Sofware Livree, Cultura Hacker e Ecossistema Da Colaboração

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao
Software livre, cultura

hacker e ecossistema
da colaborao
Anderson Fernandes de Alencar
Murilo Bansi Machado
Rafael Evangelista
Sergio Amadeu da Silveira
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar (Org)
Dados Internacionais de Catalogao na Publicao (CIP)

Biblioteca Prof. Jos Geraldo Vieira
S664
Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao /
organizao Vicente Macedo de Aguiar ; ilustraes
Murilo Machado. -- So Paulo: Momento Editorial, 2009.
Vrios autores.
ISBN 978-85-62080-03-6
1. Cincia da computao 2. Software livre 3. Cultura
hacker 4. Ecossistema da colaborao I. Aguiar, Vicente
Macedo de II. Machado, Murilo
CDD 005.1
Contedo licenciado pela Creative Atribuio-Compartilhamento pela Licena 2.5 Brasil Commons. Essa licena permite copiar, distribuir, exibir e criar obras derivadas sobre esta obra.
As novas obras devem conter meno aos autores nos crditos, porm as obras derivadas
precisam ser licenciadas sob os mesmos termos dessa licena.
Software livre, cultura hacker e

ecossistema da colaborao
Reviso
Karina Bersan Rocha
Diagramao
Capa
Aurlio A. Heckert

Rafael Evangelista
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar (Org)
Momento Editorial
2009
Se voc tem uma ma e eu tenho uma

ma, e ns trocamos as mas, ento
voc e eu ainda teremos uma ma. Mas
se voc tem uma idia e eu tenho uma
idia, e ns trocamos essas idias, ento
cada um de ns ter duas idias
George Bernard Shaw
Sumrio
Introduo
Vicente Macedo de Aguiar
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15
Distros e comunidades: a dinmica interna de

Debian, Fedora, Slackware e Ubuntu
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39
Software Livre e a Perspectiva da Ddiva: uma anlise sobre a

produo colaborativa no projeto GNOME
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79
Poltica e Linguagem nos debates sobre software livre

Rafael Evangelista
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151
A tecnologia na obra de lvaro Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire

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movimento do software livre
189
Mobilizao colaborativa, cultura hacker e a

teoria da propriedade imaterial
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271
Debates e discusses interativas
Introduo
A civilizao do sculo XXI est cada vez mais conectada. As tecnologias

da informao, a exemplo da Internet, esto se tornando uma espcie de tecido
digital do cotidiano da vida humana. Assim, cada vez mais a rede mundial
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dinmica econmica, poltica e cultural do mundo moderno. Esse contexto atual de
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transformaes que anunciam at mesmo a superao da era industrial por uma
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os estudos que procuram analisar a singularidade de um fenmeno que est
diretamente ligado a esse contexto de conectividade e que, ao mesmo tempo,
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mudanas ligados ao mundo digital: os denominados softwares livres. Em outras
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comunidades e aos projetos que esto voltados para o uso, o desenvolvimento e a
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forma, sendo marginalizados e pouco compreendidos.
Assim, em vez de fechar os olhos para essa realidade (social) singular que
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ser contra ou a favor, mas sim reconhecer as mudanas qualitativas na ecologia
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humanas, que foram desenvolvidos em diferentes universidades e centros de
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do Software livre, Cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao.

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siderados fundamentais para compreender a dinmica interna de cada uma delas
como, por exemplo, as formas de comunicao, as relaes de poder, o perodo de
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nessa comunidade.
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Rafael Evangelista apresenta um artigo intitulado Poltica e Linguagem nos debates
sobre o software livre)UXWRGHXPDGLVVHUWDomRGH0HVWUDGRHP/LQJXtVWLFDTXH

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e desvantagens da adoo de sistemas livres em computadores. A partir de uma
concepo que considera que o acontecimento de linguagem um acontecimento
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Na quarta seo deste livro, Anderson Fernandes de Alencar traz, dentro
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Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire, como resultado de uma dissertao de mestrado, defen
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apresenta um artigo intitulado Mobilizao Colaborativa, Cultura Hacker e a Teoria
da Propriedade Imaterial(VVHDUWLJRWUD]RVUHVXOWDGRVGRHVWXGRDFDGrPLFRTXH
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no contexto de uma sociedade informacional e em rede.

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apresentado ao longo de todos os artigos.
A gnese do fenmeno dos softwares livres

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apresentados, este livro parte do pressuposto de que se faz necessrio para o
10 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao
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de um sistema operacional capaz de rodar em todos os tipos de computadores
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o que foi considerado o mais avanado sistema operacional da poca: o Berkeley
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permitiu a comunicao entre computadores e programao de computador cumu
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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 11
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sistema nervoso de um sistema operacional para computadores, dada a sua complexidade e funcionalidade.

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DGHQRPLQRXGH)UHL[PDVVHJXQGR&DVWHOOVRDGPLQLVWUDGRUGRVHUYLGRUTXH
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FyGLJRIRQWHGR.HUQHOQXPNewsgroup4 na Internet, em agosto de 1991, pedindo
ento ajuda e cooperao de outros programadores no desenvolvimento desse
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R *18/LQX[ HUD XP VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO PHOKRU TXH RV VLVWHPDV 81,;
SDWHQWHDGRV&DVWHOOV(PDOpPGRVVLVWHPDV81,;FRPHUFLDLV
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2Newsgroup uma ferramenta de discusses na Internet, onde usurios postam mensagens de texto (denominadas
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so transmitidas quase que diretamente do remetente para o destinatrio, os artigos postados nos newsgroups so
retransmitidos atravs de uma extensa rede de servidores conectados entre si.
ANO
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1960s
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Software Distribution).
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que posteriormente evolui para o Sendmail.
1983 5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQSXEOLFDR0DQLIHVWR*18EXVFDQGRDGLIXVmRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHH
cria a Free Software Foundation.
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0DF$PLJDH$WDUDL67GLVSRQLELOL]DQGRFRPSOHWDPHQWHRFyGLJRIRQWH
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,DQ0XUGRFNFULDXPDQRYDGLVWULEXLomRGR*18/LQX[FKDPDGDGH'HELDQ
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1996 2desktop.'(pODQoDGRSDUDXVXiULRVGR*18/LQX[SRU0DWWKLDV(WWULFKSRUpP
com alguns aplicativos proprietrios.
1997 23URMHWR*120(pLQLFLDGRSRU)HGHULFR0HQDH0LJXHOGH,FD]DFRPRdesktop
OLYUHRFLDOGR3URMHWR*18
1999 2Q~PHURGHXVXiULRV*18/LQX[pHVWLPDGRHPPLOK}HVGHXVXiULRV
2000 Novas empresas multinacionais de TI (como a Novel e Real) lanam verses de
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2001 2Q~PHURGHXVXiULRV*18/LQX[pHVWLPDGRHPSHORPHQRVPLOK}HVHPWRGR
o mundo.
2007 0DLVGHSURMHWRVGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHVWmRUHJLVWUDGRVHPapenas um dos
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5HIHUrQFLDOpen Source TimelineLQ+$56H2X
Os hackers
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as pesquisas que compem este livro, o termo hacker no est associado a in
divduos irresponsveis que visam penetrar em sistemas computacionais de forma
ilcita como normalmente propagado pela mdia de massa tradicional. Esse tipo
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VmRHVSHFLFDPHQWHGHQRPLQDGRVGHcrackers e, em geral, so repudiados pelos
PHPEURVGDVFRPXQLGDGHVLQWHUQDFLRQDLVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUH

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este livro consideram que a prxis dos hackers fundamenta uma cultura que diz
respeito ao conjunto de valores e crenas que emergiu das redes de programadores
de computador que interagiam on-lineHPWRUQRGHSURMHWRVWpFQLFRVHFRODERUDWLYRV
que visavam resultados inovadores. Assim, essa cultura desempenha um papel
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de uma anlise mais aprofundada, que essa cultura hacker que d sustentao
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HQWUHRFRQKHFLPHQWRRULJLQDGRHPXQLYHUVLGDGHVHFHQWURVGHSHVTXLVDVHRVVXE
produtos empresariais que difundem as tecnologias da informao no mundo dos
tomos isto , na materialidade da sociedade capitalista.
Referncias
&$67(//60DQXHO$*DOi[LDGD,QWHUQHWUHH[}HVVREUHD,QWHUQHWRVQHJyFLRVHDVRFLHGDGH.
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+$56$OH[DQGHU286KDRVRQJ:RUNLQJIRUIUHH"0RWLYDWLRQVIRUSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQRSHQVRXUFHSURMHFWV
International Journal of Electronic Commerce YRO Q S 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS
FVGOFRPSXWHURUJSHUVDJHQ'/$EV7RFMVS"UHVRXUFH3DWK GOSURFHHGLQJV WRF FRPSSURFHHGLQJV
KLFVVWRF[PO '2, +,&66!$FHVVRHPMXQ
/e9<3LHUUH&LEHUFXOWXUD6mR3DXOR(G
67$//0$15LFKDUG0)UHH6RIWZDUH)UHH6RFLHW\6HOHFWHG(VVD\VRI5LFKDUG06WDOOPDQ%RVWRQ
-RVKXD*D\
Distros e comunidades
a dinmica interna de Debian, Fedora,
Slackware e Ubuntu
Ao contrrio do que alguns apregoam, o universo open source est longe

de ser homogneo. Em torno de um objeto em comum o software livre , achamVH GLYHUVRV FRODERUDGRUHV TXH FRQVLGHUDQGR JUDXV GH DQLGDGH RX GHWHUPLQDGR
LGHiULRGLVS}HPVHHPFRPXQLGDGHVHVSHFtFDV7DLVFRPXQLGDGHVSRUVXDYH]
embora convirjam em inmeros pontos, detm vrios atributos que a elas so muito
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Entre os aspectos em comum, pode-se citar o fato de todas se valerem de
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H QD YROXQWDULHGDGH 1HVVH PHLR ID]HPVH SUHVHQWHV D FXOWXUD PHULWRFUiWLFD H D
produo entre pares, elementos-chave da cultura hacker. Os muitos voluntrios,
motivados por uma busca pelo conhecimento, pela possibilidade de se relacionar
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desejos comunidade e se empenham em tarefas nas quais sejam mais hbeis
H TXH PDLV OKHV GHHP SUD]HU (VVH PRGHOR GH WUDEDOKR YDOH GL]HU GHVDD GH
forma consistente as limitaes do paradigma neoliberal dominante porque seus
trabalhadores no tm perspectiva de um retorno que possa ser lucrativo e suas
aes no so respaldadas por leis ou contratos, prevalecendo, portanto, um
ambiente de troca, e as comunidades de software livre s se tornam projetos
possveis em funo disso.
Nesse sentido, tambm no so poucos os pontos em que as comunidades
se distanciam. Observaram-se, de um lado, modos de trabalho um tanto rgidos e
pLVDXPWLSRGHKLHUDUTXLDHGHRXWURVLVWHPDVXPSRXFRPDLVGHVFHQWUDOL]DGRV
)D]HPVHQRWDUDLQGDGLIHUHQWHVHVWUXWXUDVGHRUJDQL]DomRRUDFRP&RQVHOKRV
RUD FRP /tGHUHV H &RQVWLWXLo}HV H RUD FRP XP GLWDGRU EHQHYROHQWH YLWDOtFLR
(QTXDQWRSDUDXQVDLGpLDGHOLEHUGDGHHVWiDVVRFLDGDDRDSULPRUDPHQWRGDV
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WHP VREUH R FyGLJRIRQWH H SRU LVVR FRQYpP WUDEDOKDU SDUD VXD H[FHOrQFLD$V
diversidades so, pois, patentes aos olhos.
Para fundamentar toda esta nossa discusso, foram analisadas quatro
distribuies de software livre durante o ano de 2008. So elas: Debian, Fedora,
Slackware e Ubuntu. Para tal, acompanhamos fruns, listas de discusses, comuniGDGHV HP UHGHV VRFLDLV FDQDLV QR ,5& HWF EHP FRPR HQWUHYLVWDPRV GLYHUVRV
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distribuies em meio a uma vastido delas,1 FRQYpP GL]HU HP SULPHLUR OXJDU
buscou-se trabalhar com comunidades cuja representatividade no Brasil fosse alta
no apenas em termos de nmeros, mas em participao e envolvimento. Outra
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que remete estrutura de sua fundao, consolidao e funcionamento. Dessa
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so mantidas por grandes empresas que do apoio aos trabalhos prestados pelos
colaboradores das respectivas comunidades , Slackware e Debian so os maiores
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intensas atividades de seus voluntrios.

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grupos, dos projetos e das distribuies, apontando brevemente algumas de
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elementos considerados chave para compreender a dinmica interna de cada
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incua ou no reducionismo caricatural.
Breve Histrico e caractersticas gerais das distribuies

Slackware Linux
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encontrada em muitos fruns, listas de discusso, comunidades do Orkut etc.,
descreve o esprito que est solenemente incutido na mente de grande parte dos
colaboradores dessa distribuio.
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1 Segundo o site Distro Watch KWWSZZZGLVWURZDWFKFRPHPFRQVXOWDUHDOL]DGDHPDJRVWRGHH[LVWHPPDLV
de 1000 distribuies em atividade em todo o mundo
e uma das primeiras a serem lanadas, sendo que sua criao data de 16 de Julho
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9RONHUGLQJpXPPLWRSDUDXVXiULRVHGHVHQYROYHGRUHVGDGLVWULEXLomRslackers),
TXHVHUHIHUHPDHOHFRPRRKRPHPthe man) e BDFL (Benevolent Dictator For
LifeRX'LWDGRU9LWDOtFLR%HQHYROHQWH7DLVDOFXQKDVDVVLPFRPRDIUDVHWHPDTXH
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projeto, e apenas em um segundo momento aceitou a ajuda de outros desenvolvedores, que ainda hoje so poucos. J o nome que escolheu originrio do prprio
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0RYLGRVSHORSULQFtSLR.,66DFU{QLPRSDUDKeep it simple, stupidLVWRp
PDQWHQKDRVLPSOHVHVW~SLGRRVslackers se habituaram a manter um sistema
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81,; RULJLQDO VLPSOLFLGDGH QHVVH FDVR QmR GL] UHVSHLWR j IDFLOLGDGH GH XVR
PDV DR GHVLJQ ,VVR DOpP GH FRQIHULU UDSLGH] H OHYH]D VLJQLFD TXH R XVXiULR
no conta com a ajuda de barras, menus e cones intuitivos para trabalhar com
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GHFyGLJRSRLVRVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGHDFUHGLWDPTXHRVJUiFRVRFXOWDPR
YHUGDGHLURVLVWHPD3RULVVRGL]VHTXHVy6ODFNZDUHp/LQX[H[SUHVVmRTXH
UHPHWH D XPD GLVWULEXLomR SXUD RULJLQDO QHOD HVVH YHUGDGHLUR VLVWHPD HVWi
plenamente disposio de quem opera a mquina, algum que tem o poder de
garantir a segurana e o bom andamento de quaisquer aplicaes.
Hoje, nem mesmo o prprio processo de instalao do Slackware totalPHQWHJUiFRRTXHGLFXOWDDUHDOL]DomRGHWDOIHLWRSRUXPLQLFLDQWH0XLWRVFUrHP
TXHDGLVWULEXLomRH[LJHPXLWRWHPSRGRVXVXiULRVQHVVDGLFXOGDGHGHDSUHQGL]DGR
imediato. Os slackers, no entanto, acreditam que o sistema simples medida que
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angariada durante o processo de pesquisa a que o iniciante se submete nos
primeiros momentos.
Alm de simples e, portanto, leve, o Slackware tem por caracterstica
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que cumprem o papel de servidores de sistema e devidamente aproveitado por
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da cultura popular.
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No Brasil, a comunidade Slackware PDLV H[SUHVVLYD HVWi HP yUELWD
GR *XVEU R *UXSR GH 8VXiULRV 6ODFNZDUH %UDVLO 2 *XVEU VXUJLX QR GLD GH
GH]HPEURGHFRPRIUXWRGDYRQWDGHGHXPJUXSRGHDPLJRVFXMRREMHWLYRHUD
promover a troca de informaes sobre a distribuio e ser uma referncia diante
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projeto de seus fundadores3 tem sido bem-sucedido.

4XDQGRVDLUiDSUy[LPDRXDVSUy[LPDVYHUVmR}HVGRSlackware? Patrick
9RONHUGLQJUHVSRQGHRQRYR6ODFNZDUHYDLVHUODQoDGRTXDQGRHVWLYHUSURQWR4
Ubuntu Linux
Se, nos dias atuais, a imagem que se consolidou quanto ao fato de os
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hackers ou grandes peritos em informtica est em grande parte superada, isso
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VHQGRRVJUDQGHVH[SRHQWHVR.'(HPHR*120(HPHHP
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ODQoDGDDRVGHRXWXEURGHVRERFRGLQRPHZDUW\5
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/WG IXQGDGD SHOR VXODIULFDQR 0DUN 5LFKDUG 6KXWWOHZRUWK FRP VHGH QD ,OKD GH
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6KXWWOHZRUWKIH]VHPLOLRQiULRDRSDVVDUVXDHPSUHVDGHVHJXUDQoDQDLQWHUQHW
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8QLGRV&RPRGLQKHLURGDYHQGDHOHYLDMRXQRPXQGRGDOXDOLWHUDOPHQWH3RU
20 milhes de dlares, tornou-se o segundo turista espacial do mundo a bordo da
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4 O que no ocorre em algumas distribuies, nas quais so estabelecidas certas periodicidades para o lanamento
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julgam ser um sistema perfeito. Por isso, a periodicidade pode variar: no ano de 1993, foram lanadas 5 verses. Em
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e o da direita, ao ms. Quanto aos codinomes, trata-se de uma prtica muito comum associar um apelido a cada verso
lanada.
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menos recursos, contendo apenas por software livre em todas as aplicaes.
mantenedores do sistema em diversos cantos do mundo at o envio gratuito de

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acessvel e com analogias fceis de serem compreendidas. A nacionalidade do
usurio, como dito, tambm no costuma ser uma barreira, j que o sistema
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a cada seis meses, o Ubuntu geralmente lanado aps decorrido, em mdia, um
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vrios subtimes que trabalham para aprimorar a distribuio. Entre eles esto:
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agrega as informaes postadas em blogs de membros da comunidade), Segurana,
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por meio do Launchpad8 um conjunto de aplicaes na plataforma web usado no
desenvolvimento de programas de cdigo aberto, controlando tarefas e facilitando
todo o processo de colaborao. Para que um indivduo comece a participar da
comunidade ajudando ativamente, criar uma conta no Launchpad um timo
comeo.
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Distrito Federal. Nada impede, entretanto, que algum usurio rena um grupo de pessoas e crie um novo grupo regional
onde no houver nenhum.
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Debian GNU/Linux

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todo o mundo, a comunidade Debian se destaca por ter um grande nmero de
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que juntou as trs letras iniciais do nome de sua mulher, Debra, com seu primeiro
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e da Free Software Foundation (entre 1994 e 1995), a distribuio comeou com um
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comunicao, conduta etc., bastante comum s outras comunidades uma
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na comunidade, dividindo-a em grupos cuja composio e poderes so claramente
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gerncia de lanamento, documentao etc.), Publicidade (imprensa, eventos,
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sendo que a comunidade prefere us-lo apenas como ltima alternativa.
hierarquia: 1. Os desenvolvedores,10 por via de resoluo geral ou de uma eleio;

2. O lder do Projeto; 3. O comit tcnico e/ou seu presidente; 4. O desenvolvedor
individual trabalhando em uma tarefa particular; 5. Delegados apontados pelo lder
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evidencia-se uma estrutura fundamentada, mais do que na meritocracia, na
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um pouco mais rgidas do que nas demais comunidades (mas que, de fato, no
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estabilidade dos pacotes por parte dos mantenedores.11 No Debian, nada do que
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previamente marcadas para isso acontecer.

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de desenvolvedores ou de pessoas que trabalham mais ativamente no software
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de desenvolvedores europeus e norte-americanos. No entanto, o nmero de
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por provas de habilidade tcnica e compreenso tica e moral com relao ao software livre e comunidade Debian.
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distribuio.
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Fedora
O Projeto Fedora teve incio em 2002, quando a empresa Red Hat, criada
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open source. Dessa forma, dividiu sua distribuio em duas: Red Hat Enterprise
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em boa parte pela comunidade.
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divulgao e eventos e considerado um laboratrio de inovao, pesquisa e
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como uma parceria entre comunidade e empresa, o Projeto, que lana uma nova
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recente e corre o risco, em nome da inovao, de portar uma aplicao passvel
de bugs$FRPXQLGDGHSRUFHUWRVHUHVSRQVDELOL]DSURQWDPHQWHSRUHOHV1mRp
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depois da data de lanamento.

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as comunidades locais. Atualmente, o brasileiro Rodrigo Padula de Oliveira um
de seus membros. Nas eleies de Janeiro de 2008, recebeu o maior nmero de
votos (41 do total de 69), o que corroborou a credibilidade e a representatividade
da comunidade brasileira diante do Projeto. Alm disso, Padula tambm assumiu o
cargo de Community Manager GR)HGRUDQD$PpULFD/DWLQD)HGRUD/$7$0yUJmR
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por 5 membros indicados pela Red Hat e 4 membros eleitos pela comunidade.
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de 2008, a fora da comunidade aumentou substancialmente e o quadro foi revertido:
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em geral, ser um intermedirio na comunicao entre membros da comunidade e ajudar a recrutar novos membros. Ser
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Per Child).
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Dinmica interna das distribuies

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usando a distribuio e testando o sistema, o que amplamente salientado nos
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13 Disponvel em: http://www.debian.org/intro/help$FHVVRHPMXOKR7UDGXomRYRFrSRGHVLPSOHVPHQWHWHVWDUR
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14 Disponvel em: http://www.projetofedora.org/portal/participe. Acesso em julho/2008.
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TXH VH SHGH p TXH DQWHV GH ID]HU TXDOTXHU SHUJXQWD OHLDPVH WRGRV RV DUWLJRV
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de respond-la autonomamente. Depois disso, ser respeitado por seus pares, que
seguramente o ajudaro a resolver os problemas.
Desfeito esse mito sobre o Slackware, passemos s outras distribuies,
nas quais as barreiras de entrada variam muito. Em linhas gerais, membros do
8EXQWXHGR)HGRUDWrPSRUSULQFtSLRIRUQHFHUTXDOTXHUWLSRGHDX[tOLRPHVPRTXH
DVG~YLGDVDSUHVHQWDGDVMiWHQKDPVLGRHVFODUHFLGDVRXDWpGRFXPHQWDGDV&RPR
essas distribuies declaradamente se preocupam com a facilidade de uso e com
o amplo apoio ao usurio leigo, alguns membros chegam a passar um bom tempo
respondendo dvidas nos e-mails pessoais o que contra o consenso geral de
que as perguntas devem ser respondidas nos fruns para que mais pessoas se
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usurios no frequentam fruns, seja por falta de tempo ou de prtica, e tudo o que
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do acesso.

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HQWUH DV GLVWULEXLo}HV FKDPDGDV FRPHUFLDLV H R 6ODFNZDUH &RPR Ki XPD YDVWD
e detalhada documentao em portugus abordando vrios aspectos do sistema
operacional, alm dos sites da distribuio e da comunidade, difcil que algum
se sinta perdido no Debian. Ademais, muitos de seus representantes brasileiros so
IDFLOPHQWHHQFRQWUDGRVQR,5&HIUHTXHQWHPHQWHVHGLVSRQLELOL]DPDFRQYHUVDUHD
ajudar os usurios.
Em suma, a resposta mais comum obtida quando se indagou algum membro
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IRL VLPSOHVPHQWH ERD YRQWDGH 0DOJUDGR FDGD GLVWULEXLomR VLJD VXDV SUySULDV
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todas elas.
O porta-voz das comunidades

Este tpico consiste na tentativa de buscar nas comunidades uma grande
YR] DWLYD DOJXpP TXH DR SDVVDU SHORV GHVDRV H SURYDV LQHUHQWHV j FXOWXUD
meritocrtica e fundamentar suas atividades nas relaes sociais em meio ao
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TXDOLFDo}HVQHFHVViULDVSDUDUHVSRQGHUSHODFRPXQLGDGH1mRVHHVWiIDODQGRDTXL
SRUFHUWRDSHQDVGRGHVHQYROYHGRUPDLVDWLYRRXGRWUDGXWRUPDLVHFLHQWH7UDWD
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FRPDORVRDGDVGLVWULEXLo}HV DRLQFRUSRUDU VHXVWUDoRVHOHPHQWDUHVHVWDQGR
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Observou-se que, na maioria dos casos, esses representantes no se valiam
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brasileiro que contribui ativamente no desenvolvimento do sistema operacional
e um dos mais antigos usurios da distribuio, o responsvel pela Slackware
Zine HVSpFLH GH UHYLVWD HOHWU{QLFD H RUJDQL]D HYHQWRV H SDOHVWUDV UHODFLRQDGRV
ao Slackware como o SlackShow, ocorrido em agosto de 2008. Apesar de tudo,
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Quanto comunidade Debian, a maior parte dos usurios da distribuio e
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PDLV DQWLJRV WHYH VHX SULPHLUR FRQWDWR FRP VLVWHPDV GH Q~FOHR *18/LQX[ HP
1998 e com o Debian em 2002), mas seu envolvimento com a comunidade e sua
habilidade ao falar sobre ela em pblico facultaram a ele a possibilidade concreta de
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responsvel pelo estande do Debian e ministrou palestras sobre a distribuio. Ele
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livre).
No Projeto Fedora, o nome em destaque o de Rodrigo Padula. Um dos
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$PEDVVDGRUV6WHHULQJ&RPPLWWHHHH[HUFHDIXQomRGHCommunity Manager do
)HGRUD /$7$0 yUJmR GR )HGRUD QD $PpULFD /DWLQD $OpP GLVVR IRUDP YiULRV
os casos em que Rodrigo ajudou pessoalmente na insero de novos membros
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convidando o usurio Otvio para coordenar o projeto. Em outra oportunidade,
DRODGRGH'LHJR=DUFDUmRRXWURHPEDL[DGRU5RGULJRFXLGRXSDUDTXH,JRU3LUHV
Soares, hoje chefe da traduo, no sasse do Projeto Fedora.
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a que Rodrigo Padula e Diego Zacaro me convidaram para entrar no
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UHDOPHQWHTXHULDID]HUXPWUDEDOKRGHORQJRSUD]RHDVFRQGLo}HVGH
contribuio dentro do projeto eram totalmente favorveis
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entanto, so fortes lderes locais, que ajudam a fomentar o uso e a disseminao
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*HUDLVHVWDGRVHPTXHDFRPXQLGDGH8EXQWXpPXLWRVLJQLFDWLYDRVQRPHVPDLV
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VmRLQFOXVLYHPHPEURVGR&RQVHOKR8EXQWX%UDVLO
A comunicao interna e externa

Evidentemente, o ciberespao o grande ponto de encontro das comunidades
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presenciais por meio de eventos comemorativos ou fomente a participao de seus
membros em congressos, palestras, fruns e conferncias, a imensa maioria das
tarefas dos membros das comunidades se d por meio de (no necessariamente na
ordem de relevncia ou quantidade):
- Listas de discusso (mailing lists): trata-se de um mecanismo que roda na
SODWDIRUPDGHFRUUHLRHOHWU{QLFRFRPXP2VSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQYLDPPHQVDJHQVXQV
DRVRXWURVFRQWHQGRG~YLGDVRSLQL}HVHVFODUHFLPHQWRVeRPRGRPDLVVLPSOHVGH
FRPXQLFDomRHWDPEpPRPDLVXVDGRMiTXHH[LJHDSHQDVXPHQGHUHoRGHHPDLO
'HPRGRJHUDOH[LVWHPOLVWDVGHGLVFXVVmRSDUDFDGDVXESURMHWRGRFXPHQWDomR
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S~EOLFR7RGDVDVFRPXQLGDGHVXWLOL]DPDVOLVWDVGHGLVFXVVmR
- Fruns: Ambiente mais propcio soluo de dvidas e troca de informaes.
Diferentemente das listas de discusso, as mensagens no circulam no ambiente
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fruns;
- ,5&7UDWDVHGHXPSURWRFRORXVDGRSDUDSURJUDPDVscripts) de chat. Atravs do
,5&pSRVVtYHOID]HUDFRQH[mRFRPVHUYLGRUHVGHWRGRRPXQGR&DGDVHUYLGRU
'HSRLPHQWRFROKLGRHPHQWUHYLVWDFRP,JRU3LUHV6RDUHV
possui canais, isto , salas em que se pode conversar abertamente ou em particular.

As comunidades estudadas mantm canais ativos na rede Freenode (irc.freenode.
QHWQRVTXDLVXVXiULRVWURFDPLQIRUPDo}HVGDGRVVROXFLRQDPG~YLGDVUHDOL]DP
reunies ou simplesmente conversam sobre assuntos triviais. Durante a pesquisa,
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SUHWHQGHX GLVFXWLU D GHQLomR H D FULDomR GRV *UXSRV 5HJLRQDLV GH 8VXiULRV 2
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%UDVtOLD GR GLD GH MXQKR GH H FRQWRX FRP D SUHVHQoD GH HPEDL[DGRUHV
XVXiULRVHFXULRVRVHPJHUDOFRPRVHREVHUYDQDJXUDDEDL[R
Canal #fedora-br da rede Freenode

- Blogs: Os usurios mais representativos comunicam seus feitos ou os rumos
tomados pela distribuio em seus blogs pessoais, que, em determinados casos,
so hospedados pelos servidores da prpria distribuio;
- Planeta7DPEpPFKDPDGRGHEORJGRVEORJV7UDWDVHGHXPVLWHTXHDJUHJD
todos os blogs que tm alguma ligao com a distribuio, com o software livre ou
com questes relacionadas tecnologia de um modo geral. medida que o usurio

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estaro os posts de outros blogueiros. As comunidades Ubuntu e Debian tm seu
prprio Planeta Brasil, ao passo que a comunidade Fedora tem apenas o Planeta
do projeto internacional;
- E-mail: Em geral, no recomendvel que se tirem dvidas ou se troquem
informaes por meio dos e-mails pessoais. Parece ser um consenso entre os
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poucos membros ainda se dispem a responder dvidas pelos e-mails, pois
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- Zines6mRHVSpFLHVGHUHYLVWDVHOHWU{QLFDVGHGLFDGDVjFRPXQLGDGHGDGLVWULEXLomR
contendo, na maioria dos casos, artigos tcnicos com resoluo de problemas ou
GLFDVSDUDRWLPL]DUFHUWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGRVLVWHPD$VFRPXQLGDGHVEUDVLOHLUDV
6ODFNZDUH H 'HELDQ SRVVXHP VXD SUySULD ]LQH H D FRPXQLGDGH )HGRUD PDQWpP
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referncias comunidade, informaes sobre jogos, perguntas e respostas etc.
Esses mecanismos tratam mormente da comunicao interna, isto ,
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algum que no faa parte das atividades de sua distribuio participe ativa ou
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]LQHVHVWmRDEHUWRVjOHLWXUDGHTXDOTXHULQWHUQDXWD'HVVDPDQHLUDSRGHVHGL]HU
TXHHVVHVPHLRVWDPEpPVHFRQJXUDPXPFDQDOGHFRPXQLFDomRH[WHUQD
Hierarquias e relaes de poder

Os preceitos de liberdade apregoados pelos membros das mais variadas
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IRUPDLUUHVWULWDPHQWHDQiUTXLFDGHRUJDQL]DomR'HPDQHLUDJHUDODVFRPXQLGDGHV
esto envolvidas em relaes de poder fundamentadas na cultura meritocrtica e
a liderana que nelas se estabelece est sujeita a avaliaes pessoais por parte
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uma atitude que no corresponda aos anseios e vontades da comunidade, os
colaboradores podem resolver contribuir com outro projeto ou no mais contribuir.

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VHOKRV GRV UHVSHFWLYRV SURMHWRV 1DV GLVWULEXLo}HV FRPHUFLDLV FRPR )HGRUD WDLV
FRQVHOKRVVmRLQXHQFLDGRVGLUHWDPHQWHSHODVHPSUHVDVPDQWHQHGRUDVQRFDVR
do Fedora Board, quatro dos nove membros pertencem Red Hat. J nas comunidades das distribuies no-comerciais, os conselhos so compostos, evidentemente, apenas por colaboradores. No caso do Debian, conforme abordamos
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muito precisa. O projeto tem um lder, um comit tcnico (com seu respectivo presiGHQWHXPVHFUHWiULRHGHOHJDGRVPDVRJUDXPi[LPRGHSRGHUHVWiQDVPmRVGRV
GHVHQYROYHGRUHVTXHSRGHPH[HUFrORSRUPHLRGHXPD5HVROXomR*HUDORXSHODV
prprias eleies internas.

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atividades bsicas da traduo, documentao, grupos regionais, divulgao etc.
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como o caso de Fedora e Ubuntu) e incentivar novos colaboradores.

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ou os que tm atividades mais locais, chegaram a seus atuais postos em funo das
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desempenhar suas funes da melhor maneira possvel (seja por falta de tempo, por
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XPERPOtGHUQmRGHYHGHL[DUGHRVHUDWpPHVPRTXDQGRGHFLGLUTXHGHL[DUiVHX
projeto.
No que se refere s relaes lderes-liderados, tambm foi possvel obserYDU FHUWDV GLYHUJrQFLDV HQWUH DV FRPXQLGDGHV (QTXDQWR QR 8EXQWX VH YHULFRX
maior independncia dos colaboradores que podem desenvolver livremente seus
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, no Projeto Fedora, h um acompanhamento um pouco maior por parte dos
HPEDL[DGRUHVFRPUHODomRjVDWLYLGDGHVJHUDLVHPTXHRVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGH
se envolvem. J no Debian, a questo central no est to ligada relao entre
lderes e colaboradores quanto ao maior vnculo que estes tm com a distribuio.
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comprometimento dos voluntrios.
Quanto ao Slackware, v-se que a distribuio foge um pouco s regras
JHUDLV$SULQFtSLRDJDUDQWLDGHH[FHOrQFLDGRVLVWHPDHVWiDFUHGLWDPRVslackers,
no desenvolvimento de certo modo fechado. Alm de poucas pessoas contriburem
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O peso do trabalho brasileiro frente comunidade internacional

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contarem com uma vasta gama de colaboradores espalhados por todo o mundo,
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WUDEDOKRVGHH[FHOrQFLDWpFQLFDIDWRTXHpFRPSURYDGRSRUVXDDPSODDFHLWDomR
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e no prprio mercado (atravs de empresas que, em muitos casos, dedicam-se
apenas aos trabalhos open source) isso sem mencionar a grande quantidade de
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E, malgrado a presena de sistemas operacionais livres no seja to
pronunciada (quando comparada dos softwares proprietrios) entre os assim
FKDPDGRVXVXiULRVGRPpVWLFRVDVGLVWULEXLo}HVTXHQRVVHUYLUDPGHUHIHUrQFLD
tm grande participao tambm nesse meio. Diante disso, deve-se enaltecer,
enrgica e justamente, a atuao de seus protagonistas que, por meio de constantes
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WySLFR GLVFXWLUHPRV TXmR H[SUHVVLYRV VH PRVWUDP RV DWRUHV EUDVLOHLURV TXH VH
lanam colaborao no Slackware e no Fedora.

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se de alto risco. No convm, evidentemente, tratar apenas do nmero de membros
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&RQIRUPHREVHUYDPRVSRUH[HPSORRIDWRUQ~PHURQmRpPXLWROHYDGRHPFRQWD
SHODFRPXQLGDGH6ODFNZDUHDRPHQRVQRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRDRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
GLUHWRVGRVLVWHPD6HpSRVVtYHODUPDUTXHRVslackers acreditam que o nmero
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SRGH GL]HU TXH VXD FRPXQLGDGH p PXLWR YDVWD H H[SUHVVLYD QR %UDVLO 'RLV IDWRV
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GLVWULEXLo}HV&RPRDUPDPRVQDLQWURGXomRGHVGHPyGXORpPXLWRGLItFLOPHQVXUiORV3ULPHLURSRUTXHQmRKiFRPR
SRVWXODUH[DWDPHQWHTXDLVRVUHTXLVLWRVQHFHVViULRVHVXFLHQWHVSDUDTXHDOJXpPVHWRUQHXPPHPEURGHTXDOTXHU
GDVFRPXQLGDGHV8PVLPSOHVVLPSDWL]DQWHTXHSURPRYDDOJXPDGDVORVRDVHPMRJRPHVPRTXHGHIRUPDEHP
modesta, pode ser considerado um membro, a depender das concepes que disso se faa. Quanto aos usurios, a
situao semelhante. No necessrio pagar nem tampouco se cadastrar para pode usufruir de qualquer uma das
distribuies.
SHUPLWHPLQIHULORRSULPHLURGHOHVMiFLWDGRGL]UHVSHLWRDRIDWRGHTXHH[LVWHXP
brasileiro nesse seleto grupo de desenvolvedores Slackware. O segundo, que est
relacionado ao primeiro, deu-se nos anos de 2004 e 2005, quando o grande ditador
EHQHYROHQWHHYLWDOtFLR3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJSDVVRXSRUJUDYHVSUREOHPDVGHVD~GH
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mensagem lista de usurios da distribuio:
3RYR
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Acho que todo mundo sabe; mas, para quem no sabe, Patrick
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doente. Ele escreveu uma longa carta com a descrio da
doena:
IWSIWSVODFNZDUHFRPSXEVODFNZDUHVODFNZDUHFXUUHQW3 $7
1(('6<285+(/3W[t
Quem tiver contato com centros de pesquisa ou mdicos na
rea de patologia, poderia passar essa mensagem para eles.
Sei que tem vrios assinantes da lista que trabalham em
XQLYHUVLGDGHVjVYH]HVXPSXOLQKRQDIDFXOGDGHGHPHGLFLQDH
conversar com algum amigo possa quebrar um galho e ajudar
R3DWULFNDPHOKRUDU3DUDHOHFRORFDULVVRQR&KDQJH/RJGR
FXUUHQWFRPFHUWH]DQmRHVWiEHP
Falous,
3LWHU381.
PS/1> Quem no conhecer mdicos, centros de pesquisa e
SDWRORJLDHWFFRPFHUWH]DSRGHDMXGDUFRPDWRUFLGDHRUDo}HV
pela melhora do patrick
36! 6H YF QmR JRVWD GD SDODYUD RUDo}HV VXEVWLWXD SRU
UH]DVRXSHQVDPHQWRSRVLWLYRRTXHFDUPHOKRUSDUDDVVXDV
FUHQoDV19
No entanto, a grande prova da relevncia da comunidade brasileira est

QR IDWR GH TXH 9RONHUGLQJ GHVLJQRX R *86%5 *UXSR GH 8VXiULRV 6ODFNZDUH
Brasil) para dar continuidade aos seus trabalhos enquanto se recuperava. Segue a
notcia do (PSL-BR) Projeto Software Livre Brasil de 24.11.2004:20
Comunidade GUS-BR passa a auxiliar o Slackware.com
2FLDOPHQWH
19 Disponvel em: KWWSRVGLUFRPPOXVHUJURXSVOLQX[EUD]LOVODFNZDUHPVJKWPl.
julho/2008.
20 Disponvel em: http://www.softwarelivre.org/news/3353. Acesso em: julho/2008.
Acesso
em:
3RUDOJXPWHPSR3DWULFN9RONHUGLQJHVWDUiFXLGDQGRPDLVGD
VXDVD~GHHSDUDQmRGHL[DURVImVSUHRFXSDGRVLQFXELXDR
*86%5GHYHULFDUHYDOLGDUVHFXULW\[HVH%XJ)L[HVQR
6ODFNZDUH&XUUHQWDOpPGR6ODFNZDUH
7RGDDLQIRUPDomRSRGHVHUREWLGDQRVLWHZZZVODFNZDUHRUJ
EU H WRGRV RV XVXiULRV GR *86%5SRGHPDX[LOLDU LQIRUPDQGR
problemas e remendos diretamente na lista slack-users.

2XWUD FRPXQLGDGH EUDVLOHLUD PXLWR H[SUHVVLYD TXDQGR OHYDGD DR FHQiULR
LQWHUQDFLRQDOUH~QHVHHPWRUQRGR3URMHWR)HGRUD$VVLPFRPR3LWHU381.OLGHUDRV
WUDEDOKRVQR6ODFNZDUH5RGULJR3DGXODGH2OLYHLUDWUDGX]VHQRJUDQGHH[SRHQWH
do Fedora, sendo que seus esforos para com a comunidade estabelecem uma
relao de troca mtua e salutar. medida que desenvolve seus trabalhos, Rodrigo
WUD]PDLRUQRWRULHGDGHSDUDDFRPXQLGDGHGR3URMHWR)HGRUD%UDVLOTXHSRUVXD
YH]OKHGiWRGRRDSRLRHLQFHQWLYRSDUDUHSUHVHQWiORRTXHGLJDVHPHUHFHR
reconhecimento da comunidade mundial.

&RQIRUPH DSRQWDPRV R QRPH GH 5RGULJR IRL R PDLV PHQFLRQDGR QDV
HOHLo}HVGHMDQHLURGHSDUDR)DP6&2FRPTXDVHGRWRWDOGHYRWRV
7DPEpPDVVXPLXHPDEULOGRPHVPRDQRDOLGHUDQoDGR&RPPXQLW\0DQDJHUGR
)HGRUDQD$PpULFD/DWLQD)HGRUD/$7$0TXHGDUiDSRLRjVFRPXQLGDGHVUHJLRQDLV
latinas. H, claro, outros brasileiros muito ativos, tais como Diego Zarcaro e David
%DU]LOD\TXHWDPEpPpIXQFLRQiULRGD5HG+DWPDVHVVDQRWRULHGDGHGH5RGULJR
em especial, uma forma de a nao Fedora, cujos membros esto espalhados por
WRGRRPXQGRUHFRQKHFHUDH[SUHVVmRGDFRPXQLGDGHQR%UDVLO(PHQWUHYLVWDj
edio do 1 ano da Fedora Zine, em maro de 2008, Rodrigo assinalou:
$ PLQKD UHHOHLomR SDUD R &RPLWr 'LUHWLYR GH (PEDL[DGRUHV )HGRUD
demonstrou no somente a credibilidade do Projeto Fedora Brasil
GHYLGRDVXDRUJDQL]DomRSDUWLFLSDomRHUHVXOWDGRVPDVDXQLmRHP
TXH RV HPEDL[DGRUHV EUDVLOHLURV H ODWLQRV HP JHUDO VH HQFRQWUDP
&RPDFULDomRGRKWWSSUR\HFWRIHRGRUDRUJTXHDJUHJDYiULRVSDtVHV
GD $PpULFD /DWLQD FRPR 3DUDJXDL %UDVLO $UJHQWLQD &KLOH 0p[LFR
3HUX 9HQH]XHOD H 8UXJXDL KRXYH XPD LQWHJUDomR PXLWR IRUWH HQWUH
esses pases, que em grande parte me apoiaram na reeleio... Alm,
claro, de outros pases que acreditam no meu trabalho e em tudo que
HVWDPRVGHVHQYROYHQGRDTXL9HMRQmRVRPHQWHFRPRPpULWRSHVVRDO
mas como mrito de toda a equipe do Projeto Fedora Brasil >@ O Brasil
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Latina e um pouco mais madura devido ao tempo de participao,
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LQIRUPDo}HVDWUDYpVGDOLVWDGHHPEDL[DGRUHVODWLQRVHGHHYHQWRVFRPR
D,&RQIHUHQFLD/DWLQR$PHULFDQDGH(PEDL[DGRUHVH8VXiULRV)HGRUD
UHDOL]DGDQRLatinoware HPFRPDSDUWLFLSDomRGR3DUDJXDLGR
%UDVLOGD$UJHQWLQDHGD9HQH]XHOD
Outro fator merecedor de destaque: alm de ser numerosa a maior da

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%$&(070*3%355-6&6372HQR'LVWULWR)HGHUDODFRPXQLGDGH
EUDVLOHLUDpPXLWRDWLYD1mRVmRUDUDVDVYH]HVSRUH[HPSORHPTXHDVWUDGXo}HV
SDUD R LGLRPD SRUWXJXrV GR %UDVLO VmR XPD GDV SULPHLUDV D VHUHP FRQFOXtGDV
quando no as primeiras.
O tempo dedicado colaborao

Pensou-se em chegar a algumas posies sobre o tempo que os membros
das quatro comunidades dedicam colaborao, especialmente pelo fato de que
RSURFHVVRGHSURGXomRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHQHVVDVFLUFXQVWkQFLDVYHULFDVHXPD
atividade fundamentada basicamente no voluntariado. Os resultados obtidos, emERUD PXLWR JHQpULFRV H VXSHUFLDLV PDQWLYHUDP FHUWD UHODomR FRP DV LQ~PHUDV
ELEOLRJUDDVTXHWUDWDPGDTXHVWmRGDFXOWXUDKDFNHU
3RGHVHGL]HUHPSULPHLUROXJDUTXHDPDLRULDGRVFRODERUDGRUHVGHVHP
penha suas funes durante seu tempo considerado livre, apesar de muitos admiWLUHP TXH WDPEpP R ID]HP GXUDQWH DOJXQV PRPHQWRV HP TXH GHYHULDP HVWDU
ocupados com outros compromissos como trabalho ou estudo. Em qualquer um
dos dois casos, a opo por colaborar, evidentemente, implica relegar a segundo
plano qualquer outra atividade, seja ela uma obrigao iminente ou um tempo de
SXUROD]HU
Quando se tentou chegar a uma concluso sobre a quantidade de tempo
GHVSHGLGRFRPRVPDLVYDULDGRVWLSRVGHWUDEDOKRYHULFRXVHSRUYiULRVPRWLYRV
que se tratava de uma tarefa quase impossvel. Um desses motivos est no fato de
que muitos dos colaboradores esto envolvidos com o mundo do software livre em
WHPSRLQWHJUDO'LYLGHPVHDTXLPDLVXPDYH]GXDVHVIHUDVGHWUDEDOKRVTXHSRGHP
estar voltados a uma determinada distribuio: primeiro, aquelas atividades que
esto ligadas diretamente ao software, tais como desenvolvimento, programao,
traduo, documentao etc.; segundo, todo e qualquer trabalho indireto que faa
aluso distribuio, sendo os mais comuns a divulgao, o incentivo ao uso, a
promoo de eventos, palestras e seminrios ou a postagem de contedos em
fruns e listas de discusses, tirando dvidas, trocando informaes, direcionando
os principiantes.

$VVLPHPIXQomRGDH[LVWrQFLDGRTXHVHFKDPRXGHVHJXQGDHVIHUDGH
trabalhos, muitos colaboradores esto envolvidos praticamente durante todo o
tempo com suas distribuies. E, de um modo geral, observa-se que a quantidade
de tempo despendida muito varivel entre os membros, e isso se d, entre outras
UD]}HVSHODVGLIHUHQWHVSRVWXUDVTXHVHDVVXPHPRXVHMDSHORVGLIHUHQWHVQtYHLV
de comprometimento e, nesse aspecto, tambm se notaram muitas diferenas:
GHVGHXVXiULRVTXHQmR]HUDPTXHVWmRGHUHSDVVDUDVUHVSRVWDVTXHREWLYHUDP
em fruns at militantes que passaram horas respondendo a e-mails pessoais com
dvidas de usurios.

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FRODERUDomR FDEH ID]HU XP SDUrQWHVH 'H IDWR RV HVIRUoRV SHVVRDLV VmR PXLWR
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despende para corroborar tais esforos. No entanto, inferiu-se que, em meio
FXOWXUD PHULWRFUiWLFD PDLV LPSRUWDQWH GR TXH R WHPSR p D HFLrQFLD GR WUDEDOKR
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uma ferramenta que se apresenta com muitos erros.
O conceito de liberdade sob a tica de algumas comunidades

H vrios motivos pelos quais algum opta por usar um software livre em
detrimento de um software proprietrio, mas trs deles merecem certo destaque os
PRWLYRVWpFQLFRVRVVRFLDLVHRVQDQFHLURV(VWHV~OWLPRVVmREHPFRPSUHHQVtYHLV
algumas pessoas no querem ou no podem pagar pelo alto preo das licenas e,
por isso, passam a usar softwares livres, que esto gratuitamente disponveis na
rede.

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de software livre, os dois primeiros discursos (a saber, os aspectos tcnicos e os
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PDQHLUDSHUPHLDRVDVSHFWRVWpFQLFRVXPDYLVmRTXHVHEDVHLDXQLFDPHQWHQD
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que se deve usar software livre simplesmente porque ele melhor. Para esses
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software proprietrio nos casos em que ele funcione melhor ou garanta a facilidade
de uso.
Por outro lado, h aqueles que consideram que a liberdade que move aqueOHV TXH HVWmR IRFDGRV DSHQDV QRV DVSHFWRV WpFQLFRV p LQH[LVWHQWH RX TXDQGR
muito, incompleta. Esses usurios esto mais preocupados com as questes
sociais implcitas no ato de usar um software livre ato que, por essncia, denotaria
independncia (seja das licenas proprietrias cobradas pelas grandes corporaes,
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H DOWLYH] (OHV HVWmR HP JUDQGH SDUWH GRV FDVRV HQYROYLGRV HP YiULRV SURMHWRV
de incluso digital em comunidades desfavorecidas e acreditam que a incluso
social est diretamente relacionada prpria incluso digital e esta, diga-se,
QmR SRGHULD VH UHDOL]DU FRP VRIWZDUHV SURSULHWiULRV TXH GHYHULDP VHU DEROLGRV
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LGHRORJLDTXHPRELOL]HSHVVRDVHFRPXQLGDGHV(VVHVGRLVGLVFXUVRVMiUHFHEHUDP
YiULDVDOFXQKDV7DOYH]DVPDLVFRQKHFLGDVWUDWHPRSULPHLURFRPR26,21RXopen
sourceHDVHJXQGDFRPR)UHH6RIWZDUHRX[LLWD
Alm dessas divergncias, h pequenos embates de ordem tcnica que,
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GL]HP UHVSHLWR D FHUWDV SHFXOLDULGDGHV WpFQLFDV GH FDGD GLVWULEXLomR ,VVR SRGH
ser facilmente ilustrado pelos sistemas Debian e Slackware: no primeiro, quando
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mas de todas as suas dependncias, facilitando o trabalho do usurio. No caso do
Slackware, o aplicativo correspondente o Slackpkg, que busca apenas o arquivo
solicitado, sem suas dependncias.220XLWRVXVXiULRVGDVGLVWULEXLo}HVGHULYDGDVGR
'HELDQRXPHVPRGDTXHODVGHULYDGDVGR)HGRUDHPTXHRJHUHQFLDGRUpR<XP
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defendem o uso de seu gerenciador pelo fato de ele proporcionar facilidade de uso.
J grande parte dos slackers, em contrapartida, acreditam que isso fere a liberdade
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IRQWHGHDOJXPVRIWZDUHSRVVLELOLWDQGRDH[LVWrQFLDGHSURMHWRVLQWHJUDGRVSRUVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHVRIWZDUHVSURSULHWiULRV
eFRPRVHHPDQDORJLDEHPUXGLPHQWDUXPLQGLYtGXRSUHFLVDVVHFR]LQKDUDUUR]4XDQGRXVDUR$37RJHUHQFLDGRU
do Debian, no precisar se preocupar com qualquer ingrediente: o gerenciador buscar pelos gros, pela gua e pelos
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ter em suas mos apenas os gros, devendo, portanto, buscar todo o resto por conta prpria.
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outra coisa tb. Os usurios dessas distros vem isso como facilidade.
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redhat, ele vai querer remover outras coisas junto, mas no foi isso que
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Por meio dos breves resultados aqui apresentados, acredita-se, foi possvel
compreender ao menos uma parte daquilo que se constitui como a dinmica e o
funcionamento de uma comunidade de software livre. Os vrios relatos, depoimentos,
SDVVDJHQVHQPWRGRRPDWHULDOFROKLGRQRVSHUPLWHFRQVWDWDUFRPRVHHVWDEHOHFH
HRTXHVLJQLFDDSOXUDOLGDGHGHDo}HVLGpLDVHSRVWXUDVSUHVHQWHVHPPHLRDR
universo open source.
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OLYUH FRQJXUDPVH FRPR XPD SHTXHQD SDUWH GH DOJR PXLWR PDLRU YLJHQWH QD
sociedade em rede ps-industrial. O novo modo de produo, de avaliao e de
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D :LNLSpGLD R 6HWL#+RPH D OLFHQoD &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV HWF SDUHFH HVWDU
LQXHQFLDQGRGLUHWDPHQWHRVYHOKRVSDUDGLJPDVGDVRFLHGDGHTXHSRUVXDYH]
SDVVDPSRUFRQVWDQWHVSURFHVVRVGHUHYLVmRHGHDGDSWDomR4XHDORVRDopen
source possa ajud-los.
Software Livre e a
Perspectiva da Ddiva
uma anlise sobre o trabalho e a produo
colaborativa no projeto GNOME
Este captulo se sedimenta sobre um estudo1 FLHQWtFR TXH EXVFRX

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Projeto GNU Network Object Model Environment, PDLVFRQKHFLGRHGLIXQGLGRSHOD
sigla GNOME.

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de desktop3 FRP XPD LQWHUIDFH JUiFD Graphical User Interface GUI) e um
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(VVHHVWXGRFLHQWtFRIRLUHDOL]DGRSRUPHLRGHXPDLPHUVmRQHWQRJUiFDSHVTXLVDSDUWLFLSDQWHGHQWURGRDPELHQWH
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livre do projeto GNOME luz da teoria da Ddiva TXH VH HQFRQWUD GLVSRQtYHO QR OLQN KWWSZZZDGPXIEDEUSXE
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desktop.
segundo objetivo a estruturao de uma plataforma4GHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFRQWHQGR

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colaboradores.
O surgimento do projeto GNOME

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GR VHX SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[ WDPEpP
HUD FRQVLGHUDGR XP VRIWZDUH TXH H[LJLD SRU SDUWH GRV XVXiULRV XP QtYHO GH
FRQKHFLPHQWRWpFQLFRPDLVHOHYDGRSDUDRVHXERPIXQFLRQDPHQWR,VVRSRUTXH
SRUWHUVLGRGHVHQYROYLGRSRUWHFQROyJRVHSDUDWHFQROyJRVR*18/LQX[XWLOL]DYD
XPSDGUmRGHLQWHUIDFHJUiFDtFRQHVMDQHODVERUGDVHWFPHQRVLQWXLWLYRHFRP
SDGU}HVVLPEyOLFRVPHQRVDFHVVtYHLVjVSHVVRDVFRPXQVDRFRQWUiULRGHDOJXPDV
YHUV}HV SURSULHWiULDV GH FyGLJR IHFKDGR FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO Windows
e o Mac OS X, TXH HVWDYDP VHQGR GHVHQYROYLGRV SRU JUDQGHV FRUSRUDo}HV GH
7HFQRORJLDGD,QIRUPDomR7,TXHSULRUL]DYDPPDLVHVVDVTXHVW}HVGHLQWHUIDFH
JUiFD$VVLP SDUD TXH R *18/LQX[ VH GLIXQGLVVH GH IRUPD PDLV DPSOD ID]LD
VHQHFHVViULRRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHXPDPELHQWHGHdesktopTXHSRVVLELOLWDVVHD
H[LVWrQFLDGHXPVLVWHPDGHLQWHUIDFHFRPtFRQHVHMDQHODVHQWUHRXWURVDSOLFDWLYRV
TXH VHJXLVVH RV SULQFtSLRV GH OLEHUGDGH WHFQROyJLFD H DR PHVPR WHPSR TXH
SHUPLWLVVH TXH XP XVXiULR FRPXP SXGHVVH IDFLOPHQWH LQWHUDJLU H DFHVVDU VXDV
funcionalidades.

3RU YROWD GH R SULPHLUR SURMHWR TXH VXUJH SDUD WHQWDU VXSULU HVVD
lacuna foi denominado de K desktop Environment.'(1RHQWDQWRRIXQGDGRU
$SODWDIRUPDpDLQIUDHVWUXWXUDWHFQROyJLFDTXHVHUYHGHEDVHSDUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVDSOLFDo}HVGR*120(
7HFQLFDPHQWHHODpXPFRQMXQWRUHSRVLWyULRGHELEOLRWHFDVGHREMHWRVIXQo}HVHHVWUXWXUDVGHGDGRVTXHSRGHPVHU
UHXWLOL]DGDVQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHQRYDVDSOLFDo}HVRXVHMDpXPDHVSpFLHGHDUPD]pPDEHUWRGHFDL[DDEHUWD
FKHLDGHFyGLJRVSUpGHQLGRVTXHVHUYHGHUHIHUrQFLDSDUDTXDOTXHUGHVHQYROYHGRULQWHUHVVDGRHPXWLOL]iOD
7RGDYLDDQWHVGHDGHQWUDUHVVHVSRQWRVID]VHQHFHVViULRFRPSUHHQGHUDDPELJXXLGDGHHRPDOHQWHQGLPHQWRTXH
VHID]VREUHRWHUPRHDSUi[LVVRFLDOGRVKDFNHUVDERUGDGDQRFDStWXORLQWURGXWyULRGHVWHOLYUR
GHVVHSURMHWR0DWWKLDV(WWULFKRSWRXSRUXWLOL]DUXPDWHFQRORJLDDWpHQWmRGHFyGLJR
IHFKDGR R VRIWZDUH Qt toolkit da empresa 7UROO7HFK HP VHXV SDFRWHV RFLDLV
$VVLP PHVPR QmR VHQGR XP VRIWZDUH FRPHUFLDO R desktop KDE causou muitas
GLVFRUGkQFLDV QR LQWHULRU GR PRYLPHQWR SHOR 6RIWZDUH /LYUH GHYLGR DR IDWRGHVVH
VLVWHPDQmRVHJXLUQDVXDLQWHJUDOLGDGHRVSULQFtSLRVGHDEHUWXUDHOLEHUGDGHGD
ORVRD*18$SDUWLUGHVVHFRQWH[WRHPGRLVKDFNHUVPH[LFDQRV)HGHULFR
0HQDH0LJXHOGH,FD]DVHDUWLFXODUDPSDUDGHVHQYROYHUXPSURMHWRGHdesktop
TXHQmRDSHQDVIRUQHFHVVHXPVLVWHPDDEHUWRGHLQWHUIDFHJUiFDPDLVLQWHOLJtYHO
SDUDRXVRPDVTXHWDPEpPVHJXLVVHGHIRUPDLQWHJUDORVSULQFtSLRVGHOLEHUGDGH
WHFQROyJLFD H FRODERUDomR DVVRFLDGRV DR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[. Esse
projeto foi denominado de *18 1HWZRUN 2EMHFW 0RGHO (QYLURQPHQW mais
FRQKHFLGRHGLIXQGLGRSHODVLJOD*120(

$OpPGHFRQWDUFRPRDSRLRHDFRODERUDomRFUHVFHQWHGHKDFNHUVGHYiULRV
SDtVHV QR DQR TXH VH VHJXLX DR ODQoDPHQWR GD VXD YHUVmR SULPHLUD YHUVmR R
SURMHWR *120( SDVVRX WDPEpP D WHU R DSRLR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH VRIWZDUHV
TXHHUDPSDJRVSRUHPSUHVDVGH7,DH[HPSORGDRed Hat e a Eazel.6HJXQGR
,FD]D FRP R DSRLR GLUHWR H D SDUWLFLSDomR GH YiULRV KDFNHUV HVSDOKDGRV
SHOD 5HGH MXQWDPHQWH FRP HVVHV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQWUDWDGRV HP R
SURMHWR*120(ODQoDDVXDYHUVmR3RVWHULRUPHQWHQRDQRGHMiFRP
intuito de fortalecer ainda mais a misso do projeto de desenvolver uma plataforma
FRPSXWDFLRQDO OLYUH p FULDGD D )XQGDomR *120( (VVD )XQGDomR FRP VHGH
QD &DOLIyUQLD (8$ WRUQRXVH XPD HVSpFLH GH RUJDQL]DomR IRUPDO TXH Gi DSRLR
LQVWLWXFLRQDO j FRPXQLGDGH YLUWXDO e HOD TXH UHSUHVHQWD IRUPDOPHQWH R 3URMHWR
QR PXQGR GRV iWRPRV VHQGR JHULGD GH IRUPD YLUWXDO SRU XP &RQVHOKR 'LUHWRU
FRPSRVWR SRU VHWH SHVVRDV GH GLIHUHQWHV SDUWHV GR PXQGR TXH VmR HOHLWDV SHOD
comunidade.
O Projeto GNOME e o modelo colaborativo de produo entre

pares

2 3URMHWR *120( TXH Gi R VHQWLQGR GH H[LVWrQFLD SDUD WRGD HVVD
FRPXQLGDGHYLUWXDOGHKDFNHUVJLUDHPWRUQRGHGXDVPHWDV'HXPODGRWHQGR
FRPR IRFR R FKDPDGR XVXiULR QDO R SURMHWR YLVD DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP
ambiente de desktopSDUDGLVWULEXLo}HVGR*18/LQX[FRPXPDLQWHUIDFHJUiFD
Graphical User Interface *8, H XP FRQMXQWR GH DSOLFDWLYRV VRIWZDUHV TXH
IDFLOLWHPDRPi[LPRDLQWHUDomRGHVVHXVXiULRFRPRFRPSXWDGRUhardware). Por
LVVRGHIRUPDLPEULFDGDDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVVHDPELHQWHJUiFR*120(ID]
VHSUHVHQWHWDPEpPRSURFHVVRGHWUDGXomRGRVVRIWZDUHVTXHFRPS}HPRGHVNWRS
SDUDPDLVGHLGLRPDVQRPXQGRDEUDQJHQGRDVVLPGHVGHLGLRPDVRFLGHQWDLV
FRPR(VSDQKRO)UDQFrVH3RUWXJXrVTXHXVDPRPHVPRDOIDEHWRDOtQJXDVH
GLDOHWRVTXHXVDPDOIDEHWRVFRPSOHWDPHQWHGLVWLQWRVFRPRSRUH[HPSOR&KLQrV
*UHJRUDEH+LQGLH+HEUDLFR3RURXWURODGRRSURMHWRDFDEDWHQGRWDPEpPFRPR
IRFRDHVWUXWXUDomRGHXPDSODWDIRUPDGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFRQWHQGRXPDFROHomR
GH,QWHUIDFHVGH3URJUDPDomRGH$SOLFDWLYRV$3,VDOpPGHGLYHUVDVIHUUDPHQWDV
GHSURJUDPDomRTXHVmRXWLOL]DGDVSRUKDFNHUVWDQWRGRSURMHWRFRPRWDPEpPGH
RXWUDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHVSDOKDGDVSHORFLEHUHVSDoR

3DUWLQGRGHVVDUHDOLGDGHpLPSRUWDQWHIULVDUTXHRSURFHVVRGHGHVHQYRO
YLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHVOLYUHVHPFRPXQLGDGHVGHVVDQDWXUH]DpVLQJXODUHPUHODomR
DXPDVSHFWRSUDJPiWLFRGRPRGRGHYLGDKDFNHU(QTXDQWR
D~OWLPDUHYROXomRLQGXVWULDOPDUFRXDWUDQVLomRSDUDXPDVRFLHGDGH
TXH FRQWDYD FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV FLHQWtFRV RV KDFNHUV FKDPDP D
DWHQomR SDUD R IDWR GH TXH QD (UD GD ,QIRUPDomR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH
TXHRVUHVXOWDGRVFLHQWtFRVpRPRGHORGHSURGXomRHQWUHSDUHV1TXH
SHUPLWHREWHQomRGHVVHVUHVXOWDGRV+LPDQHP
2XDLQGDDHPHUJrQFLDGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHHRVXFHVVRIHQRPHQDOGRVVHXV
SLRQHLURV FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18/LQX[ R VHUYLGRU GH UHGH$SDFKH
3HUO%,1'HPXLWRVRXWURVSURMHWRVWrPQRVIRUoDGRDUHDOL]DUXPDUHYLVmRQR
SDUDGLJPDGRPLQDQWHVREUHSURGXomR%HQNOHU>7UDGXomRQRVVD@
$VVLPDSHVDUGDJrQHVHGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHWHFQRORJLDVFRPRDSUySULD,QWHUQHW
VHUXPERPH[HPSORGHLQRYDomROLEHUGDGHHDEHUWXUDRVSURMHWRVWHFQROyJLFRV
SURGX]LGRVGHIRUPDOLYUHHFRODERUDWLYDFRPRRLinux ou o GNOME, podem ser
FRQVLGHUDGRVXPDYDQoRDLQGDPDLRU,VVRSRUTXHGXUDQWHRSURFHVVRPHGLDGRSRU
FRPSXWDGRUGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVVHVVRIWZDUHVRVKDFNHUVYrPHODERUDQGRXP
PRGRVXEYHUVLYRGHDXWRRUJDQL]DomRSDUDDSURGXomRHGLVWULEXLomRGHVRIWZDUHV
livres na Internet.

4XHPSHQVDULDPHVPRDFLQFRDQRVDWUiVTXHXPVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDOGH
FODVVHPXQGLDOSRGHULDVXUJLUFRPRTXHSRUPiJLFDSHORWHPSROLYUHGHPLOKDUHVGH
FRODERUDGRUHV HVSDOKDGRV SRU WRGR R SODQHWD FRQHFWDGRV VRPHQWH SHORV WrQXHV
FRUG}HV GD ,QWHUQHW" 5D\PRQG 6HJXQGR R KDFNHU (ULF 5D\PRQG
HVVDHVSHFXODomRFHUWDPHQWHQmRSDUWLULDGHOHSRLVDVVLPFRPRTXDVH
DWRWDOLGDGHGRVSURJUDPDGRUHVGRLQtFLRGDGpFDGDGHHOHGHIHQGLDDWHVH
GHTXHVRIWZDUHVGHDOWDFRPSOH[LGDGHFRPRXPNHUQHORXXPDPELHQWHdesktop,
QHFHVVLWDYDP VHU GHVHQYROYLGRV GHQWUR GH XP PRGHOR FDWHGUDO 'LWR GH RXWUD
PDQHLUD HVVHV VLVWHPDV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV VHJXQGR R SDGUmR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR

DQWHULRU DR VXUJLPHQWR GR /LQX[ GHYHULDP VHU HODERUDGRV GH IRUPD FHQWUDOL]DGD
HLVRODGDSRUXPSHTXHQRJUXSRGHGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHVSHFLDOLVWDVTXHVyGLVSR
QLELOL]DULDP R UHVXOWDGR GH VHX WUDEDOKR TXDQGR SHUFHEHVVHP TXH XPD SULPHLUD
YHUVmRGHGHWHUPLQDGRVRIWZDUHHVWLYHVVHVLJQLFDWLYDPHQWHSURQWDDVVLPFRPR
DFRQWHFHQDPDLRULDGDVHPSUHVDVUPDVGHSURGXomRGHVRIWZDUHVTXHWrPR
FyGLJRIRQWHIHFKDGR(VVHPRGHOR5D\PRQGGHQRPLQRXGHCatedral.

'HQWUR GHVVH FRQWH[WR R OHPD OLEHUH FHGR XPD YHUVmR GR VRIWZDUH
H IUHTXHQWHPHQWH GHOHJXH WXGR TXH YRFr SRVVD HVWHMD DEHUWR DR SRQWR GD
SURPLVFXLGDGHFKHJRXFRPRXPJUDQGHFKRTXHSDUDRXQLYHUVRGDHQJHQKDULD
GHVRIWZDUHVFRPSOH[RV,VVRSRUTXHDPDLRULDGRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVLQFOXLQGRR
SUySULR(ULF5D\PRQGDFUHGLWDYDTXHHVVDHUDXPDPiSROtWLFDSDUDSURMHWRVGHVVD
QDWXUH]D WHQGR HP YLVWD TXH RV SRVVtYHLV GHIHLWRV GHQRPLQDGR bugs) poderiam
VHUSDVVDGRVSDUDRVXVXiULRV

3RURXWURODGRQRLQtFLRGRSURMHWR/LQX[SRUYROWDGHDUHODomRHQWUH
XVXiULRV H GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH XP SURMHWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH IRL FRPSOHWDPHQWH
DOWHUDGDFRPDGLVSRQLELOL]DomRGRFyGLJRIRQWHPXLWRVXVXUiULRVSDVVDPDVHUFR
GHVHQYROYHGRUHVHFD]HV/LQXV7RUYDOGVSHUFHEHXTXHPXLWRVXVXiULRVVmRKDFNHUV
WDPEpPHSRUWDQWRHOHVSRGHPGLDJQRVWLFDUSUREOHPDVVXJHULUFRUUHo}HVHDMXGDU
DPHOKRUDURFyGLJRPXLWRPDLVUDSLGDPHQWHGRTXHXPSURJUDPDGRURXDWpPHVPR
XPDHTXLSHWpFQLFDGHIRUPDLVRODGDIHFKDGD(PRXWUDVSDODYUDVGDGRVROKRV
VXFLHQWHVWRGRVRVHUURVVmRWULYLDLV5D\PRQG$VVLPQHVVHPRGHOR
DEHUWRQmRHUDHVWUDQKRXPDQRYDYHUVmRGR.HUQHO/LQX[VHUODQoDGDPDLVGHXPD
YH] SRU GLD R TXH SDUD PXLWRV SURJUDPDGRUHV H HQJHQKHLURV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV
VHULDKXPDQDPHQWHLPSRVVtYHODSDUWLUGHXPPRGHORWUDGLFLRQDO
1HQKXPDFDWHGUDOFDOPDHUHVSHLWRVDDTXLDRLQYpVDFRPXQLGDGH
/LQX[ SDUHFHX DVVHPHOKDUVH D XP JUDQGH H EDUXOKHQWR ED]DU GH
GLIHUHQWHVDJHQGDVHDSUR[LPDo}HVDGHTXDGDPHQWHVLPEROL]DGRSHORV
UHSRVLWyULRVGR/LQX[TXHDFHLWDULDVXEPLVV}HVde qualquer pessoa) de
RQGH XP VLVWHPD FRHUHQWH H HVWiYHO SRGHULD DSDUHQWHPHQWH HPHUJLU
VRPHQWHSRUXPDVXFHVVmRGHPLODJUHV5D\PRQG

1RFDVRGR3URMHWR*120(HVVHJUDQGHHEDUXOKHQWRED]DUDFDEDHQYRO
YHQGRPDLVGHSHVVRDVHQWUHWUDGXWRUHVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHFRODERUDGRUHVHP
JHUDOTXHMXQWRVID]HPSDUWHGHSDtVHVGRVFLQFRFRQWLQHQWHVGRSODQHWDFRPR
GHPRQVWUDDJXUD0DLVHVSHFLFDPHQWHSRUPHLRGDSHVTXLVDTXDQWLWDWLYDTXH
IXQGDPHQWRX HVWH WUDEDOKR S{GHVH REVHUYDU TXH GRV +DFNHUV FDWDORJDGRV
GHMDQHLURDMXOKRGHTXDVHDWRWDOLGDGHGRVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGH

VmRGRVH[RPDVFXOLQRHDPDLRULDGHOHVVmRGHSDtVHVGD(XURSD2FLGHQWDO
FRPR)UDQoD,QJODWHUUD(VSDQKDH$OHPDQKDVHQGRRXWUDERDSDUWHGRV
SDtVHV GD$PpULFD GR 1RUWH 0p[LFR &DQDGi H (8$$$PpULFD GR 6XO &KLOH
%UDVLO H $UJHQWLQD FKHJD D UHSUHVHQWDU GRV PHPEURV 1R HQWDQWR H[LVWHP
WDPEpP SHVVRDV GH SDtVHV DIULFDQRV H DVLiWLFRV FRPR QGLD ,Um &KLQD 9LHWQm
7XQtVLD7RJR0DGDJDVFDUHIULFDGR6XODOpPGD2FHDQLDTXHVHID]SUHVHQWH
SRUPHLRGHSDtVHVFRPRSRUH[HPSOR$XVWUiOLDH1RYD=HOkQGLD
3RQWRVGDUHGHPXQGLDOGR3URMHWR*120(
)RQWHKWWSSODQHWJQRPHRUg

(QWHQGHUSRUWDQWRDGLQkPLFDGHWUDEDOKRGRVKDFNHUVGR*120(pWHQ
WDU FRPSUHHQGHU R PLODJUH GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHPHVWUDO GH XPD QRYD YHUVmR
GHVVHVLVWHPDFRPSXWDFLRQDOTXHXQHHPRELOL]DHVVDFRPXQLGDGHLQWHUQDFLRQDO
interligada apenas pelos liames digitais da rede mundial de computadores. Para
DOFDQoDURGHVDRDQDOtWLFRGHDGHQWUDUQRHQUHGRSURGXWLYRGHXPDQRYDYHUVmR
da Plataforma e do desktop*120(ID]VHDQWHVQHFHVViULDXPDDQiOLVHSUpYLDGD
HVWUXWXUDGHWLPHVHVHWRUHVTXHGHOLQHLDPDEDVHRUJDQL]DFLRQDOTXHPDQWpPYLYR
este processo no-contratual de produo em rede.
GNOME: um bazar organizado?

6HJXQGR*HUPDQDWXDOPHQWHR3URMHWR*120(HVWiDVVRFLDGRD
XP VLVWHPD FRPSXWDFLRQDO FRPSRVWR SRU PDLV GH VRIWZDUHV HQWUH ELEOLRWHFDV
e aplicativos do desktopHGDSODWDIRUPD(PRXWUDVSDODYUDVLVVRFRUUHVSRQGHD
PDLVGHGRLVPLOK}HVGHOLQKDVGHFyGLJRTXHSRGHPVHDPSOLDUDLQGDPDLVDFDGD
nova verso.
O fato de o Projeto ser subdividido em diversos aplicativos e bibliotecas
estimula uma forma de diviso da produo em mdulos2 de desenvolvimento GHIRUPDSURSRUFLRQDOHFRUUHVSRQGHQWHDRQ~PHURGHVRIWZDUHVTXHDWXDOPHQWH
JLUD HP WRUQR GH (VVHV PyGXORV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VmR DJUXSDGRV H VLVWH
PDWL]DGRVSHOR6LVWHPDGH&RQWUROHGH9HUV}HVConcurrent Versions System &96
GR*120(HFRQWDPFRPDFRRUGHQDomRGHQRPtQLPRXPSURJUDPDGRUHIHWLYR
SDUD FDGD PyGXOR TXH UHFHEH R QRPH GH mantenedor e HVVH PDQWHQHGRU R
KDFNHUUHVSRQViYHOSRUSODQHMDURVUXPRVGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRVRIWZDUHTXHFRPS}H
RVLVWHPDDOpPGHJHULURHQYLRGHGRDo}HVGHFyGLJRVGHSURJUDPDomRDSHOLGDGDV
de patchs.

$VGRDo}HVSRGHPHVWDUUHODFLRQDGDVWDQWRjFRUUHomRGHXPHUURbug) no
SURJUDPDTXDQWRDRHQYLRGHFyGLJRVFRPQRYDVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHVHHVSHFLFLGDGHV
TXHDOJXPXVXiULRTXHLUDDJUHJDUjTXHOHGHWHUPLQDGRVRIWZDUH(pQHVVHSRQWR
TXHUHVLGHVHJXQGR5D\PRQGXPDGDVSULQFLSDLVYLUWXGHVGHVVHPRGHOR
DEHUWR GH SURGXomR FRODERUDWLYD HQWUH SDUHV TXH HOH GHQRPLQRX GH ED]DU
HQTXDQWRQRPRGHOR&DWHGUDOSUHVHQWHHPERDSDUWHGDVHPSUHVDVGHVRIWZDUH
QRPXQGRRVHUURVQRVSURJUDPDVVmRWUDWDGRVGHIRUPDIHFKDGDSRUPHLRGHXP
H[DPHPLQXFLRVRHGHPRUDGRIHLWRSRUXPQ~PHURSHTXHQRGHWpFQLFRVQDYLVmR
ED]DUSRURXWURODGRYRFrPDQWHQHGRUDVVXPHTXHHUURVVmRJHUDOPHQWHWULYLDLV
PXLWRUDSLGDPHQWHTXDQGRH[SRVWRVSDUDFHQWHQDVGHiYLGRVFRGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
WULWXUDQGRFDGDQRYDOLEHUDomR5D\PRQG

6HJXLQGR HVVD ORVRD SRU H[HPSOR R PDQWHQHGRU GH TXDOTXHU PyGXOR
GR3URMHWR*120(GLVSRQLELOL]DGHIRUPDIUHTXHQWHQDZHEGDFRPXQLGDGHXPD
QRYD YHUVmR FRP R LQWXLWR GH WHU VHPSUH PDLV FRUUHo}HV GRDo}HV GH TXDOTXHU
RXWUR KDFNHU DR UHGRU GR PXQGR TXH TXHLUD XVDU H FRQWULEXLU 'HVVD IRUPD R
PDQWHQHGRUGRSDFRWHFRQVHJXHUHGX]LURWUDEDOKRHRFXVWRTXHWHULDSDUDPDQWHU
DTXHOH GHWHUPLQDGR VRIWZDUH GH IRUPD LVRODGD$OpP GLVVR TXDQGR XP XVXiULR
GHVHQYROYHGRUSDVVDDID]HUGRDo}HVFRQVWDQWHVGHpatchs,HOHSDVVDWDPEpPD
WHUJUDQGHVSRVVLELOLGDGHVGHGLYLGLURSRVWRGHPDQWHQHGRURXDWpPHVPRDVVXPLU
H[FOXVLYDPHQWHWDOFDUJRFDVRRDWXDOPDQWHQHGRUFRQVLGHUHTXHQmRWHPPDLV
WHPSROLYUHHRLQGLTXHSDUDDVVXPLUWDOIXQomR

'HQWUR GR FRQWH[WR GD HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO GD FRPXQLGDGH WRGRV RV
PDQWHQHGRUHVHFRODERUDGRUHVGRVPyGXORVGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHLUmR
FRPSRUDSHQDVXPQHVVHFDVRRGHHacking)GRVVXESURMHWRVRX7LPHVHP
TXHHVWiGLYLGLGRHDORFDGRRWUDEDOKRGDFRPXQLGDGHFRPRXPWRGRFRPRVH
SRGHSHUFHEHUQRRUJDQRJUDPDGR3URMHWR*120(UHSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUD

1RXQLYHUVRGHVVHVTXLQ]HVXESURMHWRVWLPHVWRGRVWrPDFRRUGHQDomRGH
SHORPHQRVXPOtGHURXPDQWHQHGRUTXHWUDEDOKDGHIRUPDPDLVHIHWLYDHSHULyGLFD
DOpPGDSDUWLFLSDomRGHRXWURVFRODERUDGRUHVPDLVHYHQWXDLV(QTXDQWRQDPDLRULD
GRVWLPHVpFRPXPDH[LVWrQFLDGHXPDGRLVFRRUGHQDGRUHVHPDOJXQVPyGXORV
GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR p SRVVtYHO HQFRQWUDU DWp FLQFR PDQWHQHGRUHV GHSHQGR GD
FRPSOH[LGDGHGRVRIWZDUHHGRLQWHUHVVHGHVHPDQWHURVRIWZDUH3DUDIDFLOLWDUR
HQWHQGLPHQWR VREUH HVVD FRPSOH[D HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO HVVHV WLPHV SRGHP
VHUTXDOLFDGRVGHIRUPDJHUDOHQWUHDTXHOHVTXHHVWmRUHODFLRQDGRVjVDWLYLGDGHV
PLVWRpTXHHVWmRGLUHWDPHQWHOLJDGRVDRSURFHVVRGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRV
VRIWZDUHV H DTXHOHV TXH VmR UHVSRQViYHLV SRU DWLYLGDGHV PHLR RX VHMD TXH
UHDOL]DPDWLYLGDGHVTXHRIHUHFHPXPDHVSpFLHGHVXSRUWHDRSURFHVVRHGHVHQ
YROYLPHQWRWDQWRGRGHVNWRSFRPRGDSODWDIRUPD
Organograma do Projeto GNOME
$SDUWLUGHVVDFRPSOH[DHVWUXWXUDRUJDQL]DFLRQDOHDRPHVPRWHPSRWHQGR
FRPR EDVH HVVH VXEYHUVLYR PRGHOR FRODERUDWLYR GH SURGXomR WHFQROyJLFD HQWUH
SDUHVD*120(GHVGHFRPHoDDDGRWDUXPDSRVWXUDDWpHQWmRLQH[LVWHQWH
QRXQLYHUVRGRVSURMHWRVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHODQoDUXPDQRYDYHUVmRGRVHX desktop
HGDVXDSODWDIRUPDOLYUHGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHQWURGHXPSUD]RSUpHVWDEHOHFLGR
de seis meses.
$VVLP FDGD YHUVmR WRUQDVH IUXWR GH WRGR XP HQUHGR JHUDO GH GHVHQYRO
YLPHQWRWHFQROyJLFRHVSRQWDQHDPHQWHFRODERUDWLYRTXHDFDGDVHLVPHVHVWHUPLQD
HVHLQLFLDQRYDPHQWHFRPRODQoDPHQWRGHXPDYHUVmRPDLVPRGHUQDDQXQFLDGD
pelo Release Manager *HVWRU GH 9HUV}HV QDV OLVWDV GH HPDLOV GD FRPXQLGDGH
1R HQWDQWR SDUD HIHLWR GD DQiOLVH DGRWDGD QHVWH WUDEDOKR DGRWDUVHi XP FRUWH
WHPSRUDO QR SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR *120( &RPR SRQWR GH SDUWLGD
IRL HVFROKLGR R PrV GH VHWHPEUR GH TXDQGR IRL ODQoDGD D YHUVmR 3 do
desktop SRU PHLR GR HPDLO Celebrating the release of GNOME 2.12! HQYLDGR
SRU(OLMDK1HZUHQDWXDORelease ManagerGD*120(SDUDDOLVWDGHDQ~QFLRVGD
comunidade.
Planejando o enredo de uma nova verso

&RPRDLQRYDomRWHFQROyJLFDpRHVStULWREDOL]DGRUGHVVDRUJDQL]DomRDSyV
RODQoDPHQWRGHWRGDQRYDYHUVmRDFRPXQLGDGH*120(FRPHoDDVHSODQHMDU
para o lanamento de uma outra nova verso do seu desktopGHIRUPDVHPHOKDQWH
DR TXH DFRQWHFH QXPD FRPXQLGDGH GH HVFROD GH VDPED DSyV VHX GHVOH QD
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DSyVDGHQLomRGHXPDSURSRVWDRRelease Manager lana um outro e-mail para
DOLVWDGHGLVFXVVmRGRVGHVHQYROYHGRUHVFRPXPDVXJHVWmRGHFDOHQGiULRSDUDR
desenvolvimento geral da futura verso. Essa proposta passa ento a ser discutida
HQWUH WRGRV RV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV PDQWHQHGRUHV H FRGHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH FDGD
VRIWZDUHSRUPHLRGDOLVWDGHHPDLOVHGR&DQDOEXVFDQGRVHDVVLPDFRQVWUXomR
GHXPFRQVHQVRTXHWHPFRPRPHGLDGRUR Release Manager.

$ SDUWLU GH XP FDOHQGiULR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VHLV PHVHV TXH FD
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WHUiQDSUy[LPDYHUVmR4XDQGRSURQWDWRGDVDVPHWDVGHLQRYDomRUHODWLYDVDRV
VRIWZDUHVGRVLVWHPDVmRSRVWDGDVQXPDSiJLQDZHEGHSODQHMDPHQWRGDVYHU
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DGHQLomRGRSODQHMDPHQWRDEUHVHXPDQRYDHWDSDGHGLVFXVVmRVREUHDSRV
sibilidade de entrada de novos softwares para serem inseridos na plataforma ou no
desktop.

1HVVHPRPHQWRTXDOTXHUKDFNHUSRGHSURSRUXPQRYRSDFRWHGHVROXomR
para ser agregado ao sistema GNOME. Da mesma forma como aconteceu na
DSURYDomRGRFDOHQGiULRHVVDSURSRVWDpGLVFXWLGDSHORVPHPEURVGHVHQYROYHGRUHV
GDFRPXQLGDGHQXPDOLVWDGHHPDLOHVSHFtFDWHQGRFRPRPHGLDGRUGDGLVFXVVmR
o UHOHDVHPDQDJHU$DSURYDomRRXQmRGDSURSRVWDVypGHQLGDPHVHVGHSRLV
TXDQGRRUHDOHDVHPDQDJHUID]XPOHYDQWDPHQWRGRUHVXOWDGRGDGLVFXVVmR
A colaborao dos usurios e a temporada de caa aos bugs!

3DUDSRUHPSUiWLFDRSURFHVVRGHDEHUWXUDHOLEHUDomRLPHGLDWDGRFyGLJR
IRQWH SUHVHQWH QHVVH PRGHOR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR DEHUWR RV PDQWHQHGRUHV GRV
SDFRWHV GH VRIWZDUH GD *120( VHPSUH EXVFDP WUDWDU RV XVXiULRV GR desktop
FRPRFRGHVHQYROYHGRUHVDVVLPFRPRDFRQWHFHGHIRUPDVHPHOKDQWHQRGHVHQ
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GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD QRYD YHUVmR RV HUURV GH IXQFLRQDPHQWR bugs) da verso
DWXDOVmRUHSRUWDGRVSRUXVXiULRVGHWRGRVRVFRQWLQHQWHVGRJORERSDUDR Bugzilla
GD FRPXQLGDGH (VVHV HUURV VmR DYDOLDGRV SHOD HTXLSH GH WULDJHP GH bugs - a
%XJVTXDG SDUD FHUWLFDUVH GH TXH RV SULQFLSDLV SUREOHPDV QmR SDVVDUmR GHV
percebidos pelos mantenedores dos pacotes.

$VVLPGDGDDFRQWULEXLomRVLJQLFDWLYDGHXVXiULRVTXHVHFRPSRUWDPFRPR
EHWDWHVWHUVHFRGHVHQYROYHGRUHVSUDWLFDPHQWHWRGRRSUREOHPDUHODWLYRDDOJXP
aplicativo do desktop passa a ser detectado rapidamente e a sua respectiva soluo
SRGH WDPEpP DFDEDU VH WRUQDQGR yEYLD SDUD DOJXQV TXH FRQWULEXHP DWp FRP
VXJHVW}HVGHQRYRVFyGLJRVSDUDDUHVROXomRGHDOJXQVbugs(VVDVFRQWULEXLo}HV
VHUYHPWDQWRSDUDDLPSOHPHQWDomRGHXPDYHUVmRHVWiYHOGRdesktopDWXDOLVWR
pXPDYHUVmRFRPRVbugs corrigidos) como para a correo de possveis erros da
verso em desenvolvimento.

1D YLVmR GH 5D\PRQG VHULD H[DWDPHQWH QHVVH SRQWR TXH VH
FDUDFWHUL]DULDDGLIHUHQoDFHQWUDOHQWUHRVPRGHORVCatedral SURSULHWiULRHBazar
DFDGrPLFRDEHUWR.1RSULPHLURRVSUREOHPDVGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWROHYDPPHVHV
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programadores.

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SODQHMDPHQWR DYDQoD FRPHoDP D DFRQWHFHU RV FRQJHODPHQWRV freezes)
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a) Congelamento de Funcionalidades(VWHFRQJHODPHQWR HVWiUHODFLRQDGR DRV
VRIWZDUHV GD SODWDIRUPD API/ABI Freeze FRPR WDPEpP DRV VRIWZDUHV GR
desktopFeature and Module Freeze). Essa parada acontece com o intuito de
SHUPLWLU TXH D HTXLSH GR 3URMHWR GH 'RFXPHQWDomR GNOME Documentation
Project FRPHFH D WUDEDOKDU QD HODERUDomR GH PDQXDLV GH XVR H GHQLomR GH
SDGU}HVWHFQROyJLFRVHGHHVFULWDSDUDHODERUDomRGRVPHVPRV. Na elaborao
GDYHUVmRHVVHVFRQJHODPHQWRVRFRUUHUDPHQWUHRVGLDVHGHMDQHLUR
GH.
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JUiFDVtFRQHVERW}HVHMDQHODVGRVSURJUDPDVTXHFRPS}HPRdesktop pode
VHUDOWHUDGD$OpPGDHTXLSHGR3URMHWRGH'RFXPHQWDomRFRQWLQXDUDHODERUDU
RVPDQXDLVHDVGHQLo}HVGRVSDGU}HVHQWUDHPFHQDWDPEpPDHTXLSHGR
3URMHWRGH8VDELOLGDGHGNOME Usability Project(VVDHTXLSHFDUHVSRQViYHO
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WpFQLFRVTXHVmRHVWDEHOHFLGRVSHORVHWRUGHHQJHQKDULDGHVRIWZDUHQRPXQGR
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LQWXLWLYDV DOpP GH RULHQWiORV SRU PHLR GD HODERUDomR GH SURMHWRV H GLUHWUL]HV
JUiFDVSDUDSUySULRdesktop GNOME.
c) Congelamento das mensagens de comando dos softwares Este perodo visa

LQLELUTXHTXDOTXHUPDQWHQHGRUGHDOJXPVRIWZDUHSRVVDDFUHVFHQWDUTXDOTXHU
PHQVDJHP H[WUD QDV EDUUDV GH PHQX GRV DSOLFDWLYRV FRPR 6DOYDU RX
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pFRPSRVWRSRUPDLVGHHTXLSHVYROXQWiULDVGHWUDGXomRHVSDOKDGDVSHOR
PXQGRDPRGLFDomRGHXPDPHQVDJHPDSyVHVVHFRQJHODPHQWRSRGHWUD]HU
XPLPSDFWREHPQHJDWLYRHPWHUPRVGHUHWUDEDOKR
d) Congelamento de Cdigo(VWH~OWLPRFRQJHODPHQWRpRPDLVUtJLGR$SDUWLU
GHVVHPRPHQWRTXDOTXHUPRGLFDomRFDLPSHGLGDGHVHULPSOHPHQWDGDVDOYR
DOJXPHUURGUiVWLFRTXHSRUPRWLYRGHIRUoDPDLRUWHQKDVHTXHVHUPRGLFDGD
WHUiTXHWHURDYDOGRUHOHDVHWHDPDQWHV(QWUHHPFHQDGHVVDYH]DHTXLSH
GHPDUNHWLQJGNOME Marketing Team)TXHLUiSUHSDUDUDVQRWDVTXHVHUmR
lanadas para imprensa e meios de comunicao em geral sobre a nova verso
do GNOME.

$SyVDFRQFOXVmRGHVVHFLFORVHPHVWUDOGHSURGXomRHQWUHSDUHVRdesktop
SDVVDDVHUGLVSRQLELOL]DGRHSRVWHULRUPHQWHXWLOL]DGRSRUGLYHUVDVGLVWULEXLo}HVGR
VLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO*18/LQX[TXHVmRGHVHQYROYLGDVWDQWRSRUHPSUHVDVFRPR
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DFRUGRFRPDVLQIRUPDo}HVTXHFRQVWDPQRVLWHGR3URMHWR*120(PDLVGH
GLVWULEXLo}HVGLIHUHQWHVGR*18/LQX[QRPXQGRDGRWDPHVVHdesktop livre.

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(VSDQKDXPPLOKmRQD&KLQDHPLOSHVVRDVQRVWHOHFHQWURVGH6mR3DXORQR
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%DKLDGHDFRUGRFRP9D]PDLVGHQRYHQWDPLOSHVVRDVHVWmRFDGDVWUDGDV
FRPRXVXiULRVQRV,QIRFHQWURVGR*RYHUQRGR(VWDGRTXHDGRWDPHVVHdesktop
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GRSURFHVVRGHSURGXomRRUHVXOWDGRGRWUDEDOKRFRODERUDWLYRGHVVHVKDFNHUVFRQ
segue ser distribudo livremente para os cinco continentes do planeta.
Perspectiva da Ddiva e o Projeto GNOME

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SUHoRRXGHTXDOTXHUUHWRUQRPRQHWiULR%HQNOHU

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A ddiva como fenmeno antropolgico

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da obra Ensaio sobre a Ddiva7 0DUFHO 0DXVV OHYDQWD R YpX GD LQFRPSUHHQVmR
VREUH DTXLOR TXH DOJXQV SHVTXLVDGRUHV FRQVLGHUDULDP DQRV PDLV WDUGH FRPR
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receber e retribuirRXVLPSOHVPHQWHDddiva3RUPHLRGDDQiOLVHGHXPDVpULHGH
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Mauss desenvolveu um estudo sobre a forma e o sentido da circulao e da troca
GHEHQVHPVRFLHGDGHVGLWDVDUFDLFDVRXSULPLWLYDV

$VVLP 0DXVV S{GH FRQVWDWDU D SDUWLU GH DQiOLVHV HPStULFDV TXH QmR
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GHVVDVUHODo}HVHDFLUFXODomRGHULTXH]DDSHQDVXPGRVWHUPRVGHXPFRQWUDWR
mais geral e permanente.

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9,(,5$3,172OYDUR. O conceito de tecnologia. 5LRGH-DQHLUR&RQWUDSRQWR"Y.
Mobilizao colaborativa,
cultura hacker e a teoria da
propriedade imaterial
Uma breve introduo questo da propriedade e da liberdade

Este texto um recorte da tese de doutorado que defendi em 2005. Ele visa
trazer os principais pontos l abordados sobre o problema da formulao de uma
teoria poltica da propriedade de bens imateriais no contexto de uma sociedade
informacional e em rede. O objeto de anlise a mobilizao tcnico-social para o
desenvolvimento e uso de software aberto e no-proprietrio, conhecido como moYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHVHXHPEDWHFRPRVEHQHFLiULRVGRPRGHORKHJHP{QLFR
de propriedade de software. A unidade de anlise foi a rede de comunidades de
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movimento tcnico-poltico, o foco foi colocado na comunidade Debian, que desenvolve e distribui uma verso do sistema operacional GNU/Linux. Essa opo deu-se
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de desenvolvimento ou de debates. Para entender bem o modelo colaborativo e
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A pesquisa partiu de duas hipteses que nasceram da teoria liberal de
propriedade. Essas hipteses foram lanadas no terreno das evidncias empricas
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sobre evidncias empiricamente observveis nos seus contextos histricos.

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f na justia social, ou na distribuio equitativa da propriedade dos bens, conduziria
a sociedade a um sistema totalitrio. A primeira hiptese desta tese nasceu do
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KD\HNLDQDDGYRJDRDQWDJRQLVPRHQWUHDGHIHVDGDSURSULHGDGHHQWHQGLGDFRPR
GHIHVDGDOLEHUGDGHHDGHIHVDGDLJXDOGDGHHQWHQGLGDFRPRDGLVWULEXLomRMXVWD
de bens.
Assim, a pesquisa partiu da hiptese de que a contraposio entre liberdade
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torno da propriedade material, tornando completamente plida a fora explicativa
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A terceira hiptese pode ser considerada uma rota de explicao das
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e a natureza das redes informacionais destroaram os fundamentos da teoria
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ciedade em rede foi construdo sobre a ideia de que somente o modelo de software
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impacto colossal. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento compartilhado de bens intanJtYHLVREULJDQRVDUHYHUDWHRULDGDSURSULHGDGHFRQVROLGDGDQRPXQGRLQGXVWULDO
A propriedade das ideias distinta da propriedade das coisas. A natureza
da rede e dos bens no-escassos nos conduz a discutir os objetivos da autoria e

da propriedade nesse cenrio informacional. preciso compreender que a teoria
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pensar a propriedade das ideias em uma sociedade em rede.

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possa ser considerado uma esfera pblica, a partir da perspectiva habermasiana.
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isso, a comunidade e sua ao so analisadas, permitindo vislumbrar a partir delas
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Conclui-se que o movimento de colaborao scio-tcnica do software livre
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tipo de politizao. A nova poltica de reivindicar e praticar a liberdade de continuar
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GHORSURSULHWiULRQmRVHUHVXPHjHVTXHUGDHUHFRQJXUDRWHUUHQRSROtWLFRODQoDQ
GRXQLGDGHVHQWUHOLEHUDLVHVRFLDOLVWDV6XSHUDDGHQLomRHVTXHUGDGLUHLWDHUHD
UUDQMDRFHQiULRSROtWLFRH[DWDPHQWHSHORIDWRGHRVEHQVLQWDQJtYHLVVHUHPQmR
HVFDVVRVHSRVVLELOLWDUHPDJUHJDUPDLVYDORUDXPVRIWZDUHDEHUWRTXDQWRPDLRUIRU
DFRPXQLGDGHHPWRUQRGHVHXGHVHQYROYLPHQWR8PDHVWUXWXUDHFRQ{PLFRVRFLDO
FUHVFHQWHPHQWHEDVHDGDHPEHQVLQWDQJtYHLVSHUPLWHVXSHUDUDSULQFLSDOREMHomR
KD\HNLDQDjVSUiWLFDVGLVWULEXWLYDV(QPGHIHQGHVHTXHQDVRFLHGDGHHPUHGHR
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distribuio da propriedade em uma questo de liberdade.
O modelo de propriedade de bens tangveis e o monoplio do

software
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H &RPXQLFDomR WRUQRXVH XP GRV VHJPHQWRV HFRQ{PLFRV TXH PDLV FUHVFHP

no planeta, cerca de 10% ao ano (TAIT, 2005). Nele, a indstria de software j
representa entre 1 e 2% do PIB dos pases ricos e, em 2001, movimentou no mundo
DOJRHPWRUQRGH86ELOK}HV6HJXQGRD2UJDQL]DomRSDUDD&RRSHUDomRH
'HVHQYROYLPHQWR(FRQ{PLFR2&'(RPHUFDGRPXQGLDOGHVRIWZDUHPRYLPHQWRX
86 ELOK}HV Mi HP 526(/,12 2V SDtVHV GHQRPLQDGRV HP
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR WDPEpP DYDQoDP $ SHVTXLVD Slicing the Knowledge-Based
Economy (KBE) in India, China and Brasil: a Tale of Three software Industries,
UHDOL]DGDSHOR0DVVDFKXVVHWV,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\0,7HPLQGLFRXTXHR
%UDVLOWRUQRXVHRVpWLPRPHUFDGRGHVRIWZDUHQRPXQGRFRPYHQGDVGH86
ELOK}HV2PHUFDGRGDQGLDpHVWLPDGRHP86ELOK}HVHRGD&KLQDHP86
ELOK}HV
Somente a empresa norte-americana de software, Microsoft Corporation,
REWHYHXPIDWXUDPHQWRGH86ELOK}HVQRDQRVFDOGH1. No mesmo
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representou pouco mais de 22% do faturamento, percentual muito maior do
que o obtido pela maioria absoluta dos empreendimentos de outros setores da
economia. importante notar que o lucro lquido da Microsoft foi maior do que o
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PDLRU TXH R LQGLDQR H YH]HV PDLRU TXH R FKLQrV 6HJXQGR D 0LFURVRIW VHX
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PRGHORGHQHJyFLRVTXHDFRUSRUDomRGLVVHPLQRXSHORSODQHWD
Alan Story, especialista em propriedade intelectual da Kent Law School, em
&DQWHUEXU\QD,QJODWHUUDGHQLXR75,36$JUHHPHQWRQ7UDGH5HODWHG$VSHFWVRI
,QWHOOHFWXDO3URSHUW\5LJKWVFRPRXPDWHQWDWLYDGHSURPRYHUD0LFURVRIWLFDWLRQ
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WLSRGHOLFHQFLDPHQWRGHSURGXWRVTXHLQWHUHVVDjFRUSRUDomRQRUWHDPHULFDQDe
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SHOD 0LFURVRIW WRUQRXVH KHJHP{QLFR XP SDGUmR UHDO GD LQG~VWULD GH VRIWZDUH
proprietrio.

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pelo qual essa empresa tornou-se a maior expresso do modelo de propriedade
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baseada em licenas proprietrias de uso, tendo como base a licena da Microsoft.
Vamos comear fazendo um breve relato sobre a evoluo do hardware
e explicando como determinadas mudanas em sua arquitetura viabilizaram o
PRGHORKHJHP{QLFRSUDWLFDGRSHOD0LFURVRIW2VFRPSXWDGRUHVXWLOL]DYDPYiOYXODV
DWp $V YiOYXODV IRUDP VXEVWLWXtGDV SRU WUDQVLVWRUHV HQWUH H 2V
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Com mais tempo de observao, concluiu que a capacidade dos semicondutores
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SDVVRXDVHUFKDPDGDGHOHLGH0RRUH5$1*(/

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chamada informtica ainda estava muito concentrada na mquina. Os softwares
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uma distino clara entre o equipamento (a mquina em si) e o roteiro
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5$1*(/
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Microsoft, no livro A Estrada do FuturopEDVWDQWHHVFODUHFHGRU
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E cada vez que o hardware do computador mudava, o que acontecia
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para resolver os problemas individuais desta ou daquela empresa.
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(QWHQGLGRFRPROLQJXDJHPQmRQDWXUDOEiVLFDGDVRFLHGDGHGDLQIRUPDomR
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HVFULWRVHPOLQJXDJHPGHSURJUDPDomRSRUSURJUDPDGRUHV6mRFyGLJRV

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posteriormente.

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fechada ou proprietria, ele no pode ser utilizado por mquinas de outros
fabricantes, uma vez que estas portam outra arquitetura. Assim, nesse contexto,
o elemento essencial desse processo o hardware. A empresa que o fabrica tem
controle total sobre tudo que pode rodar nele. Pode decidir se vai ou no permitir
que seu hardware rode softwares de terceiros ou se ela mesma ir desenvolv-los.
(VVHpXPPRGHORHPTXHDSURSULHGDGHGRKDUGZDUHpHVWUDWpJLFDSRLVDHPSUHVD
que o fabrica e que detm a patente de sua arquitetura e de seus componentes
pode evitar tecnicamente que determinados softwares rodem (funcionem) em sua
plataforma. Mas esse modelo foi sendo superado.
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rou o conselho de todos que o cercavam e abandonou o mercado de

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empresa, transformando-a na principal fornecedora de mquinas proFHVVDGRUDVGHWH[WR:DQJHUDXPHQJHQKHLURYLVLRQiULR2PHV
mo tipo de inspirao que o levou a abandonar as calculadoras poderia
t-lo conduzido ao sucesso na indstria de software para PCs, nos anos
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excelentes, todos, porm, proprietrios, s funcionando em seus processadores de texto. Sem chance nenhuma de deslanchar, portanto,
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modelo de vinculao exclusiva entre o software e um determinado hardware
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mercado. Pode parecer notvel e contraditria esta crtica de Gates ao modelo de
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GR FRPSXWDGRU $ IRUPD FRPR RV FRPSRQHQWHV LQWHUOLJDYDPVH HUD SURSULHGDGH
exclusiva da empresa fabricante, portanto, secreta a todos os demais usurios.
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o computador s reconheceria a impressora que fosse do mesmo fabricante. Para
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XPDYH]TXHRSURJUDPDHUDFULDGRSDUDXPDPiTXLQDHVSHFtFD
O avano dos microprocessadores possibilitou o avano dos computadores
pessoais e estes permitiram que o modelo de arquitetura fechada do hardware fosse
superado pelo aberto, ao mesmo tempo em que consolidava o modelo fechado e
proprietrio do software. O software estava potencialmente livre do aprisionamento
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conhecimentos e informao, mas a aplicao desses conhecimentos
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de processamento/comunicao da informao, em um ciclo de
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e seus desenvolvimentos em novos domnios, torna-se muito mais
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GD WHFQRORJLD DPSOLFD VHX SRGHU GH IRUPD LQQLWD j PHGLGD TXH RV
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informao no so simplesmente ferramentas a serem aplicadas, mas
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$ FUHVFHQWH DXWRQRPLD GR VRIWZDUH OHYRX DR VXUJLPHQWR GH LQ~PHUDV

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prxima da mquina, seu nvel de abstrao reduzido e, portanto, considerada
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desenvolver mais velozmente os softwares e democratizar ainda mais o seu
desenvolvimento.
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microcomputadores sem se envolver diretamente na fabricao
ou venda do hardware. A Microsoft licenciava software a preos
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dinheiro apostando no volume das vendas. Adaptvamos nossas
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fabricantes de microcomputador. Ainda que o hardware fabricado por
duas empresas fosse diferente, o fato de ambos rodarem o Microsoft
%$6,& VLJQLFDYD TXH HUDP GH DOJXPD IRUPD FRPSDWtYHLV *$7(6

O empenho de Gates em reivindicar a arquitetura de hardware aberta no

era o mesmo na rea de software. A abertura do hardware implicava na possibilidade
de outros fabricantes adotarem aquele modelo ou linha de construo. A Apple, de

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judicialmente barrada. A interoperabilidade entre hardwares era muito difcil sem
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microcomputadores eram uma realidade e, principalmente, que ela estava fora
desse mercado.
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o esquema tradicional, que consistia em fabricar todo o hardware e
software ela mesma. De modo que a IBM decidiu construir seu PC com
componentes j prontos, ao alcance de qualquer um. Isso levou a uma
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a IBM decidiu comprar da Intel os microprocessadores para seu PC.
Para a Microsoft, foi importante a IBM ter decidido no criar seu prprio
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Como bem demonstra o relato de Gates, este o ponto importante de

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de software. Exatamente no momento em que se aposta na abertura do hardware,
a Microsoft tentava tornar-se um padro de fato na rea de software no crescente
mercado mundial de computadores pessoais. Sem dvida, quando um padro,
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ao seu contedo. A cpia ou o clone permite expandir o uso do que tiver qualidade
em um ritmo bem mais veloz, alm de envolver mais empresas e pessoas no seu
processo de inovao incremental. Essa uma evidncia na rea de hardware, mas
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tendncia da economia da informao ser essencialmente uma economia de redes,
levaram o modelo de licenciamento de software para o lado proprietrio.
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outras empresas poderiam copiar, a IBM tinha realmente chance de criar
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operacional. Adquirimos um trabalho anterior, desenvolvido numa
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Sistema Operacional de Disco da Microsoft, o MS-DOS. Tim tornouse, na verdade, o pai do MS-DOS. A IBM, nosso primeiro licenciado,
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A Microsoft fez um contrato em que a IBM deveria usar os seus softwares,

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a IBM. Em uma arquitetura aberta ou padronizada de hardware, um software pode
ser desenvolvido para rodar (funcionar) sobre todo e qualquer computador que a
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tambm passou a ser verdade que qualquer computador poderia rodar um mesmo
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seja, a IBM tinha um incentivo para promover o MS-DOS e vend-lo a
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com as vendas da IBM, e sim licenciar o uso do MS-DOS a outros
fabricantes de computador que quisessem oferecer mquinas mais ou
menos compatveis com o IBM-PC. A IBM podia usar nosso software
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futuros aperfeioamentos. Com isso a Microsoft se viu na posio de
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Gates deixa claro que o padro e a arquitetura aberta para o hardware

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qualquer empresa podia fabricar um computador pessoal, tal qual o modelo IBM,
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de seu software e levar o seu modelo de licenas de uso para todo o crescente
mercado de microcomputadores. Gates defendia o valor do compartilhamento nos
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WHFQROyJLFRV*$7(6

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o software bastante evidente. Gates reconhece que o conhecimento aberto,
portanto acessvel a todos, de como construir o hardware PC, foi decisivo para sua
consolidao como o padro de mercado dos computadores pessoais. Por outro
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revisionistas, concluir que a IBM cometeu um erro trabalhando com a
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patenteado a arquitetura de seu PC e tambm que a Intel e a Microsoft
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no entenderam o principal. A IBM transformou-se no carro-chefe
da indstria de PCs justamente porque foi capaz de canalizar uma
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utiliz-los para promover sua arquitetura aberta. A IBM estabeleceu os
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O modelo aberto foi quem propiciou a criativa e macia adeso dos

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aconteceu tambm com os protocolos de rede. Um protocolo pode ser entendido
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de capacidade limitada e construdos com arquitetura proprietria. As
demais empresas de hardware no tinham a concesso dos sistemas
operacionais para fabricar equipamentos compatveis e nenhum dos
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Uma sociedade que utiliza intensamente a informao centralmente uma

sociedade da hiper-comunicao. Depende de protocolos e softwares que cumprem
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a rede constitua-se ou comporte-se como querem suas normas. A comunicao
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refora o sucesso. Esse conceito, chamado retorno positivo, explica por
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FDUPDLVIRUWH2IHHGEDFNQHJDWLYRpRVHXRSRVWRHPSUHVDVIUDFDVFDPPDLV
IUDFDV$QRomRGHIHHGEDFNDSUHVHQWDVHPXLWRHYLGHQWHHPSURFHVVRVFKDPDGRV
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produtos e pessoas so vitais.
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forma nova e mais virulenta baseada no lado da demanda do mercado,
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enorme no se baseia em economias de escala no desenvolvimento de
software. Oh, sim, o projeto de software tem economias de escala como
qualquer outro produto da informao. Mas h diversos outros sistemas
operacionais que oferecem desempenho comparvel (ou superior) ao
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operacionais rivais mnimo em comparao com a capitalizao de
mercado da Microsoft. O mesmo vale para aplicativos bsicos da
Microsoft. No, o domnio da Microsoft baseia-se nas economias de
escala do lado da demanda. Os clientes da Microsoft valorizam os
sistemas operacionais dela porque eles so amplamente utilizados,
constituem o padro de fato do setor. Os sistemas operacionais rivais

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6+$3,52 9$5,$1
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a nica pessoa no mundo a compr-la. Porm, em se tratando de
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parte do valor do produto vem de uma ampla disponibilidade. Podendo
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uma fenda por onde s passa um nico tamanho de envelope, e uma
caixa velha de papelo onde todo o mundo pode deixar correspondncia
e recados de todo tipo e tamanho, voc escolheria a de acesso mais
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para poder manipul-la a favor de sua ampliao ou pelo seu bloqueio.

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para nada. O sistema operacional a base sobre a qual so construdos todos
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um computador poderia impedir que certos aplicativos dos concorrentes rodassem
sobre ele. Os softwares podem ser divididos em bsicos e aplicativos. O principal
software bsico o sistema operacional. Uma planilha de clculo um aplicativo.
([HPSOLFDQGRXPDSODQLOKDTXHURGDVREUHRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO8QL[SRGHQmR
rodar sobre o Windows. Com o modelo proprietrio de software e a partir do acordo
com o modelo de hardware aberto da IBM, a Microsoft viu-se na posio de licenciar
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taforma de seu sistema operacional, que se chamava DOS e posteriormente foi
substituda pelo Windows, apesar de terem convivido durante muito tempo.

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ser feita aqui uma anlise jurdica das licenas, nem de sua evoluo histrica. A
observao se concentrar nos elementos estruturais ou essenciais do licenciamento
de um software proprietrio, amplamente utilizado, para posteriormente compar-
los com o modelo de licenciamento aberto e no-proprietrio. Antes importante

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monoplio daquele produto, ou seja, o monoplio do desenvolvimento do mesmo,
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mercado de sistemas operacionais, ela licenciou o DOS para fabricantes
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do nmero de mquinas que o fabricante produzia, estivesse ou no
o DOS instalado nelas. Isso era chamado de licena-por-processador,
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pela licena de uso do DOS com base no nmero de processadores
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se na produo de mquinas, no no nmero de mquinas nas quais
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instalavam um sistema operacional na mquina antes de expedi-la, a
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da poltica de licenciamento. O DOS teve custo incremental zero de
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A licena de uso da verso Microsoft Windows XP Professional, o sistema

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a tomar contato com os termos de seu uso somente na hora da instalao. Caso
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O EULA da verso Microsoft Windows XP Professional, obtida no incio de
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e executar uma cpia do Produto em um nico computador, como
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processadores ao mesmo tempo em uma nica Estao de Trabalho.
Voc poder permitir um mximo de dez (10) computadores ou outros

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somente para servios de Arquivo e Impresso, Servios de Informao
da Internet e acesso remoto (incluindo o compartilhamento da conexo
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Produto para permitir que qualquer Dispositivo use, acesse, exiba ou
execute outro software residente na Estao de Trabalho, nem poder
permitir que qualquer Dispositivo use, acesse, exiba ou execute o
Produto ou a interface de usurio do Produto, a menos que o Dispositivo
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Como possvel notar, o uso deste software limitado por esse conjunto
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denominadas direitos, visam claramente impedir o uso amplo e compartilhado dos
recursos do software, mesmo que isso seja tecnicamente possvel. No modelo
proprietrio, o usurio adquiriu a licena de uso do software para uma mquina, ou
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propriedade de seu autor at o prazo que a lei de direitos autorais do pas determinar
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informar que aquela cpia foi instalada. O objetivo inicial da Microsoft era ter a
possibilidade de travar o software que no tivesse licena de uso, mas isso se
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necessrias para ativar a sua cpia licenciada na forma descrita durante
a etapa de instalao do Produto. Voc pode ativar o Produto por meio
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mente na medida em que estas atividades sejam expressamente permitidas pela
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um dos elementos mais importantes do software proprietrio a no-transparncia
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do conhecimento contido naquele software, uma vez que no impede a pirataria.
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permitindo que desenvolvedores tenham um acesso mais amplo sobre
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o licenciamento de produtos. Este modelo cobre um bom espectro de
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Entretanto, a Microsoft permanece irredutivelmente comprometida com
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que o setor continue a investir continuamente em pesquisa e desenYROYLPHQWR081',(
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de propriedade, a pesquisa e desenvolvimento ao modelo que denomina comercial,
e a sobrevivncia do empreendimento ao modelo de licenciamento proprietrio.
Para Mundie, para ser comercial o software tem que ser proprietrio. As evidncias
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e treinamento, ou seja, so empreendimentos comerciais. O discurso de Mundie
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de licenciamento.

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permite a auditabilidade plena do software e a sua avaliao antes e depois de
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publicados e pblicos [no sentido do direito de uso]. Esse princpio
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do que este indica. (...) No se deve ler nele uma indicao de que
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benefcio na publicao, e ainda mais em se usar sistemas projetados

por terceiros j publicados e [positivamente] analisados. Mant-los
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usam um software no qual as pessoas so levadas a concordar com clusulas
de licenciamento que, por si, denunciam a existncia de uma srie de rotinas
embutidas no software que possibilitam a invaso no-autorizada ou no pretendida
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indevida de sua propriedade intelectual - incluindo os direitos autorais
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concorda que, se voc optar por fazer o download da Internet de uma
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em conjunto com essa licena, fazer tambm, em seu computador, o
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pessoal, nem nenhuma outra informao, do seu computador atravs
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A essncia do modelo proprietrio de licenciamento de software est no controle do conhecimento. Para obt-lo necessrio excluir todos, inclusive os usuULRVGRDFHVVRDRFyGLJRIRQWH1HVVHPRGHORVRPHQWHRGHVHQYROYHGRUHVHXV
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Esse continuar sempre sendo propriedade de empresa que o desenvolveu.

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e popularizou o software da Microsoft, que era vendido com os computadores padro
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em qualquer pas. Muitas empresas passaram a usar e a montar computadores
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arquitetura aberta do hardware e a cpia no-autorizada do software popularizou
em todo o mundo o sistema operacional proprietrio.
o livre acesso ao conhecimento que o modelo proprietrio bloqueia. No
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sobre um determinado tipo de aplicao ou soluo. A cpia no autorizada
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modelo.
Cenrios do confronto entre foras do compartilhamento e do

bloqueio do conhecimento tecnolgico
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dentes na histria da nossa civilizao, cujas consequncias consideramos potencialmente imprevisveis no momento. Estamos nos
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vezes milhares de autores que se comunicam atravs da Internet. MenFLRQDPRVGXDVLQVWkQFLDVGHVVHIHQ{PHQRDPEDVTXDVHLQWHLUDPHQWH
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a economia do futuro ser baseada mais em relacionamento do que em posse.
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de apropriao de riqueza aliceradas sobre a propriedade. Exatamente o processo
cooperativo e relacional, tpico do movimento de software livre, vem levantando
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intelectual a melhor forma de incentivar o desenvolvimento de
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O movimento colaborativo de desenvolvimento e uso de software est presente em todos os Continentes e tem contaminado outras reas da produo simblica e cultural. O Creative Commons um exemplo dessa irradiao contrria ao
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movimento do software livre, avanou para a produo de outros bens culturais,
tais como a msica, a literatura e as artes. Preocupados com a reduo do ritmo
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propriedade intelectual, o movimento jurdico-cultural do Creative Commons quer
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principalmente msicas, em janeiro de 2005, j estavam licenciadas no modelo
Creative Commons.
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maiores interessados na defesa do modelo proprietrio de licenciamento de
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empresas de software proprietrio e toda a cadeia de representantes comerciais e
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opinio pblica, muitos dos quais fazem a defesa do modelo por remunerao e no
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plataforma proprietria.
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do ponto de vista da qualidade dos softwares, protocolos e sistemas. Pequenas e
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aberto ou de um modelo hbrido j aparecem no cenrio como atuantes na defesa
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de software livre nasceu de um pesquisador em um instituto de pesquisa. Mais
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um processo de adeso que pode ter efeitos concretos na elevao do seu uso e
tambm efeitos na formao da opinio pblica.

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captaram a tendncia de crescimento do compartilhamento do conhecimento
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usando o licenciamento mais prximo ao padro Mozilla e aos da famlia BSD. Em
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forma de se reposicionar em um mercado que foi perdido, para reduzir custos de
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uma nica empresa, nos moldes tradicionais, custaria (completo e com
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pelo trabalho voluntrio de dezenas de milhares de colaboradores.
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nenhum centro de custo ou a uma empresa. O modelo livre permite a
sobrevivncia do produto mesmo quando a escala do mercado no
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As redes de software proprietrio e de software livre no possuem centro

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proprietrio. A Microsoft, pelo seu peso internacional e pela sua extensa presena
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extrapolando sua mera defesa comercial atravs das prticas de publicidade e
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hardware. A Microsoft assina acordos com empresas de hardware para que todos
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pblica local e internacional, para manter a ela vinculadas as iniciativas de incluso
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uso do modelo aberto e livre.

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de estudos sobre o Custo Total de Propriedade (TCO) de um software livre, em
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autor, o funcionrio Vinod Valloppillil, no titubeava ao reconhecer as
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particularmente no espao dos servidores. Alm disso, o paralelismo
intrnseco e a livre troca de ideias do Software Aberto trazem benefcios
que no so replicveis com o nosso modelo atual de licenciamento e,
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Software Aberto de arrebanhar e aproveitar o QI coletivo de milhares de
indivduos espalhados pela internet simplesmente inacreditvel. Mais
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tamanho da internet muito mais rpido que os nossos prprios esforos
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tilavam na mente de potenciais clientes inclinados a considerar a opo
de produtos concorrentes. A ideia, bvia, era a de persuadi-los a se
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promessa de que Coisas Boas aconteceriam a quem se mantivesse
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A difuso de boatos assustadores sobre o novo produto concorrente para

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e parlamentos. A mais conhecida a presso realizada pela Microsoft sobre a
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discutido amplamente na Internet, foi o projeto de lei apresentado pelo
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iria sofrer com a adoo do software livre. O embaixador americano
em Lima, em carta ao Presidente, expressou sua surpresa que tal lei
pudesse ter sido proposta. Bill Gates pessoalmente, visitou o Peru e
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j,QWHUQHW$/0(,'$
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do software livre na administrao pblica. Tambm no foi votado at hoje. Na
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por parte da rede interessada na manuteno do modelo proprietrio. Foi criado
um movimento internacional denominado The Initiative for Software Choice. Ele
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Com expresso mundial, ambas atuam cada vez mais na defesa do modelo
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em campanhas contra a pirataria de software. A CompTIA atua na conteno do
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implantao de um movimento pela livre escolha do software.
A CompTIA possua, em 2005, 20 mil membros em 102 pases. Sua sede
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misso
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seus membros, a CompTIA desenvolveu iniciativas especializadas
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So quatro as principais reas de atuao da CompTIA diante do que denominam

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exclusivo ou preferencial. O discurso busca um alvo empiricamente observvel,
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Procurar software com base nos seus mritos, e no atravs de
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variados benefcios e custos. As entidades pblicas devem procurar

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desenvolvimento de software. Os Governos so mais bem servidos
quando podem escolher software de uma vasta panplia de produtos
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devem deixar que os mercados continuem a encorajar a inovao
no desenvolvimento de software e devem evitar intervir atravs de
requisitos de preferncias ou de aquisio que iro discriminar um
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que o Estado no deve interferir no mercado, pois isso prejudicaria a inovao.
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empenhar em projetos ousados e caminhar em terrenos de sucesso ainda pouco
evidente.

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economicamente e sem possibilidades comerciais. A doutrina da CompTIA defende
ainda que
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encontram disponveis para todos aqueles que desenvolvem software QmRVmRVLQ{QLPRVHQmRH[LJHPVRIWZDUHRSHQVRXUFHVHMDSDUDDVXD
adopo ou utilidade. Aqueles que desenvolvem software comercial
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relativa aos standards sobre software no deve discriminar a favor ou
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Qualquer software pode ser proprietrio ou livre. A escolha uma opo

do seu autor ou desenvolvedor. Como observamos at aqui, os modelos possuem
diferenas profundas. Boa parte delas deriva da abertura ou do fechamento do
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mesmo produto e a interoperabilidade de produtos distintos podem ser melhor
encontradas, dado que o modelo de desenvolvimento no se baseia em criar
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pois isso tornaria invivel a defesa doutrinria do modelo proprietrio de software.

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caso a caso.

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sobre a racionalidade com uma particular fuso das ideias marxistas. Enquanto
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o que se torna extremamente difcil em um cenrio de dominao de classes.
Na sociedade informacional, baseada em protocolos e softwares como
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+$%(50$6$VVLPDVWHFQRORJLDVGHFRPXQLFDomRHLQIRUPDomRSRGHP
ser vistas como exerccios de controles sociais. Em uma sociedade multiclassista,
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sensao de neutralidade, uma vez que
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interesses nela dominantes pensam fazer com os homens e com as
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DYDQoDUPRVQDDUWLFXODomRGRVDUJXPHQWRVpFRQVWDWiYHOHPSLULFDPHQWHQRFDVR
da Internet, que a cultura de seus desenvolvedores moldou o meio e foi re-aplicando
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militares e anti-democrticos. Ou seja, mesmo quando criadas para determinadas
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todo o sentido.

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poder ser controlado privadamente. No publicamente. Esse controle privado

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prioridades que Marx via na fbrica, pelas quais os mortos (mquinas)
dominam os vivos (os operrios) e que atravs do computador se
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a excluso de outras formas de pensamento e desse modo, sem
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Na sociedade da informao e no contexto do confronto entre dois modelos

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diante dos juzos da sociedade. Esse movimento recupera parte essencial dos
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Elementos para uma teoria da propriedade de bens no-escassos

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quando esta muda ou reparte o seu domnio com outra, tambm se
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de escala que enviam sinais sociais melhores do que aqueles obtidos pelos sisWHPDVGHSUHFLFDomRGRVPHUFDGRV3LHUUH/pY\GL]SUHVHQFLDUDGHFDGrQFLDGR
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de propriedade. Andr Gorz coloca que todo o conhecimento pode ser abstrado do
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PDLVJDQKRVRFLDO2TXHWXGRLVVRWHULDHPFRPXP"7RGRVHVWmRVHUHIHULQGRGH
DOJXPDIRUPDjSURGXomRHGLVWULEXLomRGHEHQVLQWDQJtYHLVRXLPDWHULDLV

e SRVVtYHO QRWDU TXH HQTXDQWR RV EHQV WDQJtYHLV WrP VXD SURSULHGDGH
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propriedade das ideias. No site de um dos parceiros da Microsoft podemos encontrar
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de produtos. Embora o software seja, em sua maioria, distribudo
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uma commodity. O software considerado propriedade intelectual. A
propriedade de tal bem controlada por acordos de licenciamento. As
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utilizao e distribuio deste software, de acordo com as normas do
fabricante. As licenas fornecem ao fabricante deste software a receita
necessria para continuar produzindo o produto, oferecendo os servios
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da propriedade de outros tipos de produtos, ou seja, dos bens materiais. Talvez
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mercializar licenas e no produtos. As caractersticas que fazem a diferena dos
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maior preciso o que eles efetivamente so.
Bens materiais so aqueles que tm corpo fsico e, portanto, esto
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temtica da Comunicao como a probabilidade de ocorrer um evento, dado um
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e, independente do seu primeiro suporte de papel, inseridas em um CD em outra
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provedor de contedos da rede mundial de computadores. Do mesmo modo, um
software distribudo em um CD um conjunto de bits que traduzem para a mquina
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Assim, as caractersticas bsicas e essenciais da informao so as caracWHUtVWLFDV GRV EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV RX LPDWHULDLV 7DPEpP p LQWHUHVVDQWH LQGLFDU TXH
a informao, como sinal do mercado, um elemento fundamental para a teoria
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das fontes explicativas de crises, instabilidade e desarranjos da economia de merFDGR$LQIRUPDomRWDPEpPSRGHVHUHQWHQGLGDFRPRUHJLVWURGHVLQDLVGHIDWRV
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Arrow analisou as caractersticas ou propriedades da informao do
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caracterstica que a informao indivisvel em seu uso. O uso de parte da mesma
no implica em sua efetiva diviso. Ela continuar existindo tambm de modo
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previsto de modo perfeito a partir de seus insumos. A atividade de produo de
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a prpria informao. Albuquerque alerta que essa caracterstica amplia os possveis
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no h nenhum sentido em aplicar recursos para criar uma mesma informao
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conhecimento no se tornam facilmente apropriveis de modo privado como os
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a ser uma mercadoria, a capacidade dos sistemas de preos de
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informao como mercadoria especial, Arrow discute o processo de
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$/%848(548(
A informao para ser apropriada, isto , para tornar-se propriedade privada,

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a naturalidade da propriedade material, sobre sua condio de direito inerente
ao homem, o bem imaterial sempre ter uma autoria, mas nem sempre ter uma
apropriao. Ou seja, a informao como sinal coletado, como ideia ou conhecimento

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produto de sua inventividade e capacidade cultural.
A propriedade da informao foi uma inveno no interior do Estado. Sua
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determinado perodo de tempo em troca da socializao do conhecimento. O funGDPHQWRVRFLDOSUHVHUYDURFRQKHFLPHQWRSUHFHGLDRPLFURHFRQ{PLFRPRQRSyOLR
de explorao privada do invento).
Se a ideia de propriedade material pode ser defendida como posse antes do
Estado, as caractersticas da informao inviabilizam essa condio, principalmente
se considerarmos que uma informao pode ser multiplicada, copiada e retransmitida
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viu. Improvvel que essa pessoa seja impedida de atualizar, ou seja, desvirtualizar
e inserir em uma mdia qualquer a informao sobre aquilo que vira.

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como a extenso dos limites para a propriedade material, aqui poderia ser muito
mal comparada com a capacidade do Estado de atuar sobre camelos e invadir
a residncia de jovens que usam cpias de software no-autorizadas. O tempo
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informacional.
A comparao fundamental. A extenso da propriedade material um
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que o trabalho fosse a medida do direito para a aquisio e que o desperdcio
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RXHPSUHVD"

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o advento da economia monetria ou intermediada pela moeda, como expresso
da riqueza, pois ela permitia superar o desperdcio e conservar a riqueza em bens
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por subtrair de circulao, inutilmente, bens necessrios, mas ainda
comete uma tolice. possvel, no entanto, acumular o equivalente a
bens de qualquer natureza sem retir-los do mercado. Esse equivalente,
a moeda, o mesmo instrumento inventado pelos homens para facilitar
a troca. Materiais durveis, como o ouro e a prata, so normalmente
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&RPDPRHGDVXUJLXDOJRGXUDGRXURTXHDVSHVVRDVSRGHULDPUHWHU
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Sendo no s um meio de troca, mas tambm reserva de valor, a
moeda resolve o problema da acumulao, permitindo uma nova forma
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divino de ocupar a terra e transform-la, para dela extrair o mximo
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mercado. Qualquer restrio ao acmulo da riqueza auferida pela propriedade
das ideias no pode ter como fundamento a escassez ou o desperdcio, uma vez
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GH UHSURGXomR H VHP HVFDVVH] 4XDO VHULD R REMHWLYR GH UHVWULQJLU R DF~PXOR GH
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de ideias no se encontrar na natureza, mas na cultura, que produo coletiva e
criao social. O que levaria ao questionamento sobre a correo moral de tornar
exclusivamente privada uma obra cuja maior parte dependeu de um conhecimento
realizado e transmitido coletivamente.

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resposta, para ser dada, depender do objetivo da instituio estatal para com o
GLUHLWRGHSURSULHGDGHVREUHDVLGHLDV6HRREMHWLYRIRUDVVHJXUDURFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR
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GHSHQGHUmRGHMXt]RVYDORUDWLYRV3DUHFHHYLGHQWHTXHORQJRVSUD]RVGHSURWHomR
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apenas ao interesse particular. Podem acabar, sim, desperdiando o tempo social
em que uma criao em domnio pblico pudesse fomentar novas ideias ou novos
inventos, j que o maior insumo da informao a prpria informao.
A conteno do acmulo anti-social da riqueza, auferida com os limites da
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uma preocupao menor no incio do seculo XXI. O debate tem sido conduzido pelo
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das empresas detentoras da propriedade de ideias, o ritmo de criao e inovao
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tado para envolver o mundo com seus prazos e limites de proteo, e seus arJXPHQWRVWDPEpPVHDVVHQWDPQRVHQRUPHVFXVWRVSDUDVHSURGX]LUDVLGHLDVHQD
DXVrQFLDGHFXVWRVPDUJLQDLVSDUDDVXDUHSURGXomR$SHVDUGDVSDWHQWHVHOHWUR
HOHWU{QLFDVSHUGHUHPRVHQWLGRGDSURWHomRHPSRXFRPHQRVGHFLQFRDQRVGHYLGR
jREVROHVFrQFLDUHDOGHVHXFRQWH~GRR75,36H[LJHTXHWRGDVDVOHJLVODo}HVGR
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$V LQG~VWULDV TXH GHWrP HVVDV SDWHQWHV VmR REULJDGDV D SDJDU XPD WD[D DQXDO
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quinto ano. Isso quer dizer que ela perdeu o sentido at mesmo do ponto de vista
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Sem dvida, os custos de produo da informao so bem maiores do
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se auferir lucros impele a produo das ideias para um mercado de concorrncia
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perspectiva, o monoplio.

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QmRULYDLVRXVHMDRVHXXVRSRUXPDSHVVRDQmRH[LJHDH[FOXVmRVLPXOWkQHDGH
uso por outra pessoa. Uma msica pode ser ouvida ou cantada ao mesmo tempo
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SHVVRD GH FDGD YH] %HQV HFRQ{PLFRV ULYDLV H QmRULYDLV SRVVXHP GLIHUHQWHV
JUDXVGHH[FOXVLELOLGDGHTXHpXPDQRomRUHODWLYDDRJUDXHPTXHXPSURSULHWiULR
FRQVHJXHFREUDUSHORXVRGHVHXEHP7HOHYLVRUHVHGLVTXHWHVWrPXPDOWRJUDXGH
H[FOXVLELOLGDGH-iDVP~VLFDVHRVVRIWZDUHVVmRSRXFRH[FOXtYHLV3DUD5RPHU
SDWHQWHVHGLUHLWRVDXWRUDLVDVVHJXUDPDRVFULDGRUHVHLQYHQWRUHVRGLUHLWRGHFR
EUDQoDSHORXVRGHVXDVLGHLDVEHQVQmRULYDLVHDOWDPHQWHH[FOXtYHLV-21(6
2000)

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bens no-rivais essencialmente no-excluveis so chamados de bens pblicos. Um
exemplo tradicional a iluminao das cidades ou a defesa das fronteiras nacionais.
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passando, um bem cujo vazamento praticamente no permite diferir compradores
de no-compradores.

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em sua pesquisa e produo. Pessoas que no tiveram nenhum custo para produzir
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do suporte da ideia ser um bem no-rival.

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consolidariam uma enorme barreira para o processo de criao e inovao, um
baixo incentivo para a produo de ideias. Para remunerar o inventor e permitir
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Desenvolvimento) que se defende o direito de monoplio temporrio ao inventor.
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SDUDUHPXQHUDUVHXVJDVWRVGHFULDomRHGHVHQYROYLPHQWR(VWDpDLGHLDEiVLFD
que fundamenta economicamente os direitos de propriedade intelectual. Nela, a
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PRGRRIXQGDPHQWRGHTXHVHPRVGLUHLWRVGHSURSULHGDGHJDUDQWLGRVSHOR(VWDGR
a criatividade e a inovao estariam comprometidas e at mesmo deixariam de
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questo ser tratada no prximo captulo. Ainda preciso problematizar a reivindicao do monoplio necessrio.

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de propriedade intelectual. O alto custo do desenvolvimento e o baixo custo da
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pela cpia de seu invento feita pela concorrncia. Nesse caso, o no-investimento
seria premiado e o desenvolvimento da inovao penalizado. Essa imperfeio do
mercado desfavoreceria a continuidade do investimento em inovao.

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presentariam ento uma interveno estatal corretiva. Uma patente um monoSyOLRWHPSRUiULRDVVHJXUDGRSHOR(VWDGRFRPRREMHWLYRGHJDUDQWLURUHWRUQRGRV
investimentos realizados, impedindo que sejam erodidos pela cpia dos concorrentes. A ideia de exclusividade temporria decisiva. O Estado interfere na relao
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incentivo indispensvel e insubstituvel para a criao de novas ideias.
Caso o inventor ou criador de ideias no veja possibilidade de auferir lucros,
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seria o lado socialmente positivo do monoplio temporrio.

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ao volume adequado de produo que poder ser inferior ao socialmente timo,
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podem acabar retardando a inovao com o intuito de extrair o lucro mximo com o
ltimo invento. Como no h concorrncia, esse comportamento no implicaria em
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eLQWHUHVVDQWHQRWDURSDUDGR[RDTXLDSUHVHQWDGR3DUDLQFHQWLYDUD
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monoplios tendem a produzir menos ideias do que o timo e precisam
ento de subsdios e de polticas que incentivem a competio, que
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Garantir direitos de propriedade sobre as ideias seria a forma de estimular

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o mainstream HFRQ{PLFR QmR Yr D LQRYDomR IRUD GR PRQRSyOLR SRU RXWUR ODGR
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No processo que o Departamento de Estado norte-americano moveu contra
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monoplio sobre a propriedade intelectual, como possvel notar na declarao a
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e monoplios enfatiza, importante focar no apenas aquilo que
afeta o consumidor hoje, mas tambm como a mistura de monoplio,
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direo do processo de inovao. Schumpeter acreditava que o receio
de perda das rendas do monoplio levava os monopolistas a continuar
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se o poder dos monoplios fosse podado. O monoplio diminui o passo
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monopolista aumenta o custo de se buscar inovao. E, quando se
aumenta o custo de um insumo numa atividade, o nvel dessa atividade
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de competio schumpeteriana e, portanto, os incentivos para inovar

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o aumento tanto das barreiras de entrada quanto dos custos dos rivais.
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alternativos e a construo de middleware no-interopervel so
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monopolista. Quarta, os incentivos de um monoplio para inovar so
limitados. Como o monopolista produz menos que o socialmente timo,
as economias com uma reduo no custo de produo so menores
do que num mercado competitivo. Tambm os incentivos para um
monopolista patrocinar pesquisas no as levaro ao nvel socialmente
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necessrio para afastar a competio, um ritmo marcadamente menor
que o socialmente timo. Em resumo, monopolizao no ameaa os
consumidores apenas pelo aumento dos preos e pela reduo da
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-$621
Todo o esforo terico-doutrinrio para defender o monoplio sobre a

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jetos internacionais de software, e atualmente envolve aproximadamente 150 mil
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O que cada colaborador dessa rede de desenvolvimento cede ao produto bem
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FRODERUDWLYR(VWHSURFHVVRWDPEpPIRLGHQRPLQDGRGHJLIWHFRQRP\RXHFRQRPLD
da doao.

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a produo colaborativa entre pares (common-based peer-production), um conjunto
de novas formas cooperativas de produo de informao, conhecimento e cultura
em oposio aos mecanismos habituais de propriedade, hierarquia e mercados.
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2 SDSHO GDV QRUPDV R SDSHO GD WHFQRORJLD H D LQWHUDomR HQWUH

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de pesquisa importantes, particularmente o estudo de como as
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particular na economia informacional baseada na Internet, forneceriam
uma melhor compreenso sobre quo perifrico ou central esse
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SRGH UHTXHUHU XP GHVORFDPHQWR PDLV DJUHVVLYR D SDUWLU GH PRGHORV
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QHJRFLDLVEDVHDGRVHPVHUYLoRV%(1./(5
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dos direitos exclusivos sobre a propriedade daquelas ideias. Essa constatao enIUDTXHFH SURIXQGDPHQWH R SDUDGLJPD GD H[LJrQFLD GR PRQRSyOLR HFRQ{PLFR GD
H[SORUDomRGDREUDRXLQYHQWRFRPRHOHPHQWRHVVHQFLDOSDUDDREWHQomRGHJDQKR
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Alm disso, Albuquerque relatou um estudo de Narin, Hamilton e Olivastrop,
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H D LQG~VWULD SULYDGD 3RU H[HPSOR QDV SDWHQWHV UHJLVWUDGDV SHOD ,%0 VRPHQWH
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o conhecimento. Conhecimentos pblicos sustentam os inventos patenteados. Por
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excessos absurdos que acabem bloqueando a prpria inovao e impedindo
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aberta e a privatizao de conhecimento inovador imediatamente aparente. O
enrijecimento dos mecanismos de propriedade intelectual pode corroer o domnio de

informao pblica e inviabilizar o acesso a fontes fundamentais de pesquisa com
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Uma proteo fraca da propriedade intelectual pode ser indispensvel
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e inovadores da economia. A principal hiptese que explica a velocidade elevada
do desenvolvimento dessa indstria sua diminuta barreira de entrada. Com uma
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software no-proprietrias, alm de aumentar a possibilidade de modernizao
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Esse cenrio de complexidade divide at mesmo os chamados libertarians
(ultra-liberais no contexto poltico norte-americano) a respeito dos impactos e da
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de ideias so tambm ideias. Assim, o conhecimento privado tem como base o
conhecimento socialmente produzido, portanto, a propriedade sobre ideias deve
ser sempre relativizada, pois o trabalho intelectual individual e privado no pode ter
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de troca e compartilhamento. Quanto mais se compartilha o conhecimento, mais

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economia da doao.

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vez mais desmaterializar e desprivatizar a propriedade das ideias, permitindo a
distribuio dos seus benefcios. A reao a essa tendncia s pode ocorrer com
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pode ser executado sem o Estado e sua ao jurdico-repressiva. Tal possibilidade
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ferindo a liberdade de expresso, de troca e de criao. O texto do movimento GNU
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livros. Um leitor comum, que no possusse uma mquina impressora,
podia copiar livros apenas com caneta e tinta, e poucos leitores foram
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encaixa bem num sistema como o de direito autoral. Essa a razo de
ser dessas medidas cada vez mais severas e lamentveis postas em
prtica para aplicar o direito autoral de software. Consideremos essas
quatro prticas da Associao dos Produtores de software (software
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LaMacchia, do MIT, no por copiar software (no o acusam de copiar
nada), mas simplesmente por deixar recursos de cpia disponveis
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os indivduos tinham que copiar informao secretamente e pass-la de
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O formato capitalista de apropriao das ideias pode estar ferindo a liberGDGH2SULQFtSLRGDOLEHUGDGHIRLDEDVHGDOHJLWLPLGDGHFDSLWDOLVWD1DVRFLHGDGH

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chocam-se com a liberdade para poder existir e manter-se.
Comunidades tecnolgicas, movimentos scio-tcnicos e

esfera pblica
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que desenvolvem software livre e a rede livre vivenciam a possibilidade
concreta dessa sada, e encontram ao mesmo tempo os limites que os
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uma luta no interesse de toda a sociedade. Nessa luta, os participantes
do movimento do software livre sempre se posicionam com um p no
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um espao de manifestao e de expresso de pessoas privadas reunidas em um
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pblica literria, que por sua vez desenvolveu-se no ambiente dos cafs, saloons e
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literria e que depois assumiu tambm uma dimenso poltica. A esfera pblica
literria teve papel relevante, mesmo em uma sociedade em que predominava o
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tentarei demonstrar a hiptese de que um movimento scio-tcnico que domina a

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contra o status quo e tornam-se assim um movimento cultural planetrio de novo
tipo, essencialmente poltico, por questionar os fundamentos tericos, culturais e
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Tal como nos cafs descritos por Habermas, uma nova esfera pblica
conforma-se, no literria, mas uma esfera pblica tecno-social, uma esfera pblica
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no ciberespao, em listas e fruns prprios que se constituem como uma esfera
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ao similar em outras reas, tais como na msica, com o Creative Commons, e
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proprietrias.

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do movimento scio-tcnico.

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cessariamente pelo posicionamento diante da teoria crtica debatida pela Escola
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dimenso mundial e, na confeco compartilhada de softwares, a redemocratizao
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devoluo ao campo da produo coletiva do conhecimento humano.

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GDGH1, o movimento de compartilhamento vai se construindo principalmente a partir
da licena virtica baseada no copyleft, que contamina os softwares e os impede
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em qualquer leitor de DVD -- e tantas outras campanhas.
Andr Gorz considera existir uma
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da produo do conhecimento e do bem comum. Entre seus vrios
ativistas destacam-se, por sua natureza bombstica particularmente
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que eles produzem comprova que a maior criatividade possvel entre
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da disputa com a concorrncia, eles podem desenvolver seus saberes
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correntes, o saber a no aparece como um saber objetivado, composto
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software livre, ser preciso avanar nos conceitos de comunidade, movimento e
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extrapolou as fronteiras da especialidade tcnica, ou seja, do mundo estrito do
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softwares.

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apoiados e melhorados por uma comunidade. Assim, a comunidade de software
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do lanados individualmente, so elementos vitais na formao das comunidades
de desenvolvedores e apoiadores de software livre. Comunidade um termo
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consideram-se membros de comunidades.
O conceito de comunidade no consensual em cincias sociais. Muitas so
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e a identidade distintas diante dos outros so tambm frequentemente apontadas
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que ele se consolide, necessrio que a comunidade majoritariamente o encampe.
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inmeras listas de discusso virtuais, convocou todos a apoiarem a mobilizao
pelo desenvolvimento de softwares no-proprietrios.

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tual como o encontro de pessoas no ciberespao em torno de provedores de acesso
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receu-me fria a ideia de uma comunidade apenas acessvel atravs de um ecran
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A comunidade de software livre uma comunidade virtual. Ela composta
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nadores da cultura do compartilhamento de software. As principais comunidades de
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ainda, a comunidade Gnome, entre outras milhares.

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de propriedade das ideias ou dos bens imateriais. Como comunidades, os laos que
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se atravs de uma articulao diferente do espao real e da criao de um novo
domnio de contestao poltica e ambincia cultural que no so equivalentes ao
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essa noo de comunidade para lidar com, e buscar entender o que vem a ser
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que as aldeias primordiais onde havia contato cara a cara (e talvez mesmo estas)
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observa ainda que
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e profunda. Em ltima anlise, essa fraternidade que torna possvel
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seus fruns, sites e em listas de debates comuns que interessa nesse contexto.
Elas formam uma mobilizao cultural de carter transnacional, por tratar de temas
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discusso dessas comunidades, os repositrios comuns de software compartilhado,
os sites para download e informao sobre os softwares, os sistemas de controle
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terreno privado e estritamente mercantil o debate sobre esses intermedirios da
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espaos da sociedade civil contra a apropriao e o bloqueio do conhecimento
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O conceito habermasiano de espao pblico, no sentido de uma quaseHVIHUDS~EOLFDSRGHVHUDTXLHPSUHJDGRHPERUDQmRVHPXPDFHUWDGLFXOGDGH
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e na cultura e so utilizados pelos indivduos na sua vida cotidiana.
Por outro lado, o mundo da vida, de acordo com Habermas, contm
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sonalidade. Na medida em que os atores se entendem mutuamente e
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do mundo da vida envolve processos comunicativos de transmisso
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a reivindicao de novos direitos e de novas formas de comportar-se diante das
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soas e empresas que buscam lucros no mercado, mas como movimento (no sentido
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desenvolver e usar software no dia-a-dia e choca-se contra o pensamento e as prWLFDVKHJHP{QLFDVGHSURSULHGDGH2PRYLPHQWRGRVRIWZDUHOLYUHUH~QHFROHWLYRV
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impacta o sistema poltico ao contrapor-se ao monoplio privado do conhecimento.
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competncia comunicativa dos membros de uma sociedade, esto sendo afetadas
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fundamental.

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cifrou, somente a outra chave do par seria capaz de decifrar.

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pode ter sido escrita pelo seu par, ou seja, pela chave privada. Esse o princpio
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autenticar no meu banco pertence de fato a minha pessoa, tenho minha assinatura
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Na comunicao mediada por computador, em uma sociedade em rede,
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DXWHQWLFLGDGH H LQWHJULGDGH GDV PHQVDJHQV 3DUD LVVR XWLOL]DVH XP UDPR PXLWR
HVSHFLDOL]DGRGDPDWHPiWLFDDFULSWRJUDD8PDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDFULSWRJUDD
DVVLPpWULFDpRGHQRPLQDGRQmRUHS~GLR6HPLVVRQmRWHULDVHQWLGRDOJXpPXVDU
DFULSWRJUDDFRPREDVHGDFRPXQLFDomRVHJXUD2QmRUHS~GLRVLJQLFDTXHXPD
PHQVDJHPGHFLIUDGDFRPXPDGHWHUPLQDGDFKDYHS~EOLFDVySRGHWHUVLGRFLIUDGD
por seu par privado. Assim, uma pessoa que usou sua chave privada para acessar
XP VLWH JRYHUQDPHQWDO RX FRPHUFLDO QmR SRGHUi DUPDU TXH QmR UHDOL]RX HVVD
DomRH[FHWRVHHODIRUFDSD]GHSURYDUTXHKRXYHXPDIDOKDQRDOJRULWPRJHUDGRU
RXTXHEUDGDFKDYH&RPRpPXLWRGLItFLOSDUDXPDSHVVRDFRPXPFRQVHJXLUWHU
FRQKHFLPHQWRVH[WUHPDPHQWHVRVWLFDGRVTXHOKHSHUPLWDPFRQWHVWDUXPFULSWRV
VLVWHPD WHPRV Dt XPD GDV PXLWDV VLWXDo}HV HP TXH VH H[LJH R DSRLR GH XP
especialista.

3RULVVRDTXLPDLVXPDYH]YDOHRDUJXPHQWRGH/DZUHQFH/HVVLJGHTXH
QD VRFLHGDGH GD LQIRUPDomR FDGD YH] PDLV R FyGLJR p D OHL 3DUD D VRFLHGDGH
defender-se, ela precisa ter conscincia de que a sociedade em rede uma sociedade
WHFQRGHSHQGHQWHHHIHWLYDGDSRUPHLRGHLQWHUPHGLiULRVGDLQWHOLJrQFLDKXPDQDH
GDUD]mRFRPXQLFDWLYD3RULVVRRVSURJUDPDVDOJRULWPRVSURWRFRORVHSDGU}HV
precisam ser abertos, transparentes e plenamente auditveis. Cidados comuns
QmRVmRFDSD]HVGHGLVFXWLUGHWDOKHVWHFQROyJLFRVTXHFRPS}HPVHXVLQVWUXPHQWRV
H VXDV OLQJXDJHQV LQIRUPDFLRQDLV EiVLFDV PDV SRGHP GHQLU FRPR TXHUHP TXH
HVVHVFyGLJRVLQWHUPHGLiULRVHOLQJXDJHQVVHMDPVRFLDOPHQWHFRQWURODGRV
Um exemplo sobre como lidar com elementos extremamente especializados,
mas que envolvem e impactam o cotidiano da sociedade ocorreu nos Estados
8QLGRV :DUZLFN )RUG H 0LFKDHO %DXP FRP EDVH HP XPD GHFLVmR GD &RUWH
6XSUHPD VREUH R FDVR 'DXEHUW YHUVXV 0HUUHO 'RZ 3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV DUPRX
TXHXPDPHWRGRORJLDRXDUJXPHQWRGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVGDFLrQFLDGHYHVHUDFHLWD
TXDQGRFRQFRUGDUFRPTXDWURIDWRUHVDPHWRGRORJLDSRGHVHUHIRLWHVWDGD
D PHWRGRORJLD IRL VXEPHWLGD j UHYLVmR H j SXEOLFDomR D SRUFHQWDJHP GH HUUR
QD PHWRGRORJLD p EHP FRQKHFLGD D PHWRGRORJLD UHFHEHX DFHLWDomR GHQWUR GD
FRPXQLGDGHFLHQWtFD)25' %$80(PUHVXPRQDVRFLHGDGH
HP UHGH D JDUDQWLD GRV GLUHLWRV GRV FLGDGmRV H[LJH HVSHFLDOLVWDV GH XP ODGR H
FyGLJRVHSURFHVVRVDEHUWRVHWUDQVSDUHQWHVGHRXWUR

2 FRQFHLWR GH HVIHUD S~EOLFD LQLFLDOPHQWH KDFNHU TXH HYROXL SDUD XPD
HVIHUDS~EOLFDWUDQVQDFLRQDOFRPRGHIHQGH*XVWDYR/LQV5LEHLURHQYROYHQGROHL
JRV LQLFLDGRV QDV OLQJXDJHQV EiVLFDV GD LQIRUPiWLFD FRPSHWrQFLD FRPXQLFDWLYD
SDUD XVDU VRIWZDUHV SRGH VHU HPSUHJDGR VH WLYHUPRV FRQVFLrQFLD GH TXH HVVD
esfera se assentaria sobre um conjunto de protocolos e softwares limitadores do
SURFHVVR GH LQWHUDomR H GH XVR GD FRPXQLFDomR 8PD GDV Do}HV FRPXQLFDWLYDV
QHVVDHVIHUDpDOHUWDUDWRGRVRVVHXVLQWHJUDQWHVGHTXHRHVSDoRYLUWXDOH[LJH
especialistas que permanentemente devem defend-lo como espao livre e aberto
FRQWUDDVOLPLWDo}HVEORTXHLRVFHQVXUDVHYLRODo}HVTXHSRGHPVHULPSRVWRVDQWL
GHPRFUDWLFDPHQWHHVXEUHSWLFLDPHQWHSRU(VWDGRVRXFRUSRUDo}HV

7DOFRPRQRSULQFtSLRIRLQHFHVViULRDRVEXUJXHVHVGHIHQGHUHPDOLEHUGDGH
GD LPSUHQVD FRQWUD D FHQVXUD GR (VWDGR DJRUD p QHFHVViULR GHIHQGHU D WUDQV
SDUrQFLDGRVSURWRFRORVSDGU}HVHVRIWZDUHVSDUDTXHRHVSDoRYLUWXDOSRVVDVHU
FRQVLGHUDGRXPHVSDoRS~EOLFRYLUWXDOHVVHQFLDOjVXDFRQVROLGDomRFRPRHVIHUD
pblica. Nesse sentido, um dos principais processos de consolidao da Internet,
SULQFLSDODJUHJDGRUGDFRPXQLFDomRPHGLDGDSRUFRPSXWDGRUFRPRHVIHUDS~EOLFD
est nas comunidades de software livre. Tal como na esfera pblica inicialmente
literria dos sculos XVII e XVIII, podemos observ-las como uma esfera pblica
LQLFLDOPHQWHKDFNHUGRVpFXOR;;,
Habermas escreveu que
D HVIHUD S~EOLFD UHWLUD VHXV LPSXOVRV GD DVVLPLODomR SULYDGD GH
SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV TXH UHSHUFXWHP QDV ELRJUDDV SDUWLFXODUHV 1HVVH
contexto particular sintomtico constatar que, nas sociedades
europias do sculo XVII e XVIII, tenha se formado uma esfera pblica
EXUJXHVD PRGHUQD FRPR HVIHUD GDV SHVVRDV SULYDGDV UHXQLGDV
H IRUPDQGR XP S~EOLFR 'R SRQWR GH YLVWD KLVWyULFR R QH[R HQWUH
esfera pblica e privada comeou a aparecer na forma de reunio e
GH RUJDQL]DomR GH XP S~EOLFR OHLWRU FRPSRVWR GH SHVVRDV SULYDGDV
EXUJXHVDV TXH VH DJOXWLQDYDP HP WRUQR GH MRUQDLV H SHULyGLFRV
+$%(50$6
Para utilizar o ciberespao tambm como esfera pblica, as pessoas privadas conectadas precisaro assimilar que, ao contrrio da sociedade industrial,
a sociedade em rede apresenta problemas complexos de comunicao, que exiJHP GH XP ODGR HVSHFLDOLVWDV H GH RXWUR D WUDQVSDUrQFLD FRPSOHWD GRV FyGLJRV
que intermediam a comunicao humana. A questo da liberdade para conhecer
SURIXQGDPHQWHRVFyGLJRVTXHVmRVRFLDOPHQWHXVDGRVFKRFDVHFRPRPRGHORKH
JHP{QLFRGHSURSULHGDGHGDVLGHLDV2VKDFNHUVIRUDPRVSULPHLURVDGHPRQVWUDU
TXHDRSDFLGDGHGRVFyGLJRVUHDOL]DVHFRQWUDDOLEHUGDGHGDVRFLHGDGH
O questionamento da propriedade intelectual um questionamento de orGHPFXOWXUDO2PRGHORGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRFRPSDUWLOKDGRQDVFHGDFXOWXUDKDFNHU
e clama pela solidariedade e pela capacidade como qualidades de um comportamento que substitui a ideia de propriedade privada pela construo coletiva de
uma relao que Lvy captou como obra aberta. O movimento do software livre
FRORFDVHHPFRQLWRFRPRPRQRSyOLRPXQGLDOGHVRIWZDUHHFRPVXDDomRGHEOR
TXHLRGRFRQKHFLPHQWRWHFQROyJLFR

2PRYLPHQWRGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHGLVVHPLQDomRGHSURJUDPDVGHFRP
putador abertos e no-proprietrios um movimento colaborativo que assumiu
SURSRUo}HV FXOWXUDO H VRFLDOPHQWH UHOHYDQWHV DOpP GH HVSDOKDUVH SRU WRGRV RV
continentes e por quase todos os pases do planeta. O movimento do software
livre tornou-se um dos novos movimentos mundiais mais crticos a um dos pilares
EiVLFRVGRSURFHVVRGHUHSURGXomRFDSLWDOLVWDVHXPRGHORHVXDWHRULDKHJHP{QLFD
da propriedade intelectual. um movimento socio-tcnico formado por diversas
comunidades.
As comunidades de desenvolvedores de software so a base principal
GHVVDJUDQGHUHGHTXHHVWDPRVGHQRPLQDQGRPRYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHOLYUH7DLV
FRPXQLGDGHVWrPWDPDQKRYDULDGRHSRGHPDWLQJLUPLOKDUHVGHLQWHJUDQWHVFRPR
a do GNU/Linux. Por outro lado, vrios jovens desenvolvedores lanam projetos
GH VRIWZDUH H HP VHJXLGD SHGHP DSRLR QDV OLVWDV GH KDFNHUV H QDV GLYHUVDV
comunidades. Milhares desses projetos no atraem muitos outros apoiadores e
acabam permanecendo com dois ou trs desenvolvedores. Apesar disso, essas
PLFURFRPXQLGDGHV OLJDPVH j JUDQGH UHGH GD PDFURFRPXQLGDGH GRV TXH
GHVHQYROYHPFyGLJRVGHPRGRDEHUWRHFRPSDUWLOKDGR
Castells j havia apontado que
DFXOWXUDGD,QWHUQHWpXPDFXOWXUDIHLWDGHXPDFUHQoDWHFQRFUiWLFD
QRSURJUHVVRGRVVHUHVKXPDQRVDWUDYpVGDWHFQRORJLDOHYDGRDFDER
SRUFRPXQLGDGHVGHKDFNHUVTXHSURVSHUDPQDFULDWLYLGDGHWHFQROyJLFD
livre e aberta, incrustada em redes virtuais que pretendem reinventar
a sociedade, e materializada por empresrios movidos a dinheiro nas
HQJUHQDJHQVGDQRYDHFRQRPLD&$67(//6
0DVRTXHVHULDHVWDFXOWXUDKDFNHU"&DVWHOOVYrDFXOWXUDFRPRXPDFRQV
truo coletiva, acima das preferncias individuais, composta de valores e crenas
TXH FRQGX]HP FRPSRUWDPHQWRV 1HVVH VHQWLGR D FXOWXUD KDFNHU p XPD FXOWXUD
meritocrtica baseada no conhecimento e na capacidade de realizar e de comSDUWLOKDU FyGLJRV 2 UHVSHLWR DR SRGHU GR FRQKHFLPHQWR p YLVtYHO EHP FRPR DR
YDORUGDVROLGDULHGDGHTXHHVWiLQVHULGDQRSURFHVVRGHFRODERUDomR8PKDFNHUp
RVHXPpULWRHHVWHGHYHVHUUHFRQKHFLGRSHODVXDFRPXQLGDGHGHLJXDLV$FXOWXUD
KDFNHUFRQVWUyLVHVREUHDFXOWXUDWHFQRPHULWRFUiWLFD6HJXQGR&DVWHOOVHVWD~OWLPD
QDVFHXGDELJVFLHQFHHGRPXQGRDFDGrPLFR
O comportamento cultural no contexto de uma comunidade meritocrtica
QmR VHULD SRVVtYHO VHP D FRQVWUXomR GH XPD pWLFD SUySULD 2 OyVRIR QRUXHJXrV
3HNND+LPDQHQDRHVWXGDUDpWLFDKDFNHUSHUFHEHXTXHRVKDFNHUVQmRRUJDQL]DP
VXDVYLGDVHPURWLQDVHFRPDOyJLFDGDRWLPL]DomRGRGLDGHWUDEDOKR&RQVWDWRX
TXHVXDRUJDQL]DomRVHJXHXPFHUWRX[RGHWUDEDOKRFULDWLYRPLVWXUDGRDRXWUDV
SDL[}HV2WUDEDOKRGHXPKDFNHUpFRPSRVWRGHSDL[mRHOLEHUGDGH1mRVHEXVFD
WtWXORV JUDGXDo}HV KLHUDUTXLDV H RUJDQL]DomR EXURFUiWLFD$ UHODomR GHVVD pWLFD
FRPRGLQKHLURpH[WUHPDPHQWHGLVWLQWDFRPRUHODWD+LPDQHQ
1DpWLFDKDFNHURHOHPHQWRGHGHVWDTXHUHODWLYRDGLQKHLURpTXH

PXLWRVDLQGDVHJXHPRKDFNHULVPRRULJLQDOQRTXDOQmRYrHPRGLQKHLUR
FRPR YDORU HP VL VHQGR VXDV Do}HV PRWLYDGDV SHOD PHWD GR PpULWR
VRFLDO H GR FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR (VVHV KDFNHUV GHVHMDP UHDOL]DU VXDV
SDL[}HVHPFRQMXQWRGHVHMDPFULDUDOJRGHYDORUSDUDDFRPXQLGDGH
e serem reconhecidos por isso pelos seus pares. Eles permitem que o
fruto do seu trabalho seja usado, desenvolvido e testado por qualquer
um, de sorte que todos possam aprender uns com os outros. Embora
D PDLRU SDUWH GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR QD HUD GD LQIRUPDomR
WHQKD RFRUULGR GHQWUR GH WUDGLFLRQDLV UHODo}HV FDSLWDOLVWDV H SURMHWRV
JRYHUQDPHQWDLVXPDSDUWHVLJQLFDWLYDLQFOXLQGRVtPERORVGRQRVVR
WHPSRFRPRD,QWHUQHWHRFRPSXWDGRUSHVVRDOQmRH[LVWLULDPVHP
KDFNHUV TXH FRPSDUWLOKDUDP VXDV FULDo}HV FRP RXWURV +LPDQHQ

A liberdade, como valor superior ao dinheiro, e a colaborao, como meio

de ajudar e ao mesmo tempo de ser reconhecido, pode explicar o fundamento que
HVWi QR FHQWUR GH JUDYLGDGH GR PRYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH 2X VHMD FRQWULEXLU
FRPRFRQKHFLPHQWRFROHWLYRpDIRUPDGHUHDOL]DUVHFRPRVHUTXHLQWHJUDDTXHOD
comunidade. Apoiar e resolver problemas que esto sendo enfrentados pelos
outros essencial para demonstrar competncia e capacidade que, por sua vez,
SDUDVHUHPVRFLDOPHQWHRXFRPXQLWDULDPHQWHUHFRQKHFLGRVH[LJHPHIHWLYDomRHP
FRQWULEXLo}HVUHDLV$VVLPRMRYHPSDUDQDHQVH0DUFHOR7RVVDWLWRUQRXVHRPDQ
WHQHGRUGR.HUQHOGR/LQX[1mRIRLVXDWLWXODomRDFDGrPLFDQHPXPDLQGLFDomR
IDPLOLDURXLQXrQFLDSROtWLFDTXHROHYRXDRWRSRGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHGHPDLVGH
150 mil desenvolvedores espalhados pelo planeta. Seu intenso trabalho de reviso e de soluo de problemas do sistema operacional Linux, sua presena no
WUDEDOKRFROHWLYRGHPHOKRULDGRFyGLJRHVXDFRPSHWrQFLDDRHVFUHYHUDVOLQKDV
GHSURJUDPDomRpTXHRWRUQDUDPDRVDQRVXPDVXPLGDGHQRPXQGRGDWHF
QRORJLDGDLQIRUPDomR0DUFHOR7RVVDWLQmRUHDOL]RXFXUVRVXSHULRUDRPHQRVDWpR
momento da concluso deste texto.
Eduardo Maan no se tornou um dos primeiros (talvez o primeiro, ele
mesmo tem dvida sobre isso) desenvolvedores brasileiros aceitos na comunidade
'HELDQTXHGLVWULEXLXPDGDVYHUV}HVGR*18/LQX[SRUVHUHVWXGDQWHGD&LrQFLD
GD&RPSXWDomRPDVSHODTXDOLGDGHHLQWHQVLGDGHGHVXDVFRQWULEXLo}HV3RXFR
YDOH WHU GRXWRUDGR H QmR FRQVHJXLU UHVROYHU XP SUREOHPD HVSHFtFR 3RXFR YDOH
saber muito se o indivduo no tiver o mpeto de ajudar as pessoas da comunidade
D HQFRQWUDU VROXo}HV (VVH HVStULWR GH FRPSHWrQFLD FRODERUDWLYD TXH H[HFXWD D
LQWHOLJrQFLD FROHWLYD GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH IRL R TXH OHYRX R HQJHQKHLUR GR &HQWUR
GH&RPSXWDomRGD8QLFDPS5XEHQV4XHLUR]DFULDUR5DX7XXPDIHUUDPHQWD
FRODERUDWLYDGHSHUJXQWDVHUHVSRVWDV25DX7XSHUPLWHTXHFRODERUDGRUHVUHVSRQ
GDPSHUJXQWDVIRUPXODGDVSRUYLVLWDQWHV2XVRpOLYUHHJUDWXLWRHRVLVWHPDSRGH
ser obtido (baixado) do prprio site e usado nos termos da licena GPL (General
Public Licence). O interessante que esse sistema passou a ser uma ferramenta
GHWUDEDOKRHPDOJXQVGRVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGD8QLFDPS4XDQGRDOJXpPWHPXPD
G~YLGDHODpSRVWDGDQR5DX7XHDUHVSRVWDpREWLGDPXLWDVYH]HVHPPLQXWRV
2VLVWHPDSRVVXLXPUDQNLQJGHFRODERUDGRUHVHPFDGDXPDGDViUHDVWDPEpP
FKDPDGDV GH FRPXQLGDGHV TXH R FRPS}HP R TXH WHP SRVVLELOLWDGR XPD FHUWD
GLVSXWDHQWUHXPJUXSRGHVWDFDGRGHFRODERUDGRUHVSDUDYHUTXHPPDLVUHVSRQGH
as dvidas em menor tempo. O reconhecimento pela qualidade da resposta e
SHODSDUWLFLSDomRDWLYDQDFRODERUDomRHPUHGHSDUHFHDEVRUYHUDTXLORTXH3HNND
+LPDQHQGHQRPLQRXGHpWLFDKDFNHUHTXHWHPVLGRHOHPHQWRYLWDOGDFRPXQLGDGH
de software livre.

-iDFRPXQLGDGH'HELDQpXPDJUXSDPHQWRGHYROXQWiULRVVHPVHGHItVLFD
GLVSHUVRSHORPXQGRFRPLQWHJUDQWHVGHGH]HQDVGHSDtVHVTXHEXVFDGLVWULEXLU
uma verso do Linux estvel e completamente dentro do esprito do copyleft. Pelas
VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ORVyFDV H SRU VXD IRUPD GH RUJDQL]DomR D REVHUYDomR
da comunidade Debian pode melhor permitir a compreenso dos motivos pelos
TXDLV R PRYLPHQWR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH SRUWDGRU GH XPD pWLFD KDFNHU FHQWUDGD QD
colaborao interativa e no compartilhamento do conhecimento, tornou-se um
LPSRUWDQWHPRYLPHQWRSROtWLFRJOREDOHQmRSDUWLGiULR

$FRPXQLGDGH'HELDQTXHFRQWDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFRPLQWHJUDQWHV
em seus diversos nveis, expressa o modelo de desenvolvimento compartilhado
FRPXPSURFHVVRGHFLVyULRFRPSOH[RSDUDDVVHJXUDUDVXDGHPRFUDFLDLQWHUQD6HX
cotidiano permite vislumbrar que uma rede sem centro fsico, com seus servidores
LQVWDODGRV HP SDtVHV p FDSD] GH SURGX]LU VROXo}HV WHFQROyJLFDV FRPSOH[DV
mantendo-se democrtica e coerente com seus princpios fundadores.

(GXDUGR 0DoDQ DUPD TXH XPD SHVVRD SDUD LQJUHVVDU QD FRPXQLGDGH
'HELDQQHFHVVLWDGHPRQVWUDUTXHVDEHID]HUHTXHID]2XWURHOHPHQWRHVVHQFLDO
a necessidade de conhecer e de ser capaz de defender o Contrato Social do
Debian e concordar com a Constituio da comunidade. Para ser desenvolvedor
'HELDQRKDFNHUGHYHFRQFRUGDUFRPR&RQWUDWRTXHpXPDFDUWDGHSULQFtSLRV
da comunidade e que a vincula com os ideais primeiros do software livre, nascidos
do movimento GNU e da Free software Fondation.

2&RQWUDWR6RFLDO'HELDQYHUVmRUDWLFDGRHPGHMXOKRGHp
XPDSHoDYROWDGDDRVVHXVLQWHJUDQWHVPDVpXPFRPSURPLVVRGLDQWHGDVGHPDLV
FRPXQLGDGHVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHFRPRSRGHPRVREVHUYDU
&2175$72 62&,$/ '(%,$1 3(5$17( $ &2081,'$'( '(

VRIWZDUH/,95(
O Debian permanecer 100% livre. Ns prometemos manter a
GLVWULEXLomR 'HELDQ *18/LQX[ FRQVWLWXtGD LQWHJUDOPHQWH GH VRIWZDUH
OLYUH&RPRKiPXLWDVGHQLo}HVGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHLQFOXtPRVDVGHQLo}HV
TXH XVDPRV SDUD D LGHQWLFDomR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH DEDL[R ,UHPRV
apoiar nossos usurios que desenvolvem e executam software no livre
sobre o Debian, mas nunca faremos o sistema depender de um item de
VRIWZDUHTXHQmRVHMDOLYUH9DPRVUHWULEXLUjFRPXQLGDGHGRVRIWZDUH
livre. Quando escrevermos novos componentes do Sistema Debian,
ns o licenciaremos como software livre. Iremos fazer o melhor sistema
que pudermos, de modo que software livre seja amplamente distribudo
H XVDGR ,UHPRV IRUQHFHU DRV DXWRUHV RULJLQDLV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV
XVDGRV SRU QRVVR VLVWHPD DV FRUUHo}HV GH EXJV DSHUIHLoRDPHQWRV
pedidos de usurios, etc. Ns no esconderemos problemas. Iremos
PDQWHU QRVVR EDQFR GH GDGRV GH UHODWyULR GH IDOKDV QRVVR EXJWUDT
DEHUWR SDUD D YLVXDOL]DomR S~EOLFD WRGR R WHPSR 5HODWyULRV TXH RV
XVXiULRV SUHHQFKHP RQOLQH FDUmR LPHGLDWDPHQWH YLVtYHLV SDUD WRGRV
os outros. Nossas prioridades so nossos usurios e o software livre.
1yVVHUHPRVJXLDGRVSHODVQHFHVVLGDGHVGHQRVVRVXVXiULRVHSHOD
comunidade de software livre, colocando seus interesses em primeiro
OXJDUHPQRVVDVSULRULGDGHV$SRLDUHPRVDVQHFHVVLGDGHVGHQRVVRV
usurios para operao em muitos tipos diferentes de ambiente
computacional. No iremos fazer objeo a software proprietrio que
deva rodar em sistemas Debian, e permitiremos a outros criarem
GLVWULEXLo}HV FRP YDORU DJUHJDGR FRQWHQGR WDQWR R 'HELDQ FRPR
software comercial, no sendo nenhuma taxa por ns cobrada. Para
apoiar estes objetivos forneceremos um sistema operacional de alta
TXDOLGDGHOLYUHVHPUHVWULo}HVOHJDLVTXHSRVVDPLPSHGLUHVVHV
WLSRVGHXVR3URJUDPDVTXHQmRDWHQGHPQRVVRVSDGU}HVGHVRIWZDUH
OLYUH1yVUHFRQKHFHPRVTXHDOJXQVGHQRVVRVXVXiULRVSUHFLVDPXVDU
SURJUDPDV TXH QmR DWHQGHP D 'HQLomR 'HELDQ GH VRIWZDUH /LYUH
&ULDPRVDViUHDVFRQWULEHQRQIUHHGHQWURGHQRVVRVUHSRVLWyULRV
de FTP para estes softwares. Os softwares contidos nestes diretrios
QmRVmRSDUWHGR'HELDQHPERUDHVWHMDPFRQJXUDGRVSDUDXVRFRP
o sistema Debian. Ns encorajamos fornecedores de CDs a ler as
licenas de pacotes de software nestes diretrios e determinarem se
podem ser distribudos em seus CDs. Desta forma, embora software
no livre no seja parte do Debian, ns apoiamos seus usurios e
IRUQHFHPRVLQIUDHVWUXWXUDFRPRQRVVRVLVWHPDGHFRQWUROHGHEXJVH
OLVWDVGHGLVFXVVmRSDUDXVXiULRVGHVRIWZDUHQmROLYUH
2HVIRUoRSULQFLSDOGDFRPXQLGDGH'HELDQQmRpHFRQ{PLFRSRLVVHXFRQWUDWR
deixa isso muito claro. O objetivo desenvolver software de modo colaborativo,
cujo resultado seja de excelente qualidade, mas que no esconda suas falhas e
SUREOHPDVHTXHVHMDWRWDOPHQWHOLYUHRXVHMDQmRSURSULHWiULRHFRPVHXFyGLJR
IRQWHDEHUWR8VDQGRROLFHQFLDPHQWR*3/RHIHLWRYLUyWLFRpDVVHJXUDGRRXVHMD
'LVSRQtYHOKWWSZZZGHELDQRUJ$FHVVRHP
WRGRVDTXHOHVTXHXVDPFyGLJRVGR'HELDQQmRSRGHPWRUQiORIHFKDGRQHPVH
apropriarem do mesmo, tal como fariam com obras disponveis em domnio pblico.
$SRVWXUDGRGHVHQYROYHGRU'HELDQpXPDSRVWXUDLGHROyJLFDFXMRFRPSURPLVVRp
a liberdade de conhecimento.

-iD&RQVWLWXLomR'HELDQpRFRQMXQWRGHQRUPDVTXHUHJHPDJRYHUQDQoD
GD FRPXQLGDGH H GHQHP FRPR VH Gi R SURFHVVR GH GHFLVmR DV DWULEXLo}HV GH
FDGDJUXSRGHWUDEDOKRFRPVHXVGLUHLWRVHGHYHUHV&DGDGHFLVmRQDFRPXQLGDGH
'HELDQpDGRWDGDVHJXLQGRDVHJXLQWHKLHUDUTXLDGHFLVyULD9RWDomRGRVGHVHQ
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O Lder do projeto eleito anualmente pelos desenvolvedores. Somente ele
pode falar pelo projeto Debian. O Lder tambm quem indica o Comit Tcnico que
convocado para enfrentar problemas que no tiveram uma soluo consensual
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mas no poder falar em nome do projeto Debian sem ser destacado pelo Lder
eleito. Os candidatos a Lder apresentam suas propostas e as debatem nas listas de
discusso da comunidade. Sua eleio realizada pela votao em rede, utilizando
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semanas. Votao - O processo de votao est ocorrendo. Fechado - A votao
DFDERX
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Lder do projeto Debian feita pelo mtodo Condorcet.

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o mais prxima possvel do que aceito por todos. O voto de cada membro do
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at junho de 2005. A democracia participativa, baseada no debate efetuado nas listas
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$DomRFRQFUHWDGDFRPXQLGDGHGRFyGLJROLYUHIXOPLQDRSDUDGLJPDSURSULHWiULRGH
produo e distribuio de software, que s pode ser mantido pela ao jurdicorepressiva do Estado.

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desenvolvedor do projeto Debian. Eles descreveram o modelo Debian centrado na
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tcnicas. Essa esfera pblica ocorre atravs de uma variededade de
canais on-line e off-line que proveem, com consistncia, um espao de
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esfera pblica pode ser rastreada ao incio dos anos 80 (nos sistemas
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intelectual e mdia contribuiram para marcar certas tendncias como
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As vrias comunidades de software livre conformam uma rede de solidarieGDGH WHFQROyJLFD H LGHROyJLFD GH FUHQoD QD OLEHUGDGH H QR FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR GR
conhecimento que se torna crescentemente poltica quanto mais avana o uso pela
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incompatvel com o endurecimento das leis de propriedade intelectual e a ao esWDWDOFRQWUiULDjH[SDQVmRGDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHFyGLJRDEHUWR

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GHSUHoR2VLGHDLVGRPRYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHOLYUHQmRVmRVLPSOHVPHQWHWpFQLFRV
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uma tica em que compartilhar o modo pelo qual se obtm o reconhecimento coPXQLWiULR$FRPXQLGDGH'HELDQpXPH[HPSORGHXPDWHLDGHQWURGDJLJDQWHVFD
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o movimento dessas milhares de comunidades de software livre, tambm um moYLPHQWRSHODWUDQVSDUrQFLDGRVFyGLJRVSURWRFRORVHSDGU}HVXWLOL]DGRVQDVRFLH
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de sua razo comunicativa.
Poltica ps-capitalista dos bens anti-rivais?

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vimento do software livre chocou-se contra o sistema de propriedade de bens inWDQJtYHLVKHJHP{QLFRVQRFDSLWDOLVPRJOREDO'DGRTXHDSURSULHGDGHLQWHOHFWXDO
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D FRQVWLWXLomR GH XPD JUDQGH UHGH GH FRPXQLFDomR FUtWLFD VREUH D SURSULHGDGH
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polticas pela liberdade do compartilhamento do saber.
Essa mobilizao poltica no se deu nos moldes nem na chave de enTXDGUDPHQWR SROtWLFR WUDGLFLRQDO TXH FRQWUDSXQKD DV IRUoDV GH HVTXHUGD jV GH
direita. Nesta pesquisa, foi possvel constatar a correo da hiptese de que o
movimento de software livre superou essa dicotomia por lidar com a propriedade de
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da propriedade como uma questo de liberdade e assim reunir na defesa do comSDUWLOKDPHQWR GH FyGLJRV LQWHJUDQWHV GDV DQWLJDV IRUoDV OLEHUDLV H GD HVTXHUGD
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distributivas. Os motivos eram distintos, mas a causa foi a mesma. Os liberais e os
anarco-capitalistas mais radicais defenderam o software livre pela superioridade
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laborativo aproveita as possibilidades interativas disponveis nas redes de alta
velocidade e processamento, bem como aposta na reduo dos custos de tranVDomRHQDVXSHULRULGDGHGRPRGHORED]DUSDUDDPDQXWHQomRHDWXDOL]DomRGH
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O compartilhamento do conhecimento maximiza o desenvolvimento de bens
por aproximar-se o mximo possvel da explorao das potencialidades da rede
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capitalista, reunidos em torno da defesa do chamado Open Source, consideraram
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baseada na propriedade pela receita baseada nos servios.

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mais destacados lderes do movimento de Open Source escreveu que
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ralmente errada (assumindo que voc acredita na ltima, o que no faz
tanto o Linus como eu), mas simplesmente porque o mundo do software
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orientao social-liberal, anarquistas e socialistas de diversas matizes, acreditam
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que a liberdade a fonte da criao e da melhoria da produo humana. O pressuposto que a liberdade de trocar ideias est na base do conhecimento e que
este uma produo coletiva, humana. No deveria ser apropriado privadamente.
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crescimento do conhecimento, pois nessa acepo, quanto mais se compartilha o
conhecimento mais ele cresce.

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lidade existe exatamente porque o elemento primordial da sociedade em rede
a informao, em todos os seus formatos, inclusive a informao processada e
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informao transformam-na em um bem completamente distinto dos bens fsicos.
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sua escassez. O imaterial no conhece a escassez. Toda a teoria da propriedade
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de escassez. A era da informao e seus bens imateriais desconhecem a escassez
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Como o conhecimento chave da economia da sociedade em rede, o seu
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de um software pode ser vista como a excluso do direito de todos conhecerem
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FRPXPDWRGRVFRPROLYUHDFHVVRJDUDQWLGR

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$V UHODo}HV VRFLDLV UHDOL]DPVH FUHVFHQWHPHQWH SHOD FRPXQLFDomR PHGLDGD SRU
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cidade inviabiliza a construo no ciberespao de uma esfera pblica mundial. O
movimento FLOSS (Free Libre Open Source Software), a reunio dos defensores
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que so propriedade de uma corporao privada.

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que defende que o conhecimento uma produo coletiva e social. Alm disso,
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lo, porque a no poderei mais com-lo eu mesmo. A ao dele me
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a voc diretamente e a mim, apenas indiretamente. Se voc d uma
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que me afeta. Eu no devo ter o poder de dizer a voc para no fazer
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direitos naturais dos autores so uma tradio aceita e inquestionvel
da nossa sociedade. Historicamente, a verdade o oposto. A ideia de
direitos naturais dos autores foi proposta e decisivamente rejeitada
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a Constituio apenas permite um sistema de direitos autorais e no
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ser temporrio. A Constituio tambm estabelece que o propsito do
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ainda os editores, mas isso foi pensado como uma maneira de mudar
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A liberdade de compartilhar o conhecimento e a liberdade de acess-lo no

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clusiva por um autor. Esse outro ponto que permite constatar que, na sociedade
informacional, a defesa da liberdade para o conhecimento tem reunido em um
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um tema relacionado ao ncleo duro do tradicional pensamento da direita poltica
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talista chocam-se com a liberdade para poderem existir e se manter.
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espectro da chamada livre iniciativa, liberais, libertrios e neoliberais.
Ocorre que a prtica livre do compartilhamento e da colaborao baseada
no conhecimento aberto e transparente viabiliza o caminho da equalizao real, da
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ao campo poltico. Sua preocupao com as capacidades humanas pode ser aqui
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um desenvolvimento mais equitativo. Sen retoma Adam Smith para defender as
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A disparidade de talentos naturais em homens diferentes , na realidade,
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to da diviso do trabalho. A diferena entre os caracteres mais dessePHOKDQWHV HQWUH XP OyVRIR H XP FDUUHJDGRU SRU H[HPSOR SDUHFH
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Quando vm ao mundo, e durante os primeiros seis ou oito anos de
sua vida, eles tero sido, talvez, muito parecidos, e nem seus pais nem
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notvel.
No meu propsito aqui examinar se so corretas as ideias de Smith
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de melhora de cada um desses elementos. Essa relao essencial
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planeta, o controle e o bloqueio ao conhecimento hoje importante para evitar o
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que muitos possam ser no somente consumidores, mas tambm desenvolvedores

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mento constitutivo dos bens imateriais, seria possvel pensar que a escassez resiGLULDH[DWDPHQWHQDFULDomRGDLQIRUPDomR$VVLPFDVRDLQWHOLJrQFLDFULDWLYDIRVVH
escassa, ela poderia viabilizar o modelo de propriedade tradicional sobre a mesma,
tal como no cenrio de bens materiais. Por outro lado, exatamente o fato de
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socialmente acumulado. Como a recriao e o impulso ao novo necessita do acmulo e do estoque de conhecimento, distribuir o prprio conhecimento abre caminho
para que se redistribuam as possibilidades de criar e, portanto, tambm para que se
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tradio democrtica acabam podendo se aproximar da defesa da liberdade como
valor prioritrio, pois na era informacional tambm da liberdade que podemos
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sistemas e softwares.
Nesse sentido, temos um novo tipo de situao que necessita de uma nova
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sociedade da informao afeta um dos principais elementos da doutrina poltica das
foras da direita e da esquerda, ou seja, o posicionamento sobre a propriedade e
sobre a liberdade. A alterao profunda do tipo de propriedade de bens materiais para
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esquerda como defensora da distribuio equitativa da propriedade sobre a riqueza
socialmente produzida.
Temos um cenrio de superao da diviso poltica tradicional. O contraponto
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como melhor maneira de maximizar a produo social parece dissolver-se diante da
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cuja caracterstica no rival pode ser explorada ao extremo.

A sociedade em rede e a comunicao mediada por computador viabilizaram,
por meio da liberdade de sujeitos dispostos a partilhar sua iniciativa, um modelo
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redistribuio mais equitativa da riqueza, uma vez que a distribuio dos fontes
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distribuda.

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maior valor se tiverem uma comunidade de desenvolvedores e mantenedores nuPHURVD 4XDQWR PDLV XP GHWHUPLQDGR FyGLJR IRQWH IRU GLVWULEXtGR PDLRU VHUi D
possibilidade de atrair o interesse de pessoas para mant-lo e melhor-lo. Assim,
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possvel falar que o software e os protocolos so anti-rivais (na concepo de
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o desenvolvimento em rede e baseado na colaborao crescente.
Andr Gorz escreveu que
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sensvel de transmisso e acessibilidade do saber. No se trata de uma
mera viso. Trata-se de uma prxis que, no mais alto nvel tcnico, foi
desenvolvida por homens, sem cujo comunismo criativo o capitalismo
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colaborativo incorporado como elemento importante para a prpria reproduo do
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FLHQWHGHVHGHVHQYROYHUEHQVLQWDQJtYHLV

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mais velocidade.

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unem os adeptos do movimento de software livre e os adeptos do movimento de
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de escolher est acima da liberdade como concepo, ou seja, as pessoas devem
ser livres para escolher se querem manter livre sua produo, por isso, as licenas
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preservao do conhecimento coletivo. Efetivamente, para as correntes do Open
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no conhecimento de muitos no considerado um problema. Todavia, a liberdade
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FHGROLEHUHIUHTXHQWHPHQWHRFyGLJRIRQWHpROHPDTXH5D\PRQGDUPDVHUR
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Seja pensando a liberdade do indivduo acima da liberdade do coletivo em
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condio essencial, os defensores do Open Source e do software Livre contribuem
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propriedade de ideias no capitalismo da era informacional. Assim, a liberdade do
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redistributiva.
Os movimentos de colaborao scio-tcnica, na era informacional, cons-
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de politizao. A nova poltica de reivindicar direitos de continuar desenvolvendo
e compartilhando seu desenvolvimento contra os ataques dos representantes do
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lanando a unidade entre certos liberais e determinados socialistas. Em sntese, o
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contexto liberal e anarquista e avana para o contexto solidrio, anti-proprietrio,
tpico dos movimentos comunitaristas e socialistas, mas os supera.

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mais as foras polticas de esquerda que conduzem esse processo de transformao,
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da histeria criada pela tecnotopia, em prol dos controladores da InterQHW HVSDoR SULYLOHJLDGR GR H[HUFtFLR GH SRGHU GD FODVVH YLUWXDO D
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de propriedade intelectual. As possibilidades democrticas da Internet
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excluso. Excluso sobre ideias e conhecimento. Ou seja, querem evitar que o
conhecimento continue livre para poderem lucrar com o acesso a ele. Como no
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a ter seus teoremas, modelos tericos, teorias e descobertas patenteados. O uso
acadmico seria e j est sendo afetado.

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colaborativo e a liberdade do conhecimento constituem um caminho para que possam
sobreviver e crescer sem serem destroados pelo ritmo concentrador de riqueza e
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representantes polticos dentro das foras tradicionais de esquerda e de direita.
Assim, podemos observar que, se uma teoria da classe virtual pode permitir
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vao dos seus opositores, se existe uma base estrutural para aqueles, por exemplo, que se vinculam ao movimento do software livre, ao Creative Commons, aos
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outros exemplos.

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trabalho no foi constatada nenhuma correlao estrutural de base classista e muito
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o elemento articulador dessa luta que une vrios ativistas do compartilhamento do
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letariado, e quase a totalidade das camadas pauperizadas do planeta, a estarem
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mdias constituem o locus onde se recrutam os desenvolvedores da cultura e da
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pelo compartilhamento do conhecimento.

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colaborativas, em que se destaca o movimento de software livre) e os indivduos
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de Braslia, 2000 (a).
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6$<-HDQ%DSWLVWHTratado de economia poltica6mR3DXOR1RYD&XOWXUDO2V(FRQRPLVWDV
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JUDPKWPO1. Acesso em 28 mar 2005.
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6+$3,52 &DUO 9$5,$1 +DO 5 A economia da informao FRPR RV SULQFtSLRV HFRQ{PLFRV VH
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SOFTEX. O impacto do software livre e de cdigo aberto na indstria de software do Brasil.
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das pesquisas sobre essa temtica, acrescentar novas informaes e resultados de
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livro. Nos encontramos por l.

Sofware Livree, Cultura Hacker e Ecossistema Da Colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 

 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura

Dados Internacionais de Catalogao na Publicao (CIP)

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 

Software livre, cultura hacker e

Anderson Fernandes de Alencar

 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Se voc tem uma ma e eu tenho uma

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 

Distros e comunidades: a dinmica interna de

Software Livre e a Perspectiva da Ddiva: uma anlise sobre a

Poltica e Linguagem nos debates sobre software livre

 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

A tecnologia na obra de lvaro Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire

Mobilizao colaborativa, cultura hacker e a

Debates e discusses interativas

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 

A civilizao do sculo XXI est cada vez mais conectada. As tecnologias

 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 

sobre o software livre)UXWRGHXPDGLVVHUWDomRGH0HVWUDGRHP/LQJXtVWLFDTXH

A gnese do fenmeno dos softwares livres

10 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 11

Free Software Fundation (FSF) HIRLRSURWDJRQLVWDGDHODERUDomRGHXPDUFDERXoR

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 13

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14 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 15

Ao contrrio do que alguns apregoam, o universo open source est longe

16 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Breve Histrico e caractersticas gerais das distribuies

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 17

18 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 19

mantenedores do sistema em diversos cantos do mundo at o envio gratuito de

20 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 21

hierarquia: 1. Os desenvolvedores,10 por via de resoluo geral ou de uma eleio;

22 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 23

Dinmica interna das distribuies

24 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 25

O porta-voz das comunidades

26 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 27

A comunicao interna e externa

28 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

possui canais, isto , salas em que se pode conversar abertamente ou em particular.

Canal #fedora-br da rede Freenode

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 29

com questes relacionadas tecnologia de um modo geral. medida que o usurio

Hierarquias e relaes de poder

30 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 31

O peso do trabalho brasileiro frente comunidade internacional

32 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

No entanto, a grande prova da relevncia da comunidade brasileira est

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao 33

34 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaborao

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