Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
S664
Vários autores.
ISBN 978-85-62080-03-6
CDD 005.1
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •
Conteúdo licenciado pela Creative Atribuição-Compartilhamento pela Licença 2.5 Brasil Com-
mons. Essa licença permite copiar, distribuir, exibir e criar obras derivadas sobre esta obra.
As novas obras devem conter menção aos autores nos créditos, porém as obras derivadas
precisam ser licenciadas sob os mesmos termos dessa licença.
Revisão
Karina Bersan Rocha
Diagramação
Murilo Bansi Machado
Capa
Aurélio A. Heckert
Momento Editorial
2009
• Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Sumário
7
Introdução
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar
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15
Distros e comunidades: a dinâmica interna de
Debian, Fedora, Slackware e Ubuntu
Murilo Bansi Machado
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39
Software Livre e a Perspectiva da Dádiva: uma análise sobre a
produção colaborativa no projeto GNOME
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar
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79
Política e Linguagem nos debates sobre software livre
Rafael Evangelista
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• Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
151
A tecnologia na obra de Álvaro Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire
Anderson Fernandes de Alencar
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movimento do software livre
189
Mobilização colaborativa, cultura hacker e a
teoria da propriedade imaterial
Sergio Amadeu da Silveira
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271
Debates e discussões interativas
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •
Introdução
Assim, em vez de fechar os olhos para essa realidade (social) singular que
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é ser contra ou a favor, mas sim reconhecer as mudanças qualitativas na ecologia
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humanas, que foram desenvolvidos em diferentes universidades e centros de
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do Software livre, Cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração.
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UDFLRQDO *18/LQX[ &RP R WtWXOR Distros e comunidades: a dinâmica interna de
Debian, Fedora, Slackware e Ubuntu, é apresentada pelo autor uma análise com
parativa entre tais comunidades on-line, em que são explorados elementos con
siderados fundamentais para compreender a dinâmica interna de cada uma delas
como, por exemplo, as formas de comunicação, as relações de poder, o período de
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nessa comunidade.
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Rafael Evangelista apresenta um artigo intitulado Política e Linguagem nos debates
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •
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de um sistema operacional capaz de rodar em todos os tipos de computadores
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o que foi considerado o mais avançado sistema operacional da época: o Berkeley
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permitiu a comunicação entre computadores e programação de computador cumu
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um grupo de programadores, lançouse nesse momento no árduo processo de
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 11
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criar um sistema operacional capaz de lidar com a complexidade de
computadores cada vez mais potentes interagindo por meio da Internet”
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considerado tecnologicamente inferior. No entanto, pelo fato de ter uma interface
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funcionar, o kernel é o mais importante “pacote” desse sistema. Isto porque o kernel realiza todas as operações mais
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“sistema nervoso” de um sistema operacional para computadores, dada a sua complexidade e funcionalidade.
12 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
(PRHQWmRXQLYHUVLWiULR/LQXV7RUYDOGVTXHKDYLDDGTXLULGRRVHX
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então ajuda e cooperação de outros programadores no desenvolvimento desse
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2Newsgroup é uma ferramenta de discussões na Internet, onde usuários postam mensagens de texto (denominadas
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são transmitidas quase que diretamente do remetente para o destinatário, os artigos postados nos newsgroups são
retransmitidos através de uma extensa rede de servidores conectados entre si.
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 13
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1960s
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Software Distribution).
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que posteriormente evolui para o Sendmail.
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cria a Free Software Foundation.
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com alguns aplicativos proprietários.
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OLYUHR¿FLDOGR3URMHWR*18
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o mundo.
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PDLRUHVUHSRVLWyULRVGHFyGLJRDEHUWRGRPXQGRRVLWHSourceForge.net.
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14 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Os hackers
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VRFLDOGHWHFQyORJRVTXHVHD¿UPDPFRPR³KDFNHUV´,VWRSRUTXHDRORQJRGHWRGDV
as pesquisas que compõem este livro, o termo hacker não está associado a in
divíduos irresponsáveis que visam penetrar em sistemas computacionais de forma
ilícita – como é normalmente propagado pela mídia de massa tradicional. Esse tipo
GHLQGLYtGXRVTXHYLRODPVLVWHPDVGHVHJXUDQoDHTXHEUDPFyGLJRVFRPSXWDFLRQDLV
VmRHVSHFL¿FDPHQWHGHQRPLQDGRVGHcrackers e, em geral, são repudiados pelos
PHPEURVGDVFRPXQLGDGHVLQWHUQDFLRQDLVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUH
'HIRUPDFRQWUiULDDHVVDYLVmRSUpFRQFHELGDRVHVWXGRVTXHFRPS}HP
este livro consideram que a práxis dos hackers fundamenta uma cultura que diz
respeito ao conjunto de valores e crenças que emergiu das redes de programadores
de computador que interagiam on-lineHPWRUQRGHSURMHWRVWpFQLFRVHFRODERUDWLYRV
que visavam resultados inovadores. Assim, essa cultura desempenha um papel
FHQWUDODRORQJRGDKLVWyULDGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRVSULQFLSDLVVtPERORVWHFQROyJLFRV
GDDWXDOVRFLHGDGHHPUHGHFRPRR3&Personal ComputerD,QWHUQHWHVRIWZDUHV
FRPRRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO*18/LQX[DWpRVGLDVDWXDLV$¿QDO¿FDFODURGHSRLV
de uma análise mais aprofundada, que é essa cultura hacker que dá sustentação
DRDPELHQWHIRPHQWDGRUGHLQRYDo}HVWHFQROyJLFDVVLJQL¿FDWLYDVPHGLDQWHDFROD
ERUDomRHFRPXQLFDomROLYUHVFRPRWDPEpPpHODTXHDFDEDSHUPLWLQGRDFRQH[mR
HQWUHRFRQKHFLPHQWRRULJLQDGRHPXQLYHUVLGDGHVHFHQWURVGHSHVTXLVDVHRVVXE
produtos empresariais que difundem as tecnologias da informação no “mundo dos
átomos” isto é, na materialidade da sociedade capitalista.
Referências
&$67(//60DQXHO$*DOi[LDGD,QWHUQHWUHÀH[}HVVREUHD,QWHUQHWRVQHJyFLRVHDVRFLHGDGH.
5LR'H-DQHLUR-RUJH=DKDU(GLWRU
+$56$OH[DQGHU286KDRVRQJ:RUNLQJIRUIUHH"0RWLYDWLRQVIRUSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQRSHQVRXUFHSURMHFWV
International Journal of Electronic Commerce YRO Q S ± 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS
FVGOFRPSXWHURUJSHUVDJHQ'/$EV7RFMVS"UHVRXUFH3DWK GOSURFHHGLQJV WRF FRPSSURFHHGLQJV
KLFVVWRF[PO '2, +,&66!$FHVVRHPMXQ
/e9<3LHUUH&LEHUFXOWXUD6mR3DXOR(G
67$//0$15LFKDUG0)UHH6RIWZDUH)UHH6RFLHW\6HOHFWHG(VVD\VRI5LFKDUG06WDOOPDQ%RVWRQ
-RVKXD*D\
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 15
Distros e comunidades
a dinâmica interna de Debian, Fedora,
Slackware e Ubuntu
XQLYHUVDOL]DU R DFHVVR SDUD RXWURV VHU ³OLYUH´ GHSHQGH GH TXDO SRGHU R XVXiULR
WHP VREUH R FyGLJRIRQWH H SRU LVVR FRQYpP WUDEDOKDU SDUD VXD H[FHOrQFLD$V
diversidades são, pois, patentes aos olhos.
Para fundamentar toda esta nossa discussão, foram analisadas quatro
distribuições de software livre durante o ano de 2008. São elas: Debian, Fedora,
Slackware e Ubuntu. Para tal, acompanhamos fóruns, listas de discussões, comuni-
GDGHV HP UHGHV VRFLDLV FDQDLV QR ,5& HWF EHP FRPR HQWUHYLVWDPRV GLYHUVRV
XVXiULRVHFRODERUDGRUHV-iVREUHRVFULWpULRVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDHVFROKHUHVVDVTXDWUR
distribuições em meio a uma vastidão delas,1 FRQYpP GL]HU HP SULPHLUR OXJDU
buscou-se trabalhar com comunidades cuja representatividade no Brasil fosse alta
– não apenas em termos de números, mas em participação e envolvimento. Outra
SUHRFXSDomR FRQVLVWLX QD HVFROKD GH FRPXQLGDGHV GH GLIHUHQWHV QDWXUH]DV DOJR
que remete à estrutura de sua fundação, consolidação e funcionamento. Dessa
IRUPDDRSDVVRTXH8EXQWXH)HGRUDID]HPVHGLVWULEXLo}HVFRPHUFLDLV±LVWRp
são mantidas por grandes empresas que dão apoio aos trabalhos prestados pelos
colaboradores das respectivas comunidades –, Slackware e Debian são os maiores
H[HPSORV GH GLVWULEXLo}HV QmRFRPHUFLDLV QDV TXDLV SHVDP DSHQDV D IRUoD GDV
intensas atividades de seus voluntários.
1HVWH DUWLJR IH]VH HP XP SULPHLUR PRPHQWR XP EUHYH KLVWyULFR GRV
grupos, dos projetos e das distribuições, apontando brevemente algumas de
VXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPDLVHYLGHQWHV3RU¿PHP³1RUPDVSURFHVVRVGLQkPLFDV´
OHYDQWDUDPVHDOJXQVWySLFRVSDUDXPDDQiOLVHFRPSDUDWLYDHPTXHVmRH[SORUDGRV
elementos considerados chave para compreender a dinâmica interna de cada
FRPXQLGDGH ± PHVPR VRE RV LQHTXtYRFRV ULVFRV GH LQFRUUHU QD VXSHU¿FLDOLGDGH
inócua ou no reducionismo caricatural.
Slackware Linux
e uma das primeiras a serem lançadas, sendo que sua criação data de 16 de Julho
GHTXDQGRRHVWDGXQLGHQVH3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJJUDGXRXVHHP&LrQFLDVGD
&RPSXWDomR SHOD 8QLYHUVLGDGH (VWDGXDO GH 0LQQHVRWD H ODQoRX D YHUVmR
9RONHUGLQJpXPPLWRSDUDXVXiULRVHGHVHQYROYHGRUHVGDGLVWULEXLomRslackers),
TXHVHUHIHUHPDHOHFRPR³RKRPHP´the man) e BDFL (Benevolent Dictator For
LifeRX'LWDGRU9LWDOtFLR%HQHYROHQWH7DLVDOFXQKDVDVVLPFRPRDIUDVHWHPDTXH
LQLFLDHVWHWySLFRVLQWHWL]DPWRGRRUHVSHLWRHDGPLUDomRTXH9RONHUGLQGLQVSLUD
1DV SULPHLUDV YHUV}HV GD GLVWULEXLomR 9RONHUGLQJ WUDEDOKRX VR]LQKR QR
projeto, e apenas em um segundo momento aceitou a ajuda de outros desenvol-
vedores, que ainda hoje são poucos. Já o nome que escolheu é originário do próprio
WHUPR ³VNDFN´ TXH HPERUD VHMD XPD GHVLJQDomR HP LQJOrV SDUD ³SUHJXLoRVR´ RX
³IROJDGR´ GHULYD GH XP FRQFHLWR FXQKDGR SHOD Igreja do Sub-gênio2 comumente
WUDGX]LGR SRU ³VHQVR GH OLEHUGDGH LQGHSHQGrQFLD H RULJLQDOLGDGH SDUD DOFDQoDU
VXDVPHWDVSHVVRDLV´
0RYLGRVSHORSULQFtSLR.,66DFU{QLPRSDUD³Keep it simple, stupid´LVWRp
³PDQWHQKDRVLPSOHVHVW~SLGR´RVslackers se habituaram a manter um sistema
FRP LQWHUIDFHV JUi¿FDV SDUD SRXFDV IXQo}HV DOJR TXH SRGH VH DVVHPHOKDU DR
81,; RULJLQDO ± ³VLPSOLFLGDGH´ QHVVH FDVR QmR GL] UHVSHLWR j IDFLOLGDGH GH XVR
PDV DR GHVLJQ ,VVR DOpP GH FRQIHULU UDSLGH] H OHYH]D VLJQL¿FD TXH R XVXiULR
não conta com a ajuda de barras, menus e ícones intuitivos para trabalhar com
JUDQGHSDUWHGRVFRPDQGRVTXHVmRUHDOL]DGRVHPVXDPDLRULDSRUPHLRGHOLQKDV
GHFyGLJRSRLVRVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGHDFUHGLWDPTXHRVJUi¿FRVRFXOWDPR
³YHUGDGHLUR´VLVWHPD3RULVVRGL]VHTXH³Vy6ODFNZDUHp/LQX[´H[SUHVVmRTXH
UHPHWH D XPD GLVWULEXLomR ³SXUD´ ³RULJLQDO´ QHOD HVVH ³YHUGDGHLUR VLVWHPD´ HVWi
plenamente à disposição de quem opera a máquina, alguém que tem o poder de
garantir a segurança e o bom andamento de quaisquer aplicações.
Hoje, nem mesmo o próprio processo de instalação do Slackware é total-
PHQWHJUi¿FRRTXHGL¿FXOWDDUHDOL]DomRGHWDOIHLWRSRUXPLQLFLDQWH0XLWRVFUrHP
TXHDGLVWULEXLomRH[LJHPXLWRWHPSRGRVXVXiULRVQHVVDGL¿FXOGDGHGHDSUHQGL]DGR
imediato. Os slackers, no entanto, acreditam que o sistema é simples à medida que
pFRPSUHHQGLGRHTXHVHXXVRpVLQJXODUPHQWHYDQWDMRVRHPIXQomRGDH[SHULrQFLD
angariada durante o processo de pesquisa a que o iniciante se submete nos
primeiros momentos.
Além de simples e, portanto, leve, o Slackware tem por característica
SUHSRQGHUDQWHDHVWDELOLGDGHUD]mRSHODTXDOpDPSODPHQWHXVDGRHPPiTXLQDV
que cumprem o papel de servidores de sistema e devidamente aproveitado por
2 Igreja do Sub-gênio&KXUFKRIWKH6XE*HQLXVpXPDUHOLJLmR¿FWtFLDGDTXDO3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJp³PHPEUR´7UDWDVH
GHXPJUXSRSVHXGRUHOLJLRVRTXHVDWLUL]DDOpPGDVUHOLJL}HVDWHRULDGDFRQVSLUDomRRVH[WUDWHUUHVWUHVHDVSHFWRV
da cultura popular.
18 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
PDLVGHRXWUDVGLVWULEXLo}HVTXHGHOHVHID]HPGHULYDGDV
No Brasil, a comunidade Slackware PDLV H[SUHVVLYD HVWi HP yUELWD
GR *XVEU R *UXSR GH 8VXiULRV 6ODFNZDUH %UDVLO 2 *XVEU VXUJLX QR GLD GH
GH]HPEURGHFRPRIUXWRGDYRQWDGHGHXPJUXSRGHDPLJRVFXMRREMHWLYRHUD
promover a troca de informações sobre a distribuição e ser uma referência diante
GDVFRPXQLGDGHVQDFLRQDLVHLQWHUQDFLRQDLV3RGHVHGL]HUTXHDWpFHUWRSRQWRR
projeto de seus fundadores3 tem sido bem-sucedido.
4XDQGRVDLUiDSUy[LPDRXDVSUy[LPDVYHUVmR}HVGRSlackware? Patrick
9RONHUGLQJUHVSRQGH³RQRYR6ODFNZDUHYDLVHUODQoDGRTXDQGRHVWLYHUSURQWR´4
Ubuntu Linux
$WpHQWmRH[LVWHPJUXSRVUHJLRQDLVQRVHVWDGRVGH$ODJRDV%DKLD&HDUi0DWR*URVVR0DUDQKmR0LQDV*HUDLV
3DUDtED 3DUDQi 3DUi 3HUQDPEXFR 5LR *UDQGH GR 6XO 5LR GH -DQHLUR 6DQWD &DWDULQD 6mR 3DXOR 6HUJLSH H QR
Distrito Federal. Nada impede, entretanto, que algum usuário reúna um grupo de pessoas e crie um novo grupo regional
onde não houver nenhum.
2/DXQFKSDGDVVLPFRPRR8EXQWXIRLGHVHQYROYLGRHpPDQWLGRSHOD&DQRQLFDO/WG
20 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Debian GNU/Linux
&DEHDROtGHUGR3URMHWR'HELDQHQWUHRXWUDVFRLVDVWRPDUGHFLV}HVXUJHQWHVHFRPDQGDUGLVFXVV}HV(OHpHOHLWR
SHORVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHPXPSURFHVVRFRPSOH[RTXHOHYDHPFRQWDWDQWRRJUDXGHDFHLWDomRTXDQGRGHUHMHLomR
GRFDQGLGDWR-iR&RPLWr7pFQLFRpR~QLFRyUJmRTXHWHPSRGHUVREUHDVGHFLV}HVLQGLYLGXDLVGRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
sendo que a comunidade prefere usá-lo apenas como última alternativa.
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 21
2VGHVHQYROYHGRUHVVmRRVPHPEURV³R¿FLDLV´GDFRPXQLGDGH3DUDDOFDQoDUWDOSRVWRHOHVGHYHPWHUXPDFKDYH
*3* HVSpFLH GH DVVLQDWXUD GLJLWDO DVVLQDGD SRU DOJXpP TXH Mi p GHVHQYROYHGRU FKDPDGR GH ³SDGULQKR´ SDVVDU
por provas de habilidade técnica e compreensão ética e moral com relação ao software livre e à comunidade Debian.
$R¿QDOJDQKDPXPHPDLOFRPRGRPtQLR³GHELDQRUJ´XPDSiJLQDQD,QWHUQHWHRDFHVVRDRUHSRVLWyULRFHQWUDOGD
distribuição.
0DQWHQHGRUHV VmR UHVSRQViYHLV SRU SDFRWHV HVSHFt¿FRV DVVHJXUDQGR D HVWDELOLGDGH GRV VRIWZDUHV 3DUD LVVR
QmRSUHFLVDPVHUGHVHQYROYHGRUHVPDVIUHTHQWHPHQWHVHFDQGLGDWDPDRSRVWReFRPRVHIRVVHXPSURFHVVRGH
DSUHQGL]DGRRGHVHQYROYHGRUGHYHVHUYLUFRPRPDQWHQHGRUSRUXPWHPSRDWpSURYDUVXDFDSDFLGDGH
22 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Fedora
O Projeto Fedora teve início em 2002, quando a empresa Red Hat, criada
HPHHVSHFLDOL]DGDHPVHUYLoRVUHODFLRQDGRVDVRIWZDUHOLYUHHGLVWULEXLo}HV
/LQX[GHFLGLXYROWDUVHXVHVIRUoRVSDUDRPHUFDGRFRUSRUDWLYRRIHUHFHQGRVROXo}HV
open source. Dessa forma, dividiu sua distribuição em duas: Red Hat Enterprise
/LQX[H)HGRUD&RUHFULDQGRDVVLPR3URMHWR)HGRUDTXHSDVVRXDVHUFRQGX]LGR
em boa parte pela comunidade.
Sustentado pela Red Hat, o Projeto teve investimento inicial em pessoas,
divulgação e eventos e é considerado um laboratório de inovação, pesquisa e
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRVHJXQGR0D[6SHYDFN±VHXOtGHUDWpIHYHUHLURGH(QFDUDGR
como uma parceria entre comunidade e empresa, o Projeto, que lança uma nova
YHUVmRGDGLVWULEXLomRDFDGDVHLVPHVHVWHPFRPRXPDGDV¿QDOLGDGHVWHVWDUH
DSHUIHLoRDU DSOLFDo}HV TXH VHUmR LPSOHPHQWDGDV QR VRIWZDUH R¿FLDO GD 5HG +DW
ODQoDGRDFDGDGH]RLWRPHVHV$VVLPR)HGRUDJHUDOPHQWHWUD]RTXHKiGHPDLV
recente e corre o risco, em nome da inovação, de portar uma aplicação passível
de bugs$FRPXQLGDGHSRUFHUWRVHUHVSRQVDELOL]DSURQWDPHQWHSRUHOHV1mRp
UDURSRUH[HPSORHQFRQWUDUXPDJUDQGHTXDQWLGDGHGHDWXDOL]Do}HVSRXFRWHPSR
depois da data de lançamento.
2 3URMHWR p JHULGR SHOR )DP6&R Fedora Ambassadors Steering
Committee XP FRPLWr GH HPEDL[DGRUHV12 eleito a cada seis meses por
HPEDL[DGRUHVHVSDOKDGRVSHORPXQGR2FRPLWrpUHVSRQViYHOSHODVHVWUDWpJLDV
GHPDUNHWLQJGDGLVWULEXLomRHSHODRUJDQL]DomRGDFRPXQLGDGHPXQGLDORULHQWDQGR
D DWXDomR GRV GHPDLV HPEDL[DGRUHV H IRUQHFHQGR RV UHFXUVRV QHFHVViULRV SDUD
as comunidades locais. Atualmente, o brasileiro Rodrigo Padula de Oliveira é um
de seus membros. Nas eleições de Janeiro de 2008, recebeu o maior número de
votos (41 do total de 69), o que corroborou a credibilidade e a representatividade
da comunidade brasileira diante do Projeto. Além disso, Padula também assumiu o
cargo de Community Manager GR)HGRUDQD$PpULFD/DWLQD)HGRUD/$7$0yUJmR
TXH SUHWHQGH UHDOL]DU QD UHJLmR DWLYLGDGHV VHPHOKDQWHV jV GHVHPSHQKDGDV SHOR
)DP6&R
$FLPD GR )DP6&2 H[LVWH XP yUJmR Pi[LPR GH GHFLV}HV WUDWDVH GR
)HGRUD%RDUGFRQVLGHUDGRXPWLPHH[HFXWLYRFRQVWLWXtGR±DWpPHDGRVGH
– por 5 membros indicados pela Red Hat e 4 membros eleitos pela comunidade.
7RGDYLDDSyVRODQoDPHQWRGR)HGRUDGHFRGLQRPH³6XOSKXU´HPGHPDLR
de 2008, a força da comunidade aumentou substancialmente e o quadro foi revertido:
&DEHDRVHPEDL[DGRUHVUHSUHVHQWDUR)HGRUDSHUDQWHRS~EOLFRDMXGDUDGLVVHPLQDUDGLVWULEXLomRHRVRIWZDUHOLYUH
em geral, ser um intermediário na comunicação entre membros da comunidade e ajudar a recrutar novos membros. Ser
HPEDL[DGRUH[LJHSRUWDQWRJUDQGHFRPSURPHWLPHQWRFRPD¿ORVR¿DGDFRPXQLGDGH+iHPEDL[DGRUHVEUDVLOHLURVQRV
HVWDGRVGH$0%$&(070*3%355-6&6372HQR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 23
PHPEURVSDVVDUDPDVHUHOHLWRVHRVRXWURVLQGLFDGRVSHODHPSUHVD$EDL[R
GR)DP6&2HVWmRRVHPEDL[DGRUHVFRPXQVHRVOtGHUHVGHFDGDVXESURMHWRTXH
VmR 'RFXPHQWDomR 7UDGXomR 0DUNHWLQJ (PEDL[DGRUHV $UWH ,QIUDHVWUXWXUD
,QWHUQDFLRQDOL]DomR:HEVLWHV1RWtFLDV'LVWULEXLomRH6,*V±6SHFLDO*URXS,QWHUHVWV
RX*UXSRGHLQWHUHVVHV(VSHFLDLVJUXSRVTXHGHVHQYROYHPHDSULPRUDPVRIWZDUHV
YROWDGRVSRUH[HPSORSDUDTXHPVHLQWHUHVVDSRUUiGLRDPDGRURXDVWURQRPLD
2XWURV SURMHWRV VmR *UXSRV 5HJLRQDLV 7UDGXomR 'RFXPHQWDomR 0DUNHWLQJ
0tGLD*UiWLVGLVWULEXLomRJUDWXLWDGR'9'GHLQVWDODomR(GXFDomRYROWDGDDRXVR
DFDGrPLFRHFLHQWt¿FR(PSDFRWDPHQWRH2/3&OLJDGRDRSURJUDPDOne Laptop
Per Child).
Uma das grandes bandeiras do Fedora é a facilidade de uso. Para isso, o
'9'GHLQVWDODomRYHPFRPYiULDVLQWHUIDFHVJUi¿FDVFRPR*120(.'(;)&(
:LQGRZ0DNHUHWFFDEHQGRDRXVXiULRHVFROKHUHQWUHXPDRXPDLVGHODV
Debian³<RXFDQVLPSO\WHVWWKHRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPDQGWKHSURJUDPVSURYLGHG
LQLWDQGUHSRUWDQ\QRW\HWNQRZQHUUDWDRUEXJV\RX¿QGXVLQJWKH%XJ7UDFNLQJ
6\VWHP´13
Fedora³8WLOL]DUR)HGRUDpDPDQHLUDPDLVVLPSOHVGHSDUWLFLSDU>@0DLV
usuários -> mais bugs resolvidos -> sistema operacional de melhor qualidade ->
PDLRUQ~PHURGHXVXiULRV´14
Slackware³7KHPRVWREYLRXVZD\\RXFDQKHOSZLWK6ODFNZDUHLVWRXVHLW7KH
PRUHSHRSOHWKDWXVHLWWKHPRUHSHRSOHWKDWFDQ¿QGDQGUHSRUWEXJV7KLVZLOO
PDNH6ODFNZDUHHYHQPRUHVWDEOHWKDQLWLVQRZ´15
.OHE&KDRVRQGHFRQVLJRPDQXDOGRVFRPDQGRVGRVODFNZDUH"
DWKD.OHE&KDRVQRJRRJOH
3OHEHRVDLXGDVDODTXLW³%LWFK;DQHZIUDJUDQFHIRUPHQE\&DOYLQ
.OHLQ´
.OHE&KDRVDWKDEO]D
2IUDJPHQWRDFLPDH[WUDtGRGRFDQDOVODFNZDUHEUGDUHGHFreenode no
,5&QRGLDGHVHWHPEURGHSRGHLJXDOPHQWHWUD]HUDLGpLDGHTXHRVslackers
15 Disponível em: http://www.slackware.com/faq/do_faq.php?faq=general$FHVVRHPMXOKR7UDGXomRDPDQHLUD
PDLVyEYLDGHYRFrDMXGDUR6ODFNZDUHpXVDQGRR4XDQWRPDLVSHVVRDVXVDUHPPDLVSHVVRDVSRGHUmRHQFRQWUDUH
reportar bugs. Isso tornará o Slackware ainda mais estável do que é agora.
'XUDQWHR),6/)yUXP,QWHUQDFLRQDO6RIWZDUH/LYUHGHRVVODFNHUV¿FDUDPQDPDLRUSDUWHGRWHPSR
sentados ou deitados no chão do grande saguão no qual várias comunidades e empresas instalaram seus estandes. De
PRGRJHUDOHOHVVHGLYHUWLDPFRPMRJRVRXSURJUDPDYDPDOJXPVRIWZDUH7RGDYLDVHPSUHTXHVXUJLDDOJXPXVXiULR
FRPG~YLGDVRXGL¿FXOGDGHVRVVODFNHUVGHGLFDYDPVHXWHPSRHHVIRUoRSDUDWHQWDUUHVROYHUDVTXHVW}HV
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 25
QmRVHGmRDRWUDEDOKRGHUHVSRQGHUDSHUJXQWDVHLJQRUDPRVQRYDWRV&RQWXGR
p SHUIHLWDPHQWH SRVVtYHO XP XVXiULR VHU PXLWR EHPYLQGR j FRPXQLGDGH7XGR R
TXH VH SHGH p TXH DQWHV GH ID]HU TXDOTXHU SHUJXQWD OHLDPVH WRGRV RV DUWLJRV
WXWRULDLVHGLFDVDUHVSHLWRGRDVVXQWRHVHUHDOL]HPWRGDVDVWHQWDWLYDVLPDJLQiYHLV
de respondê-la autonomamente. Depois disso, será respeitado por seus pares, que
seguramente o ajudarão a resolver os problemas.
Desfeito esse mito sobre o Slackware, passemos às outras distribuições,
nas quais as barreiras de entrada variam muito. Em linhas gerais, membros do
8EXQWXHGR)HGRUDWrPSRUSULQFtSLRIRUQHFHUTXDOTXHUWLSRGHDX[tOLRPHVPRTXH
DVG~YLGDVDSUHVHQWDGDVMiWHQKDPVLGRHVFODUHFLGDVRXDWpGRFXPHQWDGDV&RPR
essas distribuições declaradamente se preocupam com a facilidade de uso e com
o amplo apoio ao usuário leigo, alguns membros chegam a passar um bom tempo
respondendo dúvidas nos e-mails pessoais – o que é contra o consenso geral de
que as perguntas devem ser respondidas nos fóruns para que mais pessoas se
EHQH¿FLHP GDV UHVSRVWDV 1R HQWDQWR HVVHV PHPEURV DUJXPHQWDP TXH PXLWRV
usuários não frequentam fóruns, seja por falta de tempo ou de prática, e tudo o que
TXHUHPpXPDUHVSRVWDVLPSOHVHUiSLGD7XGRpIHLWRHPQRPHGDXQLYHUVDOL]DomR
do acesso.
4XDQGR DRV PHPEURV GR 'HELDQ YHUL¿FRXVH XPD SRVWXUD LQWHUPHGLiULD
HQWUH DV GLVWULEXLo}HV FKDPDGDV FRPHUFLDLV H R 6ODFNZDUH &RPR Ki XPD YDVWD
e detalhada documentação em português abordando vários aspectos do sistema
operacional, além dos sites da distribuição e da comunidade, é difícil que alguém
se sinta perdido no Debian. Ademais, muitos de seus representantes brasileiros são
IDFLOPHQWHHQFRQWUDGRVQR,5&HIUHTXHQWHPHQWHVHGLVSRQLELOL]DPDFRQYHUVDUHD
ajudar os usuários.
Em suma, a resposta mais comum obtida quando se indagou algum membro
GDVFRPXQLGDGHVHVWXGDGDVVREUH³RTXHpSUHFLVRSDUDVHHQWUDUQDFRPXQLGDGH´
IRL VLPSOHVPHQWH ³ERD YRQWDGH´ 0DOJUDGR FDGD GLVWULEXLomR VLJD VXDV SUySULDV
¿ORVR¿DVHSUHFHLWRVDVVLQDODVHTXHRHVStULWRGHFRPXQLGDGHHVWiSUHVHQWHHP
todas elas.
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VHGHHQFRQWUDUXPVtPERORXPD¿JXUDFXMDFRQGXWDVHLGHQWL¿TXHSRQWXDOPHQWH
FRPD¿ORVR¿DGDVGLVWULEXLo}HV DRLQFRUSRUDU VHXVWUDoRVHOHPHQWDUHVHVWDQGR
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Observou-se que, na maioria dos casos, esses representantes não se valiam
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pRGH³3LWHU381.´DOFXQKDGH5REHUWR)UHLUHV%DWLVWD(OHDOpPGHVHUR~QLFR
brasileiro que contribui ativamente no desenvolvimento do sistema operacional
e um dos mais antigos usuários da distribuição, é o responsável pela Slackware
Zine HVSpFLH GH UHYLVWD HOHWU{QLFD H RUJDQL]D HYHQWRV H SDOHVWUDV UHODFLRQDGRV
ao Slackware – como o SlackShow, ocorrido em agosto de 2008. Apesar de tudo,
5REHUWRJDUDQWHTXHQmRIDODGH³IRUPDR¿FLDO´SHODGLVWULEXLomR
Quanto à comunidade Debian, a maior parte dos usuários da distribuição e
PHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGHGHVLJQDPRSDUDQDHQVH)HOLSH$XJXVWRYDQGH:LHORX
VLPSOHVPHQWH³IDZ´FRPRVHXSRUWDYR]'HIDWR)HOLSHQmRpXPGRVPHPEURV
PDLV DQWLJRV WHYH VHX SULPHLUR FRQWDWR FRP VLVWHPDV GH Q~FOHR *18/LQX[ HP
1998 e com o Debian em 2002), mas seu envolvimento com a comunidade e sua
habilidade ao falar sobre ela em público facultaram a ele a possibilidade concreta de
UHSUHVHQWDURVDGHSWRVGDGLVWULEXLomR'XUDQWHR),6/SRUH[HPSOR)HOLSHIRL
responsável pelo estande do Debian e ministrou palestras sobre a distribuição. Ele
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DPHULFDQD GH VRIWZDUH /LYUH H QR &RQLVOL &RQJUHVVR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH VRIWZDUH
livre).
No Projeto Fedora, o nome em destaque é o de Rodrigo Padula. Um dos
SULPHLURVHPEDL[DGRUHVGDFRPXQLGDGHKRMHHOHpPHPEURGR)DP6&R)HGRUD
$PEDVVDGRUV6WHHULQJ&RPPLWWHHHH[HUFHDIXQomRGHCommunity Manager do
)HGRUD /$7$0 yUJmR GR )HGRUD QD $PpULFD /DWLQD $OpP GLVVR IRUDP YiULRV
os casos em que Rodrigo ajudou pessoalmente na inserção de novos membros
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EDLDQR&ULVWLDQRDMXGRXQDR¿FLDOL]DomRGHXPJUXSRORFDOGR)HGRUDHP6HUJLSH
convidando o usuário Otávio para coordenar o projeto. Em outra oportunidade,
DRODGRGH'LHJR=DUFDUmRRXWURHPEDL[DGRU5RGULJRFXLGRXSDUDTXH,JRU3LUHV
Soares, hoje chefe da tradução, não saísse do Projeto Fedora.
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aí que Rodrigo Padula e Diego Zacarão me convidaram para entrar no
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 27
JUXSRGHHPEDL[DGRUHV'HSRLVGLVVRQmRWHYHFRPRVDLUPDLVSRLVHX
UHDOPHQWHTXHULDID]HUXPWUDEDOKRGHORQJRSUD]RHDVFRQGLo}HVGH
contribuição dentro do projeto eram totalmente favoráveis
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FDSD] GH IDODU DEHUWDPHQWH HP QRPH GD FRPXQLGDGH 2 TXH VH REVHUYDP QR
entanto, são fortes líderes locais, que ajudam a fomentar o uso e a disseminação
GD GLVWULEXLomR HP VXDV iUHDV GH LQÀXrQFLD 3RU H[HPSOR QD %DKLD H HP 0LQDV
*HUDLVHVWDGRVHPTXHDFRPXQLGDGH8EXQWXpPXLWRVLJQL¿FDWLYDRVQRPHVPDLV
LQÀXHQWHVVmRRVGH)iELR1RJXHLUDHGH/LFLR)RQVHFDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHDPERV
VmRLQFOXVLYHPHPEURVGR&RQVHOKR8EXQWX%UDVLO
- Planeta7DPEpPFKDPDGRGH³EORJGRVEORJV´7UDWDVHGHXPVLWHTXHDJUHJD
todos os blogs que têm alguma ligação com a distribuição, com o software livre ou
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 29
FRQVHOKRVVmRLQÀXHQFLDGRVGLUHWDPHQWHSHODVHPSUHVDVPDQWHQHGRUDV±QRFDVR
do Fedora Board, quatro dos nove membros pertencem à Red Hat. Já nas comu-
nidades das distribuições não-comerciais, os conselhos são compostos, eviden-
temente, apenas por colaboradores. No caso do Debian, conforme abordamos
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muito precisa. O projeto tem um líder, um comitê técnico (com seu respectivo presi-
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GHVHQYROYHGRUHVTXHSRGHPH[HUFrORSRUPHLRGHXPD5HVROXomR*HUDORXSHODV
próprias eleições internas.
(PQtYHOLQIHULRUDRGRVFRQVHOKRVH[LVWHPRVOtGHUHVHVSHFt¿FRVGHFDVD
VXESURMHWRTXHFRRUGHQDPDTXLORTXHVHSRGHULDFODVVL¿FDUFRPRFDGDFpOXODGDV
atividades básicas da tradução, documentação, grupos regionais, divulgação etc.
$ HVVHV OtGHUHV FDEH DOpP GH PDQWHU UHJXODUPHQWH D UHDOL]DomR GRV WUDEDOKRV
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RSURMHWRVHFRPSURPHWHDHVWLSXODUGDWDVSDUDDGLVSRQLELOL]DUXPDQRYDYHUVmR
como é o caso de Fedora e Ubuntu) e incentivar novos colaboradores.
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ou os que têm atividades mais locais, chegaram a seus atuais postos em função das
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VXD¿ORVR¿DUHFRPHQGDYHHPHQWHPHQWHTXHVHGHWHUPLQDGROtGHUQmRFRQVHJXLU
desempenhar suas funções da melhor maneira possível (seja por falta de tempo, por
H[FHVVRGHWUDEDOKRRXSRUSHUGDGHLGHQWL¿FDomRFRPRWUDEDOKRHVVHLQGLYtGXR
GHYHSDVVDUVHXFDUJRDRVFXLGDGRVGHTXHPHIHWLYDPHQWHSRVVDID]rOR$VVLP
XPERPOtGHUQmRGHYHGHL[DUGHRVHUDWpPHVPRTXDQGRGHFLGLUTXHGHL[DUiVHX
projeto.
No que se refere às relações líderes-liderados, também foi possível obser-
YDU FHUWDV GLYHUJrQFLDV HQWUH DV FRPXQLGDGHV (QTXDQWR QR 8EXQWX VH YHUL¿FRX
maior independência dos colaboradores – que podem desenvolver livremente seus
SURMHWRV ORFDLV RX SHVVRDLV VHP D QHFHVVLGDGH GH UHSRUWDU R TXH HVWmR ID]HQGR
–, no Projeto Fedora, há um acompanhamento um pouco maior por parte dos
HPEDL[DGRUHVFRPUHODomRjVDWLYLGDGHVJHUDLVHPTXHRVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGH
se envolvem. Já no Debian, a questão central não está tão ligada à relação entre
líderes e colaboradores quanto ao maior vínculo que estes têm com a distribuição.
(P JHUDO R ³PRGR 'HELDQ GH RUJDQL]DomR´ VHJXQGR DTXL GHVFULWR H[LJH PDLRU
comprometimento dos voluntários.
Quanto ao Slackware, vê-se que a distribuição foge um pouco às regras
JHUDLV$SULQFtSLRDJDUDQWLDGHH[FHOrQFLDGRVLVWHPDHVWiDFUHGLWDPRVslackers,
no desenvolvimento de certo modo fechado. Além de poucas pessoas contribuírem
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 31
VHJXQGR 3LWHU 381. R ~QLFR EUDVLOHLUR GHVVH WLPH QDGD p LPSOHPHQWDGR QR
VLVWHPD VHP D DTXLHVFrQFLD GH VHX IXQGDGRU H JUDQGH ³GLWDGRU EHQHYROHQWH
YLWDOtFLR´3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJ$GHPDLVQmRKiPXLWRHVSDoRSDUDTXHVWLRQDPHQWRV
FRQVLGHUDGRVWRORVLVWRpGHTXHPQmRVHSUHSDURXRVX¿FLHQWHSDUDID]rORV$TXL
H[LVWHPSRUWDQWRKLHUDUTXLDVHUHODo}HVGHSRGHUYLVLYHOPHQWHGH¿QLGDV
'LDQWH GR TXH VH H[SORURX DWp HQWmR HVWi PDLV GR TXH FODUR TXH DV
TXDWUR FRPXQLGDGHV HVWXGDGDV ± 8EXQWX )HGRUD 6ODFNZDUH H 'HELDQ ± ID]HP
VHPXLWRH[SUHVVLYDVVREGLYHUVRVDVSHFWRVQRPXQGRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUH$OpPGH
contarem com uma vasta gama de colaboradores espalhados por todo o mundo,
DV GLVWULEXLo}HV SURGX]LGDV SHODV FRPXQLGDGHV UHYHODPVH D FDGD QRYD YHUVmR
WUDEDOKRVGHH[FHOrQFLDWpFQLFDIDWRTXHpFRPSURYDGRSRUVXDDPSODDFHLWDomR
HPLQVWLWXLo}HVHGXFDFLRQDLVRUJDQL]Do}HVJRYHUQDPHQWDLVHQmRJRYHUQDPHQWDLV
e no próprio mercado (através de empresas que, em muitos casos, dedicam-se
apenas aos trabalhos open source) – isso sem mencionar a grande quantidade de
VHUYLGRUHVQRVTXDLVVHXVDPHVVDVGLVWULEXLo}HVGHQ~FOHR*18/LQX[
E, malgrado a presença de sistemas operacionais livres não seja tão
pronunciada (quando comparada à dos softwares proprietários) entre os assim
FKDPDGRV³XVXiULRVGRPpVWLFRV´DVGLVWULEXLo}HVTXHQRVVHUYLUDPGHUHIHUrQFLD
têm grande participação também nesse meio. Diante disso, deve-se enaltecer,
enérgica e justamente, a atuação de seus protagonistas que, por meio de constantes
HVIRUoRVFROHWLYRVWRUQDPSRVVtYHODUHDOL]DomRGRVWUDEDOKRVPHQFLRQDGRV1HVWH
WySLFR GLVFXWLUHPRV TXmR H[SUHVVLYRV VH PRVWUDP RV DWRUHV EUDVLOHLURV TXH VH
lançam à colaboração no Slackware e no Fedora.
eGLJQRGHQRWDTXHDDWLYLGDGHGHPHGLUDUHOHYkQFLDGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHID]
se de alto risco. Não convém, evidentemente, tratar apenas do número de membros
HDSDUWLUGDtTXDOL¿FDURVSHVRVFRPEDVHHPVLPSOHVDQiOLVHVFRPSDUDWLYDV18
&RQIRUPHREVHUYDPRVSRUH[HPSORRIDWRU³Q~PHUR´QmRpPXLWROHYDGRHPFRQWD
SHODFRPXQLGDGH6ODFNZDUH±DRPHQRVQRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRDRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
GLUHWRVGRVLVWHPD6HpSRVVtYHOD¿UPDUTXHRVslackers acreditam que o número
UHGX]LGR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQIHUH PDLRU H[FHOrQFLD DR SURFHVVR WDPEpP VH
SRGH GL]HU TXH VXD FRPXQLGDGH p PXLWR YDVWD H H[SUHVVLYD QR %UDVLO 'RLV IDWRV
eSRVVtYHOQRWDUTXHDWpHQWmRQmRVHIDORXHPQ~PHURGHPHPEURVGDVFRPXQLGDGHVRXQ~PHURGHXVXiULRVGDV
GLVWULEXLo}HV&RPRD¿UPDPRVQDLQWURGXomRGHVGHPyGXORpPXLWRGLItFLOPHQVXUiORV3ULPHLURSRUTXHQmRKiFRPR
SRVWXODUH[DWDPHQWHTXDLVRVUHTXLVLWRVQHFHVViULRVHVX¿FLHQWHVSDUDTXHDOJXpPVHWRUQHXPPHPEURGHTXDOTXHU
GDVFRPXQLGDGHV8PVLPSOHVVLPSDWL]DQWHTXHSURPRYDDOJXPDGDV¿ORVR¿DVHPMRJRPHVPRTXHGHIRUPDEHP
modesta, pode ser considerado um membro, a depender das concepções que disso se faça. Quanto aos usuários, a
situação é semelhante. Não é necessário pagar nem tampouco se cadastrar para pode usufruir de qualquer uma das
distribuições.
32 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
SHUPLWHPLQIHULORRSULPHLURGHOHVMiFLWDGRGL]UHVSHLWRDRIDWRGHTXHH[LVWHXP
brasileiro nesse seleto grupo de desenvolvedores Slackware. O segundo, que está
relacionado ao primeiro, deu-se nos anos de 2004 e 2005, quando o grande ditador
EHQHYROHQWHHYLWDOtFLR3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJSDVVRXSRUJUDYHVSUREOHPDVGHVD~GH
HQmRS{GHGHGLFDUVHXVHVIRUoRVjPDQXWHQomRGDGLVWULEXLomR1DTXHODpSRFD
PXLWRVHHVSHFXORXVREUHR¿PGR6ODFNZDUHGDGDDLPSRUWkQFLDGDDWXDomRGH
9RONHUGLQJ5DSLGDPHQWHDFRPXQLGDGHVHPRELOL]RX3LWHU381.HQYLRXDVHJXLQWH
mensagem à lista de usuários da distribuição:
³3RYR
'HVVDYH]RHPDLOQmRpSDUDSDVVDUXPDPHQVDJHPGLYHUWLGD
Acho que todo mundo sabe; mas, para quem não sabe, Patrick
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doente. Ele escreveu uma longa carta com a descrição da
doença:
IWSIWSVODFNZDUHFRPSXEVODFNZDUHVODFNZDUHFXUUHQW3 $7
1(('6<285+(/3W[t
Quem tiver contato com centros de pesquisa ou médicos na
área de patologia, poderia passar essa mensagem para eles.
Sei que tem vários assinantes da lista que trabalham em
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conversar com algum amigo possa quebrar um galhão e ajudar
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FXUUHQWFRPFHUWH]DQmRHVWiEHP
Falous,
3LWHU381.
PS/1> Quem não conhecer médicos, centros de pesquisa e
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pela melhora do patrick
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UH]DVRXSHQVDPHQWRSRVLWLYRRTXH¿FDUPHOKRUSDUDDVVXDV
FUHQoDV´19
3RUDOJXPWHPSR3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJHVWDUiFXLGDQGRPDLVGD
VXDVD~GHHSDUDQmRGHL[DURVImVSUHRFXSDGRVLQFXELXDR
*86%5GHYHUL¿FDUHYDOLGDUVHFXULW\¿[HVH%XJ)L[HVQR
6ODFNZDUH&XUUHQWDOpPGR6ODFNZDUH
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problemas e remendos diretamente na lista slack-users.
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%UDVLOGD$UJHQWLQDHGD9HQH]XHOD
$VVLPHPIXQomRGDH[LVWrQFLDGRTXHVHFKDPRXGHVHJXQGDHVIHUDGH
trabalhos, muitos colaboradores estão envolvidos praticamente durante todo o
tempo com suas distribuições. E, de um modo geral, observa-se que a quantidade
de tempo despendida é muito variável entre os membros, e isso se dá, entre outras
UD]}HVSHODVGLIHUHQWHVSRVWXUDVTXHVHDVVXPHPRXVHMDSHORVGLIHUHQWHVQtYHLV
de comprometimento – e, nesse aspecto, também se notaram muitas diferenças:
GHVGHXVXiULRVTXHQmR¿]HUDPTXHVWmRGHUHSDVVDUDVUHVSRVWDVTXHREWLYHUDP
em fóruns até militantes que passaram horas respondendo a e-mails pessoais com
dúvidas de usuários.
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FRODERUDomR FDEH ID]HU XP SDUrQWHVH 'H IDWR RV HVIRUoRV SHVVRDLV VmR PXLWR
YDORUL]DGRV QRV PRGRV GD SURGXomR HQWUH SDUHV DVVLP FRPR R WHPSR TXH VH
despende para corroborar tais esforços. No entanto, inferiu-se que, em meio à
FXOWXUD PHULWRFUiWLFD PDLV LPSRUWDQWH GR TXH R WHPSR p D H¿FLrQFLD GR WUDEDOKR
¿QDO 'H QDGD DGLDQWD SRUWDQWR HPSHQKDUVH GXUDQWH KRUDV QD SURJUDPDomR GH
uma ferramenta que se apresenta com muitos erros.
Há vários motivos pelos quais alguém opta por usar um software livre em
detrimento de um software proprietário, mas três deles merecem certo destaque – os
PRWLYRVWpFQLFRVRVVRFLDLVHRV¿QDQFHLURV(VWHV~OWLPRVVmREHPFRPSUHHQVtYHLV
algumas pessoas não querem ou não podem pagar pelo alto preço das licenças e,
por isso, passam a usar softwares livres, que estão gratuitamente disponíveis na
rede.
1RVFDVRVPDLVHOHPHQWDUHVGHXVXiULRV¿QDLVHPHPEURVGDVFRPXQLGDGHV
de software livre, os dois primeiros discursos (a saber, os aspectos técnicos e os
VRFLDLVFRVWXPDPSUHYDOHFHU±RUDVHFRPSOHPHQWDPRUDVmRDQWDJ{QLFRV'HVVD
PDQHLUDSHUPHLDRV³DVSHFWRVWpFQLFRV´XPDYLVmRTXHVHEDVHLDXQLFDPHQWHQD
H[FHOrQFLD WpFQLFD GR VRIWZDUH VHQGR TXH DTXHOHV TXH D GHIHQGHP DSUHJRDP
que se deve usar software livre simplesmente porque ele é melhor. Para esses
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GRVSURJUDPDV1RHQWDQWRVHJXQGRHOHVQmRH[LVWHRPHQRUSUREOHPDHPVHXVDU
software proprietário nos casos em que ele funcione melhor ou garanta a facilidade
de uso.
Por outro lado, há aqueles que consideram que a liberdade que move aque-
OHV TXH HVWmR IRFDGRV DSHQDV QRV DVSHFWRV WpFQLFRV p LQH[LVWHQWH ± RX TXDQGR
muito, incompleta. Esses usuários estão mais preocupados com as questões
36 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
sociais implícitas no ato de usar um software livre – ato que, por essência, denotaria
independência (seja das licenças proprietárias cobradas pelas grandes corporações,
VHMDGDVDWXDOL]Do}HVUHPXQHUDGDVTXHVmRH[LJLGDVRXGRFyGLJRIRQWHIHFKDGR
H DOWLYH] (OHV HVWmR HP JUDQGH SDUWH GRV FDVRV HQYROYLGRV HP YiULRV SURMHWRV
de inclusão digital em comunidades desfavorecidas e acreditam que a inclusão
social está diretamente relacionada à própria inclusão digital – e esta, diga-se,
QmR SRGHULD VH UHDOL]DU FRP VRIWZDUHV SURSULHWiULRV TXH GHYHULDP VHU DEROLGRV
SRUFRPSOHWR$VVLPD³YHUGDGHLUD´OLEHUGDGHYDLPXLWRDOpPGDVUD]}HVWpFQLFDV
VHQGRRVRIWZDUHOLYUHGHQWUHPXLWRVRXWURVXPLQVWUXPHQWRFDSD]GHSRUWDUXPD
LGHRORJLDTXHPRELOL]HSHVVRDVHFRPXQLGDGHV(VVHVGRLVGLVFXUVRVMiUHFHEHUDP
YiULDVDOFXQKDV7DOYH]DVPDLVFRQKHFLGDVWUDWHPRSULPHLURFRPR³26,´21RX³open
source´HDVHJXQGDFRPR³)UHH6RIWZDUH´RX³[LLWD´
Além dessas divergências, há pequenos embates de ordem técnica que,
SRU¿PWDPEpPDFDEDPVHWRUQDQGRTXHVW}HVGHOLEHUGDGH(PSULQFtSLRFRQWXGR
GL]HP UHVSHLWR D FHUWDV SHFXOLDULGDGHV WpFQLFDV GH FDGD GLVWULEXLomR ,VVR SRGH
ser facilmente ilustrado pelos sistemas Debian e Slackware: no primeiro, quando
XP XVXiULR GHFLGH EDL[DU GHWHUPLQDGR SURJUDPD SRU PHLR GR PRGR WH[WR LVWR p
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mas de todas as suas dependências, facilitando o trabalho do usuário. No caso do
Slackware, o aplicativo correspondente é o Slackpkg, que busca apenas o arquivo
solicitado, sem suas dependências.220XLWRVXVXiULRVGDVGLVWULEXLo}HVGHULYDGDVGR
'HELDQRXPHVPRGDTXHODVGHULYDGDVGR)HGRUDHPTXHRJHUHQFLDGRUpR<XP
FRPIXQomRVHPHOKDQWHjGR$37QRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRjEXVFDSRUGHSHQGrQFLDV
defendem o uso de seu gerenciador pelo fato de ele proporcionar facilidade de uso.
Já grande parte dos slackers, em contrapartida, acreditam que isso fere a liberdade
GRXVXiULRXPDYH]TXHHOHQmRWHPSOHQRFRQWUROHVREUHRVLVWHPD2GHSRLPHQWR
GHXPXVXiULRGR6ODFNZDUHGXUDQWHXPDFRQYHUVDQRFDQDOVODFNZDUHEUGDUHGH
)UHHQRGHQHWQR,5&pPXLWRHVFODUHFHGRU
³$ GLIHUHQoD p TXH QRV 'HELDQV GD YLGD RX QRV 5HGKDW GD YLGD
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RID]4XHUEDL[DURDSDFKH">'LJLWH@³VODFNSNJLQVWDOODSDFKH´HSURQWR
(OHQmRYDLEDL[DUQDGDDOpPGRTXHYFRUGHQDU8P³DSWJHW´MiFKHFD
VHRDSDFKHGHSHQGHGHDOJXPDRXWUDFRLVDHYDLTXHUHUEDL[DUHVVD
outra coisa tb. Os usuários dessas distros vêem isso como facilidade.
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XVXiULRSTVHSRUH[HPSORYFPDQGDUHPRYHURSRVW¿[QXPGHELDQ
redhat, ele vai querer remover outras coisas junto, mas não foi isso que
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&RQVLGHUDo}HV¿QDLV
Por meio dos breves resultados aqui apresentados, acredita-se, foi possível
compreender ao menos uma parte daquilo que se constitui como a dinâmica e o
funcionamento de uma comunidade de software livre. Os vários relatos, depoimentos,
SDVVDJHQVHQ¿PWRGRRPDWHULDOFROKLGRQRVSHUPLWHFRQVWDWDUFRPRVHHVWDEHOHFH
HRTXHVLJQL¿FDDSOXUDOLGDGHGHDo}HVLGpLDVHSRVWXUDVSUHVHQWHVHPPHLRDR
universo open source.
3RU¿PGHYHVHDSRQWDUTXHRVH[HPSORVGDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUH
OLYUH FRQ¿JXUDPVH FRPR XPD SHTXHQD SDUWH GH DOJR PXLWR PDLRU YLJHQWH QD
sociedade em rede pós-industrial. O novo modo de produção, de avaliação e de
GLVWULEXLomR GH LQIRUPDo}HV ± GR TXDO ID]HP SDUWH DOpP GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH YiULRV
SURMHWRVFRQVROLGDGRVDSDUWLUGDUHGHWDLVFRPRR<RX7XEHR6ODVKGRWR'LJJ
D :LNLSpGLD R 6HWL#+RPH D OLFHQoD &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV HWF ± SDUHFH HVWDU
LQÀXHQFLDQGRGLUHWDPHQWHRVYHOKRVSDUDGLJPDVGDVRFLHGDGHTXHSRUVXDYH]
SDVVDPSRUFRQVWDQWHVSURFHVVRVGHUHYLVmRHGHDGDSWDomR4XHD¿ORVR¿Dopen
source possa ajudá-los.
38 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 39
Software Livre e a
Perspectiva da Dádiva
uma análise sobre o trabalho e a produção
colaborativa no projeto GNOME
(P VHJXQGR R VRFLyORJR 0DQXHO &DVWHOOV Mi KDYLD SHOR
PHQRVPLOK}HVGHXVXiULRVGR*18/LQX[HPWRGRRPXQGR&RQWXGRPHVPR
VHQGR GLIXQGLGR FRPR XP VRIWZDUH GH H[FHOHQWH TXDOLGDGH WHFQROyJLFD QR LQtFLR
GR VHX SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[ WDPEpP
HUD FRQVLGHUDGR XP VRIWZDUH TXH H[LJLD SRU SDUWH GRV XVXiULRV XP QtYHO GH
FRQKHFLPHQWRWpFQLFRPDLVHOHYDGRSDUDRVHXERPIXQFLRQDPHQWR,VVRSRUTXH
SRUWHUVLGRGHVHQYROYLGR³SRUWHFQROyJRV´H³SDUDWHFQROyJRV´R*18/LQX[XWLOL]DYD
XPSDGUmRGHLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FDtFRQHVMDQHODVERUGDVHWFPHQRVLQWXLWLYRHFRP
SDGU}HVVLPEyOLFRVPHQRVDFHVVtYHLVjVSHVVRDVFRPXQVDRFRQWUiULRGHDOJXPDV
YHUV}HV SURSULHWiULDV GH FyGLJR IHFKDGR FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO Windows
e o Mac OS X, TXH HVWDYDP VHQGR GHVHQYROYLGRV SRU JUDQGHV FRUSRUDo}HV GH
7HFQRORJLDGD,QIRUPDomR7,TXHSULRUL]DYDPPDLVHVVDVTXHVW}HVGHLQWHUIDFH
JUi¿FD$VVLP SDUD TXH R *18/LQX[ VH GLIXQGLVVH GH IRUPD PDLV DPSOD ID]LD
VHQHFHVViULRRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHXPDPELHQWHGHdesktopTXHSRVVLELOLWDVVHD
H[LVWrQFLDGHXPVLVWHPDGHLQWHUIDFHFRPtFRQHVHMDQHODVHQWUHRXWURVDSOLFDWLYRV
TXH VHJXLVVH RV SULQFtSLRV GH OLEHUGDGH WHFQROyJLFD H DR PHVPR WHPSR TXH
SHUPLWLVVH TXH XP XVXiULR FRPXP SXGHVVH IDFLOPHQWH LQWHUDJLU H DFHVVDU VXDV
funcionalidades.
3RU YROWD GH R SULPHLUR SURMHWR TXH VXUJH SDUD WHQWDU VXSULU HVVD
lacuna foi denominado de K – desktop Environment.'(1RHQWDQWRRIXQGDGRU
$SODWDIRUPDpDLQIUDHVWUXWXUDWHFQROyJLFDTXHVHUYHGHEDVHSDUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVDSOLFDo}HVGR*120(
7HFQLFDPHQWHHODpXPFRQMXQWRUHSRVLWyULRGHELEOLRWHFDVGHREMHWRVIXQo}HVHHVWUXWXUDVGHGDGRVTXHSRGHPVHU
UHXWLOL]DGDVQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHQRYDVDSOLFDo}HVRXVHMDpXPDHVSpFLHGH³DUPD]pP´DEHUWRGHFDL[DDEHUWD
FKHLDGHFyGLJRVSUpGH¿QLGRVTXHVHUYHGHUHIHUrQFLDSDUDTXDOTXHUGHVHQYROYHGRULQWHUHVVDGRHPXWLOL]iOD
7RGDYLDDQWHVGHDGHQWUDUHVVHVSRQWRVID]VHQHFHVViULRFRPSUHHQGHUDDPELJXXLGDGHHRPDOHQWHQGLPHQWRTXH
VHID]VREUHRWHUPRHDSUi[LVVRFLDOGRVKDFNHUVDERUGDGDQRFDStWXORLQWURGXWyULRGHVWHOLYUR
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 41
GHVVHSURMHWR0DWWKLDV(WWULFKRSWRXSRUXWLOL]DUXPDWHFQRORJLDDWpHQWmRGHFyGLJR
IHFKDGR R VRIWZDUH Qt toolkit da empresa 7UROO7HFK HP VHXV SDFRWHV R¿FLDLV
$VVLP PHVPR QmR VHQGR XP VRIWZDUH FRPHUFLDO R desktop KDE causou muitas
GLVFRUGkQFLDV QR LQWHULRU GR PRYLPHQWR SHOR 6RIWZDUH /LYUH GHYLGR DR IDWRGHVVH
VLVWHPDQmRVHJXLUQDVXDLQWHJUDOLGDGHRVSULQFtSLRVGHDEHUWXUDHOLEHUGDGHGD
¿ORVR¿D*18$SDUWLUGHVVHFRQWH[WRHPGRLVKDFNHUVPH[LFDQRV)HGHULFR
0HQDH0LJXHOGH,FD]DVHDUWLFXODUDPSDUDGHVHQYROYHUXPSURMHWRGHdesktop
TXHQmRDSHQDVIRUQHFHVVHXPVLVWHPDDEHUWRGHLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FDPDLVLQWHOLJtYHO
SDUDRXVRPDVTXHWDPEpPVHJXLVVHGHIRUPDLQWHJUDORVSULQFtSLRVGHOLEHUGDGH
WHFQROyJLFD H FRODERUDomR DVVRFLDGRV DR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[. Esse
projeto foi denominado de *18 1HWZRUN 2EMHFW 0RGHO (QYLURQPHQW mais
FRQKHFLGRHGLIXQGLGRSHODVLJOD*120(
$OpPGHFRQWDUFRPRDSRLRHDFRODERUDomRFUHVFHQWHGHKDFNHUVGHYiULRV
SDtVHV QR DQR TXH VH VHJXLX DR ODQoDPHQWR GD VXD YHUVmR SULPHLUD YHUVmR R
SURMHWR *120( SDVVRX WDPEpP D WHU R DSRLR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH VRIWZDUHV
TXHHUDPSDJRVSRUHPSUHVDVGH7,DH[HPSORGDRed Hat e a Eazel.6HJXQGR
,FD]D FRP R DSRLR GLUHWR H D SDUWLFLSDomR GH YiULRV KDFNHUV HVSDOKDGRV
SHOD 5HGH MXQWDPHQWH FRP HVVHV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQWUDWDGRV HP R
SURMHWR*120(ODQoDDVXDYHUVmR3RVWHULRUPHQWHQRDQRGHMiFRP
intuito de fortalecer ainda mais a missão do projeto de desenvolver uma plataforma
FRPSXWDFLRQDO OLYUH p FULDGD D )XQGDomR *120( (VVD )XQGDomR FRP VHGH
QD &DOLIyUQLD (8$ WRUQRXVH XPD HVSpFLH GH RUJDQL]DomR IRUPDO TXH Gi DSRLR
LQVWLWXFLRQDO j FRPXQLGDGH YLUWXDO e HOD TXH UHSUHVHQWD IRUPDOPHQWH R 3URMHWR
QR ³PXQGR GRV iWRPRV´ VHQGR JHULGD GH IRUPD YLUWXDO SRU XP &RQVHOKR 'LUHWRU
FRPSRVWR SRU VHWH SHVVRDV GH GLIHUHQWHV SDUWHV GR PXQGR TXH VmR HOHLWDV SHOD
comunidade.
2 3URMHWR *120( TXH Gi R VHQWLQGR GH H[LVWrQFLD SDUD WRGD HVVD
FRPXQLGDGHYLUWXDOGHKDFNHUVJLUDHPWRUQRGHGXDVPHWDV'HXPODGRWHQGR
FRPR IRFR R FKDPDGR ³XVXiULR ¿QDO´ R SURMHWR YLVD DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP
ambiente de desktopSDUDGLVWULEXLo}HVGR*18/LQX[FRPXPDLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FD
Graphical User Interface – *8, H XP FRQMXQWR GH DSOLFDWLYRV VRIWZDUHV TXH
IDFLOLWHPDRPi[LPRDLQWHUDomRGHVVHXVXiULRFRPRFRPSXWDGRUhardware). Por
LVVRGHIRUPDLPEULFDGDDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVVHDPELHQWHJUi¿FR*120(ID]
42 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
VHSUHVHQWHWDPEpPRSURFHVVRGHWUDGXomRGRVVRIWZDUHVTXHFRPS}HPRGHVNWRS
SDUDPDLVGHLGLRPDVQRPXQGRDEUDQJHQGRDVVLPGHVGHLGLRPDVRFLGHQWDLV
FRPR(VSDQKRO)UDQFrVH3RUWXJXrVTXHXVDPRPHVPRDOIDEHWRDOtQJXDVH
GLDOHWRVTXHXVDPDOIDEHWRVFRPSOHWDPHQWHGLVWLQWRVFRPRSRUH[HPSOR&KLQrV
*UHJRÈUDEH+LQGLH+HEUDLFR3RURXWURODGRRSURMHWRDFDEDWHQGRWDPEpPFRPR
IRFRDHVWUXWXUDomRGHXPDSODWDIRUPDGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFRQWHQGRXPDFROHomR
GH,QWHUIDFHVGH3URJUDPDomRGH$SOLFDWLYRV$3,VDOpPGHGLYHUVDVIHUUDPHQWDV
GHSURJUDPDomRTXHVmRXWLOL]DGDVSRUKDFNHUVWDQWRGRSURMHWRFRPRWDPEpPGH
RXWUDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHVSDOKDGDVSHORFLEHUHVSDoR
3DUWLQGRGHVVDUHDOLGDGHpLPSRUWDQWHIULVDUTXHRSURFHVVRGHGHVHQYRO
YLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHPFRPXQLGDGHVGHVVDQDWXUH]DpVLQJXODUHPUHODomR
DXPDVSHFWRSUDJPiWLFRGRPRGRGHYLGDKDFNHU(QTXDQWR
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TXH FRQWDYD FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV FLHQWt¿FRV RV KDFNHUV FKDPDP D
DWHQomR SDUD R IDWR GH TXH QD (UD GD ,QIRUPDomR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH
TXHRVUHVXOWDGRVFLHQWt¿FRVpRPRGHORGHSURGXomRHQWUHSDUHV1TXH
SHUPLWHREWHQomRGHVVHVUHVXOWDGRV´+LPDQHP
2XDLQGD³DHPHUJrQFLDGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHHRVXFHVVRIHQRPHQDOGRVVHXV
SLRQHLURV ± FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[ R VHUYLGRU GH UHGH$SDFKH
3HUO%,1'±HPXLWRVRXWURVSURMHWRVWrPQRVIRUoDGRDUHDOL]DUXPDUHYLVmRQR
SDUDGLJPDGRPLQDQWHVREUHSURGXomR´%HQNOHU>7UDGXomRQRVVD@
$VVLPDSHVDUGDJrQHVHGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHWHFQRORJLDVFRPRDSUySULD,QWHUQHW
VHUXPERPH[HPSORGHLQRYDomROLEHUGDGHHDEHUWXUDRVSURMHWRVWHFQROyJLFRV
SURGX]LGRVGHIRUPDOLYUHHFRODERUDWLYDFRPRRLinux ou o GNOME, podem ser
FRQVLGHUDGRVXPDYDQoRDLQGDPDLRU,VVRSRUTXHGXUDQWHRSURFHVVRPHGLDGRSRU
FRPSXWDGRUGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVVHVVRIWZDUHVRVKDFNHUVYrPHODERUDQGRXP
PRGRVXEYHUVLYRGHDXWRRUJDQL]DomRSDUDDSURGXomRHGLVWULEXLomRGHVRIWZDUHV
livres na Internet.
³4XHPSHQVDULDPHVPRDFLQFRDQRVDWUiVTXHXPVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDOGH
FODVVHPXQGLDOSRGHULDVXUJLUFRPRTXHSRUPiJLFDSHORWHPSROLYUHGHPLOKDUHVGH
FRODERUDGRUHV HVSDOKDGRV SRU WRGR R SODQHWD FRQHFWDGRV VRPHQWH SHORV WrQXHV
FRUG}HV GD ,QWHUQHW"´ 5D\PRQG 6HJXQGR R KDFNHU (ULF 5D\PRQG
HVVDHVSHFXODomRFHUWDPHQWHQmRSDUWLULDGHOHSRLVDVVLPFRPRTXDVH
DWRWDOLGDGHGRVSURJUDPDGRUHVGRLQtFLRGDGpFDGDGH±HOHGHIHQGLDDWHVH
GHTXHVRIWZDUHVGHDOWDFRPSOH[LGDGHFRPRXPNHUQHORXXPDPELHQWHdesktop,
QHFHVVLWDYDP VHU GHVHQYROYLGRV GHQWUR GH XP ³PRGHOR FDWHGUDO´ 'LWR GH RXWUD
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 43
³1HQKXPDFDWHGUDOFDOPDHUHVSHLWRVDDTXLDRLQYpVDFRPXQLGDGH
/LQX[ SDUHFHX DVVHPHOKDUVH D XP JUDQGH H EDUXOKHQWR ED]DU GH
GLIHUHQWHVDJHQGDVHDSUR[LPDo}HVDGHTXDGDPHQWHVLPEROL]DGRSHORV
UHSRVLWyULRVGR/LQX[TXHDFHLWDULDVXEPLVV}HVde qualquer pessoa) de
RQGH XP VLVWHPD FRHUHQWH H HVWiYHO SRGHULD DSDUHQWHPHQWH HPHUJLU
VRPHQWHSRUXPDVXFHVVmRGHPLODJUHV´5D\PRQG
1RFDVRGR3URMHWR*120(HVVH³JUDQGHHEDUXOKHQWRED]DU´DFDEDHQYRO
YHQGRPDLVGHSHVVRDVHQWUHWUDGXWRUHVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHFRODERUDGRUHVHP
JHUDOTXHMXQWRVID]HPSDUWHGHSDtVHVGRVFLQFRFRQWLQHQWHVGRSODQHWDFRPR
GHPRQVWUDD¿JXUD0DLVHVSHFL¿FDPHQWHSRUPHLRGDSHVTXLVDTXDQWLWDWLYDTXH
IXQGDPHQWRX HVWH WUDEDOKR S{GHVH REVHUYDU TXH GRV +DFNHUV FDWDORJDGRV
44 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
³3RQWRV´GDUHGHPXQGLDOGR3URMHWR*120(
)RQWHKWWSSODQHWJQRPHRUg
(QWHQGHUSRUWDQWRDGLQkPLFDGHWUDEDOKRGRVKDFNHUVGR*120(pWHQ
WDU FRPSUHHQGHU R ³PLODJUH´ GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHPHVWUDO GH XPD QRYD YHUVmR
GHVVHVLVWHPDFRPSXWDFLRQDOTXHXQHHPRELOL]DHVVDFRPXQLGDGHLQWHUQDFLRQDO
interligada apenas pelos liames digitais da rede mundial de computadores. Para
DOFDQoDURGHVD¿RDQDOtWLFRGHDGHQWUDUQRHQUHGRSURGXWLYRGHXPDQRYDYHUVmR
da Plataforma e do desktop*120(ID]VHDQWHVQHFHVViULDXPDDQiOLVHSUpYLDGD
HVWUXWXUDGHWLPHVHVHWRUHVTXHGHOLQHLDPDEDVHRUJDQL]DFLRQDOTXHPDQWpPYLYR
este processo não-contratual de produção em rede.
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 45
'HQWUR GR FRQWH[WR GD HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO GD FRPXQLGDGH WRGRV RV
PDQWHQHGRUHVHFRODERUDGRUHVGRVPyGXORVGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHLUmR
FRPSRUDSHQDVXPQHVVHFDVRRGHHacking)GRVVXESURMHWRVRX³7LPHV´HP
TXHHVWiGLYLGLGRHDORFDGRRWUDEDOKRGDFRPXQLGDGHFRPRXPWRGR±FRPRVH
SRGHSHUFHEHUQRRUJDQRJUDPDGR3URMHWR*120(UHSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUD
1RXQLYHUVRGHVVHVTXLQ]HVXESURMHWRVWLPHVWRGRVWrPDFRRUGHQDomRGH
SHORPHQRVXPOtGHURXPDQWHQHGRUTXHWUDEDOKDGHIRUPDPDLVHIHWLYDHSHULyGLFD
DOpPGDSDUWLFLSDomRGHRXWURVFRODERUDGRUHVPDLVHYHQWXDLV(QTXDQWRQDPDLRULD
GRVWLPHVpFRPXPDH[LVWrQFLDGHXPDGRLVFRRUGHQDGRUHVHPDOJXQVPyGXORV
GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR p SRVVtYHO HQFRQWUDU DWp FLQFR PDQWHQHGRUHV GHSHQGR GD
FRPSOH[LGDGHGRVRIWZDUHHGRLQWHUHVVHGHVHPDQWHURVRIWZDUH3DUDIDFLOLWDUR
HQWHQGLPHQWR VREUH HVVD FRPSOH[D HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO HVVHV WLPHV SRGHP
VHUTXDOL¿FDGRVGHIRUPDJHUDOHQWUHDTXHOHVTXHHVWmRUHODFLRQDGRVjV³DWLYLGDGHV
¿P´LVWRpTXHHVWmRGLUHWDPHQWHOLJDGRVDRSURFHVVRGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRV
VRIWZDUHV H DTXHOHV TXH VmR UHVSRQViYHLV SRU ³DWLYLGDGHV PHLR´ RX VHMD TXH
UHDOL]DPDWLYLGDGHVTXHRIHUHFHPXPDHVSpFLHGHVXSRUWHDRSURFHVVRHGHVHQ
YROYLPHQWRWDQWRGRGHVNWRSFRPRGDSODWDIRUPD
$SDUWLUGHVVDFRPSOH[DHVWUXWXUDRUJDQL]DFLRQDOHDRPHVPRWHPSRWHQGR
FRPR EDVH HVVH VXEYHUVLYR PRGHOR FRODERUDWLYR GH SURGXomR WHFQROyJLFD HQWUH
SDUHVD*120(GHVGHFRPHoDDDGRWDUXPDSRVWXUDDWpHQWmRLQH[LVWHQWH
QRXQLYHUVRGRVSURMHWRVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHODQoDUXPDQRYDYHUVmRGRVHX desktop
HGDVXDSODWDIRUPDOLYUHGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHQWURGHXPSUD]RSUpHVWDEHOHFLGR
de seis meses.
$VVLP FDGD YHUVmR WRUQDVH IUXWR GH WRGR XP HQUHGR JHUDO GH GHVHQYRO
YLPHQWRWHFQROyJLFRHVSRQWDQHDPHQWHFRODERUDWLYRTXHDFDGDVHLVPHVHVWHUPLQD
HVHLQLFLDQRYDPHQWHFRPRODQoDPHQWRGHXPDYHUVmRPDLVPRGHUQDDQXQFLDGD
pelo Release Manager *HVWRU GH 9HUV}HV QDV OLVWDV GH HPDLOV GD FRPXQLGDGH
1R HQWDQWR SDUD HIHLWR GD DQiOLVH DGRWDGD QHVWH WUDEDOKR DGRWDUVHi XP FRUWH
WHPSRUDO QR SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR *120( &RPR SRQWR GH SDUWLGD
IRL HVFROKLGR R PrV GH VHWHPEUR GH TXDQGR IRL ODQoDGD D YHUVmR 3 do
desktop SRU PHLR GR HPDLO ³Celebrating the release of GNOME 2.12!´ HQYLDGR
SRU(OLMDK1HZUHQDWXDORelease ManagerGD*120(SDUDDOLVWDGHDQ~QFLRVGD
comunidade.
&RPRDLQRYDomRWHFQROyJLFDpRHVStULWREDOL]DGRUGHVVDRUJDQL]DomRDSyV
RODQoDPHQWRGHWRGDQRYDYHUVmRDFRPXQLGDGH*120(FRPHoDDVHSODQHMDU
para o lançamento de uma outra nova versão do seu desktopGHIRUPDVHPHOKDQWH
DR TXH DFRQWHFH QXPD FRPXQLGDGH GH HVFROD GH VDPED DSyV VHX GHV¿OH QD
0DUTXrVGH6DSXFDtTXHQHVVHFDVRHVWXGDGRpDeHQWmRTXHDHTXLSH
UHVSRQViYHOSHORODQoDPHQWRGHYHUV}HV±5HOHDVH7HDP- se reune no seu canal
,5&Internet Relay ChatSDUDHODERUDUXPDSURSRVWDGHFDOHQGiULR$VVLPORJR
DSyVDGH¿QLomRGHXPDSURSRVWDRRelease Manager lança um outro e-mail para
DOLVWDGHGLVFXVVmRGRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVFRPXPDVXJHVWmRGHFDOHQGiULRSDUDR
desenvolvimento geral da futura versão. Essa proposta passa então a ser discutida
HQWUH WRGRV RV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV PDQWHQHGRUHV H FRGHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH FDGD
VRIWZDUHSRUPHLRGDOLVWDGHHPDLOVHGR&DQDOEXVFDQGRVHDVVLPDFRQVWUXomR
GHXPFRQVHQVRTXHWHPFRPRPHGLDGRUR Release Manager.
$ SDUWLU GH XP FDOHQGiULR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VHLV PHVHV TXH ¿FD
GLVSRQtYHOQRVLWHGDFRPXQLGDGHWRGRVRVPDQWHQHGRUHVGHVRIWZDUHVFRPHoDP
DVHRUJDQL]DUSDUDGH¿QLUTXDLVDVIXWXUDVQRYLGDGHVHLQRYDo}HVTXHFDGDSDFRWH
WHUiQDSUy[LPDYHUVmR4XDQGRSURQWDWRGDVDVPHWDVGHLQRYDomRUHODWLYDVDRV
VRIWZDUHVGRVLVWHPDVmRSRVWDGDVQXPDSiJLQDZHEGHSODQHMDPHQWRGDVYHU
48 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
V}HVGHQRPLQDGRGHRoadMap KWWSOLYHJQRPHRUJ5RDG0Dp).$OpPGLVVRDSyV
DGH¿QLomRGRSODQHMDPHQWRDEUHVHXPDQRYDHWDSDGHGLVFXVVmRVREUHDSRV
sibilidade de entrada de novos softwares para serem inseridos na plataforma ou no
desktop.
1HVVHPRPHQWRTXDOTXHUKDFNHUSRGHSURSRUXPQRYRSDFRWHGHVROXomR
para ser agregado ao sistema GNOME. Da mesma forma como aconteceu na
DSURYDomRGRFDOHQGiULRHVVDSURSRVWDpGLVFXWLGDSHORVPHPEURVGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
GDFRPXQLGDGHQXPDOLVWDGHHPDLOHVSHFt¿FDWHQGRFRPRPHGLDGRUGDGLVFXVVmR
o UHOHDVHPDQDJHU$DSURYDomRRXQmRGDSURSRVWDVypGH¿QLGDPHVHVGHSRLV
TXDQGRRUHDOHDVHPDQDJHUID]XPOHYDQWDPHQWRGRUHVXOWDGRGDGLVFXVVmR
3DUDSRUHPSUiWLFDRSURFHVVRGHDEHUWXUDHOLEHUDomRLPHGLDWDGRFyGLJR
IRQWH SUHVHQWH QHVVH PRGHOR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR DEHUWR RV PDQWHQHGRUHV GRV
SDFRWHV GH VRIWZDUH GD *120( VHPSUH EXVFDP WUDWDU RV XVXiULRV GR desktop
FRPRFRGHVHQYROYHGRUHV±DVVLPFRPRDFRQWHFHGHIRUPDVHPHOKDQWHQRGHVHQ
YROYLPHQWR GR /LQX[ H GD GLVWULEXLomR 'HELDQ 'H IRUPD SDUDOHOD DR SURFHVVR GH
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD QRYD YHUVmR RV HUURV GH IXQFLRQDPHQWR bugs) da versão
DWXDOVmRUHSRUWDGRVSRUXVXiULRVGHWRGRVRVFRQWLQHQWHVGRJORERSDUDR Bugzilla
GD FRPXQLGDGH (VVHV HUURV VmR DYDOLDGRV SHOD HTXLSH GH WULDJHP GH bugs - a
%XJVTXDG SDUD FHUWL¿FDUVH GH TXH RV SULQFLSDLV SUREOHPDV QmR SDVVDUmR GHV
percebidos pelos mantenedores dos pacotes.
$VVLPGDGDDFRQWULEXLomRVLJQL¿FDWLYDGHXVXiULRVTXHVHFRPSRUWDPFRPR
EHWDWHVWHUVHFRGHVHQYROYHGRUHVSUDWLFDPHQWHWRGRRSUREOHPDUHODWLYRDDOJXP
aplicativo do desktop passa a ser detectado rapidamente e a sua respectiva solução
SRGH WDPEpP DFDEDU VH WRUQDQGR yEYLD SDUD DOJXQV TXH FRQWULEXHP DWp FRP
VXJHVW}HVGHQRYRVFyGLJRVSDUDDUHVROXomRGHDOJXQVbugs(VVDVFRQWULEXLo}HV
VHUYHPWDQWRSDUDDLPSOHPHQWDomRGHXPDYHUVmRHVWiYHOGRdesktopDWXDOLVWR
pXPDYHUVmRFRPRVbugs corrigidos) como para a correção de possíveis erros da
versão em desenvolvimento.
1D YLVmR GH 5D\PRQG VHULD H[DWDPHQWH QHVVH SRQWR TXH VH
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54 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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58 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Grade Analítica
Conceito Dimensões Indicadores
Reconhecimento
Diversão
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Referências
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148 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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A tecnologia na obra de
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 187
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Mobilização colaborativa,
cultura hacker e a teoria da
propriedade imaterial
Sergio Amadeu da Silveira
Este texto é um recorte da tese de doutorado que defendi em 2005. Ele visa
trazer os principais pontos lá abordados sobre o problema da formulação de uma
teoria política da propriedade de bens imateriais no contexto de uma sociedade
informacional e em rede. O objeto de análise é a mobilização técnico-social para o
desenvolvimento e uso de software aberto e não-proprietário, conhecido como mo-
YLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHVHXHPEDWHFRPRVEHQH¿FLiULRVGRPRGHORKHJHP{QLFR
de propriedade de software. A unidade de análise foi a rede de comunidades de
VRIWZDUHOLYUHHDEHUWR)RUDPUHFROKLGRVRVVHXVDUJXPHQWRVREVHUYDGDVXDDomR
RUJDQL]DomRHSULQFLSDOPHQWHVHXPRGHORGHSURSULHGDGHGHEHQVQmRPDWHULDLV
3DUDLQYHVWLJDUFRPPDLVSURIXQGLGDGHDVDo}HVHREMHWLYRVGDUHGHGHVVH
movimento técnico-político, o foco foi colocado na comunidade Debian, que desen-
volve e distribui uma versão do sistema operacional GNU/Linux. Essa opção deu-se
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de desenvolvimento ou de debates. Para entender bem o modelo colaborativo e
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H REVHUYDU D FRQVWUXomR GR PRGHOR KHJHP{QLFR GH SURSULHGDGH GH VRIWZDUH
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A pesquisa partiu de duas hipóteses que nasceram da teoria liberal de
propriedade. Essas hipóteses foram lançadas no terreno das evidências empíricas
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190 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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sobre evidências empiricamente observáveis nos seus contextos históricos.
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fé na justiça social, ou na distribuição equitativa da propriedade dos bens, conduziria
a sociedade a um sistema totalitário. A primeira hipótese desta tese nasceu do
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de bens.
Assim, a pesquisa partiu da hipótese de que a contraposição entre liberdade
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torno da propriedade material, tornando completamente pálida a força explicativa
da divisão política entre esquerda e direita.
A terceira hipótese pode ser considerada uma rota de explicação das
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e a natureza das redes informacionais destroçaram os fundamentos da teoria
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ciedade em rede foi construído sobre a ideia de que somente o modelo de software
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impacto colossal. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento compartilhado de bens intan-
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A propriedade das ideias é distinta da propriedade das coisas. A natureza
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 191
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192 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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baseada em licenças proprietárias de uso, tendo como base a licença da Microsoft.
Vamos começar fazendo um breve relato sobre a evolução do hardware
e explicando como determinadas mudanças em sua arquitetura viabilizaram o
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Com mais tempo de observação, concluiu que a capacidade dos semicondutores
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chamada informática ainda estava muito concentrada na máquina. Os softwares
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para resolver os problemas individuais desta ou daquela empresa.
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posteriormente.
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fechada ou proprietária, ele não pode ser utilizado por máquinas de outros
fabricantes, uma vez que estas portam outra arquitetura. Assim, nesse contexto,
o elemento essencial desse processo é o hardware. A empresa que o fabrica tem
controle total sobre tudo que pode rodar nele. Pode decidir se vai ou não permitir
que seu hardware rode softwares de terceiros ou se ela mesma irá desenvolvê-los.
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que o fabrica e que detém a patente de sua arquitetura e de seus componentes
pode evitar tecnicamente que determinados softwares rodem (funcionem) em sua
plataforma. Mas esse modelo foi sendo superado.
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 195
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modelo de vinculação exclusiva entre o software e um determinado hardware
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mercado. Pode parecer notável e contraditória esta crítica de Gates ao modelo de
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exclusiva da empresa fabricante, portanto, secreta a todos os demais usuários.
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o computador só reconheceria a impressora que fosse do mesmo fabricante. Para
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O avanço dos microprocessadores possibilitou o avanço dos computadores
pessoais e estes permitiram que o modelo de arquitetura fechada do hardware fosse
superado pelo aberto, ao mesmo tempo em que consolidava o modelo fechado e
proprietário do software. O software estava potencialmente livre do aprisionamento
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conhecimentos e informação, mas a aplicação desses conhecimentos
196 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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de processamento/comunicação da informação, em um ciclo de
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e seus desenvolvimentos em novos domínios, torna-se muito mais
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informação não são simplesmente ferramentas a serem aplicadas, mas
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o esquema tradicional, que consistia em fabricar todo o hardware e
software ela mesma. De modo que a IBM decidiu construir seu PC com
componentes já prontos, ao alcance de qualquer um. Isso levou a uma
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a IBM decidiu comprar da Intel os microprocessadores para seu PC.
Para a Microsoft, foi importante a IBM ter decidido não criar seu próprio
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outras empresas poderiam copiar, a IBM tinha realmente chance de criar
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operacional. Adquirimos um trabalho anterior, desenvolvido numa
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Sistema Operacional de Disco da Microsoft, o MS-DOS. Tim tornou-
se, na verdade, o pai do MS-DOS. A IBM, nosso primeiro licenciado,
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seja, a IBM tinha um incentivo para promover o MS-DOS e vendê-lo a
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com as vendas da IBM, e sim licenciar o uso do MS-DOS a outros
fabricantes de computador que quisessem oferecer máquinas mais ou
menos compatíveis com o IBM-PC. A IBM podia usar nosso software
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futuros aperfeiçoamentos. Com isso a Microsoft se viu na posição de
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o software é bastante evidente. Gates reconhece que o conhecimento aberto,
portanto acessível a todos, de como construir o hardware PC, foi decisivo para sua
consolidação como o padrão de mercado dos computadores pessoais. Por outro
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reforça o sucesso. Esse conceito, chamado retorno positivo, explica por
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produtos e pessoas são vitais.
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a única pessoa no mundo a comprá-la. Porém, em se tratando de
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parte do valor do produto vem de uma ampla disponibilidade. Podendo
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uma fenda por onde só passa um único tamanho de envelope, e uma
caixa velha de papelão onde todo o mundo pode deixar correspondência
e recados de todo tipo e tamanho, você escolheria a de acesso mais
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para poder manipulá-la a favor de sua ampliação ou pelo seu bloqueio.
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para nada. O sistema operacional é a base sobre a qual são construídos todos
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um computador poderia impedir que certos aplicativos dos concorrentes rodassem
sobre ele. Os softwares podem ser divididos em básicos e aplicativos. O principal
software básico é o sistema operacional. Uma planilha de cálculo é um aplicativo.
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rodar sobre o Windows. Com o modelo proprietário de software e a partir do acordo
com o modelo de hardware aberto da IBM, a Microsoft viu-se na posição de licenciar
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taforma de seu sistema operacional, que se chamava DOS e posteriormente foi
substituída pelo Windows, apesar de terem convivido durante muito tempo.
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será feita aqui uma análise jurídica das licenças, nem de sua evolução histórica. A
observação se concentrará nos elementos estruturais ou essenciais do licenciamento
de um software proprietário, amplamente utilizado, para posteriormente compará-
202 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
Como é possível notar, o uso deste software é limitado por esse conjunto
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denominadas direitos, visam claramente impedir o uso amplo e compartilhado dos
recursos do software, mesmo que isso seja tecnicamente possível. No modelo
proprietário, o usuário adquiriu a licença de uso do software para uma máquina, ou
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propriedade de seu autor até o prazo que a lei de direitos autorais do país determinar
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informar que aquela cópia foi instalada. O objetivo inicial da Microsoft era ter a
possibilidade de travar o software que não tivesse licença de uso, mas isso se
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mente na medida em que estas atividades sejam expressamente permitidas pela
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um dos elementos mais importantes do software proprietário é a não-transparência
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do conhecimento contido naquele software, uma vez que não impede a pirataria.
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permitindo que desenvolvedores tenham um acesso mais amplo sobre
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o licenciamento de produtos. Este modelo cobre um bom espectro de
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Entretanto, a Microsoft permanece irredutivelmente comprometida com
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que o setor continue a investir continuamente em pesquisa e desen-
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 205
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de propriedade, a pesquisa e desenvolvimento ao modelo que denomina comercial,
e a sobrevivência do empreendimento ao modelo de licenciamento proprietário.
Para Mundie, para ser comercial o software tem que ser proprietário. As evidências
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e treinamento, ou seja, são empreendimentos comerciais. O discurso de Mundie
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de licenciamento.
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permite a auditabilidade plena do software e a sua avaliação antes e depois de
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usam um software no qual as pessoas são levadas a concordar com cláusulas
de licenciamento que, por si, denunciam a existência de uma série de rotinas
embutidas no software que possibilitam a invasão não-autorizada ou não pretendida
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indevida de sua propriedade intelectual - incluindo os direitos autorais
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concorda que, se você optar por fazer o download da Internet de uma
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em conjunto com essa licença, fazer também, em seu computador, o
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pessoal, nem nenhuma outra informação, do seu computador através
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e popularizou o software da Microsoft, que era vendido com os computadores padrão
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em qualquer país. Muitas empresas passaram a usar e a montar computadores
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arquitetura aberta do hardware e a cópia não-autorizada do software popularizou
em todo o mundo o sistema operacional proprietário.
É o livre acesso ao conhecimento que o modelo proprietário bloqueia. Não
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sobre um determinado tipo de aplicação ou solução. A cópia não autorizada é
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modelo.
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dentes na história da nossa civilização, cujas consequências consi-
deramos potencialmente imprevisíveis no momento. Estamos nos
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vezes milhares de autores que se comunicam através da Internet. Men-
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208 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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a economia do futuro será baseada mais em relacionamento do que em posse.
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de apropriação de riqueza alicerçadas sobre a propriedade. Exatamente o processo
cooperativo e relacional, típico do movimento de software livre, vem levantando
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intelectual é a melhor forma de incentivar o desenvolvimento de
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usando o licenciamento mais próximo ao padrão Mozilla e aos da família BSD. Em
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forma de se reposicionar em um mercado que foi perdido, para reduzir custos de
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hardware. A Microsoft assina acordos com empresas de hardware para que todos
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pública local e internacional, para manter a ela vinculadas as iniciativas de inclusão
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uso do modelo aberto e livre.
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de estudos sobre o Custo Total de Propriedade (TCO) de um software livre, em
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autor, o funcionário Vinod Valloppillil, não titubeava ao reconhecer as
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particularmente no espaço dos servidores. Além disso, o paralelismo
intrínseco e a livre troca de ideias do Software Aberto trazem benefícios
que não são replicáveis com o nosso modelo atual de licenciamento e,
212 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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Software Aberto de arrebanhar e aproveitar o QI coletivo de milhares de
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tamanho da internet muito mais rápido que os nossos próprios esforços
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tilavam na mente de potenciais clientes inclinados a considerar a opção
de produtos concorrentes. A ideia, óbvia, era a de persuadi-los a se
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promessa de que Coisas Boas aconteceriam a quem se mantivesse
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iria sofrer com a adoção do software livre. O embaixador americano
em Lima, em carta ao Presidente, expressou sua surpresa que tal lei
pudesse ter sido proposta. Bill Gates pessoalmente, visitou o Peru e
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do software livre na administração pública. Também não foi votado até hoje. Na
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por parte da rede interessada na manutenção do modelo proprietário. Foi criado
um movimento internacional denominado The Initiative for Software Choice. Ele
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Com expressão mundial, ambas atuam cada vez mais na defesa do modelo
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em campanhas contra a pirataria de software. A CompTIA atua na contenção do
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implantação de um movimento pela livre escolha do software.
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214 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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missão é
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seus membros, a CompTIA desenvolveu iniciativas especializadas
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 215
'RLVDUJXPHQWRVGDGRXWULQDGHYHPVHUGHVWDFDGRVRSULPHLURpTXHHV
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é que o Estado não deve interferir no mercado, pois isso prejudicaria a inovação.
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empenhar em projetos ousados e caminhar em terrenos de sucesso ainda pouco
evidente.
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economicamente e sem possibilidades comerciais. A doutrina da CompTIA defende
ainda que
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encontram disponíveis para todos aqueles que desenvolvem software -
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adopção ou utilidade. Aqueles que desenvolvem software comercial
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relativa aos standards sobre software não deve discriminar a favor ou
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216 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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ser vistas como exercícios de controles sociais. Em uma sociedade multiclassista,
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sensação de neutralidade, uma vez que
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interesses nela dominantes pensam fazer com os homens e com as
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da Internet, que a cultura de seus desenvolvedores moldou o meio e foi re-aplicando
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militares e anti-democráticos. Ou seja, mesmo quando criadas para determinadas
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todo o sentido.
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218 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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prioridades que Marx via na fábrica, pelas quais os mortos (máquinas)
dominam os vivos (os operários) e que através do computador se
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a exclusão de outras formas de pensamento e desse modo, sem
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quando esta muda ou reparte o seu domínio com outra, também se
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 219
de escala que enviam sinais sociais melhores do que aqueles obtidos pelos sis-
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de propriedade. André Gorz coloca que todo o conhecimento pode ser abstraído do
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propriedade das ideias. No site de um dos parceiros da Microsoft podemos encontrar
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de produtos. Embora o software seja, em sua maioria, distribuído
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uma commodity. O software é considerado propriedade intelectual. A
propriedade de tal bem é controlada por acordos de licenciamento. As
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utilização e distribuição deste software, de acordo com as normas do
fabricante. As licenças fornecem ao fabricante deste software a receita
necessária para continuar produzindo o produto, oferecendo os serviços
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da propriedade de outros tipos de produtos, ou seja, dos bens materiais. Talvez
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mercializar licenças e não produtos. As características que fazem a diferença dos
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maior precisão o que eles efetivamente são.
Bens materiais são aqueles que têm corpo físico e, portanto, estão
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220 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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temática da Comunicação como a probabilidade de ocorrer um evento, dado um
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e, independente do seu primeiro suporte de papel, inseridas em um CD em outra
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provedor de conteúdos da rede mundial de computadores. Do mesmo modo, um
software distribuído em um CD é um conjunto de bits que traduzem para a máquina
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Assim, as características básicas e essenciais da informação são as carac-
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a informação, como sinal do mercado, é um elemento fundamental para a teoria
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das fontes explicativas de crises, instabilidade e desarranjos da economia de mer-
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Arrow analisou as características ou propriedades da informação do
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 221
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característica é que a informação é indivisível em seu uso. O uso de parte da mesma
não implica em sua efetiva divisão. Ela continuará existindo também de modo
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previsto de modo perfeito a partir de seus insumos. A atividade de produção de
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a própria informação. Albuquerque alerta que essa característica amplia os possíveis
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não há nenhum sentido em aplicar recursos para criar uma mesma informação
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conhecimento não se tornam facilmente apropriáveis de modo privado como os
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$OEXTXHUTXHD¿UPDTXH$UURZ
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o advento da economia monetária ou intermediada pela moeda, como expressão
da riqueza, pois ela permitia superar o desperdício e conservar a riqueza em bens
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por subtrair de circulação, inutilmente, bens necessários, mas ainda
comete uma tolice. É possível, no entanto, acumular o equivalente a
bens de qualquer natureza sem retirá-los do mercado. Esse equivalente,
a moeda, é o mesmo instrumento inventado pelos homens para facilitar
a troca. Materiais duráveis, como o ouro e a prata, são normalmente
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Sendo não só um meio de troca, mas também reserva de valor, a
moeda resolve o problema da acumulação, permitindo uma nova forma
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divino de ocupar a terra e transformá-la, para dela extrair o máximo
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apenas ao interesse particular. Podem acabar, sim, desperdiçando o tempo social
em que uma criação em domínio público pudesse fomentar novas ideias ou novos
inventos, já que o maior insumo da informação é a própria informação.
A contenção do acúmulo anti-social da riqueza, auferida com os limites da
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uma preocupação menor no início do seculo XXI. O debate tem sido conduzido pelo
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das empresas detentoras da propriedade de ideias, o ritmo de criação e inovação
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tado para envolver o mundo com seus prazos e limites de proteção, e seus ar-
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quinto ano. Isso quer dizer que ela perdeu o sentido até mesmo do ponto de vista
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Sem dúvida, os custos de produção da informação são bem maiores do
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se auferir lucros impele a produção das ideias para um mercado de concorrência
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perspectiva, o monopólio.
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 225
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uso por outra pessoa. Uma música pode ser ouvida ou cantada ao mesmo tempo
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bens não-rivais essencialmente não-excluíveis são chamados de bens públicos. Um
exemplo tradicional é a iluminação das cidades ou a defesa das fronteiras nacionais.
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passando, é um bem cujo vazamento praticamente não permite diferir compradores
de não-compradores.
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em sua pesquisa e produção. Pessoas que não tiveram nenhum custo para produzir
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do suporte da ideia ser um bem não-rival.
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consolidariam uma enorme barreira para o processo de criação e inovação, um
baixo incentivo para a produção de ideias. Para remunerar o inventor e permitir
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Desenvolvimento) é que se defende o direito de monopólio temporário ao inventor.
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226 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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que fundamenta economicamente os direitos de propriedade intelectual. Nela, a
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a criatividade e a inovação estariam comprometidas e até mesmo deixariam de
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questão será tratada no próximo capítulo. Ainda é preciso problematizar a reivin-
dicação do monopólio necessário.
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de propriedade intelectual. O alto custo do desenvolvimento e o baixo custo da
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pela cópia de seu invento feita pela concorrência. Nesse caso, o não-investimento
seria premiado e o desenvolvimento da inovação penalizado. Essa imperfeição do
mercado desfavoreceria a continuidade do investimento em inovação.
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presentariam então uma intervenção estatal corretiva. Uma patente é um mono-
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investimentos realizados, impedindo que sejam erodidos pela cópia dos concor-
rentes. A ideia de exclusividade temporária é decisiva. O Estado interfere na relação
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incentivo indispensável e insubstituível para a criação de novas ideias.
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seria o lado socialmente positivo do monopólio temporário.
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ao volume adequado de produção que poderá ser inferior ao socialmente ótimo,
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 227
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podem acabar retardando a inovação com o intuito de extrair o lucro máximo com o
último invento. Como não há concorrência, esse comportamento não implicaria em
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monopólios tendem a produzir menos ideias do que o ótimo e precisam
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e monopólios enfatiza, é importante focar não apenas aquilo que
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direção do processo de inovação. Schumpeter acreditava que o receio
de perda das rendas do monopólio levava os monopolistas a continuar
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se o poder dos monopólios fosse podado. O monopólio diminui o passo
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monopolista aumenta o custo de se buscar inovação. E, quando se
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dos direitos exclusivos sobre a propriedade daquelas ideias. Essa constatação en-
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Além disso, Albuquerque relatou um estudo de Narin, Hamilton e Olivastrop,
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o conhecimento. Conhecimentos públicos sustentam os inventos patenteados. Por
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excessos absurdos que acabem bloqueando a própria inovação e impedindo
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aberta e a privatização de conhecimento inovador é imediatamente aparente. O
230 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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livros. Um leitor comum, que não possuísse uma máquina impressora,
podia copiar livros apenas com caneta e tinta, e poucos leitores foram
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encaixa bem num sistema como o de direito autoral. Essa é a razão de
ser dessas medidas cada vez mais severas e lamentáveis postas em
prática para aplicar o direito autoral de software. Consideremos essas
quatro práticas da Associação dos Produtores de software (software
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LaMacchia, do MIT, não por copiar software (não o acusam de copiar
nada), mas simplesmente por deixar recursos de cópia disponíveis
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os indivíduos tinham que copiar informação secretamente e passá-la de
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que desenvolvem software livre e a rede livre vivenciam a possibilidade
concreta dessa saída, e encontram ao mesmo tempo os limites que os
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uma luta no interesse de toda a sociedade. Nessa luta, os participantes
do movimento do software livre sempre se posicionam com um pé no
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correntes, o saber aí não aparece como um saber objetivado, composto
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software livre, será preciso avançar nos conceitos de comunidade, movimento e
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extrapolou as fronteiras da especialidade técnica, ou seja, do mundo estrito do
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softwares.
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apoiados e melhorados por uma comunidade. Assim, a comunidade de software
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do lançados individualmente, são elementos vitais na formação das comunidades
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consideram-se membros de comunidades.
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e a identidade distintas diante dos outros são também frequentemente apontadas
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substituído por um novo, parcialmente ou totalmente incompatível com o anterior.
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que ele se consolide, é necessário que a comunidade majoritariamente o encampe.
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Kuhn.
A diferença mais importante da noção de comunidade aqui utilizada
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voluntário de pessoas que defendem determinada conduta diante da propriedade
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inúmeras listas de discussão virtuais, convocou todos a apoiarem a mobilização
pelo desenvolvimento de softwares não-proprietários.
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tual como o encontro de pessoas no ciberespaço em torno de provedores de acesso
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receu-me fria a ideia de uma comunidade apenas acessível através de um ecran
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 237
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A comunidade de software livre é uma comunidade virtual. Ela é composta
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nadores da cultura do compartilhamento de software. As principais comunidades de
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ainda, a comunidade Gnome, entre outras milhares.
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cibercomunidades distribuídas por quase todos os países são comunidades trans-
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de propriedade das ideias ou dos bens imateriais. Como comunidades, os laços que
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se através de uma articulação diferente do espaço real e da criação de um novo
domínio de contestação política e ambiência cultural que não são equivalentes ao
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essa noção de comunidade para lidar com, e buscar entender o que vem a ser
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que as aldeias primordiais onde havia contato cara a cara (e talvez mesmo estas)
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observa ainda que
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e profunda. Em última análise, é essa fraternidade que torna possível
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$1'(5621
238 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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e na cultura e são utilizados pelos indivíduos na sua vida cotidiana.
Por outro lado, o mundo da vida, de acordo com Habermas, contém
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sonalidade. Na medida em que os atores se entendem mutuamente e
concordam sobre sua condição, eles partilham uma tradição cultural.
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do mundo da vida envolve processos comunicativos de transmissão
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a reivindicação de novos direitos e de novas formas de comportar-se diante das
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soas e empresas que buscam lucros no mercado, mas como movimento (no sentido
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desenvolver e usar software no dia-a-dia e choca-se contra o pensamento e as prá-
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impacta o sistema político ao contrapor-se ao monopólio privado do conhecimento.
Todavia, o conceito habermasiano de esfera pública precisa ser problema-
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competência comunicativa dos membros de uma sociedade, estão sendo afetadas
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240 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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descrita como uma rede adequada para a comunicação de conteúdos, tomada de
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+$%(50$6
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+$%(50$6
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ticas apresentadas como necessidades técnicas para o bom funcionamento do
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 241
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Os softwares (sem os quais os computadores são inúteis) são um con-
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essas mesmas pessoas utilizam-nos como elemento essencial de seu dia-a-dia
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computacional. A própria privacidade, a identidade e a autonomia podem ser
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fundamental.
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cifrou, somente a outra chave do par seria capaz de decifrar.
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pode ter sido escrita pelo seu par, ou seja, pela chave privada. Esse é o princípio
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autenticar no meu banco pertence de fato a minha pessoa, tenho minha assinatura
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Na comunicação mediada por computador, em uma sociedade em rede,
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por seu par privado. Assim, uma pessoa que usou sua chave privada para acessar
242 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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especialista.
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defender-se, ela precisa ter consciência de que a sociedade em rede é uma sociedade
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precisam ser abertos, transparentes e plenamente auditáveis. Cidadãos comuns
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Um exemplo sobre como lidar com elementos extremamente especializados,
mas que envolvem e impactam o cotidiano da sociedade ocorreu nos Estados
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esfera se assentaria sobre um conjunto de protocolos e softwares limitadores do
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especialistas que permanentemente devem defendê-lo como espaço livre e aberto
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 243
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pública. Nesse sentido, um dos principais processos de consolidação da Internet,
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está nas comunidades de software livre. Tal como na esfera pública inicialmente
literária dos séculos XVII e XVIII, podemos observá-las como uma esfera pública
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Habermas escreveu que
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contexto particular é sintomático constatar que, nas sociedades
européias do século XVII e XVIII, tenha se formado uma esfera pública
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esfera pública e privada começou a aparecer na forma de reunião e
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+$%(50$6
livre tornou-se um dos novos movimentos mundiais mais críticos a um dos pilares
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da propriedade intelectual. É um movimento socio-técnico formado por diversas
comunidades.
As comunidades de desenvolvedores de software são a base principal
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FRPXQLGDGHVWrPWDPDQKRYDULDGRHSRGHPDWLQJLUPLOKDUHVGHLQWHJUDQWHVFRPR
a do GNU/Linux. Por outro lado, vários jovens desenvolvedores lançam projetos
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comunidades. Milhares desses projetos não atraem muitos outros apoiadores e
acabam permanecendo com dois ou três desenvolvedores. Apesar disso, essas
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GHVHQYROYHPFyGLJRVGHPRGRDEHUWRHFRPSDUWLOKDGR
Castells já havia apontado que
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QRSURJUHVVRGRVVHUHVKXPDQRVDWUDYpVGDWHFQRORJLDOHYDGRDFDER
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livre e aberta, incrustada em redes virtuais que pretendem reinventar
a sociedade, e materializada por empresários movidos a dinheiro nas
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0DVRTXHVHULDHVWDFXOWXUDKDFNHU"&DVWHOOVYrDFXOWXUDFRPRXPDFRQV
trução coletiva, acima das preferências individuais, composta de valores e crenças
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meritocrática baseada no conhecimento e na capacidade de realizar e de com-
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YDORUGDVROLGDULHGDGHTXHHVWiLQVHULGDQRSURFHVVRGHFRODERUDomR8PKDFNHUp
RVHXPpULWRHHVWHGHYHVHUUHFRQKHFLGRSHODVXDFRPXQLGDGHGHLJXDLV$FXOWXUD
KDFNHUFRQVWUyLVHVREUHDFXOWXUDWHFQRPHULWRFUiWLFD6HJXQGR&DVWHOOVHVWD~OWLPD
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O comportamento cultural no contexto de uma comunidade meritocrática
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3HNND+LPDQHQDRHVWXGDUDpWLFDKDFNHUSHUFHEHXTXHRVKDFNHUVQmRRUJDQL]DP
VXDVYLGDVHPURWLQDVHFRPDOyJLFDGDRWLPL]DomRGRGLDGHWUDEDOKR&RQVWDWRX
TXHVXDRUJDQL]DomRVHJXHXPFHUWRÀX[RGHWUDEDOKRFULDWLYRPLVWXUDGRDRXWUDV
SDL[}HV2WUDEDOKRGHXPKDFNHUpFRPSRVWRGHSDL[mRHOLEHUGDGH1mRVHEXVFD
WtWXORV JUDGXDo}HV KLHUDUTXLDV H RUJDQL]DomR EXURFUiWLFD$ UHODomR GHVVD pWLFD
FRPRGLQKHLURpH[WUHPDPHQWHGLVWLQWDFRPRUHODWD+LPDQHQ
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 245
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ser obtido (baixado) do próprio site e usado nos termos da licença GPL (General
Public Licence). O interessante é que esse sistema passou a ser uma ferramenta
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G~YLGDHODpSRVWDGDQR5DX7XHDUHVSRVWDpREWLGDPXLWDVYH]HVHPPLQXWRV
2VLVWHPDSRVVXLXPUDQNLQJGHFRODERUDGRUHVHPFDGDXPDGDViUHDVWDPEpP
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as dúvidas em menor tempo. O reconhecimento pela qualidade da resposta e
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+LPDQHQGHQRPLQRXGHpWLFDKDFNHUHTXHWHPVLGRHOHPHQWRYLWDOGDFRPXQLGDGH
de software livre.
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GLVSHUVRSHORPXQGRFRPLQWHJUDQWHVGHGH]HQDVGHSDtVHVTXHEXVFDGLVWULEXLU
uma versão do Linux estável e completamente dentro do espírito do copyleft. Pelas
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da comunidade Debian pode melhor permitir a compreensão dos motivos pelos
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colaboração interativa e no compartilhamento do conhecimento, tornou-se um
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em seus diversos níveis, expressa o modelo de desenvolvimento compartilhado
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cotidiano permite vislumbrar que uma rede sem centro físico, com seus servidores
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mantendo-se democrática e coerente com seus princípios fundadores.
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'HELDQQHFHVVLWDGHPRQVWUDUTXH³VDEHID]HUHTXHID]´2XWURHOHPHQWRHVVHQFLDO
é a necessidade de conhecer e de ser capaz de defender o Contrato Social do
Debian e concordar com a Constituição da comunidade. Para ser desenvolvedor
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da comunidade e que a vincula com os ideais primeiros do software livre, nascidos
do movimento GNU e da Free software Fondation.
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XPDSHoDYROWDGDDRVVHXVLQWHJUDQWHVPDVpXPFRPSURPLVVRGLDQWHGDVGHPDLV
FRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHFRPRSRGHPRVREVHUYDU
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 247
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deixa isso muito claro. O objetivo é desenvolver software de modo colaborativo,
cujo resultado seja de excelente qualidade, mas que não esconda suas falhas e
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'LVSRQtYHOKWWSZZZGHELDQRUJ$FHVVRHP
248 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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apropriarem do mesmo, tal como fariam com obras disponíveis em domínio público.
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a liberdade de conhecimento.
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WDGRVSHOR/tGHUGRSURMHWRSDUDUHDOL]DUWDUHIDVHVSHFt¿FDV6HFUHWiULRGRSURMHWR
O Líder do projeto é eleito anualmente pelos desenvolvedores. Somente ele
pode falar pelo projeto Debian. O Líder também é quem indica o Comitê Técnico que
é convocado para enfrentar problemas que não tiveram uma solução consensual
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mas não poderá falar em nome do projeto Debian sem ser destacado pelo Líder
eleito. Os candidatos a Líder apresentam suas propostas e as debatem nas listas de
discussão da comunidade. Sua eleição é realizada pela votação em rede, utilizando
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$JXDUGDQGRSRUDSRLR'LVFXVVmR3HUtRGRSDUDGLVFXVV}HVGHQRPtQLPRGXDV
semanas. Votação - O processo de votação está ocorrendo. Fechado - A votação
DFDERX´
A transparência e a auditabilidade plena são características relevantes do
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QRPHGHTXHPYRWRXHTXDLVIRUDPVHXVYRWRVLQFOXVLYHRWH[WRGHFDGDYRWR(VWD
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YRWDo}HV GH PRGR VHFUHWR SDUD HYLWDU TXDLVTXHU FRQVWUDQJLPHQWRV$ HVFROKD GR
Líder do projeto Debian é feita pelo método Condorcet.
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o mais próxima possível do que é aceito por todos. O voto de cada membro do
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 249
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VLGREHPVXFHGLGDHWHPJHUDGRXPSURFHVVRGHFLVyULRGHHVFROKDGHOLGHUDQoDV
FXMRUHVXOWDGRHIHWLYRIRLDSURGXomRGHSURJUDPDVGHFRPSXWDGRUGLIHUHQWHV
até junho de 2005. A democracia participativa, baseada no debate efetuado nas listas
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VROLGiULRWHPJHUDGRVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVTXHQmRSRGHPVHUDSURSULDGRVSULYDGDPHQWH
$DomRFRQFUHWDGDFRPXQLGDGHGRFyGLJROLYUHIXOPLQDRSDUDGLJPDSURSULHWiULRGH
produção e distribuição de software, que só pode ser mantido pela ação jurídico-
repressiva do Estado.
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desenvolvedor do projeto Debian. Eles descreveram o modelo Debian centrado na
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técnicas. Essa esfera pública ocorre através de uma variededade de
canais on-line e off-line que proveem, com consistência, um espaço de
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esfera pública pode ser rastreada ao início dos anos 80 (nos sistemas
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intelectual e mídia contribuiram para marcar certas tendências como
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vimento do software livre chocou-se contra o sistema de propriedade de bens in-
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QmRSRGHH[LVWLUVHPDOHJLVODomRHRDSDUDWRMXUtGLFRUHSUHVVLYRGR(VWDGRRPR
YLPHQWRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHGHXPDHVIHUDLQLFLDOPHQWHKDFNHUIRLFDPLQKDQGRpara
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políticas pela liberdade do compartilhamento do saber.
Essa mobilização política não se deu nos moldes nem na chave de en-
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direita. Nesta pesquisa, foi possível constatar a correção da hipótese de que o
movimento de software livre superou essa dicotomia por lidar com a propriedade de
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 251
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da propriedade como uma questão de liberdade e assim reunir na defesa do com-
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HP EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV SHUPLWH VXSHUDU D SULQFLSDO REMHomR KD\HNLDQD jV SUiWLFDV
distributivas. Os motivos eram distintos, mas a causa foi a mesma. Os liberais e os
anarco-capitalistas mais radicais defenderam o software livre pela superioridade
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laborativo aproveita as possibilidades interativas disponíveis nas redes de alta
velocidade e processamento, bem como aposta na redução dos custos de tran-
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O compartilhamento do conhecimento maximiza o desenvolvimento de bens
por aproximar-se o máximo possível da exploração das potencialidades da rede
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capitalista, reunidos em torno da defesa do chamado Open Source, consideraram
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baseada na propriedade pela receita baseada nos serviços.
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mais destacados líderes do movimento de Open Source escreveu que
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ralmente errada (assumindo que você acredita na última, o que não faz
tanto o Linus como eu), mas simplesmente porque o mundo do software
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orientação social-liberal, anarquistas e socialistas de diversas matizes, acreditam
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PHQVmRFROHWLYD$DGHVmRDRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRpSHVVRDOPDVVHJXHDLGHLDGH
que a liberdade é a fonte da criação e da melhoria da produção humana. O pres-
suposto é que a liberdade de trocar ideias está na base do conhecimento e que
este é uma produção coletiva, humana. Não deveria ser apropriado privadamente.
252 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
,VWRpSULYDUDOJXpPGRFRQKHFLPHQWRpEORTXHDUDOLEHUGDGHeUHGX]LURULWPRGH
crescimento do conhecimento, pois nessa acepção, quanto mais se compartilha o
conhecimento mais ele cresce.
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lidade existe exatamente porque o elemento primordial da sociedade em rede é
a informação, em todos os seus formatos, inclusive a informação processada e
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GD RULJLQDO H VXD PXOWLSOLFDomR SHUPLWH TXH YiULDV SHVVRDV D XWLOL]HP DR PHVPR
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informação transformam-na em um bem completamente distinto dos bens físicos.
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sua escassez. O imaterial não conhece a escassez. Toda a teoria da propriedade
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de escassez. A era da informação e seus bens imateriais desconhecem a escassez
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Como o conhecimento é chave da economia da sociedade em rede, o seu
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de um software pode ser vista como a exclusão do direito de todos conhecerem
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cidade inviabiliza a construção no ciberespaço de uma esfera pública mundial. O
movimento FLOSS (Free Libre Open Source Software), a reunião dos defensores
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 253
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A disparidade de talentos naturais em homens diferentes é, na realidade,
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to da divisão do trabalho. A diferença entre os caracteres mais desse-
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Quando vêm ao mundo, e durante os primeiros seis ou oito anos de
sua vida, eles terão sido, talvez, muito parecidos, e nem seus pais nem
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notável.
Não é meu propósito aqui examinar se são corretas as ideias de Smith
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de melhora de cada um desses elementos. Essa relação é essencial
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que muitos possam ser não somente consumidores, mas também desenvolvedores
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mento constitutivo dos bens imateriais, seria possível pensar que a escassez resi-
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escassa, ela poderia viabilizar o modelo de propriedade tradicional sobre a mesma,
tal como no cenário de bens materiais. Por outro lado, é exatamente o fato de
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socialmente acumulado. Como a recriação e o impulso ao novo necessita do acú-
mulo e do estoque de conhecimento, distribuir o próprio conhecimento abre caminho
para que se redistribuam as possibilidades de criar e, portanto, também para que se
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tradição democrática acabam podendo se aproximar da defesa da liberdade como
valor prioritário, pois na era informacional é também da liberdade que podemos
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sistemas e softwares.
Nesse sentido, temos um novo tipo de situação que necessita de uma nova
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sociedade da informação afeta um dos principais elementos da doutrina política das
forças da direita e da esquerda, ou seja, o posicionamento sobre a propriedade e
sobre a liberdade. A alteração profunda do tipo de propriedade de bens materiais para
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esquerda como defensora da distribuição equitativa da propriedade sobre a riqueza
socialmente produzida.
Temos um cenário de superação da divisão política tradicional. O contraponto
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como melhor maneira de maximizar a produção social parece dissolver-se diante da
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256 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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sensível de transmissão e acessibilidade do saber. Não se trata de uma
mera visão. Trata-se de uma práxis que, no mais alto nível técnico, foi
desenvolvida por homens, sem cujo comunismo criativo o capitalismo
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colaborativo é incorporado como elemento importante para a própria reprodução do
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 257
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mais velocidade.
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unem os adeptos do movimento de software livre e os adeptos do movimento de
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de escolher está acima da liberdade como concepção, ou seja, as pessoas devem
ser livres para escolher se querem manter livre sua produção, por isso, as licenças
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preservação do conhecimento coletivo. Efetivamente, para as correntes do Open
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no conhecimento de muitos não é considerado um problema. Todavia, a liberdade
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FHGROLEHUHIUHTXHQWHPHQWH´RFyGLJRIRQWHpROHPDTXH5D\PRQGD¿UPDVHUR
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Seja pensando a liberdade do indivíduo acima da liberdade do coletivo em
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condição essencial, os defensores do Open Source e do software Livre contribuem
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propriedade de ideias no capitalismo da era informacional. Assim, a liberdade do
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redistributiva.
Os movimentos de colaboração sócio-técnica, na era informacional, cons-
258 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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de politização. A nova política de reivindicar direitos de continuar desenvolvendo
e compartilhando seu desenvolvimento contra os ataques dos representantes do
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lançando a unidade entre certos liberais e determinados socialistas. Em síntese, o
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contexto liberal e anarquista e avança para o contexto solidário, anti-proprietário,
típico dos movimentos comunitaristas e socialistas, mas os supera.
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mais as forças políticas de esquerda que conduzem esse processo de transformação,
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 259
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exclusão. Exclusão sobre ideias e conhecimento. Ou seja, querem evitar que o
conhecimento continue livre para poderem lucrar com o acesso a ele. Como não é
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a ter seus teoremas, modelos teóricos, teorias e descobertas patenteados. O uso
acadêmico seria e já está sendo afetado.
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colaborativo e a liberdade do conhecimento constituem um caminho para que possam
sobreviver e crescer sem serem destroçados pelo ritmo concentrador de riqueza e
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representantes políticos dentro das forças tradicionais de esquerda e de direita.
Assim, podemos observar que, se uma teoria da classe virtual pode permitir
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vação dos seus opositores, se existe uma base estrutural para aqueles, por exem-
plo, que se vinculam ao movimento do software livre, ao Creative Commons, aos
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outros exemplos.
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trabalho não foi constatada nenhuma correlação estrutural de base classista e muito
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o elemento articulador dessa luta que une vários ativistas do compartilhamento do
260 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração
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médias constituem o locus onde se recrutam os desenvolvedores da cultura e da
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pelo compartilhamento do conhecimento.
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colaborativas, em que se destaca o movimento de software livre) e os indivíduos
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A liberdade do conhecimento viabiliza tanto a formação de uma esfera
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&580/,6+&KULVWLDQThe power of many: how the living web is transforming politics, business,
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TAIT, Márcia. Mercado de software cresce na periferia. Revista Com Ciência Q MXQKR
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 271
Debate e discussões
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