is with uncountable nouns:
There is milk in the fridge.

There is some sugar on the table.
There is ice cream on your shirt.
Contractions
The contraction of there is is there's.
There's a good song on the radio.

There's only one chocolate left in the box.
You cannot contract there are.
There are nine cats on the roof.

There are only five weeks until my birthday.
Negative Form
The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:
There is not a horse in the field.
There are not eight children in the school.
There is not a tree in the garden.
There are not two elephants in the zoo.
We almost always use contractions when speaking.
The Negative contractions are:
There's not = There isn't

There are not = There aren't
There aren't with ANY

When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we
use there aren't any.
There aren't any people at the party.

There aren't any trees in my street.
We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:
There isn't any water in the swimming pool.

There isn't any sugar in my coffee.
Questions
To form a question we place is / are in front of there.
Again we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.
We also use there is / are in short answers.
Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.

Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.
Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.
Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.

Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.
How Many with Are There

If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in the following form:
How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).
How many dogs are there in the park?

How many students are there in your class?
How many countries are there in South America?
How many Star Wars films are there?
AULA 17: To Can (Modal Verb)

"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to
request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:
I can ride a horse. ability

We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity
She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permission
Can you hand me the stapler? request
Any child can grow up to be president. possibility
Possibility
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter) You can easily lose your way in the dark. (=
People often lose their way in the dark)
We use could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)

You could lose your way in the dark. (=People often lost their way in the dark)
We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)

We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past:
It’s ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.

They could have arrived hours ago.
Impossibility:
We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible:
That can’t be true.

You cannot be serious.
We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past:
We knew it could not be true.

He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Ability:
We use can to talk about someone’s skill or general abilities:
She can speak several languages.

He can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
We use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in the present or future:
You can make a lot of money if you are lucky.

Help. I can’t breathe.
They can run but they can’t hide.
We use could to talk about past time:
She could speak several languages.

They couldn’t dance very well.
Permission:
We use can to ask for permission to do something:
Can I ask a question, please?

Can we go home now?
could is more formal and polite than can:
Could I ask a question please?

Could we go home now?
We use can to give permission:
You can go home now if you like.

You can borrow my pen if you like.
We use can to say that someone has permission to do something:
We can go out whenever we want.

Students can travel free.
Instructions and requests:
We use could you and as a polite way of telling or asking someone to do something:
Could you take a message please?

Could I have my bill please?
can is less polite:
Can you take a message please?
Offers and invitations:
We use can I ... to make offers:
Can I help you?

Can I do that for you?
We sometimes say I can ... or I could ... to make an offer:
I can do that for you if you like.

I can give you a lift to the station.
AULA 18: Simple Present - USES

FORM
[VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:
You speak English.

Do you speak English? You do not speak English.
USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a
daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or
usually does not do.
Examples:
I play soccer.
She does not play soccer.

Does he play soccer?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.

The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. Does the Sun
circle the Earth?
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in
the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about
people or things.
Examples:
Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.
New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly
done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. When do we
board the plane?
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4 Now (NonContinuous Verbs)
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now.
This can only be done with NonContinuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
I am here now.
She is not here now.
He needs help right now.
He does not need help now.
He has his passport in his hand.
Do you have your passport with you?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to
put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
She is always coming to class late.
He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
I don't like them because they are always complaining.
AULA 19: Present Continuous - Uses, Affirmative, Negative and

Interrogative
FORM
[am/is/are + present continuous]
Examples:
You are watching TV. Are you watching TV? You are not watching TV.
USE 1 Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very
moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
You are learning English now. You are not swimming now. Are you
sleeping?
I am sitting.
I am not standing.
Is he sitting or standing?
They are reading their books.
They are not watching television. What are you doing?
Why aren't you doing your homework?
USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the
Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we
might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples:
(All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
I am studying to become a doctor.

I am not studying to become a dentist.
I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
I am not reading any books right now.
Are you working on any special projects at work? Aren't you teaching
at the university now?
USE 3 Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near
future.
Examples:
I am meeting some friends after work.
I am not going to the party tonight.
Is he visiting his parents next weekend? Isn't he coming with us
tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to
put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such
as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You are still watching TV. Are you still watching TV?
AULA 19 - Supermarket Vocabulary

Shop Smart
Grocery stores are set up for you to buy more than you need. Fresh foods and staples are usually placed in the
outside aisles or at the far end of a grocery store.
At the front you will find convenience foods and sale items. At the checkout you will find things you probably don’t
need, such as chocolate bars and magazines. The store is counting on you to throw a few of these items into your
cart or basket. This is called impulse shopping. Can you resist the temptation?
Gathering and packing

Most grocery stores offer a variety of options for gathering and packing items. Don’t be surprised if you have to buy
your bags.
shopping cart:
pushcart on wheels (you may have to put a coin deposit (in the slot)
basket: plastic container with handles; useful for quick grocery trips when you only need a few items
box: sometimes available for free at the checkout
plastic or paper bags: you may have to pay for these
reusable bags: bring your own (or buy and reuse)
Main Aisles and Sections

Here are the main aisles (or sections) in a grocery store as well as some example items you will find in them.
produce: fresh fruit and vegetables

frozen food: juice, pizzas, fruit and vegetables
bulk food: peanuts, candy, flour, snacks (You bag yourself. You choose
the amount.)
baking: pre-packaged goods such as flour, sugar, salt, and chocolate chips.
breads: packaged breads, bagels, hamburger and hot dog buns, meat and seafood: packaged beef, chicken, fish
deli: freshly sliced meats and cheeses (You tell the butcher how much you want.)
bakery: fresh breads, muffins, cakes to order
dairy: milk, eggs, dairy, yogurt
pasta and rice: spaghetti, penne, wild rice, whole wheat pasta
ethnic foods: foods from countries in other parts of the world
canned foods: beans, pasta sauce, canned fruit and vegetables
condiments: ketchup, BBQ sauce, salad dressings, oil
snacks: chips, packaged candy, cookies, crackers
cereal: boxed breakfast cereals and bars, oats, granola.
beverages: juice, pop, coffee, tea,
household items: toilet paper, tissue paper, garbage bags, detergent, diapers
health and beauty and or pharmacy: make up, deodorant, feminine products, medicine
Checkout
Read the signs above you before you get into a line.
express checkout: For people buying a few items. The sign will show how many items you are allowed to have (1-12).
automatic checkout: You swipe and bag your own groceries and pay with a credit or debit card.
closed: Many stores use a lighting system to show which line ups are open for service. If the light is on the aisle is
likely open.
Questions to ask in a Grocery Store
You don’t always need to ask someone who works in the store. The shopper next to you may be able to tell you
where to find the sugar.
Can you tell me where the produce section is?

Can you do a price check for me?
Do you have prepackaged candy?
Do you have more flour in the back? (if a shelf is empty)
Is this on sale?
Do you sell stamps, lottery tickets, alcohol? (grocery stores in some countries are not licensed to sell alcohol)
Discounts
Do you have a discount card? Many clerks will ask this. Membership cards at grocery stores are usually free. They
provide you with a discount on many items. Are you going to use this store a few times? Fill out a form and get a
card! It will be worth your time. If you don’t have a card, don’t be fooled by the prices on food. Many foods are
advertised at membership prices. Without a card you’ll pay a higher price. Brand-name items are typically more
expensive than no-name or store-named items.
Common Courtesy
If the person behind you only has one or two items, you can invite the shopper to go in front of you. Say, “You can go
ahead of me. You’re just buying a few things.” If there is a divider (small stick) on the conveyor belt at the checkout,
place it after your items. This will allow the person behind you to start placing his or her groceries down too.
AULA 20: How to Start a Conversation

Phase 1: Starting the Conversation
The best way to start up a conversation with someone you don’t know is to ask a question that’s not too personal.
Here are some examples of polite questions you can ask to get things going:
“Excuse me, do you have the time?” or “Do you know what time it is?”
“Hi. Is this seat taken?” if the answer is “no”, then you can follow up with “Do you mind if I sit here?”
“Pardon me. Do you know what time this place closes?” (assuming you are in a place of business, where “place” can
be replaced with “restaurant” or “cafe” or “store”).
Even better, start a conversation by noticing something about the other person and commenting on it in a nice way.
Here are some examples:
Note: whatever you see in [brackets] can be substituted for something specific to your conversation.
“That is a really nice [hat]. Can I ask where you got it?” “I really like your [shoes]. Did you get them near here?”
“That’s a cool looking [phone]. Is it easy to use?”
Phase 2: Elaborating on a Topic
Now that you’ve started talking, you will need to elaborate on the established topic and continue talking.
If they answered your question, you can ask one or two follow up questions to get more details, such as:
“Is that store near here?”
“Was it good value?” (Try to avoid asking for specific monetary amounts of items like “How much did it cost?” as
that can be considered rude)
“Do they have other colours available?”
Next, provide some context to why you asked them the question in the first place. Here are some examples:
“The reason I asked is because I’ve been thinking about replacing my phone.”
“I’ve been looking for a hat like that to give to my friend.”
“Yeah, the shoes I have are getting worn out. It’s time to get a new pair.”
And, as always, if someone is being helpful, don’t forget to thank them!
“Thanks for the suggestion.”
“I appreciate the information.” “Thank you. That was really helpful.”
Phase 3: Extending the Conversation with More Questions
You can usually tell when a person is losing interest in a conversation. If you reach that point, then excuse yourself
and be on your way. However, if you feel like the person may be receptive to a longer conversation, then why not
talk a bit more and get to know them better? Here are some more general questions you can ask to keep the
conversation going.
“Are you from this area?”

“So, what do you do for a living?”
“What brings you here today?”
“Do you come here a lot?”
Each of these questions can be used to extend the conversation and learn more about the other person. The idea
here is to find common points of interest. When they mention something that relates to you and your life, this gives
you an opportunity to explore that topic more fully.
Phase 4: Exploring a Topic Further
When your conversation arrives at a topic that you’re comfortable speaking about in English, then this is your
chance to discuss it in more depth. As an example, let’s say that you discovered your conversation partner has a cat.
You have a cat too. Time to show some photos of your cat on your smartphone!
Or, if the person mentions they are a vegetarian and you happen to be vegetarian, now you have something in
common. Why not ask about their favourite vegetarian recipes?
Phase 5: Asking for Opinions
Everyone has an opinion on something, and many people like to share them with others. Here are some questions
you can ask to get the other person’s view on a situation or topic:
“I don’t know. What do you think?”
“Has that been your experience too?”
“Has that ever happened to you?”
“Why do you think that is (the case)?”
“Is that a good thing or a bad thing?”
Once people start sharing their opinions, you open up the door for a whole new area of conversation. Just be careful
not to probe too far into sensitive topics such as politics or religion.
AULA 21- Abreviations You Should Know

1. RSVP – Please reply
As with so much of English, this comes from French. RSVP stands for “Répondez s’il vous plait”. You’ll see this
request on invitations to weddings and other parties. And yes, please do reply – that way, the bride or host knows
exactly how many salmon fillets to order.
2. ASAP – As soon as possible
“Can you get this in ASAP?” reads the email from your boss. Depending on the project, this may or may not cause
panic – but in any case, you don’t have much time to think!
3. AM/PM – Before midday (morning) and after midday (afternoon)
There’s a huge difference between 5 in the morning and 5 in the afternoon – and these little terms have it covered.
Remember, don’t use them if you use 24-hour time (6 PM is the same as 18:00) and be careful to set your alarm
correctly. A “morning” alarm that goes off at 7 PM doesn’t help anyone!
4. LMK – Let me know
Casual, friendly – perfect for the end of a text. LMK shows that your are expecting confirmation or more
information.
5. BRB – Be right back
Sometimes when chatting, something demands our attention: be it the doorbell, a cat wanting to be let out or an
irresistible caffeinecraving. Don’t sweat it – just let your friend know you’ll BRB.
6. DOB – Date of birth
“What IS my DOB?” you might have wondered the first time you saw this. After all, it does sound like a poorly
chosen item of clothing or foul type of medicine. Well, rest assured you do have a DOB – we all do. You probably
celebrate yours each year with far too much cake, ice cream and requisite silly hats.
7. CC/BCC – Carbon copy/blind carbon copy
Although they refer to the age of email, these terms take their names from the analogue years, when copies were
made using carbon paper. Quick etiquette tip: when adding people to the CC email field, remember they “can
clearly” see who else has received the email . (And don’t “reply all” unless you REALLY want to!)
8. TBA/TBC- To be announced/To be confirmed
Remember your friend whose wedding invitation you need to RSVP ASAP to? Be careful if it says venue TBA or
groom TBC. It means she doesn’t have everything organized just yet!
9. ETA – Estimated time of arrival
“See you on Tuesday, ETA 9 PM.” You might see this when someone is traveling but is unsure of when their flight
gets in.
10. TGIF – Thank God it’s Friday
Sung by workers worldwide each Friday afternoon – the weekend is here!
11. FOMO – Fear of missing out
And with the weekend can come a some pretty serious FOMO. Imagine: You’ve been invited out but don’t feel like
going. But, at the same time, you know it’ll be fun fun and that you may regret not going. So you agonize over what
to do.
12. IMO – in my opinion (or IMHO – in my humble opinion)
We’ve all got a few opinions. This is how you can express them.
13. n/a – not available, not applicable
Use this when filling out a form to show that particular section doesn’t apply to you.
14. aka – Also known as
This little beauty is used to refer to someone or something by another name – often a nickname, such as how your
bro (might) refer to his newborn baby (“This is Eddie, aka ‘The poop machine'”), or how Chile refers to a much-loved
footballer, Alexis Sanchez, aka ‘El Niño Maravilla’.
15. DIY – Do it yourself
People who are interested in completing tasks themselves rather than hiring professionals (aka DIY-ers) exist in all
walks of life. From fixing electronics and upholstering furniture to completely renovating their homes, as you can
imagine, DIY projects can result in as many great successes as horrible messes!
AULA 22: Articles

The Indefinite Article
Jobs
When we say what people's jobs are, we usually use a/an.
He's an architect.
She's a scientist.
My grandmother was a teacher.
Singular nouns
Singular, countable nouns always have an article – a/an or the (or another determiner – my, your, this, that, etc.).
We use a/an – the indefinite article – when we talk about something for the first time, or something that is part of a
group or type.
I saw a good film yesterday.

Do you want a drink?
We use a when the word that follows it begins with a consonant sound. We use an when it's followed by a vowel
sound. This makes pronunciation easier.
She has a university degree.
It took me an hour to get home.
We use the – the definite article – when the listener already knows which thing we are talking about because it was
mentioned before or because there's only one of them.
I'm going to take the dog for a walk.

Have you seen the car key?
They go to the school next to the bridge.
Things in general
When we talk about things in general, we normally use a plural or uncountable noun with no article.
Birds eat worms.
Water freezes at 0°C.
Children need a lot of sleep.
Particular groups of things

When we talk about a particular group of things, we use the.
We went to the zoo and saw the kangaroos. (These are the particular kangaroos in that zoo – not kangaroos in
general.)
The Definite Article
The definite article in English is ‘the’, and we can use it with singular and plural nouns. We use ‘the’ when:
We have already identified the noun we are referring to in a previous phrase
There is only one of this thing (for example, ‘the station’ – there is only one in the city)
We use certain expressions, especially related to physical things such as ‘the weather’, ‘the sea’, ‘the
environment’.
Here are some examples:

You can’t go to the post office now. It’s closed.
Can you turn on the television?
The shopping bags are still in the car. I’ll get them.
Where’s the bottle-opener?
The students are waiting for the lesson to start.
The washing machine is broken. We need to get another one.
The presentation is ready for you to check Mrs. Harper.
What’s the weather like in your country?
No article
It can be difficult to know when not to use an article in English, especially when you translate from your native
language which has different rules for articles. Here are the main cases when we don’t use an article:
Don’t use an article with possessive adjectives. For example, “She’s my friend” and not “She’s a my friend.”
Don’t use an article with a general topic. For example, compare the following sentences
– I love music. (meaning music in general)
– I love the music you’re playing. (meaning this specific music)
Don’t put an article in front of country names except when they include ‘kingdom’, ‘states’ and ‘lands’. For
example:
– France (without ‘the’)

– The Netherlands (with ‘the’)
Choosing the Right Article

The main thing to remember when you speak is that the first time you refer to something, you generally need
to use ‘a’ or ‘an’. The second time you refer to the same thing you can use ‘the’. And when you refer to a unique
thing or place, you can use ‘the’. Here are some examples of using both ‘a/an’ and ‘the’:
They had a long meeting. When the meeting ended they had a coffee break.
We need a pen. I think there’s one in the kitchen.
He started here as an office worker. Now he’s the Managing Director!
We’re planning a holiday. We’ll probably go to the sea.
Being a doctor must be difficult. The doctor I saw yesterday was very kind.
I must buy some sugar. The sugar bowl is empty.
AULA 23: A vs. An

USE 1
The article A is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with consonant sounds.
Examples:
He is a teacher.
She doesn't own a car. I saw a bear at the zoo.
USE 2
The article AN is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with vowel sounds.
Examples:
He is an actor.
She didn't get an invitation. I saw an eagle at the zoo.
USE 3
Remember that A(AN) means "one" or "a single". You cannot use A(AN) with plural nouns.
Examples:
I saw a bears in Yellowstone National Park. Not Correct I saw bears in
Yellowstone National Park. Correct
USE 4
If there is an adjective or an adverbadjective combination before the noun, A(AN) should agree with the first sound
in the adjective or the adverb adjective combination.
Examples:
He is an excellent teacher.
I saw a really beautiful eagle at the zoo.
USE 5
Use A before words such as "European" or "university" which sound like they start with a consonant even if the first
letter is a vowel. Also use A before letters and numbers which sound like they begin with a consonant, such as "U",
"J", "1" or "9". Remember, it is the sound not the spelling which is important. For example, "1" is spelled ONE;
however, it is pronounced "won" like it starts with a "W".
Examples:
She has a euro. Sounds like "yuro". That number is a "1". Sounds like
"won".
AULA 24: ♫ - Inglês com Música - Do You Wanna Dance - Johnny

Rivers
Do you wanna dance and hold my hand?

Tell me that I'm your man
Baby do you wanna dance?
Do you wanna dance under the moonlight?
Squeeze and kiss me all
through the night Baby do you wanna dance?
Now do you wanna dance girl, and hold my hand?
Do you wanna dance under the moonlight?
Loving me girl, all through the night
Well now do you, do you, do you, do you wanna dance? Do you, do you,
do you, do you wanna dance?
Do you, do you wanna dance?
Now do you wanna dance and hold my hand?
Yes do you wanna dance I mean under the moonlight Squeeze and kiss
me all through the night
Well now, do you, do you, do you, do you wanna dance? Do you, do
you, do you, do you wanna dance?
Do you, do you wanna dance?
O, do you wanna dance (hold my hand)
Do you wanna dance?
Baby do you wanna dance? Yeah, yeah Do you wanna dance all night?
Do you wanna dance under the moonlight? Do you wanna dance?
AULA 25- Christmas Vocabulary

AULA 26: The Alphabet, Vowels and Consonants - How to Spell and
Uses
The Alphabets can be written both in Capital Letters and in Small Letters. And the Alphabets can be classified
into Vowels and Consonants.
Vowels are:
A, E, I, O & U
Consonants are:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y & Z
Words with Vowel Letters:
Absorb, enjoy, idea, open, uneasy, each, idiot, etc.,
Words with Vowel Sound:
why, shy, sky, dry, cry, fry, fly, wry, etc.,
Special Vowel Words:
dialogue, education, adulteration, equation, behaviour, nefarious, pandemonium, precaution, etc.,

AULA 27: The Nature - Domestic and Farm Animals (Vocabulary and
Context Class)
AULA 28: How Old Are You? Como Falar sobre idade em inglês
Surge sempre a famigerada pergunta:
How old are you? (Quantos anos você tem?)

How old is Robert? (Quantos anos o Robert tem?)
To be
Já falamos disso anteriormente: em inglês, você não tem idade. Você é a sua idade. O verbo ser em inglês é o to
be. Portanto, use-o para expressar quantos anos você tem. A própria frase How old are you? contém o verbo to
be.
How old ARE you?
I’m 34 years old. (Eu tenho 34 anos de idade).

He is 27. (Ele tem 27 anos.)
She’s just 5 years old. (Ela só tem 5 anos de idade.)
Note que é possível subtrair o years old e dizer que a pessoa é apenas os anos que tem. Então:
She is 14. (Ela tem quatorze.)
O to be sempre é o verbo para falar de idade. Há situações em que você precisa mudar o tempo verbal para
expressar outra ideia, mas o verbo auxiliar continua o mesmo. Veja:
How old were you when you graduated? (Quantos você tinha
quando se formou?)
How old will you be when you retire? (Quantos anos você terá ao se
aposentar?)
At
No Brasil, ao tentarmos dizer que fizemos alguma coisa, dizemos que fizemos COM determinada idade. Assim:
Pulei de paraquedas com 18 anos.
Entretanto, regra básica: português e inglês são diferentes. Você provavelmente erra quando faz traduções
diretas. E é o caso aqui. No inglês, você não usa with (com), mas at.
O correto, nesse caso, seria:
I parachuted at 18. (Pulei de paraquedas aos 18 anos.)

At 34, I will get my best physique. (Aos 34, terei a minha melhor
forma física.)
He is going to be an incredible professional at 28. (Ele será um
incrível profissional aos 28 anos.)
AULA 29: Plural Regular or Irregular

Há plurais regulares, que seguem certas regras para serem formados, e os irregulares, que não seguem regras e
precisam ser decorados. Ah, também temos palavras sem plural. Aqui, veremos as regras do plural e quais são as
principais palavras que têm forma irregular no plural.
Plural regular
-s
Assim como no português, muitas palavras no inglês recebem um –s no final para torná-la plural. Por exemplo,
book (livro) vira books (livros), assim como table (mesa) vira tables (mesas).
-es
Palavras que terminam em ch, s, ss, sh, x e o recebem duas letras para o plural regular: -es. Church (igreja)
passa a ser churches (igrejas), kiss (beijo) transforma-se em kisses (beijos), bus (ônibus) vira buses, e tomato
(tomate) vira tomatoes (tomates).
-ies
Palavras terminadas em consoante + y sofrem uma boa modificação: retiramos o y e acrescentamos –ies no seu
lugar. Se você quiser dizer que alguém teve dois bebês, por exemplo, a frase fica: ” My friend had two babies”
(baby transforma-se em babies). Family (família) passa a ser families (famílias), assim como party (festa) muda
para parties (festas).
Plural irregular
É claro que o inglês tem exceções nesse assunto, assim como temos na língua portuguesa também. Os plurais
irregulares não seguem as regras destacadas aqui em cima, ou seja, precisam ser decorados, mas nem precisa se
desesperar, grande parte das palavras com plural irregular são comuns no dia a dia, ou seja, usamos bastante e
fica mais fácil memorizar. Veja a lista abaixo:
Man (homem) – men (homens)

Woman (mulher) – women (mulheres)
Gentleman (cavalheiro) – gentlemen (cavalheiros)
Child (criança) – children (crianças)
Ox (boi) – oxen (bois)
Person (pessoa) – people (pessoas)
Tooth (dente) – teeth (dentes)
Foot (pé) – feet (pés)
Goose (ganso) – geese (gansos)
Mouse (camundongo)- mice (camundongos)
Calf (bezerro) – calves (bezerros)
Leaf (folha) – leaves (folhas)
Life (vida) – lives (vidas)
Scarf (cachecol) – scarves (cachecóis)
Shelf (prateleira) – shelves (prateleiras)
Thief (ladrão) – thieves (ladrões)
Wife (esposa) – wives (esposas)
Wolf (lobo) – wolves (lobos)
E temos mais um caso de irregularidade que você pode ver semelhança: Analysis (análise) – analyses (análises)
Crisis (crise) – crises (crises) Diagnosis (diagnóstico) – diagnoses (diagnósticos)
Emphasis (ênfase) – emphases (ênfases)
AULA 31- House Appliances

AULA 32 - Furniture
AULA 33: Very, Many, Much, A lot, Too - Advérbios de Intensidade

Very significa “muito” e é usado para dar intensidade.
I’m very tired today

Estou muito cansado hoje.
I’m very hungry now.

Estou com muita fome agora.
Many significa “muitos” e é usado com palavras contáveis.
She has many friends on Facebook.

Ela tem muitos amigos no Facebook.
I have many books in my house.

Eu tenho muitos livros na minha casa.
Much significa “muito” mas é usado com palavras incontáveis.
I don’t have much time now.

Eu não tenho muito tempo agora.
How much water do you drink?

Quanta água você bebe?
A lot significa “muito” e é usado para dar ênfase no final de frases depois de verbo.
I had to work a lot today.

Eu tive que trabalhar muito hoje.
I studied a lot for the test.

Eu estudei muito para o teste.
A lot of/ Lots of significa “muito ou muitos” como much e many, mas é informal.
I don’t have a lot of friends.

Eu não tenho muitos amigos.
I have lots of books.

Eu tenho muitos livros.
She has a lot of money.

Ela tem muito dinheiro.
She has lots of money.

Ela tem muito dinheiro.
AULA 34: Dias da Semana

o escrever os dias da semana em inglês, lembre-se sempre de escrever cada dia com a letra inicial maiúscula:
A
» I study English on Tuedays.
» She goes to to church on Saturdays.
» They’ll be here on Friday.
Dias da Semana em Inglês - Usos e Curiosidades
Independentemente da posição, os dias da semana em inglês são sempre escritos com inicial maiúscula.
A preposição geralmente usada com os dias da semana em inglês é “on“. Veja os exemplos:
» Let’s meet for lunch on Monday. (Vamos almoçar juntos na segunda.)
» We are leaving on Tuesday. (Nós partiremos na terça-feira)
» She usually works at home on Thursdays. (Ela costuma trabalhar de casa nas quintas.)
Em contextos informais, é comum deixar a preposição de fora. Portanto, não se assuste ao ler ou ouvir algo
como “Let’s go out for dinner Wednesday!“.
Outra coisa interessante é o uso dos dias da semana em inglês no plural. Ao fazermos isso, estamos indicando
que algo acontece sempre naquele dia. Por exemplo,
» She goes to church on Sundays. (Ela vai à igreja todos os domingos. | Aos domingos, ela vai à igreja.)
» We do karate on Fridays. (A gente faz karatê nas sextas-feiras. | Às sextas-feiras, a gente faz karatê. | A gente
faz karatê nas sextas.)
Caso você queira dizer “segunda de manhã“, “quinta à tarde“, “sexta à noite“, etc., basta seguir a fórmula abaixo:
» Monday morning (segunda de manhã, segunda pela manhã)
» Monday afternoon (segunda à tarde)
» Monday evening (segunda no finzinho da tarde, segunda no comecinho da noite)
» Monday night (segunda à noite)
Para os demais dias da semana é só trocar Monday pelo dia que desejar: Friday morning, Saturday evening,
Sunday afternoon, Thursday night, etc.
Já para dizer coisas como “próxima segunda“, “segunda que vem“, “segunda passada“, use as palavras “next” e
“last“:
» next Monday (próxima segunda-feira, segunda-feira que vem)
» last Monday (segunda-feira passada)
Novamente, basta trocar o dia da semana para comunicar outros dias e períodos: next Sunday, last Sunday, next
Friday, last Friday, etc.
Dias da Semana em Inglês: curiosidades

Você sabia que os dias da semana em inglês tem origem em nomes de deuses nórdicos e astros (corpos celestes)?
Monday tem origem em moon (lua); logo o dia da lua;

Tuesday tem origem no nome do deus Tiw (deus da guerra); logo, dia de Tiw;
Wednesday tem origem no nome do deus Odin (pais dos deuses); logo, dia de Odin;
Thursday tem origem no nome do deus Thor (deus do trovão); logo, dia de Thor;
Friday tem origem no nome da deusa Frigg (esposa de Odin); logo, dia de Frigg;
Saturday tem origem em saturn (saturno); logo, dia de saturno;
Sunday tem origem em sun (sol); logo, dia do sol.
Outra curiosidade é que de todos os dias da semana em inglês, Friday é de longe o que parece ser mais usado.
Acredita-se que seja pelo fato de ser o último útil de trabalho em uma semana e que, portanto, faz com que a
frase Thank God It’s Friday – sigla TGIF – seja dita por quase todos os falantes de inglês.
A quarta-feira tem um apelido carinhoso em inglês: hump day. Assim, quando alguém falar “it’s hump day”, na
se assuste. Ela está apenas dizendo que é quarta-feira.
AULA 35: Family

Pais e filhos
Wife: esposa
Husband: esposo
Parents: pais
Father: pai
Mother: mãe
Son: filho
Daughter: filha
Brother: irmão
Sister: irmã
Sibling: irmão e irmã (não importa o sexo)
Widow: Viúva
Widower: Viúvo
Fiancé: Noivo ou Noiva
Relatives: Seus parentes, menos os seus pais
Vale lembrar que “Dad” é uma maneira informal de alguém se referir ao pai [father]. Existe ainda a possibilidade
de se dizer “daddy“, forma muito utilizada pelas crianças. O mesmo vale para mom [ mamãe ], porém tome
muito cuidado com a pronúncia.
Exemplos:
His mother and his wife are still there. [ Sua mãe e sua esposa ainda estão lá. ]
I have a son and a daughter. [ Eu tenho um filho e uma filha. ]
He is not my brother! [ Ele não é meu irmão! ]
Avós e netos
Grandfather: avô
Grandmother: avó
Grandson: neto
Granddaughter: neta
Grandparents: avós
Great grandfather: bisavô
Great grandmother: bisavó
Great grandson: bisneto
Great granddaughter: bisneta
Great great grandfather: trisavô (ver nota abaixo)
Great great grandmother: trisavó (ver nota abaixo)
Nota: O pai do bisavô é o trisavô. No entanto há dicionários que aceitam o uso popular, ou seja, chamar tataravô
como pai do bisavô.
Exemplos:
My grandmothers are both widows. [ As minhas avós são viúvas. ]
Ms Sommerfeld has just become a great-grandmother. [ A senhora Sommerfeld acaba de se tornar bisavó. ]
Tios, sobrinhos e primos
Uncle: tio
Aunt: tia
Cousin: primo e prima
Nephew: sobrinho
Niece: sobrinha
Exemplos:
What does your uncle do for a living? [ O que seu tio faz para ganhar a vida? ]
My nephew likes me more than his own father. [ Meu sobrinho gosta mais de mim do que do seu próprio pai.
Tell her she’ll be an aunt soon. [ Diga a ela que ela vai ser tia em breve. ]
In-law
Father-in-law: sogro
Mother-in-law: sogra
Brother-in-law: cunhado
Sister-in-law: cunhada
Exemplos:
I can be a good husband, a good dad, a good father-in-law, a good grandfather. I can be a good friend. [ Eu
posso ser um bom marido, um bom pai, um bom sogro, um bom avô. Eu posso ser um bom amigo. ]
My brother-in-law helped a lot, because he’s a great cook. [ Meu cunhado me ajudou muito, porque ele é um
grande cozinheiro. ]
Padrinho e madrinha
Godfather: padrinho
Godmother: madrinha
Exemplos:
My Godfather passed away recently. [ Meu padrinho faleceu recentemente. ]
Step
Stepfather: padrasto
Stepmother: madrasta
Exemplos:
He never introduced his stepmother to his wife. [ Ele nunca apresentou sua madrasta para sua esposa. ]
It was a gift from his stepfather. [ Isso foi um presente de seu padrasto. ]
Half
Half brother: meio irmão
Half sister: meia irmã
Exemplos:
Peter is the half brother of Allan. [ Peter é meio irmão de Allan. ]
AULA 36: Word order - A ordem das palavras em inglês

Basic word order in English
The basic word order of an English sentence is Subject + Predicate.
The predicate is the part of the sentence that tells something about the subject. The predicate always includes
the verb.
So, Subject + Predicate word order can be broken down into smaller pieces like this:
subject + verb
Or
subject + verb + object
Let's review the definitions of these parts of speech.

subject = noun or pronoun
The person, place, or thing that the sentence is about.
verb = action or state of being
one verb or a verb phrase
object = the noun or nouns that receives the action of the verb or is affected by the action of the verb
Active and passive voice
Active voice is the typical word order. That is when we put the subject (the doer) first, followed by the new
information (which is the focus):
Lesley has written four successful novels.

If we use the passive voice, we can often omit who the doer is:
The cake was cut. (no doer)
Or we can place the doer in a prepositional phrase after the verb. When we do this, we focus on the doer:
The music was played by a local quartet. (doer in prepositional phrase after the verb)
The hotel was run by a quaint couple from Wales.
AULA 37: Mister, Mistress and Miss

How to refer to women and girls
First, a historical perspective might shed light on how far we’ve come with titles for women.
Historically, you referred to men as "Mister" and used the feminine form "Mistress" for women, which didn’t
reveal if a woman was married or not. We don't use that term today, and it's evolved into several contractions to
distinguish marital status.
In fact, in the United States, "mistress" today describes a woman having an affair with a married man, so be
careful!
Today, we use "Miss" for young girls or unmarried women. "Mrs." is the abbreviation of "missus" and refers to
married women.
"Ms." came about in the 1950s as women sought to differentiate themselves from being known by their marital
status, and it gained in stature in the 1970s. Today, it’s more common to refer to a woman as "Ms." regardless of
her marital status.
When to use Miss
We refer to young girls as "Miss." It’s sometimes safe to call women in their 20s "Miss," but always try to
determine their preference for titles before using them in correspondence or in introductions.
When to use Ms.
You can rarely go wrong with addressing a woman as "Ms." Since women today need not be distinguished by
their marital status, addressing a grown woman as "Ms." is safer than "Miss" or "Mrs." However, it’s in your best
interests to ask a woman about her preferred title, especially if you’re unsure of her marital status.
When to use Mrs.
As well as being used for married women, some widowed or divorced women still refer to themselves as "Mrs."
You can’t assume that someone using the title "Mrs." has a spouse; they just might want to still be referred to as
"Mrs." Especially for older, widowed women, it might offend them if you addressed them as "Ms."
Always ask women if you’re unsure
The above are guidelines that can help give you a starting point regarding how a particular female might want
addressed. But it eventually falls on personal preference, which you can only know if you ask.
Understanding when to use "Miss," "Ms." and "Mrs." can help you avoid misunderstandings and offending some
women. How women identify themselves reveals how they think about their identity and sense of self. Since
there is no hard and fast rule to help you figure this out, proper etiquette requires you to ask.
Final thoughts
British and American titles differ in one singular way:
British titles do not include a period after: Mr, Mrs, Ms
American titles include periods after: Mr., Mrs., Ms.
If you don’t want to offend anyone, take the time to understand the differences between titles and how to use
them. Above all, make sure you ask women their preferences in titles before you introduce them or address
them in correspondence, and defer to these preferences.
AULA 38: Não diga WAIT

AULA 39: I am only human

I´m only human - Rag'n'Bone Man
I'm only human

I'm only, I'm only
I'm only human, human
Maybe I'm foolish
Maybe I'm blind
Thinking I can see through this
And see what's behind
Got no way to prove it
So maybe I'm blind
But I'm only human after all
I'm only human after all
Don't put your blame on me
Take a look in the mirror
And what do you see
Do you see it clearer
Or are you deceived
In what you believe
'Cause I'm only human after all
You're only human after all
Don't put the blame on me
Some people got the real problems
Some people out of luck
Some people think I can solve them
Lord heavens above
Don't ask my opinion
Don't ask me to lie
Then beg for forgiveness
For making you cry
Making you cry
'Cause I'm only human after all
Oh, some people got the real problems
Some people out of luck
Some people think I can solve them
Lord heavens above
I'm only human
I make mistakes
I'm only human
That's all it takes
To put the blame on me
I'm no prophet or Messiah
Should go looking somewhere higher
I'm only human
I do what I can
I'm just a man
I do what I can
AULA 40: Colors

AULA 41: FRUITS


Apostila Basic 1 - Carol Me Ensina

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BASIC 1 - APOSTILA DO CURSO COMPLETA

AULA 1: Dicas Basiquinhas 1 - Very Quick Tips

2- Dias da semana, pronúncia, como se usa e muito mais (Weekdays)

AULA 2: Dicas Basiquinhas 2 - Very Quick Tips 2

AULA 3: GO TO - Quem vai, vai para...

Does this tram go to the city centre?

Go and, come and …

She goes to the desert

AULA 4: Datas em Inglês - Como Usar? Como Falar?

Speaking the Date

Para anunciar a data, utiliza-se:

BC and AD = a.C. e d.C.

AULA 5: Números Cardinais

A terminação –teen éadicionada a partir do número cardinal treze

A partir do twenty, os números cardinais das dezenas recebem a

unidades: trinta e três éthirty-three, quarenta e quatro éfourthy-

Jáos números ordinais a partir do twentieth (vigésimo) recebem a

Os milhões funcionam da mesma maneira também, sótrocando por million:

1,000,000 = One million

345 - Three hundred forty five

AULA 6: Números Ordinais

Na grafia da abreviação, as duas últimas letras podem ser elevadas:

21o - vigésimo primeiro = 21st - twenty-first

167o - centésimo sexagésimo sétimo = 167th - one hundred and sixty-seventh

205th – two hundred and fifth

Números Ordinais em datas - Ordinal Numbers in dates

the fourth book - Book Four

Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth

AULA 7: Nouns - Genders

Mary is my friend. She is a doctor.

Sam is a female doctor.

Masculine - Feminine Common gender nouns

Why is a ship called “she”?

I love my car. She (the car) is my greatest passion.

AULA 8: Personal Pronouns

you and they

*Tutu: Nome do vestido usado por bailarinas

AULA 9: Possessive Adjectives

Jane takes pride in Jane’s outfits.

Jane takes pride in her outfits.

AULA 10: Possessive Pronouns

Is that car yours/hers/ours/theirs?

AULA 11: Object Pronouns

I give them cookies every week.

I give they cookies every week.

Eek. Now consider the following example:

She gave Jim and I extra cookies.

She gave Jim and me extra cookies.

AULA 12: Reflexive Pronouns

The following can be considered a rule with regards to reflexive pronouns:

An example of proper usage would be:

Jane shook herself awake.

Jane shook her awake.

If you have questions, e­mail Bob or myself.

If you have questions, email Bob or me.

If you have questions, e­mail myself.

AULA 13: Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns Examples

This was my mother’s ring.

AULA 14: Impersonal Pronouns

One can’t learn a language in six weeks.

Also use "They" or "You" in the same way

They speak English in this part of the country.

If you have questions, email Bob or myself.

If you have questions, email myself.