Sistemas de Separação II - Destilação Binária e Multicomponentes PDF

AnliseeO*mizao
deProcessosQumicos
SistemasdeSeparaoHomogneos:
Des*laoI
SergioNeiro
sergioneiro@feq.ufu.br1K225
Bibliograa
ChemicalProcessDesignandIntegra*on/RobinSmith.
ProgramadoMdulo
1. SistemasdeSeparaoHomognea
2. SeparaoemnicoEstgio
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
ii. Tiposdecondensadores
iii. Tiposdereboilers
iv. CasosLimites
v. CondiesOperacionais
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
4. Des*laoMul*componente
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
iii. CondiesFinitasdeRazodeReuxo
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
SistemasdeSeparaoHomognea
Paraaseparaodeumsistemahomogneonecessriou*lizar
deumdosdoismeios:
1) Criaodeumanovafasenosistema:
i. Separaoemnicoestgio
ii. Des*lao
2) Adiodeumagentequepromovaaseparaode
massa
Quandoumamisturahomognealquidaparcialmente
vaporizada,umanovafasecriada.Afasevaporsetornamais
ricanocomponentemaisvol*lenquantoafaselquidasetorna
maisricanocomponentemenosvol*l.
Seosistemafordeixadoata*ngiroequilbrio,adistribuiodos
componentesentreasfaseslquidoevaporditadapelo
equilbriotermodinmicolquidovapordamistura.
Dequalquerforma,todososcomponentesaparecememambas
asfasesapsaseparaodefasescommaioroumenor
proporo.
Igualmente,aoinvsdepar*rdeumamisturainicialnafase
lquida,podesepar*rdeumamisturanafasevaporeprocedera
condensao.
e8 . of
Figure
4.3a shows
temperature
the saturated
liquidthe
andbehavior
saturated of
vapor
(i.e. equilibrium
saturated
liquid
and fraction
saturatedofvapor
(i.e.
pairs) as
the mole
benzene
is equilibrium
varied (the balance
being
can beisconstructed
by calculating
as the
moletoluene).
fractionThis
of benzene
varied (the balance
the bubble
for different
concentrations.
toluene).
This and
candew
be points
constructed
by calculating
Figure
alternative
of representing the
ubble
and 4.3b
dew shows
pointsanfor
differentway
concentrations.
vaporliquid
a composition
or xythe
diagram.
4.3b
shows an equilibrium
alternative in
way
of representing
The equilibrium
xy
diagram
be constructed
the relative
Vola%lidadeRela%va(VL):
liquid
in acan
composition
or xyfrom
diagram.
From
definition offrom
relative
y volatility.
diagram
can betheconstructed
the volatility
relative for a
MisturabinriacontendoAeBcomocomponentes
of Components
A and
B:
ity. binary
From mixture
the definition
of relative
volatility
for a
mixture of Components
yA /xA A and B:
yA /xA
AB =
y )/(1 xA )
yA /xA yB /xB yA(1
/x
A A
AB =
=
(4.60)
yB /xB gives:
(1 yA )/(1 xA )
Rearranging
querearranjandochegase:
xA AB
nging gives:
yA =
1 + xA (AB 1)
(4.60)
(4.61)
xA AB
A+B
(4.61) and
A =
from
vaporliquid
equilibrium
Thus, byyknowing
AB
1 + xA (AB 1)
by specifying xA , yA can be calculated. Figure 4.3a also
vaporliquid
equilibrium
by knowing
AB from
shows a typical
vaporliquid
equilibrium
pair, and
where the
ecifying
be calculated.
Figure
4.3a
alsoand that
mole xfraction
of benzene
in the liquid
phase
is 0.4
A , yA can
a typical
vaporliquid
equilibrium
pair,line
where
thethe xy
in the vapor
phase is 0.62.
A diagonal
across
diagram
represents
equal
vapor
andisliquid
compositions.
raction
of benzene
in the
liquid
phase
0.4 and
that
Thephase
phaseisequilibrium
behaviorline
shows
a curve
above the
vapor
0.62. A diagonal
across
the xy
A+B
yA
yB
A+B
xA
xB
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
-ln(Z B)
Consider
a simple
process
in conditions
which a multicomp
is to find values
for the
unknown
that satisfy
1
where
F
=
feed
flowrate
(kmols
)
t
feed
is allowed
into this
a vapor
and
a
equilibrium
relationships.
However,
cannot
be
achie
1 to separate
(
'
V
=
vapor
flowrate
from
the
separator
(kmols
)
$
y&
with
the 1phases
coming
to equilibrium,
as s
directly.
First,
values
of
the unknown
variables must
2)B thephase
bL
Z +flowrate
(1 + from
xi ai
i = liquid
separator
(kmols
)
+ critical
ln pressuresand
SeparaoemnicoEstgio
and
checked
to see
if the equilibrium
relationsh
eratures,
in guessed
Figure
4.2.
An
material
balance and
comp
fraction
Component
i in the
feed
()overall
bzi = mole
Z+
(1 of2)B
d a
arei satisfied.
If not,
the estimates
omponent,
as a phase
material
balances
canthen
be written
as: must be modifie
mole fraction
of(4.47)
Component
in vapor
()
yias= well
thei light
of the
nd pressure,xi the
compressibility
= mole
fraction of Component
in liquid
()discrepancy in the equilibrium, and itera
F = V +ofL the unknown varia
continued until the estimates
component
fugacity
mnd hence
The vaporliquid
equilibrium relationship
can
berequirements
defined
Quandoumamisturapossuicomponentescomaltavola*lidade
satisfy
the
of equilibrium.
d can inbeterms
calculated.
Taking
the
=
V yi + Lxi
F
z
of
K-values
by:
i
rela*va,avaporizaoouacondensaoparcialproduzuma
Consider a simple process in which a multicompon
ocity coefficients for each comseparaorazoavelmenteefe*va:separaoporash
feed Fis =allowed
to separate
into1a) vapor and a liq
yi = Ki xi where
(4.50)
feed
flowrate
(kmols
eid equilibrium
K-value for that
phaseV with
the phases
coming
to
equilibrium,
as sho
d
=
vapor
flowrate
from
the
separator
(kmol
as the advantage of consistency
in Figure
4.2. An overall material balance and compon
V
ol temperatures, critical pressures and
Vapor
y
L
=
liquid flowrate from the separator (kmol
i
id-phase
thermodynamic
modach
component,
as
well
as
a
phase
material
balances
can
be written as:
BalanosMateriais:
t
zi = mole fraction of Component i in the fee
used
predictthe
vaporliquid
my
ture
and to
pressure,
compressibility
F =ofV Component
+L
i in vapor(4(
yi = mole fraction
hined
mixtures
and mixtures
involvand hence
component
fugacity
dphase can be calculated. Taking the
xi = mole fraction
i in liquid(4(
yi + Lxi
F zi =ofV Component
Feed
F
t fugacity
or
coefficients
for each
comzthree
hould
provide
roots
from
i
1
The
vaporliquid
equilibrium
can be d
where
F = feed flowrate
(kmolsrelationship
)
erliquid equilibrium K-value for that
e, with only the largest and
of =
K-values
by: from the separator (kmols
soach has the advantage of consistency in terms V
vapor flowrate
RelaodeEquilbrio:
The largest root corresponds to

nd
liquid-phase
thermodynamic
modfactor
and
the
smallest
is
the
h
widely used to predict vaporliquid
y. However, some vaporliquid
carbon mixtures and mixtures involv,lems.
Figure
equilibrium.
This4.2 isVaporliquid
particularly
so
hydrocarbons
withthree
significant
tem
should provide
roots from
ch state,
are common
of
with onlyinthepetroleum
largest and
s.
Under
such to
cant.
The some
largestconditions,
root corresponds
L
Liquid Lxzi
i
yi
xi
=
=
=
=
liquid flowrate from the separator (kmols

yi = Ki xi
(
mole fraction of Component i in the feed
mole fraction of Component i in vapor (
V
mole fraction of ComponentVapor
i inyliquid
(
i
The vaporliquid equilibrium relationship can be defi

in terms of K-values by:
Component i components.
in components
vapor ()
yi = mole fraction
between
vapor and ofliquidam
i
in the of
less-volatile
Again,
thethedistribution
xi = mole fraction of Component i in vaporliquid
liquid ()
equilibrium considerations if t
components between the vapor and liquid is dictated by

by
The vaporliquid
equilibrium
relationship
can
be
defined
allowed
to
come
to
equilibrium.
vaporliquid equilibrium considerations if the system is
an
SeparaoemnicoEstgio
in terms of K-values by:
When
a
mixture
contains
components
with
4.48 to 4.50 can now be solved to give
allowed to comeEquations
to equilibrium.
tak
expressions
for
the
vaporand
liquid-phase
compositions
volatilities,
either
a
partial
condensation
fro
y
=
K
x
(4.50)
i
i
When
a imixture
contains components with large relative
va
leavingphase
the separator:
or
a
partial
vaporization
from
the
volatilities, either a partial condensation from the vapor
an
VaporVy followed by a simple
z
phase
split
can
often
i
phase or a partial i vaporization
phase (4.51)
"
yi = from!1 the liquid
ac
V
V
1
.
effective
separation
followed by a simple phase split can
produce an
+ 1often
ex
F
F
K
1
Figure
4.2
shows
a
feed
being
separated
into
i
effective separation .
zi allowed to come to Fi
liquid
phase
and
being
eq
Figure
4.2
shows
a
feed
being
separated
into
a
vapor
and
(4.52)
=
x
i
F Feed
V and the vapor and va
the
feed
to
the
separator
liq
zi
liquid phase and being allowed to (K
come
to
equilibrium.
If
+
1
1)
i
a
F
are
continuous,
then
the
material
balance
is
the feed to the separator and the vapor and liquid 1products
co
Quan*dade
Equations
4.57,
4.58
and
4.61
.
If
K
is
larg
The
vapor
fraction
(V
/F
)
in
Equations
4.51
and
4.52
lies
i
are continuous, then the material balance
is described
by
totaldeina
Quan*dade
les
in the V
range
0
V
/F
1.
/F
(typically
K
>
10)
in
Equation
4.57,
th
correntede
L
1
i
totaldeina
Liquidand
Equations 4.57, 4.58
4.61
.
If
K
is
large
relative
to
xi
icorrentede
alimentao
ph
For a specified temperature
and pressure,
Equations 4.51
2
V /F (typically K
10)need
in to
Equation
4.57,
then
zi /(V
/Fthat:
) an
yi :error.
i >
and
4.52
be solvedvapor
by trial
and
Given
Figure 4.2 Vaporliquid equilibrium.
NC
NC
)ou
#
is, V yi F zi
SeKi>>V/F(%picamenteKi>10): y i z#
/F
that
i /(V
to
(9.1) (4.53)
Pra*camente,todocomponenteiqueentrapelaalimentaosaina
that This
is, V means
yi Fthat
izi all of
i Component i entering
thw
correntedevapor
FNC
zi ,isleaves
in theofvapor
phase as
Vy i . Thus, fir
if
where
the
number
components,
then:
This means that all ofisComponent
entering
with
the phase,
feed, its Krequired to ileave
in the
vapor
th
NC
NC
F zi , leaves in the vapor
phase
as
Vy
.
Thus,
if
a
component
# i to #
be large relative
V /F
.= 0
pr
y
x
i
i
is required to leave in the vapor phase, its K-value should (4.54)
yi =
xi = 1
yi = mole fraction of Component i in vapor ()

xi = mole fraction of Component i in liquid ()
The vaporliquid equilibrium relationship can be defined

SeparaoemnicoEstgio
in terms of K-values
by:
Equations 4.48 to 4.50 can now be solved to give
expressions for
the vapor- and liquid-phase compositions
yi = Ki xi
(4.50)
leaving the separator:
f Separator for Homogeneous Fluid

z
!
"
rI for
Homogeneous
Fluid
y =
V
V
1
Distillation
+ 1
F
F K
ation
z
VaporVy
i
(4.51)
F
zi
Feed
xi =
V
(Ki 1) + 1
F
(4.52)
Quan*dade
The vapor
(V /Fhand,
) in Equations
4.51small
and 4.52
lies
On fraction
the other
if
K
is
relative
GE SEPARATION
i
totaldeina
Quan*dade
2
in the
range
0 KVi /F
totaldeina
1. in Equation
correntede
L
<
0.1)
4.58,
then
:
(typically
Liquid
On
the
other
hand,
relative
to
V
/F
xi if Ki is small
N
alimentao
correntede
and pressure, Equations 4.51
previous chapter, the separation For a specified temperature
2
lquido
<
0.1)
in
Equation
4.58,
then
: and
(typically
K
i
and
4.52
need
to
be
solved
by
trial
Given that:
xi error.
F zi /L
Figure
4.2 Vaporliquid
equilibrium.
mixture
requires the
creation
e separation
addition SeK
of a<<V/F(%picamenteK
mass separation
NC
NC
#
ou
Fzi /L
#
that
is, Lxi F zi
i
i<0,1): xi
the creation
geneous liquid mixture. If this
yi =
xi = 1
(9.2) (4.53)
svaporized,
separation
Pra*camente,todocomponenteiqueentrapelaalimentaosaina
that
Lxi that
Fi zi all of
Thisis,means
i Component i entering
then another phase is
ture. Ifricher
this
correntedelquido
feed,
Fz
with
the liquidthen:
phase as Lx i
comes
in the more volatile where
i , leaves
NC
is
the
number
of
components,
This means that all
of Component
i entering
withinthe
ther
a component
is required
to leave
the liquid
th thephase
loweris boiling points) than
NCphase#
NC
feed,in Fz
leaves with
the should
liquid#
asrelative
Lx i . Thus,
if .
more
volatile richer
K-value
be small
to V /F
uid becomes
thei , less for
xi =
(4.54)
component
to leave
inyi the
liquid
its compon
points)
than the ahigher
Ideally,
the K-value
the0phase,
light key
those with
boilingis required
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
Des*lao
Choice of Separator for Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I Distillation
Condenser
Product
1
2
Quandoavola*lidaderela*vaentreos
involving a plate with simple holes, known a
componentesnotopronunciada,pode
plate, is the most common arrangement used. It
simple and well understood in terms of its per
seaindau*lizardaseparaoatravsdouso
Many other designs of plate are available. For
dediversosestgiosdevaporizaoe
valve arrangements in the holes can be used to
condensaointerconectados.
the performance and the flexibility of operation
to cope with a wider variety of liquid and v

rates in the column. One particular disadvanta
Afaselquidacolocadaemcontatocoma
m
conventional plate in Figure 9.2a is that the do
fasevaporemcadaestgioondeadmi*do
Feed
j
arrangement makes a significant proportion of
queoequilbriosejaa*ngido.
within the column shell not available for contact
k
and vapor. In an attempt to overcome this, high
trays, with increased active area, have been d
Umacolunanormalmentenecessitamais
n1
Figure 9.2b illustrates the concept. Again, many
bandejasdoqueonmerotericode
designs are available for high capacity trays. In
n
estgiosdeequilbriodevidoaopobre
the column will need more plates than the n
contatoentreasfasesetransfernciade
equilibrium stages, as mass transfer limitations
Reboiler
Product
contacting efficiency prevent equilibrium being
massalimitada
on a plate.
re 9.1 A cascade of equilibrium stages with refluxing and
The other broad class of contacting arrangeme
ling. (From Smith R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation,
cascade in a distillation column is that of packed
clopedia of Separation Science, Academic Press; reproduced
Here the column is filled with a solid materia
shows a traditional
design ofwhich
packing,
Figure
9.3aFigure
shows9.3a
a traditional
design of packing,
an
intermediate
stage,
and
products
are
removed
from
the
intermediate stage, and products are removed from the
dumped,The
packing.
The
randomis pack
is random,isorrandom,
dumped,orpacking.
random
packing
condenser
and
the
reboiler.
ndenser and the reboiler.
of preformed
ceramic,
metal orwhich,
plastic,
pieces of pieces
preformed
ceramic, metal
or plastic,
The
methods
by
which
the
vapor
and
liquid
are
contacted
The methods by which the vapor and liquid are contacted
whenindumped
in theproduce
column,a produce
a body
when
dumped
the column,
body with
a
in
each
stage
of
the
cascade
in
distillation
fall
into
two
broad
each stage of the cascade in distillation fall into two broad
high
voidage.
Figure
9.3b
illustrates
structured
high voidage. Figure 9.3b illustrates structured packing. pa
categories.
Figure
9.2a
shows
a
plate,
or
tray,
column.
egories. Figure 9.2a shows a plate, or tray, column.
This is manufactured
bymetal
sheetsbeing
of metal
being pre
This
is manufactured
by sheets of
preformed
Liquid
enters
the
first
plate
at
the
top
of
the
column
and
quid enters the first plate at the top of the column and
with corrugations
and then
joinedtotoge
with corrugations
and holes and
and holes
then joined
together
flows
across
what in
is Figure
shown 9.2a
in Figure
9.2a as a perforated
ws across
what
is shown
as a perforated
a preformed
packing
a highThis
voidage
produce
a produce
preformed
packing with
a highwith
voidage.
plate.
Liquid
is
prevented
from
weeping
through
the
holes
te. Liquid is prevented from weeping through the holes
is manufactured
in slabs
andinbuilt
up within
in layers
is manufactured
in slabs and
built up
layers
in
the
plate
by
the
up-flowing
vapor.
In
this
way,
the
Hdiferentesformasdepromoverocontatoentreasfaseslquidoe
the plate by the up-flowing vapor. In this way, the
the distillation
column.
types
of both
the distillation
column. Many
typesMany
of both
random
andrando
and
are contacted.
por and vapor
liquid vaporemumacolunadedes*lao
are liquid
contacted.
The liquid The
fromliquid
each from
plate each plate
structured
are available.
structured packing
arepacking
available.
overand
a weir
down a downcomer
ws overflows
a weir
down and
a downcomer
to the nextto the next
on. The
of plate
used 9.2a
in Figure 9.2a
te, and plate,
so on.and
Thesodesign
of design
plate used
in Figure
Des*lao
Downcomer Downcomer
Extended
Active
Area
tive Area Active Area

V
Extended
Active
Area
L
L
L
L
(a) Conventional
(b) High
(a) Conventional
tray.
(b) tray.
High capacity
tray. capacity tray.
V
V
V
V
Random
or dumped packing.
Structured packin
(a) Random or(a)
dumped
packing.
(b) Structured (b)
packing.
9.2 Distillation
trays.
(From
Smith
R and
M, 9.3 Figure
9.3 packing.
Distillation
packing.
R M,
and Job
ure 9.2 Figure
Distillation
trays. (From
Smith
R and
Jobson
M, Jobson
Figure
Distillation
(From
Smith(From
R andSmith
Jobson
2000, Distillation,
Encyclopedia
of Science,
Separation
Science, Academic
2000, Distillation,
Encyclopedia
Separation
Science, Ac
00, Distillation,
Encyclopedia
of Separation
Academic
2000, Distillation,
Encyclopedia
of SeparationofScience,
Academic
Press; reproduced
by permission).
Press; by
reproduced
by permission).
ss; reproduced
by permission).
Press; reproduced
permission).
Bandejas/Pratos
LeitosEmpacotados
with corrugations and holes and then joined together to

across
is shown
in Figure
a perforatedwith corrugations and holes and then joined together to
flowsflows
across
whatwhat
is shown
in Figure
9.2a 9.2a
as a as
perforated
produce a preformed packing with a high voidage. This
Liquid
is prevented
weeping
through
the holesproduce a preformed packing with a high voidage. This
plate.plate.
Liquid
is prevented
fromfrom
weeping
through
the holes
is manufactured
in slabs
and built
in layers
is manufactured
in slabs
and built
up inuplayers
withinwithin
in plate
the plate
by up-flowing
the up-flowing
vapor.
In this
in the
by the
vapor.
In this
way, way,
the the
the distillation
column.
of both
random
the distillation
column.
ManyMany
typestypes
of both
random
and and
and liquid
are contacted.
The liquid
vaporvapor
and liquid
are contacted.
The liquid
from from
each each
plate plate
structured packing are available.
a weir
a downcomer
to next
the nextstructured packing are available.
flowsflows
over over
a weir
and and
downdown
a downcomer
to the
andon.
so The
on. The
design
of plate
in Figure
plate,plate,
and so
design
of plate
used used
in Figure
9.2a 9.2a
Des*lao
Downcomer
Downcomer
Extended
Extended
ActiveActive
Area Area
ActiveActive
Area Area
V
L
L
L
L
(a) Conventional
(b)capacity
High capacity
(a) Conventional
tray. tray.(b) High
tray. tray.
V
V
V
V
(a) Random
or dumped
packing. (b) Structured
(b) Structured
packing.
(a) Random
or dumped
packing.
packing.
Figure
Distillation
and Jobson
Figure
Distillation
packing.
and Jobson
Figure
9.2 9.2
Distillation
trays.trays.
(From(From
SmithSmith
R andR Jobson
M, M,Figure
9.3 9.3
Distillation
packing.
(From(From
SmithSmith
R andRJobson
M, M,
2000,
Distillation,
Encyclopedia
of
Separation
Science,
Academic
2000,
Distillation,
Encyclopedia
of
Separation
Science,
Academic
2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Academic
2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Academic
Press;
reproduced
by
permission).
reproduced
by permission).
Press; reproduced by permission).
Press;Press;
reproduced
by permission).
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13.12. TRAY TOWERS
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(c) Vapor directing slot on a Linde sieve tray [Jones and Pyle Chem. Eng. Prog. 71, 66 (1975)]. (d) Vapor flow through a bubblecap. (e) Sieve
tray phenomena and pressure relations; hh is the head in the downcomer, hl is the equivalent head of clear liquid on the tray, hf is the visible
height of froth on the tray, and ht is the pressure drop across the tray (Bolles, in Smith, 1963). (f) Assembly of and action of vapor and liquid
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456 DISTILLATION AND GAS ABSORPTION
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(b) Packing support and redistributor assembly. (c) Trough-type liquid distributor. (d) Perforated pipe distributor. (e) Rosette distributor
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Figure 9.4 A general equilibrium stage for distillation. (From

Smith R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia of
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Smith R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia of
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Academic Press;
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Smith R and Jobson M, 2000,
Distillation,
Encyclopedia
V
L
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Energy
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):
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Figure
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2
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trictly only true if the component molar latent heats
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+1
Consider
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no heat
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BINARY
DISTILLATION
tion column. A simple column has one feed, two products, (a) These
one reboiler and one condenser. Such a column is shown in
relate
Consider the material balance for a simple binary distilla1
Figure 9.5. An overall
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balance
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y
1
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yn + 1 ncan
Enriching Section
A material balance can also be written for Component i as:
(Rectifying Section)
F =D+B
(9.7)
F xi,F
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(9.8)
F, xi, F
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A material balanceComponentei
can also be written for Component i as:
However,
Stripping
Section to fully understand the design of the column,
F xbe
= Dxi,D through
+ Bxi,B the column.
the material balance must
i,F followed
xn
x(9.8)
1 xD
To simplify the analysis, it can be assumed that the molar
(b)
to flowrates
fully understand
the design
the column,
vaporHowever,
and liquid
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the
be followed
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column.
Figure
9.6 Mass
balance
for
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B, xi,material
section,
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constant
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B
To simplify
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Rit and
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2000,
Distillation,
is strictly
only true
the component
ure 9.5 Mass balance on a simple
column.
Academic
Press;
reproduced
vapor and
liquid
areisconstant
each
column by
of distillation
vaporization
are
the flowrates
same, Science,
there
no heat in
of
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section, which is termed constant molar overflow. This
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of vaporization are the same, there is no heat of mixing
D, xi ,D
2
o simplify the analysis, it can be assumed that the molar
2
are best developed by first considering distillation of
por and liquid flowrates are constant in each column
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BINARY
DISTILLATION
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y1 be written as:
Figure 9.5. An overall
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BalanoMaterialGlobal
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2
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shown in
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Figure 9.5. An overall material balance
yn + 1 can
Enriching Section
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(9.7)
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(9.8)
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can also be written for Component i as:
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(9.8)
xn
the material balance must
i,F followed
x1 x D
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to flowrates
fully understand
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and liquid
are constant
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Figure
9.6 overflow.
Mass balance
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the
be
followed
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the
column.
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xi, B
section,
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This
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Jobson
M, 2000,
Distillation,
To simplify
the ifanalysis,
itRcan
assumed
thatheats
the
molar E
is strictly
only true
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molar
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gure 9.5 Mass balance on a simple distillation
Science,
Academic
Press;
reproduced
vapor andcolumn.
liquid
flowrates
areisconstant
in
each
column b
of
vaporization
are
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D, xi ,D
Enriching Section
considering heat
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for the part
isionscalculations
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The
are
betweenStart
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components,
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R =about
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shows
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column
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um
stages,
feed
location,
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rectifying
section
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flows Figureflows
location,
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organic
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the
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9.6
hermal
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Inthe
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vailable
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and
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rectifying
Given
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flux,
and
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must
be
chosen.
and
compositions
of
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in
the
rectifying
But it canshows
also turn
out
to be a poor
assumption
for many
all
must
belocation,
chosen. operating
kages.
the
rectifying
section
of aforcolumn
and
the flows
ages,
feed
turns
out
to
be
a
good
assumption
many
mixtures
of
ods
used
are
outside
terms
of
R:
section.
First,
an
overall
balance
is
written
for
the
rectifying
cisions
in
a
systematic
way,
shortmixtures,
such
as
many
mixtures
of
alcohol
and
water.
section.
First,
an
overall
balance
is
written
for
the
rectifying
of
equations
can
be
tematic
way,
shortcompositions
of exhibit
the
liquid
and
vaporideal
in
the
rectifying
nd
soused.
on,
all must
be
chosen.
V
=
(R + organic
1)D andcompounds
(9.12)
that
reasonably
behavior.
igners
most
often
use
section
(assuming
L
and
V
are
constant,
i.e.
constant
molar
be
These
exploit
simplifying
Des*laoBinria
Start
by
considering
the
material
balance
for
the
part
of
must
be
made
about
section
(assuming
L
and
V
are
constant,
i.e.
constant
molar
exploit
simplifying
First,
an overall
balance
is written
for the rectifying
inThese
a systematic
way,
shortitsection.
can
also
to be
a poor
assumption
expressions
can
be
combined
give
an overflow):
equation
that
many
more
design
options
totobe
kages.
the But
column
above
the turn
feed, out
the rectifying
section.
Figure 9.6 for many
condition
of the
feed,
overflow):
sign
options
to
be
section
(assuming
L and VVare
constant,
i.e. constant molar
These
exploit
simplifying
relates
thewith
vapor can
entering
and
liquid
flows
leaving
Stage
n:many
=
L
+
D
eed.
possible
detailed
simulation
mixtures,
such
as
mixtures
of
alcohol
and water. (9.9)
shows
the
rectifying
section
of
a
column
and
the
flows
of
equations
be
ed
location,
operating
V =L+D
(9.9)
detailed simulation
overflow):
more
design
options
tothe
bemajor
sights
to
be
gained.
Once
R
1
and
compositions
of(9.13)
the liquidthe
andmaterial
vapor inbalance
the rectifying
n,
all
must
be
chosen.
Start
byA considering
forComponent
the part ofi:
must
be
made
about
SeodeRe*cao
ned. Once theymajor
x
x
=
+
material
balance
can
also
be
written
for
i,n+1
i,n
i,D
V
=
L
+
D
ible
with
detailed
simulation
material
can also
be written
for for
Component
i: Figure (9.9)
ade,
a detailed
simulation
needs
toFirst,
R +A
1 section.
+
1balance
anabove
overall
balance
isthe
written
the rectifying
ystematic
way,
shorttheR column
the
feed,
rectifying
section.
9.6
simulation
needs
to
condition
of
the
feed,
to
be
gained.
Once
the
major
bed
in
outline
above.
section
(assuming
L and
V are
i.e.
constant
molar
se exploit
simplifying
=be
Lx
+ Dx
(9.10)
Vconstant,
yi,n+1
i,n,i
i,D
bove.
shows
the
rectifying
section
of
a
column
and
the
flows
A
material
balance
can
also
written
for
Component
i:
ed
location,
operating
=
Lx
+
Dx
(9.10)
V
y
i,n+1
i,n,i
i,D
detailed
simulation
needs
to
into
the
design
of
distillation
overflow):
design
options
to be
ign
of
distillation
and ofcompositions
the
liquid
and vapor
the rectifying
,yth
all
must
be
chosen.
The refluxVof
ratio,
R,
is defined
to be: in(9.9)
Vy1
first
considering
distillation
outline
above.
=
L
+
D
detailed
simulation
balanomaterialglobal
+ Dxi,D
(9.10)
V yi,n+1
The section.
reflux ratio,
R, an
is defined
tobalance
be:= Lxisi,n,i
ring distillation
of
First,
overall
written
for
the
rectifying
ystematic
way,
shortthe Once
designthe of
distillation
ained.
major
Rfor
= Component
L/D
(9.11)
A
material
balance
can
also
be
written
i:
1
section
(assuming
L
and
V
are
constant,
i.e.
constant
molar
se
exploit
simplifying
The
reflux
ratio,
R,
is
defined
to
be:
R
=
L/D
(9.11)
Dxi , D
d considering
simulation needs
to
Lof
xi, D
razodereuxo
distillation
the reflux
ratio,
thei,Dvapor flow (9.10)
can be expressed in
design
above. options2 to be y2 overflow):Given
= Lxi,n,i
+RDx
V yi,n+1
=
L/D
(9.11)
Given
the reflux
ratio,
flow
can
be expressed in
STILLATION
terms
of the
R: vapor
esign
of distillation
V
=
L
+
D
(9.9)
yn
n
h
detailed
simulation
N
of R: ratio, R, is defined to be:V = (R + 1)D
L V terms
reflux
(9.12)
dering Once
distillation
of
ynThe
+1
ained.
the
major
Given the reflux
ratio,
the
vapor
flow
can
be
expressed
in
alance for a nsimple
binary distilla+1
V = can
(R +also
1)Dbe written for (9.12)
A
material
balance
Component
i:
LATION
binary
distilladmple
simulation
needs
to (a)products,terms
of R:
R = L/D
(9.11)
column
has one
feed, two
These
expressions
can be combined to give
an equation that
feed, two
products,
expressions
canthe
be
combined
to
anliquid
equation
that
V Lx
= give
(Rand
+
1)D
(9.12)n:
above.
ndenser.
Such
a column isThese
shown
in
relates
vapor
entering
flows
leaving(9.10)
Stage
=
+
Dx
V
y
balanomaterial
i,n+1
i,n,i
i,D
1Given the reflux ratio, the vapor flow can be expressed in
ematerial
for a simple
binary
distillacolumn
is yshown
in be
relates
the
n:
1 distillation
balance
can
written
as: vapor entering and liquid flows leaving Stage
esign
of
2
porcomponente
ON
R
1 an equation that
yfeed,
terms of R:
2
n can
has be
onewritten
two
products,
These ratio,
expressions
can
be
combined
to give
e
as:
n
x
xi,D
y
=
+
(9.13)
The
reflux
R,
is
defined
to
be:
i,n+1
dering
distillation
of
yn
V R= (R
+ 1)DR1 + 1 i,n R +(9.12)
1
er.
Such
column
n + 1 is shown in(9.7)
F =
D +a B
relates
flows(9.13)
leaving Stage n:
yn + 1 distillaxi,n + and xliquid
yi,n+1the
= vapor entering
simple binary
i,D
R+1 R =
R L/D
+1
(9.7)
al balance
can
be writtenThese
as: expressions
R
(9.11)
LinhadeOperao:
Slope =
ne
feed,
two
products,
can
be
combined
to
that
R give an equation
1
also be written for Component i as:
R+1
xi,nleaving
xi,Dn:
yi,n+1
+
(9.13)
a column
isRelacionaovapordoestgio
shown
in
relates the vapor entering
and =
liquid
flows
Stage
for
Component
i
as:
+ 1 flow Rcan
+ 1be expressed in
D+B
(9.7)
Given
theRvapor
nce
cani,D
be+written
= Dx
Bxi,B as:
(9.8) the reflux ratio,
n+1eolquidodoestgion
Vy1
R
1
ON
terms
of
R:
x
x
x
xi,D
yi,n+1 = Vy xi,n +
(9.13)
D
1
(9.8)n
e,Bwritten for Component
i as:
1
R
+
1
R
+
1
(9.7)
erstand the design of the(b)column,
V1 = (R + 1)D
(9.12)
imple
binary
distillaDx
L
x
st Figure
be
the
column.
i,D
i, D
ign
offollowed
the
column,
9.6
Massthrough
balance for
the
rectifying section. (From Smith
+
Bx
(9.8)
V
i,D
i,B
y
n for
Component
i as:that the molar
1
1 Separation
y
2
s,
itfeed,
be
R can
and Jobson
M,
2000, Distillation,
Encyclopedia of
ne
twoassumed
products,
1
Lxi, D
ance
be
followed
thecan
column.
thereflux
column
theflow
feed,
the
rectifying
d, must
Given
the
ratio, above
the through
vapor
be expressed
in section. Figure 9.6
y2
2 flows
analysis,
be assumed
thatsection
the molar
terms
ofshows
R:it canthe
rectifying
of a column and the
ng
V = (R +
1)D
d flowrates
are constant
inof
each
columnand(9.12)
and compositions
the liquid
vapor in the rectifying
n.
yn
n
is
termed
constant
molar
overflow.
This
L V y
These expressions
can
be combined
to give
an equation
that
section. Des*laoBinria
First,
an overall
balance
is written
for the rectifying
rtn+1
true ifthethe
component
molar
latent
heats Stage n:
relates
vapor
entering
and
liquid
flows
leaving
n + 1 molar
section (assuming L and V are constant, i.e. constant
ng
are the same, there Ris no heat 1of mixing
be
on
or
to
on
of
overflow):
y
=
xi,n +
i,n+1
xi,D
(a)
(9.13)
R+1
R+
V1 = L + D
SeodeRe*cao
(9.9)
Equilbrio
y1
A material balance can also be written for Component
i: 2
y2
D, xi ,D
Vy1
V yi,n+1
Enriching Section
(Rectifying
Section)
1
L xi, D
= Lxi,n,i + Dxi,D
yn
yn + 1
y2
yn
yn + 1
yi,1=xi,D
Slope =
Dxi , D
R = L/D
Stripping
V
L Section
n + 1(9.10)
The reflux ratio, R, is defined to be:

2
Dxi , D
R
R+1
(9.11)
xn in
x1 x D
n + 1 the reflux ratio, the vapor flow can be expressed
Given
(a)
(b)
terms of R:
Diagramadeequilbrioyx
V = (R + 1)DFigure 9.6 Mass balance
(9.12)for the rectifying section. (From Smith
B,1xi, B
y
1
a2
R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia of Separation
y2
n distillation
expressions
cancolumn.
be combined to
give an
equation
thatreproduced by permission).
sts,balanceThese
a simple
Science,
Academic
Press;
yon
n
LinhadeOperao
n
+
1
yrelates
n+1
in
the vapor entering and liquid flows leaving Stage n:
R
Slope =
s:
R
+1
R
1
xi,n +
xi,D
yi,n+1 =
(9.13)
R+1
R+1
7)
as:
xn
x1
xD
(b)
Figure 9.6 Mass balance for the rectifying section. (From Smith
8)
Vy1 of Separation
R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia
Science, Academic Press; reproduced by permission).
(x2 ), and
on. so
Thus,
between
operating
line line
where
yi between
andthe
xi are
the intersection
of the
(x2so
), and
on. stepping
Thus, stepping
the
operating
line
Equations
9.17
andin9.18
gives:
and equilibrium
line inline
Figure
9.6b, the
change
in vapor
and equilibrium
in Subtracting
Figure
9.6b,
the change
vapor
A component balance gives:
Sta
! through
! rectifying
and liquid
composition
is followed
through
the
rectifying
and
liquid
composition
is
followed
the
)y
=
(L
L
)x
+
Dx
+B
(V
V
i
i
i,D
!
!
yi,m+1 +of
Bxthe
L xi,m = Vsection
N
i,B column.(9.15)
Des*laoBinria
section
of the column.
Substituting
thebalance
overall mass
balance,
Equ
tog
Now
consider
mass
for
the
! the corresponding
! the corresponding
Now
consider
mass
balance
for
the
Again, assuming constant molar overflow (L and V are
of
column
below
thetofeed,
stripping
section.
9.7a
)yi = (L
L! )x9.7a
(V section.
V !Figure
i +F
column
below
the the
feed,
the stripping
Figure
constant), these expressions
can be
combined
give
an
sec
SeodeStripping
shows the
vapor
liquid
and
compositions
through
shows
the and
vapor
and flows
liquid
flows
and
compositions
through
Now it is necessary to determine how the v
the stripping
sectionsection
of a column.
An overall
balance
the stripping
of aflowrates
column.
An overall
mass
balance
change
atmass
the feed
stage.
for the for
stripping
sectionsection
aroundaround
Stage
m + 1m
F, xi, F
What happens
atgives:
the
stage depends
the stripping
Stage
+ 1feed
gives:
V, ym + 1
L, xm
m+1
balanomaterialglobal
of the feed, whether it is subcooled, s
! + B ! vaporized, saturated
vapor
or sup
L! = VL!partially
(9.14)
=V +B
(9.14)
To define the condition of the feed,wh
th
introduced, defined as:
Sub
N
A ycomponent
balancebalance
gives: gives:
A component
N
xN
yB
B, xi, B
balanomaterialporcomponente
heat required to vaporize 1 mole o
q=
Binary
Distillation
!
!
!
!
molar
latent
heat
of
vaporization
= xV yi,m+1
(9.15)
L xi,m L
= V y+ Bxi,B
+ Bx
(9.15) o
i,m
i,m+1
i,B
For a saturated liquid feed q = 1, and for

a
Sub
!
!
!V
!
feedmolar
q = 0.overflow
The(Lflowrate
ofand
feed
entering
and
are
Again,
assuming
constant
molar
overflow
V
are
Again,
assuming
constant
(L
(a)
nt i this is a straight line
equation relating the liquid
liquidis entering
and
the
vapor
leav
qF
.
The
flowrate
of
feed
enterin
thesemexpressions
can becan
combined
to give
these
be combined
to an
give an
Stage
+ 1: expressions
on with slope R/(R +constant),
1) constant),
vapor is (1 q)F . Figure 9.8 shows the
m
overall mass
balance on the feed stage No
for
line at xi,D . LinhadeOperao:
!
m+1
Steam
L
B
ym + 1
flow
Relacionaovapordoestgio
ition xi,D in
Figure
9.6b,
yi,m+1 = ! xi,m V! x=i,B
V ! + (1 q)F (9.
V
V
F, xi, F F, xi, F
W
m+1eolquidodoestgiom
quilibrium line
gives
the
N
L
yN
V, ym +balance
SlopeL,=
An overall
mass
1V, ymplot
ofon
+ 1for the
x
This
line
can
be
plotted
in
an xy
as liquid
shown
L,
x
ibrium with the distillate
m
V
m
gives:
!
! par
y
!
/V
Figure 9.7b. It is a straight line with slope
L
s the liquid Bcomposition
L = L + qF , wh
m+1 m+1
To
intersects the diagonal line at xi,B . Starting from the bott
orizontal line across to
A component balance gives:

heat transfer
area is large, as horizontal a
N
yB ! thermosypho
!
mn, but this time the vaporization takes place inside
easier
to
maintain.
Although
)y
=
(L
L )xi + Dxi,D + B
(V
V
i
!
!
B, xi, B
x
=
V
y
+
Bx
(9.15)
L
x
ubes. Boiling on thei,mtube-side
will normally
be carried
i,m+1
i,B
N
be used under
vacuum conditions,
care mu
thepressure
overall mass
balance,
n a 11 exchanger.
asSubstituting
the effect of
on the
boilingEqu
po
!
!
Des*laoBinria
and
V
are
Again,
assuming
constant
molar
overflow
(L
he three reboilers in Figure 15.13 are shown under
!must be considered.
Steam
entering the reboiler
)yi = (L L! )xi + F
(V V
constant),
these
expressions
can
be
combined
to
give
an
ral circulation. The flow of liquid from the column
multicomponent
(a) systems, the vaporization
SeodeStripping
e reboiler is
created by the difference in hydrostatic
Nowa itrange
is necessary
to determine
the v
over
of temperature.
Thehow
forced
flowrates can
change
feed stage.
between the column of liquid feeding the reboiler and
mosyphon
giveat athe
higher
mean temper
m
F, xi, F created by the reboiler.
happens
the feed
stage depends
aporliquid mixture
thanWhat
a kettle
for theatsame
percentage
of vap
m
+
1
V,
y
m+1
of the
feed, temperature
whether it is
is uniform.
subcooled,Ges
he amount L,
of xmliquid vaporized in the reboiler
shouldym + 1 kettle
boiling
partially
vaporized, saturated
vaporand
or sup
be more than 80%, otherwise this will tend to lead
flux
(heat transferred
per unit area)
he
m+1
To
ofL the feed, th
N define
xcessive fouling of the reboiler. For kettle reboilers, yN ficients
are inthe
thecondition
order
introduced, defined Slope
as: = V
yN
is no recirculation. But
for
thermosyphon
reboilers,
a
N
kettle < horizontal
thermosyphon
vertica
yB
culation ratio can be defined as:
heat required
to vaporize <
1 mole
o
yB
q
=
B, xi, B
xN of liquid at
molar
latent heatit of
flowrate
reboiler outlet
Given these
arguments,
is vaporization
not surprisino
irculation ratio =
common
design
reboiler
flowrate of vapor at reboiler outlet
xm of
xNa saturated
xBFor
liquid
feed qis=the
1, vertical
and for at
Steam
Binary Distillation
feed q = 0.(b)The flowrate of feed entering
(a)
liquid is qF . The flowrate of feed enterin
Figure 9.7 Mass
balance
for(1the stripping
section.
LinhadeOperao:
vapor is
q)F . Figure
9.8 (From
shows Smi
the
yB
R and
M, 2000,
Distillation,
Encyclopedia
of stage
Separatio
yequation
m
Relacionaovapordoestgio
onent i this is a straight
relating
the
liquid
the
vapor
Bx
B Jobson
overall
massentering
balance
onand
the feed
forl
m + 1 line
Science, Academic
Press; reproduced by permission).
1
Stage
m + 1: m+1eolquidodoestgiom
sition withym +slope
R/(R + 1)
V = V ! + (1 q)F
nal line at xi,D . N

!
L
L
B for the liquid on
yN
Slope
=
An
overall
mass
balance
x
B
position xi,D in Figure 9.6b,
= ! xi,m ! xi,B
yi,m+1
V
gives:
xN Bottom Product
V
V!
yB line gives the
equilibrium
Bottom
Bottom L = L + qF
Productcan be plotted inProduct
This line
an xy plot as sho
quilibrium with the distillate
Combining Equations 9.20, 9.22 and! 9.23
!
xm
xN
/V
Figure
9.7b.
It
is
a
straight
line
with
slope
L
ves the liquidxB composition
(b) Horizontal thermosyphon.
(c) Vertical
thermosyphon.of, t
(a) Kettle.
relationship between
the compositions
se 9.7b.
to It is a straight line with slope Li,B
!
!
/V
, which
of the operating lines for the
n
below
the
feed,
the
stripping
section.
Figure
9.7a
,
a
vertical
line
up
to
the
equilibrium
line
composition,
x
ompositions
of
the
liquid
and
vapor
in
the
rectifying
i,B
composition, xi,B , a vertical line up to the equilibrium line
apor
.written
Starting
from
the
bottom
ects
the
diagonal
line flows
at xi,B
sections. From Equations 9.10 an
vapor
and
liquid
compositions
through
gives
the
composition
of
the
vapor
leaving
the
reboiler
n.the
First,
an
overall
isand
rectifying
gives
thebalance
composition
of for
thethe
vapor
leaving
the reboiler
ating
,La and
vertical
line
up
to
the
equilibrium
line
osition,
xi,B
ipping
section
of
a
column.
An
overall
mass
balance
n
(assuming
V
are
constant,
i.e.
constant
molar
(y
)
A
horizontal
line
across
to
the
operating
line
givesline
the gives the
B
.
(y
)
A
horizontal
line
across
to
the
operating
gethe2 composition
V yi = Lxi +
B .Des*laoBinria
of
the
vapor
leaving
the
reboiler
ow):
stripping
section
around
Stage
m+
1 gives:
A vertical
composition
of the
liquid
leaving
Stage
N Stage
(xN ). N
composition
of the
liquid
leaving
(xN ). A vertical
line
!
!
Aline
horizontal
line
across
to
the
operating
line
gives
the
V
y
=
L
xi
V
=
L
+
D
(9.9)
up
to
the
equilibrium
line
then
gives
the
vapor
leaving
i
line
up
to
the
equilibrium
line
then
gives
the
vapor
leaving
apor
! leaving
!
osition
of
the
liquid
N (xN ). A vertical
L
=
V
+ BStage
(9.14)
),
and
so
on.
Stage
N
(y
N
),
and
so
on.
Stage
N
(y
EstgiodeAlimentao
ying
N
erial
balance
can alsoline
be then
written
for the
Component
i:
where yi and xi are the intersecti
p toNow
the
equilibrium
gives
vaporcan
leaving
theNow
rectifying
and
stripping
sections
be
brought
(n)(m)
the rectifying and stripping sections canSubtracting
be brought Equations
9.17 and 9
sofeed
on.
Ntogether
(yN ), and
omponent
balance
gives:
at
the
stage.
Consider
the
point
of
intersection
=the
Lxi,n,i
Dxi,DConsider
(9.10)
V yi,n+1 at
(n+1)(m+1)
together
feed+stage.
the
point of intersection
seodere*cao
the
wofthethe
rectifying
and lines
stripping
sections
can be brought
!
!
operating
forlines
the for
rectifying
and stripping
)y
=
(L
L
)xi + D
(V
V
of
the
operating
the
rectifying
and
stripping
i
9.7aatratio,
! is
!
her
the
feed
stage.
Consider
the
point
of
intersection
eflux
R,
defined
to
be:
seodestripping
xi,m =
V y
+ Bx
(9.15)
LFrom
i,B 9.15:
sections.
Equations
9.10
and
sections.
Fromi,m+1
Equations
9.10 and 9.15:
ough
e operating lines for the rectifying and stripping
Substituting the overall mass bala
R
=
L/D
(9.11)
ance
Lx
V yi =
i,D! +
ons.
From Equations
and
assuming
constant 9.10
molar
overflow
(L
Lx
DxVi,D! are (9.17) (9.17)
V9.15:
yi i+=Dx
i and
!
)yi = (L L
(V
V
! can flow
! combined
nt),
be
to
give
an
the these
reflux expressions
ratio,
the
vapor
can
be
expressed
in
!
!
V
y
=
L
x
Bx
(9.18)
i = L i,B
(9.17)
V yi = Lxii + Dx
V yi,D
xi Bxi,B
(9.18)
i
of R:
intersecodasduaslinhasdeoperao
Now it is necessary to determine
.14)
!
!
where ywhere
and
x
are
the
intersection
of
the
operating
lines.
VV
=(R
Lxx+
Bx
i
1)D
i,Bintersection (9.12)
yyiii =
and
the
of(9.18)
the operating
lines.
ii are
flowrates
change at the feed stage
Subtracting
Equations
9.17
and
9.18
gives:
Equationsof
9.17
and
9.18 gives:
F,are
xcan
What happens at the feed stage
i,
F
eexpressions
yi and xSubtracting
the
intersection
the
operating
be combined to givean equation lines.
that
i
!
!
V,
+ 1+ Bxi,B
of the(9.19)
feed, whether it is sub
!
! ym
)y
=
(L
L
)x
+
Dx
(9.19)
(V
V
L,
x
acting
Equations
9.17
and
9.18
gives:
i
i
the vapor
and
liquid
flows
leaving
Stage
n:
m entering
+
Dx
+
Bx
(V V )yi = (L L )xi,D
i
i,D
i,B
partially vaporized, saturated vap
.15)
!
!
RL the
1 + Bxbalance,
the
overall
mass
Equation
9.7, gives:
+ 1
)xi +
Dx balance,
(9.19)
(VSubstituting
V )y
i =m(L
To
Substituting
Equation
9.7,define
gives:the condition of the
xi,n overall
xi,D i,B
yi,n+1
=
+ i,Dmass
(9.13)
R + 1!
R+1!
are
y
)y
=
(L
L
)x
+
F
(V
V
! Equation
!xi,F gives: (9.20)
N
i
i
ituting the overall
mass
balance,
9.7,
(9.20)
(V V )yi = (L L )xi + F xi,F
N
e an
yB
heat required to vaporize
!
!
Now (V
it Now
isnecessary
to
determine
how
the
vapor
and
liquid
q=
(L L )x
+
Fi, xB i,F how(9.20)
Vit)yisi x=
i determine
B,
x
necessary
to
the
vapor
and
liquid
N
molar latent heat of vapo
flowrates
change
at
the
feed
stage.
flowrates
athow
the the
feedvapor
stage.and liquid
Vchange
y1
it isWhat
necessary
to
determine
happens
at the feed
stage
depends
on the condition
Forcondition
a saturated liquid feed q = 1,
What happens
at the
feed
stage depends
on the
V, ym + 1
at the
stage.
of flowrates
the feed,change
whether
it feed
is subcooled,
saturated liquid
What
happens atsaturated
the feed vapor
stage depends
on the conditio
partially
vaporized,
or superheated
vapor
V, ym + 1
the feed,
whether it
To of
define
the condition
of isthesubcooled,
feed, the saturated
variable liqui
q is
Des*laoBinria
partially defined
vaporized,
introduced,
as: saturated vapor or superheated vapo
To define the condition of the feed, the variable q
yB
heat required
to
vaporize 1 mole of feed
calornecessrioparavaporizar1moldaalimentao
introduced,
defined
as:
yN B, x
(9.21
q=
i, B
q=
molar latent heat of vaporization of feed
yB
heat required to vaporize 1 mole of feed
calorlatentedevaporizaomolardaalimentao
(9.2
q=
B, xi, B
For
a
saturated
liquid
feed
q
=
1,
and
for
a
saturated
vapo
molar latent heat of vaporization of feed
eam
feed q =
0.Homogeneous
Theq=fracionrioseaalimentao
flowrate Fluid
of feed
entering
the
column as
q=1 oflquidosaturado
162 Choice
Separator
for
Mixtures
I
Distillation
For a saturated liquid feed q = 1, and for a saturated vap
Steam
liquid
is qF
. The flowrate
of feed entering the column as
es*verparcialmentevaporizada
q=0 vaporsaturado
feed q = 0. The flowrate of feed entering the column

vapor is (1 q)F(0<q<1)
. Figure 9.8 shows the feed stage. An
liquid is qF . The
flowrate of feed entering the column
(fraolquidadaalimentao)
overall
mass balance on the feed stage for the vapor
gives
fromA
V
vaporLis (1 q)F . Figure 9.8 shows thedown
feed or
stage.
of desi
! the feed stage formethod
overall mass balance
on
the
vapor
give
(9.22
V = V + (1 q)F
Figure 9.9b
!
q)Fon which
(9.2
V
=
V
L
thestage
cha
Slope =
An overall mass balance for +
the(1liquid
the feed
V
(1 q) F
F
operating
lines
gives:
Slope = L
An overall
mass
balance
for
the
liquid
on
the
feed
sta
qF
!
V
optimum (9.23
feed
L = L + qF
gives:
of theoretical
L! = L + qF
(9.2
Combining Equations 9.20, 9.22 and 9.23 together
gives
a
shows a steppin
relationship
between
the 9.20,
compositions
the
feed and
the
Combining
Equations
9.22 and of
9.23
gives
istogether
above
the
op
V
vapor
andL liquidbetween
leavingthe
thecompositions
feed tray: of number
relationship
the feedofand
t
theo
ng section. (From Smith
vapor
and liquid leaving the feed tray:
Figure 9.10
q
=
1
q
1
cyclopedia
of
Separation
ripping section. (From Smith
q>1
partially vaporized, saturated vapor or superheated vapor.

heat required
to vaporize
1 mole
feed
To define
the condition
of the
feed,ofthe
variable q is
(9.21)
q=
introduced,
defined
as: of vaporization of feed
molar latent
heat
Des*laoBinria
For a saturated
liquid feed q = 1, and for a saturated vapor
(9.21)
q
=
B
latent heat
vaporization
of feed
feed
q = 0. molar
The flowrate
of offeed
entering the
column as
. The liquid
flowrate
ofqfeed
columnvapor
as
q= liquid
ForisaqF
saturated
feed
= 1,entering
and for athe
saturated
vapor
is q(1=0.q)F
the feed
Anas
feed
The. Figure
flowrate9.8
of shows
feed entering
thestage.
column
overall
mass
balance
the feed
for the vapor
gives:as
liquid
is qF
. Theon
flowrate
of stage
feed entering
the column
Choice of Separator
forisHomogeneous
Fluid
Mixtures
Distillation
vapor
(1 q)F . q>1?(subresfriado)
Figure
9.8
shows Ithe
feed stage. An
!
(9.22)
V = V + (1 q)F
on the feed stage for the vapor gives:
Equaesaindavlidas?
An overall mass balance for ! the liquid on down
the feed
stage the bottom
or
from
Parceladovapor
(9.22)
V = V + (1 q)F
V
gives: L
ascendenteque
method
of design is known
!
L
L = Lfor
+ qF
(9.23)
An overall mass balance
the liquid on Figure
the feed
stage
condensadoaodoar
9.9b
shows an
V
calorparaamistura
gives:
which
the
change
from
! 9.22 and 9.23 together
Combining Equations 9.20,
gives
a
lquidasubresfriada
L
=
L
+
qF
(9.23)
Exemplo:
(1
q)
F
F
operating
relationship between the compositions of the
feedalimentada
andlines
the leads to
qF
q=1,2
The r
Combining
9.20,
9.22
together feed
givesstage.
a
vapor
and liquidEquations
leaving the
feed
Vtray:
=and
V 9.23
0,optimum
2F
From Smith
stages for
relationship between the compositions ofof
thetheoretical
feed and the
q
L 1 =tray:
L + 1,shows
2F a stepping procedur
Separation
vapor and liquid
leaving
the
feed
xi
xi,F
(9.24)
yi =
on. (From Smith
q1
q 1
is above the optimum, ag
q
1
dia of Separation
V
L
L = L +xFi,F
+ 0, 2F of (9.24)
xi
yi =
number
theoretical stag
sion).
q1
q 1
Figure 9.10 contrasts a
q=1
q>1
(Sat. Liquid)
condenser (Figure 9.10b)
partially vaporized, saturated vapor or superheated vapor.

heat required
to vaporize
1 mole
feed
To define
the condition
of the
feed,ofthe
variable q is
(9.21)
q=
introduced,
defined
as: of vaporization of feed
molar latent
heat
Des*laoBinria
For a saturated
liquid feed q = 1, and for a saturated vapor
(9.21)
q
=
B
latent heat
vaporization
of feed
feed
q = 0. molar
The flowrate
of offeed
entering the
column as
. The liquid
flowrate
ofqfeed
columnvapor
as
q= liquid
ForisaqF
saturated
feed
= 1,entering
and for athe
saturated
vapor
is q(1=0.q)F
the feed
Anas
feed
The. Figure
flowrate9.8
of shows
feed entering
thestage.
column
overall
mass
balance
the feed
for the vapor
gives:as
liquid
is qF
. Theon
flowrate
of stage
feed entering
the column
Choice of Separator
forisHomogeneous
Fluid
Mixtures
Distillation
vapor
(1 q)F q<0?(supersaturado)
. Figure
9.8
shows Ithe
feed stage. An
!
(9.22)
V = V + (1 q)F
on the feed stage for the vapor gives:
Equaesaindavlidas?
An overall mass balance for ! the liquid on down
the Parceladolquido
feed
stage the bottom
or
from
(9.22)
V = V + (1 q)F
V
gives: L
descendenteque
method
of design is known
!
L
vaporizadoaoreceber
L = Lfor
+ qF
(9.23)
An overall mass balance
the liquid on Figure
the feed
stage
9.9b
shows an
V
calordamisturaem
gives:
estadodevaporsuper
which
the
change
from
! 9.22 and 9.23 together
Combining Equations 9.20,
gives
a
L
=
L
+
qF
(9.23)
Exemplo:
aquecidoalimentado
(1
q)
F
F
operating
relationship between the compositions of the
feed
andlines
the leads to
qF
q=0,2
The r
Combining
9.20,
9.22
together feed
givesstage.
a
vapor
and liquidEquations
leaving the
feed
Vtray:
=and
V 9.23
+ 1,optimum
2F
From Smith
stages for
relationship between the compositions ofof
thetheoretical
feed and the
q
L1 =tray:
L 0,shows
2F a stepping procedur
Separation
vapor and liquid
leaving
the
feed
xi
xi,F
(9.24)
yi =
on. (From Smith
q1
q 1
is above the optimum, ag
q
1
dia of Separation
V
L
+ 0, 2F of (9.24)
xi V
= V +xFi,F
yi =
number
theoretical stag
sion).
q1
q 1
Figure 9.10 contrasts a
q=1
q>1
(Sat. Liquid)
condenser (Figure 9.10b)
heatvapor
of vaporization
of. feed
is (1 for
162
q)F
Figure
shows
theHomogeneous
feed stage. Fluid
An Mi
the operating
lines
the
rectifying
and
stripping
re 9.7amolaroflatent
Choice
of 9.8
Separator
for
For a saturated
liquid
feed qmass
= 1,balance
and for on
a saturated
sections.
9.15:
overall
the vapor
feed vapor
stage for the vapor gives:
hrough
r a saturated
liquid From
feed
qEquations
= 1, and9.10
for aand
saturated
feed q = 0. The flowrate of feed entering the column as
balance
!
ed liquid
q = 0.isThe
flowrate
of feed
the
column
as q)F
= Lxentering
Dx=i,D
(9.17)
Vof
yi entering
i +V
+
(1
(9.22)
V
qF
.
The
flowrate
feed
the
column
as
Des*laoBinria
V
L
uidvapor
is qFis. The
flowrate
of feed
the column
as An
!9.8entering
!
(1
q)F
.
Figure
shows
the
feed
stage.
V yi = L xi Bxi,B
(9.18)
L is (1 q)F . Figure
=
An
overall
mass
balance
for
the
liquid
on the feed stage
por
9.8
shows
the
feed
stage.
An
overall
mass
balance
on
the
feed
stage
for
the
vapor
gives:
(9.14)
V
erall
mass where
balanceyi on
the
stage
for the vapor
gives:
and
xi feed
are the
intersection
of thegives:
operating lines.
!
Subs*tuindo
V! +9.17
(1 and
q)Fe
V !=
Subtracting Equations
9.18 Lgives:
= L +(9.22)
qF(1 q) F
(9.23)
Mole Fraction in Vapor, y
F (9.22)
V = V + (1 q)F
qF
!
An overall mass
liquid
on9.20,
feed
stage(9.19)
)yi = for
(L the
L! )x
+ Bx
(V balance
VCombining
i + Dx
i,Dthe
i,B and
Equations
9.22
9.23
together gives a
(9.15)
n overall
mass balance for the liquid on the feed stage
gives: naequaoquerepresentaaintersecodasduaslinhasdeoperao
relationship
between
the Equation
compositions
of the feed and the
Substituting
the
overall
mass
balance,
9.7,
gives:
!
ves:!
L =
+ qF leaving the feed(9.23)
vapor
andL liquid
tray:
!
V are
L
=
L
+
qF
(9.23)
!
!
ction. (From Smith
)y
=
(L
L
)xi + F xi,F V (9.20)
(V
V
i
L
iveCombining
an
Equations
9.20,
9.22
and
9.23
together
gives
a
q
1
edia of Separation
xvapor
xi,F
=of
(9.24)
yi together
mbining
Equations
9.20,
9.22
and
9.23
gives
a and
i
relationship
between
the
compositions
the
feed
and
the
Now
it
is
necessary
to
determine
how
the
liquid
q
=
1
ission).
1and theq 1
chegasea
: compositions of the qfeed
ationship
between
the
q>1
(Sat. Liquid)
vapor and
liquid change
leaving atthe
flowrates
thefeed
feedtray:
stage.
por and liquidWhat
leaving
the feed
tray:
happens
at
the
feed stage
depends on0<the
q <1condition
q
1
of the yfeed,
it is subcooled,
saturated
xi 1
xi,F
= whether
(9.24)liquid,
i q
qxi
1 saturated
qxi,F
1
(9.24)
yi = vaporized,
partially
vapor
or superheated
vapor.
q=0
q
1
q
1
To define the condition of the feed, the variable q is

Linhaq
xF
(9.21)
q=
molar latent heat of vaporization ofMole
feedFraction in Liquid, x
(Sat. Vapor)
For a saturated liquid feedFigure

q = 1,9.8
and Mass
for a balance
saturated
forvapor
the feed stage. (From Smith R
he correct feed stage, that is, the feed stage necessary

minimize the overall number of theoretical stages. The
pping procedure changes from one operating line to the
Des*laoBinria
er at the intersection
with the q-line. The construction can
started either from the overhead composition working
ure 9.9
y Optimum
Feed Plate
4
5
xF
xD
(a) The optimum feed location.
MtododeMacCabeThiele
xB
xF
(b) Feed loctaion below the

optimum stage.
Combining the rectifying and stripping sections.
xD x
Feed Plate
2
Prato%modealimentao:
3
Feed Plate
4
Intersecodaslinhasdeoperaoe
3
4
dalinhaq.Correspondeaopratoem
5
5
queaalimentaodeveserfeitaa
6
mdeminimizaronmerototalde
6
pratostericos
xB
operating pressure;
temperature difference between
ing medium;
equipment layout (particularly
headroom).
xB
xF
(c) Feed loctaion abo

optimum stage.
vaporized.
Whilst some
separation obv
it isof atheoretical
straight line
withThe
slope q/(q1)
and intersects
the between
temperature
difference
the process
and heatl number
stages.
thermosyphon reboiler, this will be
diagonal
line at xi,F
. Ittoisthe
plotted ining
Figure
9.8 for various
nges from
one operating
line
medium;
theoretical
stage.
It is safest
q. construction can
equipment layout (particularly
the space
available
for to assum
with thevalues
q-line.ofThe
stages are provided in the column its
The composition
material
balances
for the rectifying
the overhead
working
headroom).and stripping
Des*laoBinria
the McCabeThiele Diagram in Figur
sections can now be brought together. Figure 9.9a shows the
of reboiler depends on4 :
complete design. The construction is started by plotting the
y
y
mum
1
1
Feed Plate
operating
lines
for
the
rectifying
and
The
1 stripping sections.
Plate
the process fluid (part
2q-line
intercepts the operating 2lines at their intersection. The 2 the nature ofAlimentao
Alimentao
3
and fouling tendencies);
construction
off Plate
between
the operating lines and the
abaixodo steps Feed
acimadoprato
4
3
3
sensitivity of%mo
the bottoms product to
equilibrium
lines. The 4intersection of the operating lines
prato%mo
4
5
5
operating pressure;
is (extensoda
the correct feed stage,
that is, the feed stage necessary
(extensoda
temperature seode
difference between th
to seode
minimize the overall number of theoretical stages. The
6
6 to the
stepping
procedure changes from one operating line
ing medium; stripping)
re*cao)
equipment layout (particularly the
other at the intersection with the q-line. The construction can
be started either from the overhead composition working
headroom).
xF
xD
The optimum feed location.
xB
xF
y Optimum
(b) Feed loctaion below
1 the
optimum stage.
Feed Plate
2
the rectifying and stripping sections.
xF
xD x
y
(c) Feed loctaion above the
Feed Plate
1
optimum stage.
2
2
3
Feed Plate
4
3
4
Aalimentaofeitaacimaouabaixodo
5
5
prato*mocausaumaumentodo
6
nmerodepratostericosdacoluna
6
xB
xB
xD x
xF
xD
(a) The optimum feed location.
xB
xF
(b) Feed loctaion below the

optimum stage.
xD x
xB
xF
(c) Feed loctaion above th

optimum stage.
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
V =L+D
(9.
explored than would be possible with detailed simulation
and allow conceptual insights to be gained. Once the major
A material balance can also be written for Component i
decisions have been made, a detailed simulation needs to
be carried out as described in outline above.
= Lxi,n,i + Dxi,D Mixtures
(9.1
Vfor
yi,n+1
Total
and
Minimum
Reflux
Conditions
Multicomponent
Conceptual insights into the design of distillation
The reflux ratio, R, is defined to be:
are best developed by first considering distillation of
binary mixtures.
R = L/D
(9.1
Des*laoBinriaTiposdeCondensadores
yA,the
yA, 1 VGiven the reflux ratio,
D vapor flow can be expressed
terms of R:
DV = (R + 1)D
(9.1
Consider the material
balance
for
a
simple
binary
distillaxA, D
xA, D
xA, R
condensaoparcial
tion column. A simple column has one feed, two products,
These expressions can
be combined to give an equation th
1
L
D
1
L
relates the vapor entering and liquid flows leaving Stage
2
2
Figure 9.5. An overall material
balance can be written as:
condensaototal
R
1
xi,n +
xi,D
yi,n+1 =
(9.1
3
3
9.3
yA, 1 V
BINARY DISTILLATION
F =D+B
A material balance
xA can also be written for Component i as:
F xi,F = Dxi,D + Bxi,B
yA, 1
yA, D
xA, 1
xA, D
D, xi ,D
Enriching Section
(a) Total condenser.

F, xi, F
R+1
xA
Vy1
(9.8)Condenser
However, to fully understand the design of the column,

material 2balance must be followed through the ycolumn.
yA,the
2
A, 1
To simplify the analysis, it can be assumed that the molar
vapor and liquid flowrates are constant in each column
yA overflow. This
section, which is termed constant molar
xA, 2
R+1
(9.7)
L xi, D
y2
2
n
Dxi , D
n
VyA
yn + 1
n+1
(a)
y1
y2
n
xA, 1 ynxA, R
yn + 1 n + 1
(b) Partial condenser.
1
2
Slope =
R
R+1
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
(a) Total condenser.
(b) Partial conde
Figure 9.10 Total and partial condensers in the McCabeThiele Diagram.
Des*laoBinriaTiposdeReboilers
and all the bottoms liq

total reflux on an x
minimum number of
N1
N1
The other limiting ca
N
N
yA,B
the reflux ratio is c
yA, B
intersect at the equilib
approaches the q-line
xA, B
xA, B
of steps are required
B
B
minimum reflux con
reboilerparcial
reboilertermosifo
constant composition
yA
yA
Binary distillation
Distillation
For binary
are usually located
N
N1
yA, N 1
yA, N
n xy diagram
for Component i this is a straight line
equation relating the liquidFigure
entering9.12b.
and the The
vaporpi
le
Reboiler
g at the distillate composition with slope R/(R + 1) N Stage m + 1:
as illustrated in Figu
y
y
hich intersects
the diagonal line at xi,D .
A, B
A, N
!
Loccurs
B
above
the fee
rting at the distillate composition xi,D in Figure 9.6b,
(
yi,m+1 = ! xi,m ! xi,B
V
V
obtained
below
the
fe
zontal line across to the equilibrium line gives
yA,B the
This line can be plotted the
in an
xydiagram.
plot as show
xy
osition of the vapor in equilibrium with the distillate
Figure 9.7b. It is a straight line
slope L! /V ! , w
A vertical step down gives the liquid composition
Thewith
McCabeThie
g Stage 1, x1 . xA,
Another
horizontal
line
xA across to xA, Bintersects
xA, N 1 xA,the
xA line at xi,B . Starting from the b
B xA, N x
A, N 1
N 2diagonal
tion because it only a
composition, xi,B , a vertical line up to the equilibrium
quilibrium line gives the composition of the vapor
(b) Thermosyphon reboiler.
reboiler.
simplifying
assu
gives the composition of the
the vapor
leaving the
re
g Stage 2 (y2 ). (a)
A Partial
vertical
line to the operating
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
and compositions of the liquid and vapor in the rectifying

of reflux, and so on, all must be chosen.
section. First, an overall balance is written for the rectifying
se decisions in a systematic way, shortsection (assuming L and V are constant, i.e. constant molar
ds can be used. These exploit simplifying
of Separator
for Homogeneous
Fluid Mixtures I Distillation
overflow):
allow164
many Choice
more design
options to be
V =L+D
(9.9)
uld be possible with detailed simulation
tual insights to be gained. Once the major
A material
balance can also be written for Component i:
Nohalimentao,nemre*radadeprodutos
een made, a detailed simulation needs to
describedReuxoTotal
in outline above.
(9.10)
V yi,n+1 = Lxi,n,i + Dxi,D
Todovaporcondensadoeretornadoparaa
sights into the design of distillation No Products
Distillate
colunacomoreuxo
The reflux
ratio, R, is defined to be:
ped by first considering distillation of
Pinch at the
Feed
No Feed
R = L/DFeed Stage
(9.11)
Todolquidovaporizadoeretornadoparaa
Noproducts
Des*laoBinriaCasosLimites
Mole Fraction A in Vapor, y
erial balance for a simple binary distillample column has one feed, two products,
one condenser. Such a column is shown in
verall material balance1 can be written as:
1
F = D + B with slope R/(R
late composition
+(9.7)
1)
2
s the diagonal line at xi,D .
e can also be written for Component i as:
stillate composition xi,D in3 Figure 9.6b,
cross
equilibrium
the
F xi,F to= the
Dxi,D
+ Bxi,B4 line gives (9.8)
vapor in equilibrium with the distillate
y understand
ofcomposition
the column,
ep
down givesthethedesign
liquid
0
xcolumn.
xB the
0 line
F
be followed
through
xce
Another
horizontal
across
to
1 . must
cancomposition
be assumed of
thatthe
thevapor
molar
enalysis,
gives itthe
(a)
Total
reflux.
are constant
column
y2flowrates
). A vertical
line to intheeach
operating
sposition
termed of
constant
molar
overflow.
the liquid
leaving
StageThis
2
Fee

Pinchn:
)
1R
Point
1
equation relating
the=liquid entering
and the
vapor
leaving
xi,n
x
yi,n+1
+
(9.13)
i,D
q
line
R+1
R+1
Rectifying
Stage m + 1:
Operating
L!
B
Line
(9.16)
yi,m+1 = ! xi,m ! xi,B
V
V
Stripping
Vy1
Operating
This line can be plotted in an xy plot as shown
in
which
FigureCorrespondeconguraocommenor
9.7b. It is a straight line with slope L! /V ! ,Line
1
0
1intersects the diagonal line0atxxBi,BL.xi,Starting
i ,xDD 1the bottom
DxF Dxfrom
nmerodepratostericosparaaseparao
up to the equilibrium line
composition, xi,B2, a vertical yline
2
(b) Minimum reflux
gives the composition
of the
vapor leaving the reboiler
yn with pinch at the feed stage.
n
(yB ). A horizontal lineLacross
V to the operating line gives the
Y DISTILLATION
Given colunaapar*rdoreboiler
the reflux ratio, the vapor flow can be expressed in
termsNoexistemasseesdere*caoe
of R:
V = (R + 1)D
(9.12)
stripping(nohaalimentaoquedividea
Bottoms
These expressions
to give
an equation
that
Binary
Distillation
161
coluna) can be combined
mixtures, such as many mixtures of alcohol and water.

e the above set of equations can be
Start by considering the material balance for the part of
portant decisions must be made about
the column above the feed, the rectifying section. Figure 9.6
umn. The thermal condition of the feed,
shows the rectifying
section
of a column
and the flows
uilibrium
feed location,
operatingfor Homogeneous
164 stages,
Choice
of Separator
Fluid
Mixtures
I Distillation
and compositions of the liquid and vapor in the rectifying
of reflux, and so on, all must be chosen.
section. First, an overall balance is written for the rectifying
e decisions in a systematic way, shortsection (assuming L and V are constant, i.e. constant molar
s can be used. These exploit simplifying
ReuxoTotal
overflow):
low many
more design options to be
Aoperaocomreuxototalnotemaplicao
V =L+D
(9.9)
uld be possible with detailed simulation
realmasorientaoprojetodacolunaparaa
No
Products
Distillate
ual insights to be gained. Once the major
A material
balance
Component i:
seguinteconclusogeral:
Pinchfor
at the
Feed can also be written
en made, a detailed simulation needs to
Feed
describedNoinFeed
outline above.
Noproducts
DxStage
(9.10)
V yi,n+1 = Lxi,n,i +
i,D
ights into the design of distillation
quantomaiorarazodereuxo
The reflux ratio,
R, is defined to be:
ed by first considering distillation of
menoronmerodepratostericos
R = L/D
1
1
rial balance for a simple binary distillample column has one feed, two2 products,
ne condenser. Such a column is shown in
erall material balance can 3be written as:
F = D + B with slope
4
ate composition
R/(R +(9.7)
1)
the diagonal line at xi,D .
can also be written for
i as:
0 Component
tillate composition xi,D
in
Figure
9.6b,
x
x
0 B
F
equilibrium
the
Fross
xi,F to= the
Dxi,D
+ Bxi,B line gives (9.8)
(a) the
Total
reflux.
vapor in equilibrium with
distillate
the column,
p understand
down givesthethedesign
liquidofcomposition
(9.11)
Bottoms
Given the reflux ratio, the vapor flow can be expressed in
terms of R:
Pinch
)
quantomaiorarazodereuxomais
V =
(9.12)
1 (R + 1)D
Point
aslinhasdeoperaoseaproximam
q line
These expressions can be combined
to give
an equation Rectifying
that
Binary
Distillation
161
daretayi=xi
n:
Operating
Line
R entering and
1 the vapor leaving
equation relating
the
liquid
xi,n +
xi,D
yi,n+1 =
(9.13)
Stripping
R
+
1
R
+
1
Stage m + 1:
Operating
Line
L!
B
yi,m+1 = 0 ! xxi,m x! xi,B x 1 (9.16)
1
D
V0 B
VF
Vy1
(b) an
Minimum
reflux
This line can be plotted in
xy plot
as shown in
! feed
at L
the
stage.
/V ! , which
Figure 9.7b. It is a straight linewith
withpinch
slope
DISTILLATION
Fee
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0H+B';9H2!(2!H+*)B2!&H)58+5!(0!9BJ0589;0B8+!J015)5!H)58+5!(0!G)BH9+B2;0B8+:I!
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mogeneous Fluid Mixtures I Distillation

ReuxoMnimocomPinchnopratodealimentao
Distillate
Pinch at the
Feed Stage
Feed
Arazodereuxoselecionada
Distillate
demaneiraqueaslinhasde
Pinch above the
Feed Stage
Feed operaointersectamnacurvade
equilbrio
Bottoms
Pinch
Point
1
q line
0 xB
xF
Rectifying
Operating
Line
Stripping
Operating
Line
xD 1
(b) Minimum reflux

with pinch at the feed stage.
Onmerodepratosadicionados
Bottoms
aoseaproximardalinhaqtende
aoinnitoemambasassees
Pinch
1
Point
dacoluna
ducts
q line
Rectifying
CorrespondecondiodeOperating
Line
reuxomnimonaqualhzonas
Stripping
decomposioconstante
Operating
Line
0
xF
xD 1
0 xB
(c) Minimum reflux
with pinch away from the feed.
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
Des*laoCondiesOperacionais
Presso:
Pressodeveseraprimeiravariveloperacionalaserdecididaea
medidaqueapressoelevada:
Aseparaosetornamaisdimcil(vola*lidaderela*vadiminui),ou
seja,maisestgiosoureuxosonecessrios;
Ocalorlatentedevaporizaoaumenta,oqueresultaemum
aumentodeu*lidadenocondensadorenoreboiler;
Atemperaturadoreboileraumentacomumlimiteimpostopela
decomposiotrmicadomaterialsendovaporizado,oque
causaincrustao;
Atemperaturadocondensadortambmaumenta
Presso:
Amedidaqueapressoreduzidaoefeitoreversoesperado.O
limiteinferiorsendoimpostopelaindesejada:
Operaonacondiodevcuo;
Refrigeraonocondensador
(ambosincorremcustooperacionaledecapitaldeinves*mento
adicionais,almdeaumentaracomplexidadedoprojeto)
ADE!
ACE!
A[E!
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!
!
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Z<!L(3,7&-! +#7-%16-.#3%#! -($! ,(3$&.($! #3#+9:%1,($! #! %#.*#+-%&+-$! F,(3'#3$-'(+! #! #;&71'(+G!
D015)5!!*+#$$5(!'#!0&3,1(3-.#3%(!'-!,(7&3-<!
!
Presso:
!"#$%&
E%/10556+%(0%F)=G9+=2@0=8+%(25%G+*)=25%(0%(0589*236+%058;%9=89@2@0=80%10*2G9+=2(2%G+@%+%=HD0*%
(0%80@/0128)12%2*G2=32(+%=+%50)%9=8019+1I%!29+105%/1055405%10J)010@%80@/0128)125%@295%0*0D2(25%
/212% 50% 289=<91% 2% 0A)*936+% 2559@% G+@+% /1055405% @295% A29K25% /1+D+G2@% 2A29K2@0=8+% =2%
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0A)*936+%@)98+%2*825M%P%G+=()L9(2%0@%G+=(93405%(0%/10556+%10()L9(2%&/1055405%5)A28@+5FP19G25:I%
R2%/1;89G2M%2%/10556+%(0%F)=G9+=2@0=8+%(25%G+*)=25%(0%(0589*236+%P%@)9825%D0L05%(0801@9=2(2%/0*2%
80@/0128)12%(+%@09+%(0%2110F0G9@0=8+%(95/+=HD0*%&/+1%0K0@/*+M%,?%2%,CST%)89*9L2=(+%;<)2:%+)%/0*2%
80@/0128)12%@;K9@2%82=<HD0*%=+%0A)*9(+1%&/+1%0K0@/*+M%>UCST%)89*9L2=(+%D2/+1%2%>?%28@:I%
!
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Comoaproximaoinicial,usualmenteadequado,seasrestries
doprocessopermi*r,denirumapressodeoperaotobaixa
quantoapressoatmosfricapoisistopermiteau*lizaodeguade
resfriamentonocondensadorouar.
Seaoperaocomcondensaototalforusada,apressodeveser
xadademodoque:
seguaderesfriamentoforusada,opontodebolhadoproduto
detopodeveser10Csuperiordatemperaturadaguade
resfriamento;
searforusado,opontodebolhadoprodutodetopodeveser
20Csuperiordatemperaturadoar;
apressodeveserxadanapressoatmosfricasequalquerdas
condiesanterioreslevaraumaoperaocomvcuo.
Seaoperaocomcondensaoparcialforusadaapressodeveser
xadademodoque:
seguaderesfriamentoforusada,opontodeorvalhodo
produtodetopo(vapor)deveser10Csuperiordatemperatura
daguaderesfriamento;
searforusado,opontodeorvalhodoprodutodetopo(vapor)
deveser20Csuperiordatemperaturadoar;
apressodeveserxadanapressoatmosfricasequalquerdas
condiesanterioreslevaraumaoperaocomvcuo.
Nestecaso,muitasvezes,apressodedes*nodoprodutodetopo
(vapor)quedeterminaapressodeoperaodacoluna.
Ex:Produtodetoposendoenviadoaumheaderdegscombusjvel
Header
PColuna>PHeader
Exceesdasregrasanteriores:
seapressodeoperaodacolunasetornarexcessiva,como
tenta*vadeusarguaderesfriamentoouarnocondensadorde
topo,entoumacombinaodepressomaisbaixae
refrigeraodeveserestudada(Ex:separaodegasese
hidrocarbonetosleves);
serestriesdoprocessolimitaremamximatemperaturada
des*lao(decomposiodeprodutos),aoperaoavcuodeve
serempregada.
The lower
increase as more reboiling and condensation are required,

(Figure 9.18). If the capital costs of the column, reboiler
and condenser are annualized (see Chapter 2) and combined
with the annual cost of utilities (see Chapter 2), the
optimal reflux ratio is obtained. The optimal ratio of
actual to minimum reflux is often less than 1.1. However,
efrigeration
most designers are reluctant to design columns closer to
nd increaseRazodeReuxo:
minimum reflux than 1.1, except in special circumstances,
be avoidedArazodereuxointerferediretamentenoconsumodeu*lidadese
since a small error in design data or a small change in
nonmerodepratosdacoluna.
y adequate,
pressure to
ng water or
l condenser
he pressure
point of the
above the
oint of the
above the
ic pressure
d to vac-
Noentanto,ao*mizaodeRnodeve
serconduzidaantesdoestudode
integraoenerg*ca
Inicialmente,R/Rmin=1,1aceitvel
Cost
maiornmerode
pratos
Total
Energy
Custo
Operacional
reduodonmero
depratos
Capital
Rmin
ROPT
Figure 9.18 The capitalenergy trade-off standalone distillation columns.
CondiodaAlimentao:
Oponto*modealimentaodeveserescolhidodetalformaque
aconcentraodaalimentaoseaproximeomximopossvelda
concentraodeumdospratosdacoluna.Parasistemas
mul*componentesestacombinaobastantedimcil.
Aalimentaopodeserparcialmentevaporizadacomouma
tenta*vadeigualarascomposiesdasfaseslquidaevaporda
alimentaocomasfaseslquidoevapordealgumpratodacoluna.
Noentanto,aminimizaodamisturanaalimentaonocausa
necessariamenteumareduodocustooperacional
Oaquecimentodaalimentaofrequentementecausa:
66
i.
Umaumentodonmerodepratosnaseodere*caoeuma
diminuiodonmerodepratosnaseodestripping;
ii.
Menorconsumodeu*lidadenoreboileremaiorconsumono
condensador;
mvaporPQ
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibrium
iii. Aumentodarazodereuxo.
mlquidoQR
1
120
Mole Fraction of Benzene
(Vapor Phase)
ToluenoBenzeno
Temperature (C)
RegradaAlavanca
110
Saturated
Vapor
100
95
90
Saturated
Liquid
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
80
0
0.2
0.4 0.5 0.6
0.8
(a) Temperaturecomposition behaviour.
Equilibrium
Pair
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(Liquid Phase)
(b) xy representation.
Figure 4.3 Vaporliquid equilibrium for a binary mixture of benzene and toluene at a pressure of 1 atm. (From Smith R and Jobson
M, 2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Academic Press; reproduced by permission).
tures, such as many mixtures of alcohol and water.

tart by considering the material balance for the part of
column above the feed, the rectifying section. Figure 9.6
Choice
ofofSeparator
for for
Homogeneous
Fluid Mixtures
I flows
Distillation
Separator
Homogeneous
Fluidthe
Mixtures
I Distillation
wsChoice
the rectifying
section
of a column
and
compositions of the liquid and vapor in the rectifying
ion. First, an overall
balance
is written for the rectifying
down or from the bottoms composition working up. This
V
L
method of design is known as the McCabeThiele Method 3 .
ion (assuming L and V are constant, i.e. constant molar
Ocaloradicionadoparapraqueceraalimentaonoimpactaem
Figure 9.9b shows
an alternative stepping procedure in Distillate
rflow):
No Products
Distillate
which
the change from the rectifying to the Pinch
stripping
V =L+D
(9.9)
Pinch at the
above the
igualquan*dadedereduodocalornoreboiler.
Feed
operating
lines leads to a feed stage location below
the
Feed Stage
Feed Stage
Feed
feed stage. The result
is an increase in the number
material balance can also be written for Componentoptimum
i:
Noentanto,opraquecimentodaalimentaoafetaamnima
of theoretical stages162
for theChoice
same separation.
Figure
of Separator
for9.9c
Homogeneous
shows
a
stepping
procedure
in
which
the
feed
stage
location
(9.10)
V yrazodereuxo.
i,n+1 = Lxi,n,i + Dxi,D
is above the optimum, again resulting in an increase in the
V
Bottoms
Bottoms
L
number of theoretical
stages.
reflux ratio, R, is defined to be:
L
Figure
9.10 contrasts
q=1
Pinch a total (Figure 9.10a) Vand partial
Pinch
)
q>1
1
(Sat. Liquid)
1 (9.11)
1
Point
condenser (Figure Point
9.10b) in the McCabeThiele
Diagram.
1R = L/D
qAlthough
line
a partial Rectifying
condenser can provideq line
a theoretical
0< q <1
Rectify
2
stage
shown
in
Figure
9.11b,
in
practice
en the reflux ratio, the vapor flow can be expressed
in in principle, as
Operating
Operati
the
performance
of
a
condenser
will
not
achieve
the
Line
Line
(1 q) F
ms of R:
3
F
q=0
performance of a theoretical
Stripping stage.
Stripping
qF
V = (R + (Sat.
1)DVapor)
(9.12)
4
Operating
Operating
Figure 9.11 contrasts the two general classes of reboiler.
Line
Figure
9.11a is fedLine
with a liquid. This is partially vaporized
0
se expressions
can
be
combined
to
give
an
equation
that
0
0
xF x
1
0 xB
xD 1 liquid and vapor streams
xD 1
0 xB and xFdischarges
0 xB that xFare in
F
tes the vaporMole
entering
and
liquid
flows
leaving
Stage
n:
Fraction in Liquid, x
equilibrium.
This is termed a partial reboiler
or once(a) Total reflux.
(b) Minimum
reflux
(c) Minimum
reflux
V
L
through
pinchreboiler
at the feedand,
stage.as shown in the McCabeThiele
with pinch away from the feed
ure 9.8 Mass balance for the
R feed stage. (From
1 Smith R and with
xi,n +of Separation
xi,DScience, (9.13)
son M, 2000,yDistillation,
diagram in Figure 9.11a, acts as a theoretical stage.
i,n+1 = Encyclopedia
q = 1Distillation, Encyclo
R
+
1
R
+
1
ure
9.12
Total
and
maximum
reflux
in
binary
distillation.
R and Jobson
2000,
demic Press; reproduced by permission).
In (Adapted
the other from
classSmith
of reboilers
shown M,
in (Sat.
Figure
9.11b,
q>1
Liquid)
eparation Science, Academic Press; reproduced by permission).
known as thermosyphon reboilers, part of the liquid flow
0< q and
<1 partially
from the bottom of the column is taken
s equation is known
as the q-line. On the xy plot,
arazomnimadereuxotendeaaumentarquandosevaidacondio
vaporized. Whilst some separation obviously occurs in the
sefore
a straight
line with slope
q/(q1)before
and intersects
the
be considered.
However,
a
multicomponent
Vn yi, n
delquidosaturadoparavaporsaturadonaalimentao
Vy1 in Figure 9.8 for various
n 1 xthat
i, n 1in a
thermosyphon reboiler, this will
be less Lthan
gonal
line
at
x
.
It
is
plotted
i,F
illation column can be designed, a decision musttheoretical
be
q=0
stage. It is safest to assume that the necessary
ues of q.
(Sat. Vapo
de
to thebalances
two keyforcomponents
between
which stages
it is are provided in the column itself, as illustrated in
Theasmaterial
the
rectifying
and
stripping
1
red to
separation.
key
Dx
LFigure
xi, Dlight
theisMcCabeThiele Diagram in Figure 9.11b. The choice
i , Dcomponent
tions
canmake
now bethe
brought
together.The
9.9a
shows
the
le Fraction in Vapor, y
Mole Fraction in Vapor, y
(1 q) F
qF
o Feed
Arazoentreocalorreduzidonoreboilereocaloradicionado
alimentaodependedosseguintesfatores:
a.
b.
c.
d.
valordeq;
vola*lidaderela*vaentreoscomponenteschave;
aconcentraonaalimentao;
earazoR/Rmin.
Emcircunstnciastaiscomodealtoreuxomnimo,aquecera
alimentaopoderesultaremaumentodoconsumodeenergia
noreboiler
Tipodecondensador:
Osdois*posdecondensadoresdisponveisso:
Condensadortotal
Condensadorparcial
Tipodecondensador:
Condensadortotal
omaisamplamenteempregado;
necessrioseoprodutodetopoforenviadoparaumtanque
intermediriooudeprodutonal;
Tambmapropriadoseoprodutodetopoforenviadoparauma
outracolunadedes*laoqueopereaumapressomais
elevada,umavezqueapressodolquidopodefacilmenteser
elevadaatravsdeumabomba.
Tipodecondensador:
Condensadorparcial
Podeagircomoumestgioadicional,emborasuaperformance
sejainferioradeumpratoterico;
Reduzoconsumodeu*lidadenocondensador,oqueimportante
searefrigeraodomesmoforcara,comonoscasosdebaixas
temperaturas;
Normalmenteu*lizadoseoprodutodetopocontercomponentes
debaixopontodeebulio,oquerequisitariaousode
refrigerao;
Tambmhapossibilidadedeseusarumcondensadormistoem
quecomponentesmenosvolteisnosocondensadosere*rados
comoumprodutonaformadevaporeaporolquida
condensadausadaparaoreuxoecomoprodutolquido
nocondensveis
condensveis
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
Des*laoVantagens
Asmaioresvantagensdades*laoso:
1. Habilidadedesepararmisturascomvastavariabilidadede
carga;
2. Habilidadedesepararmisturascomvastavariabilidadede
concentrao;
3. Habilidadedeproduzirprodutosdealtapureza.
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
Des*laoLimitaes
Oprocessodeseparaopordes*laoapresentaasseguintes
limitaes:
1. Separaodemateriaisdebaixamassamolar
Demandariaaltapressoerefrigerao.Absoro,adsoroe
separaopormembranaseriamasalterna*vasmaisadequadas
2. Separaodemateriaissensveisaocalor
Demandariaoperaoavcuo.Cristalizaoeextraolquido
lquidoseriamasalterna*vasmaisadequadas
3. Separaodecomponentescombaixaconcentrao
Absoroeadsoroseriamasalterna*vasmaisadequadas
Des*laoLimitaes
4. Misturascombaixavola*lidaderela*vaouqueapresentem
comportamentoazeotrpica
Demandariaaadiodeumagentedeseparaodemassa
5. Separaodemisturascomcomponentescondensveise
nocondensveis
Umaunidadedeashseriaaalterna*vamaisadequada
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
Des*laoMul*componente
ComponenteChave:
ComponenteChaveLeve ocomponentequedevesairpelofundo
comconcentraoinferiorauma
especicaoprestabelecida
ComponenteChavePesado ocomponentequedevesairpelotopocom
concentraoabaixodeumaespecicao
prestabelecida
aseparaodecomponentesnochavenopodeserespecicada;
oscomponentesmaislevesqueocomponentechavelevetendemasair
predominantementepelotopo;
oscomponentesmaispesadosqueocomponentechavepesadotendema
sairpredominantementepelofundo;
oscomponentescompontodeebulioentreoscomponenteschavesero
distribudosentreosprodutos.
ComponenteChave
Pesado
ComponentesChaves:
Teb
PD=248psia
Fi(lbmol/h)
C2H6
C3H8
nC4H10
nC5H12
nC6H14
PF=250psia
TF=225F
Di(lbmol/h)
C2H6
30
C3H8
191
nC4H10
5
30
200
370
350
50
1000
Componente
ChaveLeve
PB=252psia
226
Bi(lbmol/h)
C3H8
nC4H10
nC5H12
nC6H14
9
365
350
50
774
Damesmaformaquecomades*laobinria,importante
entenderasoperaeslimitesdades*laomul*componente.
Osdoiscasosextremosso:
ReuxoTotal
ReuxoMnimo
npratosmnimo
des*lao
binria
ninnitodepratos
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
Mole Fra
and heavier
than
heavy
key key
components
willwill
tendtend
to to
and heavier
than
heavy
components
Operating
and heavier Line
than heavy key components will tend to
go
predominantly
with with
the bottoms
product.
Intermediatego
predominantly
the bottoms
product.
Intermediate0
go
predominantly
with
the
bottoms
product.
IntermediatexB
xD 1
xF components
xD 1
0 boiling
between
the the
keyskeys
willwill
distribute
boiling
components
between
distribute
boiling
components
between
the
keys
will
distribute
reflux
(c) Minimum reflux
between
thetheproducts.
In preliminary
design,
the the
recovery
between
the
products.
In preliminary
design,
recovery
at the feed stage.
with
pinch away
from
the
feed. In preliminary
between
products.
design,
the recovery
of the
light
key
or
of the
the
lightlight
keyin
inthethe
the
light
key
orconcentration
the
concentration
of light
the
key
in the
of of
the
light
keyEncyclopedia
orthe
the
concentration
of
key
ted from Smith R and Jobson M, 2000,
Distillation,
overhead
product
must
be
as must
must
therecovery
recovery
overhead
product
must
be specified,
as must
the
recovery
overhead
product
must
be specified,
specified,
as
the
ReuxoTotal:correspondeaonmeromnimodepratostericos
the
heavy
key
or concentration
the
concentration
of heavy
the
heavy
key
of the
heavy
key
of the
the
heavy
keyin
in in
of of
the
heavy
keyor
orthe
the
concentration
of
key
the
bottom
product.
thethe
bottom
product.
bottom
product.
Vn yi, n
Ln 1 xi, n 1
Consider
first
reflux
conditions,
corresponding
withF
Consider
first
reflux
conditions,
corresponding
with
Consider
firsttotal
totaltotal
reflux
conditions,
corresponding
with
the
minimum
number
of theoretical
stages.
bottomco
thethe
minimum
number
ofof theoretical
stages.
TheThe
bottom
minimum
number
theoretical
stages.
The
bottom
a distillation
column
at total
reflux
is illustrated
a distillation
column
total
reflux
isis illustrated
inin in
of nof
a of
distillation
column
atat total
reflux
illustrated
w
Figure
9.13.
Figure
9.13.
Balanomaterialglobal
Figure
9.13.
=
(9.25)
=
(9.25)to
n1
nLn1
(9.25)
V
Vnn=
VL
Ln1
(eq.01)
Operating
Line
li
A component
mass
balance
gives:
A component
mass
balance
gives:
A component
mass
balance
gives:
co
Balanomaterialporcomponente
N
E
y
=
L
x
(9.26)
V
n
i,n
n1
i,n1
y
=
L
x
(9.26)
V
(eq.02)
(9.26)
Vn yi,n n=i,nLn1 xn1
i,n1i,n1
Combining
Equations
9.259.25
and and
9.269.26
gives:
Combining
Equations
gives:
Combining Equations 9.25
and 9.26 gives:
Dasequaesanteriores:
yi,n y=
xi,n1
x
(eq.03)
(9.27)(9.27)
=
i,n
i,n1
yi,n = xi,n1
(9.27) S
Applying
Equation
4.664.66
to the
bottom
of the
column
for forS
Applying
Equation
to
the
bottom
of
the
column
Applying
Equationgives:
4.66 to the bottom of the column for
a binary separation
a binary
separation
gives: ! "
a binary
separation
gives:
"
!
xA!" "
"yA "
!
! yA!
= R x xA
(9.28)
y
A
A
=
(9.28)
y
x
Figure 9.13 Stripping section of a column under total reflux
RB B
B R=
(9.28)
R
y
x
of the saturated liquid and saturated vapor (i.e. equilibriu

flux
Minimum
n 4.55, start by assuming a (c)
value
of V reflux
/F
c
etheheavy
key
component
is
the
the
minimum
number
of
theoretical
stages.
The
bottom
feed
stage.
with
pinch
away
from
the
feed.
pairs) as the mole fraction of benzene is varied (the balan
V /F ) and search for a value of V /F until
top product according to some of a distillation column at total reflux is illustrated in
toluene). This can be constructed by calculati
als
zero.Smith R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation, being
d from
Encyclopedia
on
of the nonkey components Figure 9.13.
w
the
bubble
and
dew
points
for
different
concentratio
ns are possible
around
the
basic
flash
er than light key
components
t
LNn1
(9.25)
Vn = an
Figure 4.3b shows
alternative way of representing
sure and V /F can be specified and T
ntly with the overhead product,
vaporliquid equilibrium in a composition or xy diagral
so on. Details can be found in King7 .
A component mass balance gives:
V ywill tendLn to
key components
interest.
1 xi, n 1 If
The xyVola*lidadeRela*vaentredois
diagram can be constructed from the relatc
pecial cases are nofi, nparticular
bottoms
Intermediatevolatility.
From
theLn1
definition
of relative volatility
foE
calculate product.
the bubble
point, then V /F = 0
y
=
x
(9.26)
V
componentesquaisquerAeB
n
i,n
i,n1
thesimplifies
keys will
binary mixture
of Components A and B:
,een
which
to: distribute
genericamentedenidacomo:
reliminary design, the recovery
n
Combining Equations 9.25 and 9.26 gives:
NC
yA /xA
y x yA /xA
entration
# of the light key in the
AB =
= A B
(4.6
z
(K
1)
=
0
(4.56)
y
=
x
(9.27)
specified,
i as
i must the recovery
yB /xBi,n1y(1B
i,n
x A yA )/(1 xA )
i
S
ncentration
of the heavy key in
gives:
ApplyingRearranging
Equation 4.66
to the bottom of the column for
S
a
binary
separation
gives:
N
Figure 9.13 Stripping
section of a column
total reflux
xA under
aplicadaentreofundoeoreboiler:
conditions,
AB
NC corresponding with
#
xN
=
(4.6
y
"
!
"
!
A
conditions.
theoretical zstages.
The
bottom
1 x+A xA (AB 1)
(4.57)
yA
i =1
=
(9.28)
R
at total reflux
is illustrated in
i
yB R AB from
xB vaporliquid
equilibrium a
Thus, by knowing
B
B
where
subscript
R
refers
to
the
reboiler
and
subscript
B
o the expression for the bubble point: R
by specifying xA , yA can be calculated. Figure 4.3a a
to the bottoms. Because
reflux conditions are total, the
= Ln1
(9.25)
shows a daeq.03podesesubs*tuiras
typical vaporliquid equilibrium pair, where
NC
liquid composition composiesdevapordoreboiler
in the reboiler is the same as the bottom
mole fraction of benzene in the liquid phase is 0.4 and t
gives:# z K = 1
composition in thispelascomposiesdolquidodeN.
case. Combining Equation 9.27 with
(4.58)
i i
in the vapor phase is 0.62. A diagonal line across the x
Equation 9.28 gives:
= Ln1 xii,n1
(9.26)
diagram Logo:
represents equal vapor and liquid compositio
!
"
!behavior
" shows a curve above
The
phase
equilibrium
eand
the 9.26
bubble
point
for
a
given
mixture
and
x
x
A
A
gives:
=
(9.29)
R
line. This indicates
ssure,
a search
is made
for aoftemperature
igure 9.13
Stripping
section
a column underdiagonal
total reflux
B=Fundo(boIom)
xB N
xB B that benzene has a high
concentration in the vapor phase than toluene, that
on
temperature
= x4.58.
(9.27) can be
onditions.
i,n1 Alternatively,
R=Reboiler
Similarly, the composition at Stage N1 can be related to
Stage and
N : subscript
where subscript R refers to the reboiler
! B"
! "
(c) Minimum
toreflux
the bottoms. Because reflux conditions are total, the
(9.25)
with pinch away from the feed.
liquid composition in the reboiler is the same as the bottom
gives:
d from Smith R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation,
Encyclopedia
composition
in this case. Combining Equation 9.27 with
Equation 9.28 gives:
= Ln1 xi,n1 Des*laoMul*componente
(9.26)
! "
! "
xA
xA
and 9.26 gives:V y
=
(9.29)
Ln 1 xi, n 1
R
n i, n
x
x
B N
B B
similarmente,acomposiodo
= xi,n1
(9.27)
estgioN1podeserrelacionadacom
Similarly, the composition
at Stage N1 can be related to
acomposiodoestgioN:
Stage N :
n
! "
! "
xA
xA
! "
= N
(9.30)
xA
xB N1
xB N
= R
(9.28)
Total and Minim
xB B
yN
xN1
Total a
N
queaocombinarcomaequao
xN
Combining this with Equation 9.29 gives:
entreoreboilereN1,temse:
! "
! "
Combining
this
with
Equation
xA
xA 9.29 gives:
B
= N R
(9.31)
R
!
"
!
"
xB N 1 x
xB B x
A
A
= N R
(9
Continuing up the column xtoB theN distillate: xB B
! " con*nuandocomoraciocnioato
! "
Continuing
up the column to the
yA
xA distillate:
primeiroprato,chegasea:
= 1 2 . . . . . . N R
(9.32)
yB 1 ! y "
xB B ! x "
A
A
=
.
.
.
.
.
.
(9
1 2
N R
igure 9.13 Stripping
section of a column under total reflux
B=Fundo(boIom)
y
x
Assuming a total condenser
and the relative volatility
B 1
B B to be
onditions.
R=Reboiler
constant gives:
Assuming a total condenser and the relative volatility t
! "
! "
where subscript R refers to the reboiler and constant
subscriptgives:
B
xA
xA
Nmin
flux
= Ln1
the feed stage.
xA
xB
"
= N R
xA
xB
"
the heavy key comp

(9.31)
B
Nmin =
Continuing up the column to the distillate:
! "
! "
yA
xA
Considerandoavola*lidaderela*vaconstanteequeacoluna
= 1 2 . . . . . . N R
(9.32)
yB 1
xB B
operandocomreuxototalcorrespondequelademenornmerode
Nmin =
pratos,chegaseaseguinteequaonal:
Assuming a total condenser and the relative volatility to be
constant gives:
! "
! "
xA
xA
Nmin
Nmin =
= AB
(9.33)
xB D
xB B
The Fenske Equatio

where Nmin = minimum number of theoretical stages
sition of the produc
ABonde:
= relative volatility between A and B
form:
N onmeromnimodepratostericos
Subscript min
D refers to the distillate. Equation 9.33 predicts
# $
avola*lidaderela*vaentreoscomponentesAeB
di
the numberABof theoretical stages for a specified binary
=
log
D subescritoqueserefereaocondensador
bi
separation at total reflux and is known as the Fenske
subescritoqueserefereaoreboiler
5 B
Equation .
Equation 9.40 indic
In fact, the development of the equation does not include
linear function of lo
any assumptions limiting the number of components in the
be rewritten as:
system. It can also be written for a multicomponent system
Subscript D refers to the distillate. Equation 9.33 predicts

#
di
the number of theoretical stages for a specified binary
log
bi
separation at
total reflux and is known as the Fenske
Equation 5 .
Equation 9.40 i
In fact, the development of the equation does not include
linear function
any assumptions
limiting
the
number
of
components
in
the
Genericamente,aequaoprevonmeromnimodepratostericos
be rewritten as:
system. It
can also be written for a multicomponent system
necessriosparapromoverumaseparaoentreoscomponentesiej
for any two reference Components i and j 1,6 8 :
xi,D
Nmin xi,B
= ij
xj,D
xj,B
(9.34)
EquaodeFenske
where A and B
where xi,Donde:
= mole fraction of Component i in the distillate are obtained by
heavy key comp
xi,Bxi,D= mole
fraction
of
Component
i
in
the
bottoms
afraomolardocomponenteinodes*lado
nonkey compon
xj,Dxj,D= mole
fraction of Component j in the
afraomolardocomponentejnodes*lado
in Figure 9.14.
xi,B distillate
afraomolardocomponenteinoprodutodefundo
afraomolardocomponentejnoprodutodefundo
xj,Bxj,B= mole
fraction of Component j in the bottoms and heavy key c
onmeromnimodepratostericos
ijNmin
= relative
volatility between Components i and of the other co
ij avola*lidaderela*vaentreoscomponentesiej estimated. The
j
It assumes that
Nmin = minimum number of stages
on reflux ratio.
Equation 9.34 can also be written in terms of the molar
j,D
in Figure 9.14. H
and heavy key c
of the other co
estimated. The
It assumes that
on reflux ratio.
AequaodeFensketambmpodeserdadaemtermosdasvazes
Equation
9.34 can also be written in terms of the molar
molaresdoscomponentes
flowrates of the products:
distillate
xj,B = mole fraction of Component j in the bottoms
ijDes*laoMul*componente
= relative volatility between Components i and
j
Nmin = minimum number of stages
lo
di
Nmin bi
= ij
dj
bj
where di
bi
(9.35)
= molar distillate flow of Component i

onde:
=
bottoms flow of Component i
d molar
avazomolardocomponenteinodes*lado
i
dj Equation
avazomolardocomponentejnodes*lado
Alternatively,
9.34 can be written in terms of
i the avazomolardocomponenteinoprodutodefundo
recoveriesbof
products:
dj
Nmin
ij
avazomolardocomponentejnoprodutodefundo
ri,D
Nmin ri,B
= ij
(9.36)
avola*lidaderela*vaentreoscomponentesiej
r
r
j,D
j,B
where ri,D = recovery of Component i in the distillate

r = recovery of Component i in the bottoms
Figure 9.14
Ap
dj
ijNmin
bj
(9.35)
where di = Des*laoMul*componente
molar distillate flow of Component i
bi = molar bottoms flow of Component i
Alternatively,
Equation 9.34 can be written in terms of
Ouemtermosdasrecuperaesdosprodutos
ecoveries of the products:
ri,D
Nmin ri,B
= ij
r j,D
rj,B
(9.36)
where ri,D = recovery of Component i in the distillate

Figure 9.14 A
onde:
ri,B r= recovery
of Component i in the bottoms
line when plotte
arecuperaodocomponenteinodes*lado
i,D
recovery
of
Component
j
in
the
distillate
rj,D r=
Jobson M, 2000,
arecuperaodocomponentejnodes*lado
j,D
rj,B r=
recovery
of Component j in the bottoms
Academic Press;
arecuperaodocomponenteinoprodutodefundo
i,B
rj,B
Nmin
ij
arecuperaodocomponentejnoprodutodefundo
distillate
where A anddi B are c
and
heavy
key compone
ber
ofmole
theoretical
stages
for a specified
binary
=
fraction
of
Component
j
in
the
bottoms
Nmi
log
j,B
are key
obtained
by =
applyi
xi,D
= gives:
mole fraction of Component
iComponent
in the distillate
When
i
is
the
light
component
L,
and
on
9.29
b
of
the
other
componen
i
n
at
total
reflux
and
is
known
as
the
Fenske
xij = =
relative
volatilityofbetween
Components
i and Hheavy
1,6 8
key
components.
the
heavy
key
component
,
this
becomes
:
mole
fraction
Component
i
in
the
bottoms
!
"
5 i,B
estimated.
The
method
.
j xmole
A
nonkey
components
to
#
$
x
=
fraction
of
Component
j
in
the
Equation
9.40
indicates
the
(9.31)
j,D
N Rdevelopment of the equation does not include
ItLinassumes
that Having
the com
d
b
x
H
=
minimum
number
of
stages
B
Figure
9.14.
Total and Minimum Reflux Conditionslogfor linear
Multicomponent
Mixtures
B
min
distillate
function
of log i
on
reflux
ratio.
mptions limiting the number of components in the
dHand
bLheavy key compone
Quandoiforocomponentechaveleve,L,ejforocomponentechave
x
=
mole
fraction
of
Component
j
in
the
bottoms
=
(
N
be
rewritten
as:
o
the
distillate:
j,B
min
on
9.34
can
also
be written
in terms of thesystem
molar log
t can
also
be
written
for
a
multicomponent
ofLHthe other componen
pesado,H
!
"
=
relative
volatility
between
Components
i
and
1,6
8
ij
When
Component
i is the
key component
L,#and
nof9.29
thegives:
products:
#light
$
Total and Minimum
for
Multicomponent
Mixtures
wo
reference
i and
j Reflux
: Conditions
xA Components
estimated.
The
xH,B
xL,D
1,6 method
8 di di
. . N!
R j"
(9.32) the heavy key component
H
,
this
becomes
:
log
log
log
bi com
xB xi,D
It assumes
that the
xAminimum
Bdi
x
x
x
b
bi
H,D
L,B
i,B
i
N
=
number
of
stages
N
N
#
$
min
min
N min
R
(9.31)
N
=
(
=
(9.34)
min
=
(9.35)
on
reflux
ratio.
d
b
When
Component
i
is
the
light
key
component
L,
and
on 9.29 xgives:
ij
ij
L
H
B B x dvolatility to x
log LH
bbe
and the relative
log
j,Dj
j,B
j
1,6 8
theterms
heavyof
keythe
component
,
this
becomes
: co
$ are
ation 9.34
molar #dH
! "can also be written in
where
A
and
B
b
Hr L
rH,B
xA
L,D
(9
Nmin =
theofdistillate:
es
the
products:
#
$
log
are
obtained
by
applyin
,D
(9.31)
N =
R!
mole
fraction flow
of Component
i in the
=
molar
of Component
i distillatelogd1LLH
brHL,D 1$ rH,Blog di
!
"
xxBA "distillate
B
#
log
x key components.
Nmin
(T
Nbottoms
heavy
xAbottoms
min =
bi
=
mole
fraction
of
Component
i
in
the
x
=
molar
flow
of
Component
i
(9.33)
i,B
L,D
H,B
d
b
d
b
log
. AB
(9.32)
i
H L LH
Nmin i
N R x
log
Bx B
=
N
nonkey
components to(9b
o the
distillate:
=
(9.35)
min
B fraction
ij
of
Component
j
in
the
B
x
x
,D = mole
H,D
L,B
log LH
j written
N
=
(9
atively,distillate
in
terms
of
min
!Equation
" d j9.34 can bbe
in
Figure
9.14.
Having
s
The Fenske Equation can
be
used
to
estimate
the
co
#
$
log
mber
ofrelative
theoretical
stagesto be
LHx
xA volatility
and
the
x
L,D
H,B
s. . of
the
products:
sition
of
the
products.
Equation
9.35 key
can componen
be
written
and
heavy
(9.32)
#
$
N
R
log
=
mole
fraction
of
Component
j
in
the
bottoms
tility
between
A
and
B
di = molar
flow of Component
i
j,B
xB distillate
rL,D xL,B rH,B
B
x
form:
H,D
of
the other component
log
N
=
(9
r
r
=
relative
volatility
between
Components
i
and
min
!
"
=
molar
bottoms
flow
of
Component
i
b
i,D
i,B
iji
Nmin
1
r
1
r
distillate.
Equation
9.33
predicts
#
$
$
#
L,D
H,B method
log
LH
= ijto be
(9.36)
xrelative
and
volatility
estimated.
The
A
Nminthej
=
(9
N
d
min
d
j
i
#
$
stages
(9.33)
r
r
for a specified
binary
j,D
j,B
log
+LHlogr that the com(
AB
=N
log
min log
ij
rnatively,
9.34
can
be
written
in
terms
of
r
xB Equation
It
assumes
L,D
H,B
B
bi
bj
number
of stages
and =is!minimum
known
as
the
Fenske
log
min
ries=ofrecovery
the"products:
on
ratio.
1be
used
rreflux
1
rH,B the com
L,D to
The
Fenske
Equation
can
estimate
of
Component
i
in
the
distillate
x
A
DNminof theoretical
=
(9
Nmin
mber
stages
Figure
9.14
A
plot
of
d
(9.33)
Equation
9.40
indicates
that
a
plot
of
log
[d
/b
]
will
on
9.34
can
also
be
written
in
terms
of
the
molar
i written
i
log
sition
of
the
products.
Equation
9.35
can
be
AB
LH
of
the
equation
does
not
include
rof
recovery
Component
xB BA and
i,DB
lity=between
,B
Nmin ri,Bi in the bottoms
relative xvolatility
i and
BTotal
Minimum
Reflux
for Multicomponent Mixtures 165
xH,B Conditions
xL,DComponents
B andbetween
estimated. The method is based
log
j
can bethat
usedthe
to component
estimate the
xH,D xL,B The Fenske Equation
It
assumes
mber
of
theoretical
stages
Nmin = of stages
(9.38) Equation 9.35 can be writ
minimum number
sition
of
the
products.
LHComponent i is the light
on key
reflux
ratio. L, and j is
When
component
ives: betweenDes*laoMul*componente
tility
A and B log
form:
$
1,6 8
therterms
heavy
key
component
H
,
this
becomes
:
4 "can also be written #in
of
the
molar
r
L,D
H,B
distillate.
Equation 9.33
predicts
# $
# $
A
log
e products: (9.31)
#di
$
dj
1r
1r
H,B log
stages for Na specified
binaryL,D
dL(9.39)
bHNmin log ijlog
di
+ log
=
=
B
min
log bi
bi bj
log
and is known
as the
Fenske
LH
di
b
d
b
i
H
L
=
(9.37)
Nmin(9.35)
illate:
= ijNmin
logindicates
LH
d j Equationbcan
Equation
9.40
that a plot of log [di /bi ] w
j
The
Fenske
be
used
to
estimate
the
compo!
"
of the equation does not include
#
$
x
A
linear
function
of
log
xL,DinxH,B
ition
of the
written
a ij with a gradient of Nmin .
e number
of products.
components
in the 9.35 can belog
(9.32) Equation
rearranjando,temse
olar
distillate
flow of Component be
i rewritten as:
H
x
B
orm:
B
xH,D xL,B
n for a multicomponent system
N =
(9.38)
olar
bottoms
flow
#
$
1,6 8of Component i #min $
$
#
log LH d
ponentsvolatility
i andd j to be:
elative
i
d
j
i
#
$ ij + B
log
=
A
log
log
+
log
=
N
(9.40)
log
min
ij
, Equation
9.34
can be written in terms
of
rL,D bi rH,B
Nmin xi,B
b
b
i
j
log
=he
(9.34)
"ijproducts:
Comp
1 rL,D 1 rH,B
x
j,B
A
(9.39)
Nmin =A and B are constants. The parameters
where
A
(9.33)
Equationr 9.40 indicates
that
a
plot
of
log
[d
/b
]
will
be
a
log
i
i
Compo
LH
i,D
B B
Nmin ri,B
are obtained
applying
the relationship to the l
nnear
of Component
ilog
in the
function
of
ij distillate
with a gradient
of
Nmin . by
This
can
=
(9.36)
ij
Aequaorepresentaumaretacom:
r
Fenskeheavy
Equation
can be used to
estimate
key components.
This
allowsthe
thecompocompositio
j,D
j,B The
e of
rewritten
as: i in rthe
nheoretical
Component
bottoms
stages
log
coecienteangular=A=N
sition
of
the
products.
Equation
9.35
can
be
written
in
a
nonkey
components
to
be
estimated,
and
this
is
il
min
# the
$
neen
of A
Component
j in
and B
ecovery of Component
i in the distillate
di form:
coecientelinear=B=log(d
in Figure
j/bj)9.14. Having specified the distribution of
Figure 9.14 A plot of di/bi vers
log
=
A
log
+
B
(9.41)
ij
Equation
9.33
predicts bi i in the bottoms
$
# $
of AeBsoob*doscominformaesdoscomponentesleveepesado
Component
the logarithmi
relative vo
line when# knowing
plotted
on
necovery
of Component
j in the bottoms anddi heavy key components,
d
j
r a specified
binary
of
the
other
components
allows
their compositio
log
+
log
=
N
(9.40)Ency
log
ecovery
of
Component
j
in
the
distillate
min
ij
Jobson
M,
2000,
Distillation,
tility between Components i and
bi
bj
nown
as and
theComponent
Fenske
where
A
B
are constants.
Thebottoms
parameters
A method
and
B is based
estimated.
The
total reflux
ecovery
of
j in the
Academic
Press;on
reproduced
by co
pe
re obtained by applying the relationship
to thethat
light
It assumes
the and
component distributions do no
(9.37)
estimated.
The
method
is based on total reflux con
log LH
$
It #assumes
xL,D xH,B that the component distributions do not
ratio.
log
on xreflux
H,D xL,B
Nmin =
(9.38)
of the molar
log LH
Nmin =
rL,D
rH,B
di
1 rL,D 1 rlog
H,B
bi
Nmin =
log
LH
Adistribuiodoscomponentes
log
(9.35)
alimentadosnacolunatendemacair
(9.39)
The Fenske
Equation can be used to estimate the composobrearetageradapelosdadosdos
sition of componentesleveepesado
the products. Equation 9.35 can be written in a
ntform:
i
# $
# $
ti
dj
di
= Nmin log ij + log
(9.40)
log
bi
bj
Component 1
Light Key
Heavy Key
in terms of
Equation 9.40 indicates that a plot of log [di /bi ] will beaComponent 4
Portanto,tendodeterminadoieje,
linear function
of log ij with a gradient of Nmin . This can
conhecendoseavola*lidaderela*va
be rewritten
as:
Component 5
dosdemaiscomponente,spodese
# $
(9.36)
di
calcularsuascomposies
log
= A log ij + B
(9.41)
bi
log aij
distillate
where A and
B are constants. The parameters A and B

Figure 9.14 A plot of di/bi versus
are obtained by applying the relationship to the light and
ij tends to follow a
Nmin =
(9.38)
log LH
# of Separator for $Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures
166 Choice
rL,D
rH,B
log
1 rL,D 1 rH,B
(9.39)
Nmin =
(9.33)
log
Equation 9.35 can LH

be written in a more convenient form
latility to be
than Equations 9.40 and 9.41. By combining an overall
Umaformamaisconvenientedaequaoenvolvendoasvazesmolares
The Fenske Equation can be used to estimate the compostages
component
balance:
166
Choice
of Separator
for
Homogeneous
Fluid Mixtu
podeserob*daemfunodainformaodaalimentao
sition
of
the
products.
Equation
9.35
can
be
written
in
a
d66B Choice of Separator for Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I Distillation
form:
(9.42)
fi = di + bi
9.33 predicts
# $
# $
diEquation 9.35 can be dwritten
j
in a(9.40)
moreisEquation
8convenient
ified
binary9.35 can be written
Generally,
9.47 fog
Equation
a more
convenient
form
ij +the
log resulting
=
Nmin log
logwithinEquation
9.35,
equation
:
bi By Equations
than
andbj9.41. !
By "combining
an over
the Equations
Fenske
han
9.40 and 9.41.
combining9.40
an overall
Equation
9.49. However,
dj
component balance:
omponent balance:
relative
volatility across the
Nmin
f
Equation 9.40 indicates that a plot of logij[di /bi i ] will be a

not include
using
averaging equation
bThis
j any
linear
function
of
log
with
a
gradient
of
N
.
can
ij
fi = di + bi
! the
(9.43)
di =(9.42)
+
beosubs*tuindo
(9.4
f
nents in Tomandoobalanoglobalporcomponente
the
i = dmin
iof
i "product composition
d
be rewritten as:
j
Nmin
nent system
naequaoanterior,temse:
1
+
of the co
8
ij top and bottom
with
Equation
9.35,
the
resulting
equation
is
:
8
#
$
8
bequation
with Equation
9.35, the resulting
is :Iteration ca
j
:
a
mean
taken.
d
i
!
logd " = A log ij + B
(9.41)
!
" Start by calculati
accuracy.
j
Nand
min
b
i
dj
ij fi
Nmin
(9.34)
conditions. Then
bj
ij fifthe
i feed
!
"
bThe
(9.44)
! constants.
"
di = A and B are
i =(9.43)
b
where
parameters
A
and
B
j
be
estimated
(say
from
the F
d
dj
j
N
!
"
Nmin
(9.4
=
d
min
i 1+
1
+
are
obtained
by
applying
the
relationship
to
the
light
and
relative
volatility
can
then
b
d
ij Nmin
ij
n the distillate
j
b
bj of the
j This allows the compositions
1
+
heavy
key
components.
bottom
products. However,
ij
n the bottoms
b
j
nonkey components
to be Equation
estimated, assumes
and this islead
illustrated
torelative
revised volatility
estimates of
nd
n the
The Fenske
that
is
f
i
inbFigure
9.14.
Having
the distribution
of the
light
hence
calculation
should
and
! The
"specified
constant.
relative
volatility
be the
calculated
from
the
=
(9.44) can
i
aries aslinearly
1/T . The
mean
in the column
) to the feed, Figure
in this
way,temperature
then the difference
(ln Pi is ln Padjacent
j
can be approxima
iven by:also varies as 1/T , which in turn means ln(P SAT /P SAT )
nonkey
components
in a mu
i
j
extreme
condition
= .1/2(T
mean1/T
varies Tas
If top
it +
is Tbottom
now ) assumed (9.45)
Raoults zone
Lawof constant
compositio
minimum
reflux, th
applies (i.e. ideal vaporliquid equilibrium behavior,
see tocomposition
adjacent
the feed. Similarl
for all
Assuming ln( ij ) is proportional to 1/T :
Chapter 4), then the relative volatility ij is the ratio
of
components,
the zonestages
of cow
additional
"
!
SAT
SAT
ln ijwill still
the
1 saturated
1 vapor
1 pressures P1i /Pj . Therefore, feed
be adjacent
distillation,
the to
zo
=
+
(9.46)
as 21/Tln(
. The
meanln(
temperature
in the column
is of
AequaodeFenskeassumequeavola*lidaderela*vaconstante,
or more
the heavy
nonke
ln(ijvaries
)mean
adjacent
to the
fe
ij )top
ij )bottom
givenaqualpodesercalculadacombasenacomposiodaalimentao
by:
in the distillate,
zone of
nonkeythe
componen
which on rearranging
gives:
Tmean = 1/2(Ttop + Tbottom )
(9.45)
(imprecisa)
the feed will
move
to a hic
zone
of
constant
#
$
so that theadjacent
nondistributing
h
2
ln(
)
ln(
)
to
the
fee
ij
top
ij
bottom
)mean
= expln( ij ) is proportional to 1/T : (9.47)
(ij Assuming
Avola*lidaderela*va,naverdade,variaaolongodetodaacoluna
zero molecomponents,
fraction in the
the sz
ln(ij )top
+ ln(ij )bottom
"
!
(presso,temperaturaeconcentrao)eumamdiadeveser
feed, Figure
If one
1
1
1
1
feed9.15c.
will still
be ao
= ij is proportional
+
(9.46)
f, instead of
assuming
to
1/T
,
it
considerada.Normalmente,consideraseasinformaesdotopoe
components
notofappear
or do
more
the he
ln(ij )mean
2 ln(ij )top
ln(ij )bottom
s assumed that
ij is proportional to T , at the mean
constant composition
belowth
fundodacolunaparaobteramdia:
in the distillate,
which on rearranging gives:
emperature:
position inthe
thefeed
column
tha
willsomov
#
$
components
can
diminish
to z
so
that
the
nondis
2
ln(
)
ln(
)
ij ijtop
ln(ij )mean = 1/2[ln(ij )top + ln(
)bottom ]ij bottom
(9.48) normalmenteaforma
immediately
below
thefraction
feed,
(ij )mean = exp
(9.47)
zero
mole
maisprecisa
ln(ij )top + ln(ij )bottom
will be a feed,
zone of
constant
c
Figure
9.15c
which can be rearranged to give what is the geometric
feed
in thecomponents
rectifying section
a
is
proportional
to
1/T
,
it
do
no
mean: If, instead of assuming
ij
%
feed, Figure
9.15e
, at the below
mean the constant
is assumed
(ij )meanthat
= (
)topproportional
(ij )bottom to T(9.49)
compositi
ij ij is
The Underwood
temperature:
position inEquation
the colu
minimum components
reflux for can
multic
Either Equation 9.47 or 9.49 can be used to obtain a
di
more realisticln(
relative
for ijthe
derivation immediately
of the equations
= 1/2[ln(
)topFenske
+ ln(ijEquation.
)bottom ]
(9.48)
ij )meanvolatility
below
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
neous Fluid Mixtures
I Distillation
Parntesessignica
componentechave
ReuxoMnimo:correspondeaonmeroinnitodepratostericos
restantenumacorrente
edevehaverpelomenosumazonadentrodacolunaemqueos
Distillate
Distillate
deprodutodevidoa
Total
recuperaoincompleta
Pinch at the
Pinch
above the
componentesapresentamcomposiesconstantes.
Feed Stage
Feed Stage
Feed
Feed
ABC(D)
A(B)
Pinch
Point
1
q line
0 xB
xF
Rectifying
Operating
Line
Stripping
Operating
Line
xD 1
(b) Minimum reflux

with pinch at the feed stage.
Bottoms
AB
Bottoms
)
and M
ABCD
1
q line
ABCD
Rectifying
Operating
Line
(A)BCD
Stripping
Operating
Line
(A)B
(a)0 Binary system.
Pinch
Point
(b) Multicomponent
system with all
(c) Minimum reflux
components
with pinch away from the
feed.
distributing.
0 xB
xF
xD 1
(c) M
s
o
c
d
n binary distillation. (Adapted from Smith R and Jobson M, 2000, Distillation, Encyclopedia
produced by permission).
Figure 9.15 Pinch location (zones of constant composition) for bi
Total
and Minimum Reflux Conditions for Multicomponent Mixtu
ABC(D)
ABCD
(A)BCD
Multicomponent
ystem with all
omponents
istributing.
A(B)
ABC(D)
ABCD
ABCD
(A)BCD
C(D)
(A)BCD
AB(C)
(B)CD
(c) Multicomponent (d) Multicomponent (e) Multicomponent

system with one
system with light
system with one
or more light
and heavy
or more heavy
components not
components
components not
distributing.
not distributing.
distributing.
nt composition) for binary and multicomponent systems. Brackets indicate key co

lete recovery.
distributing.
to be solved.
distrib
6. Treybal R.E (1980) Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd Edition,

McGraw-Hill.
ure 9.15 Pinch location (zones of constant composition) for binary and multicomponen
7. Geankopolis C.J (1993) Transport Processes and Unit OperOverhead Vapor
Vapour
Product
aining
in
a
product
stream
due
to
incomplete
recovery.
1
ations,
3rd Edition, Prentice Hall.
V kmolh
1
yi Mole Fractions
D kmolh
di Mole Fractions
Liquid Reflux
L kmolh1
xi Mole Fractions
8. Seader J.D and Henley E.J (1998) Separation Process Principles, Wiley, New York.
9. Underwood AJV (1946)

of Multicom1,7,9Fractional Distillation
To solve
Equation
erred to other sources for the details of the
derivation
. of Minimum
ponent
Mixtures Calculation
Reflux Ratio, J
Inst Petrol, 32: 614.
of not only i,j an
e equations assume that the relative volatility
and molar
10. Gilliland E.R (1940) Multicomponent Rectification EstimaAsequaesdeUnderwoodassumemqueavola*lidaderela*vaeas
Figure 9.19
Partial
condenser for
a distillation column.
of the Numbercomof Theoretical Plates
as a Function
of the
each
component
in
rflow
are
constant
between
the zones of tion
constant
Reflux Ratio, Ind Eng Chem, 32: 1220.
vazesmolaressoconstantesentreaszonasdecomposioconstante
9
at the mini
: Plot values
ition.
There
are
two
equations.
The
first
is
given
by
11.
Rusche
F.A
(1999)
Gilliland
Revisited, Hydrocarbon
10. A mixture of ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane and
Process, Feb: 79.
n-hexane given in Table 9.12 is to be separated by distillation
solution of the Und
NC
12.
OConnell
H.E
(1946)
Plate
Efficiency
of Fractionating
such that 95% of the propane
is
recovered
in
the
distillate
and
!
x
Columns and Absorbers, Trans AIChE,
741.
of 42:component
dist
90% of the butane is recovered inijthe i,F
bottoms. The column
=
1
q
(9.50)
will operate at 18 bar. Data for the feed and relative volatility
13. Kessler
D.P and Wankat P.C (1988) Correlations for Column
Eq.(A)
are given in Table 9.12.

Parameters, Chem Eng, Sept: 72. be solved for (NC
ij
i=1
For the separation, calculate:
14. Kister H.Z (1992) Distillation Design,
McGraw-Hill.
values
of i,j of t
a. the distribution of the nonkey components using the
15. Fair J.R (1961) How to Predict Sieve Tray Entrainment and
Fenske
ere b.the
=Equation
relative
volatility
ij minimum
Flooding, Petrol Chem Eng, 33: 45.is then written (N
reflux ratio from the Underwood Equations
onde:
=
1.1 from the
the actual
number offraction
stages at R/R
16.iLiebert
T.C (1993)
Distillation Feed
Preheat
Is It Energy
xc. i,F
=
mole
of
Component
in
the
feed
in
which
the unkn
Gilliland Correlation.
Efficient? Hydrocarbon Process, Oct: 37.
i,F ofafraomolardocomponenteinaalimentao
xi,D for the nonke
= xroot
the equation
ij avola*lidaderela*vaentreoscomponentesiej
be solved simultan
q = feed
condition
soasrazesdaequao
heat required to vaporize one mole of feed
calculation of Rmin
q
condiodaalimentao(
normalmentelquidosaturado,q=1
)
=
used to estimate th
molar
latent heat of vaporization of feed
NC
nmerodecomponentes
minimum reflux co
= 1 for a saturated liquid feed, 0 for a
component separat
saturated vapor feed
Fenske Equation to
NC = number of components
min
expensive as it requires a compressor rather than a pump.

Also, if the lig
Feeding a subcooled liquid or a superheated vapor brings
volatility, ther
inefficiency to the separation as the feed material must first
all xi,D are kn
return to saturated conditions before it can participate in the
by definition.
distillation process.
error for the
Equation 9.50 can be written for all NC components
the relative vo
ofExistem(NC1)razesreaisparaquesa*sfazemaequao,cadaraiz
the feed and solved for the necessary values of .
of can then
assumindovalorentreasvola*lidadesrela*vasdoscomponentes.
There are (NC 1) real positive values of that satisfy
Rmin directly,
Equation 9.50, and each lies between the s of the
If the assu
Asegundaequaoescritaparacadaraizencontradadaequao
components.
The second equation is then written for each
than light ke
anterior
value
of obtained to determine the minimum reflux ratio,
of the heavie
Rmin 9 :
column bottom
NC
!
ij xi,D
components a
Rmin + 1 =
(9.51)
Eq.(B)

is required
i=1 ij
onde:
xi,D
ij

Rmin
afraomolardocomponenteinodes*lado
soasrazesdaequaoanterior
arazodereuxomnima
Resoluo:
xi,Dafraomolardocomponenteinodes*ladoparaacondiode
reuxomnimoedesconhecida;
aformaderesolveroproblematomandoas(NC1)razes
determinadaspelaequaoAecriar(NC1)equaesB,formandoum
conjuntodeequaesondeositensdesconhecidossoRmine(NC2)
composiesxi,Ddoscomponentesnochave;
oconjuntodeequaesdeveserresolvidosimultaneamente.Desta
forma,almdedeterminarRminaequaodeUnderwoodpodeser
u*lizadaparadeterminaradistribuiodoscomponentesnochave
dadaaespecicaodaseparaodoscomponenteschave.
SimplicaodaDistribuiodosComponentes:
(Componenteschavescomvola*lidaderela*vaadjacentes)
umaaproximaovivelassumirquetodososcomponentesmais
levesqueocomponentechavelevesaiampelotodoeoscomponentes
maispesadosqueocomponentepesadochavesaiampelofundo;
seoscomponenteschavesforemadjacentesemvola*lidade,entono
existemcomponentesnochaveentreelesetodasascomposiesxi,D
soconhecidas,vistoqueaseparaoentreoscomponenteschaves
especicadapordenio;
nestecaso,aequaoAresolvidaparaonicovalorde,oqualcai
entreasvola*lidadesrela*vasdoscomponentechave.Ovalordaraiz
podeentosersubs*tudanaequaoB,aqualresolvida
diretamenteparaRminvistoquetodosxi,Dsoconhecidos
(Componenteschavescomvola*lidaderela*vanoadjacentes)
seoscomponenteschavesnoforemadjacentesemvola*lidade,ser
necessriodeterminarn+1valoresde,ondenonmerode
componentesnochavesentreoscomponenteschaves;
n+1equaesBsocriadas,umaparacadavalordequecorresponde
aoscomponentesentreoscomponenteschaves.Oconjuntode
equaesresolvidosimultaneamentee,destaforma,determinando
Rminexi,Ddoscomponentesentreoschaves.
umaoutraformadesimplicaradeterminaodadistribuiodos
componentesnodes*ladoassumirxi,Digualaosvalorescalculados
pelaequaodeFenske
Fenske Equation to approximate xi,D . These values of

xi,D will thus correspond with total reflux rather than
minimum reflux.
Table 9.2.
Table 9.2 Dis
Component
Example 9.1 A distillation column operating at 14 bar with a
saturated liquid feed of 1000 kmolh1 with composition given in
Propane
Table 9.1 is to be separated into an overhead product that recovers
Exemplo:
i-Butane
99% of the n-butane overhead and 95% of the i-pentane in the
n-Butane
Umacolunadedes*laooperandoa14baralimentadacomlquido
bottoms. Relative volatilities are also given in Table 9.1.
i-Pentane
saturadoaumavazode1000kmol/hecomposiodadapelatabela
n-Pentane
abaixo.Avola*lidaderela*vaentreoscomponentestambm n-Hexane
Table 9.1 Distillation column feed and relative
apresentada.
n-Heptane
volatilities.
Component
n-Octane
fi (kmolh1 )
Propane
i-Butane
n-Butane (LK)
i-Pentane (HK)
adjacentes
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
30.3
90.7
151.2
120.9
211.7
119.3
156.3
119.6
ij
16.5
10.5
9.04
5.74
5.10
2.92
1.70
1.00
a. Calculate the minimum number of stages using the Fenske
Total
c. To calculate
A search m
Equation 9.5
components,
value betwe
satisfy the s
Table 9.3.
Table 9.3 Sol
Amisturaparaserseparadaemumprodutodetopoquerecupera
99%denbutanoe95%deipentanocomoprodutodefundo.
Perguntase:
a) Calculeonmeromnimodeestgiosusandoaequaode
Fenske.
b) Calculeascomposiesdetopoedefundousandoa
equaodeFenske.
c) Calculearazodereuxomnimousandoasequaesde
Underwood.
n-Heptane
156.3
1.70
n-Octane
119.6
1.00
When Component i is the light key component L, and j is
29 gives:
the heavy key component H , this becomes1,6 8 :
! "
xA
#
$
(9.31)
R
a.
Calculate
the
minimum
number
d
b
xB B
L
H of stages using the Fen
log
a) CalculeonmeromnimodeestgiosusandoaequaodeFenske.
Equation.
dH bL
(9.37)
distillate:
min =
b. Estimate theNcompositions
of
the
overhead
and
botto
log
LH
nbutano
! " ComponenteLeveChave:
products using
the Fenske
Equation.
xA ComponentePesadoChave: ipentano # xL,D xH,B $
reflux ratio using the Underw
(9.32) c. Calculate the minimum
N R
log
xB B
xH,D xL,B
Equations.
Nmin =
(9.38)
Logo:
log LH
the relative volatility to be
rL,D=0,99erH,BSolution
=0,95
#
$
rL,D
rH,B
log
! "
1
r
9,
04
L,D 1 rH,B
x
A
(9.39)
Nmin
n
LH = (9.33)
= 1,a.5749
==
0.99, rH,B = 0.95, LH = 1.5749 in
Eq
Substitute rL,D
log
LH
5, 74
xB B
tion 9.39:
! be used to estimate "the compoThe Fenske Equation can
0.95
0.99
of theoretical stages
logEquation 9.35 can be written in a
sition of the products.
between A and B
(1 0.99) 1 0.95
form:
Nmin =
log 1.5749# $
ate. Equation 9.33 predicts
# $
dj
di
es for a specified binary
=
16.6
Nmin log ij + log
(9.40)
log
bi
bj
is known as the Fenske
b. Using the heavy key component as the reference:
Equation 9.40 indicates that a plot of log [di /bi ] will be a
66
0.1209
0.2117
a. Substitute rL,D = 0.99, rH,B = 0.95, LH = 1.5749 in Equa166 Choice of Separator for Homogeneous0.1193
Fluid
tion 9.39:
0.1563
!
"
0.1196
0.95
0.99
5.74
5.10
2.92
Mixtures
1.70
1.00
log
Equation
9.35
can
be0.95
written in a more convenient form
(1 0.99) 1
= Equations 9.40 and 9.41. By combining an overall
Nminthan
b) Calculeascomposiesdetopoedefundousandoaequaode
log 1.5749
component balance:
Fenske.
16.6
Choice of Separator for=Homogeneous
Fluid Mixtures I Distillation
f = d +b
i
i
i
b. Using
the heavy key component as the reference:
Usandoocomponentepesadochavecomoreferncia:
Now substitut
Table 9.4.(9.42)
8
Generally,
Equation
9.47 g
Equation 9.35
written
in)Equation
a more
convenient
form
with
9.35,
the
resulting
equation
is
:
dHcan fbe
1
r
1
0.95
(1
r
H
H,B
H,B
= and 9.41. By=combining=an overall= 0.05263
han Equations 9.40
Equation
!
" 9.49. However,
bH
fH rH,B
rH,B
0.95
dj
omponent balance:
relative
volatility
across the
Nmin
The calculation
ij fi
using
equation
Substitute Nmin , i,H , fi and (dH /bH ) in Equation 9.43 to
in spreadsheet
s
bobtain
j any averaging
bi balance. For
(9.42)
fi =b dby
(9.43)
di =the
i + mass
of! d
the"product
composition
first component
di and determine
available
in com
i
j
Nmin
1
+
8
Asvazesmolaresnotopoenofundosodeterminadasatravsde
ij top and bottom of the co
with Equation 9.35, the resulting equation is :
bj
a
mean
taken. Iteration ca
! "
dj
accuracy. Start by calculati
Nand
min
ij fi
fi the feed conditions. Then
bj
! estimated
"
bi =(9.43)
(9.44)
! "
di =
be
(say
from
the F
d
dj
j
Nmin
Nmin
1 + ij relative volatility can then b
1 + ij
bj
bj
bottom
products. However,
revised volatility
estimates of
nd
The Fenske Equation assumes lead
that torelative
is
fi
hence
calculation
should
! The
" relative volatility
constant.
be the
calculated
from
the
bi =
(9.44) can
ations 9.40 and 9.41. By combining an overall

t balance:
Equation 9.49. However, the great

relative volatility across the column, t
using any averaging equation. By mak
(9.42)
fi = di + bi
of the product compositions, the rel
top and bottom of the column ca
tion 9.35, the resulting equation is8 :
a mean taken. Iteration can be ca
! "
dj
accuracy. Start by calculating the re
Nmin
ij fi
the feed conditions. Then the produ
ij16,6 fi 0,05263
bj
di = (9.43)16,6 be estimated (say from the Fenske Eq
! "
di =
dj
1 + ij 0,05263
Nmin
1 + ij
relative volatility can then be estima
Distillation
bj
bottom products. However, this new
lead to revised estimates of the produ
Aplicandoparaocasoemquei=propano
fi
hence the calculation should iterate to
! "
bi =
(9.44)
(propane):
dj 16.6
the approximations turn out to be la
Nmin
1 + ij 2.875
30.3 0.05263
ideality (or nonideality) of the mix
di = bj
16.6
1 + 2.875
0.05263 being distilled. Generally, the more
ke Equation assumes that relative volatility
is
the greater the errors.
= 30.30 kmolh1
The relative volatility can be calculated from the
In addition to the changes in relati
position, but this might
be characteristic of balanoporcomponente
bi = fnot
i di
from changes in composition and tem
1
column . The relative volatility will in practice
column, there is also a change in
= 30.30
gh the distillation column,
andan30.30
average needs
column due to the pressure drop. Th
n. The average would best be taken1at the average
affects the relative volatility. In prelim
= 0 kmolh
e of the column. To estimate the average, first
the effect of the pressure drop thr
at and
ln PiSAT
varies
linearly
as
1/T
(see
Chapter
4).
so on, for the other components to obtainusually
the results
in
neglected.
sumed
Tablethat
9.2.the two key components both vary
di =
ij16,6 fi 0,05263
1 + ij16,6 0,05263
vola*vidaderela*va
emrelaoao
componentechave
pesado
C3
i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
n-C6
n-C7
n-C8
fi
30.3
90.7
151.2
120.9
211.7
119.3
156.3
119.6
1000
alfa
16.5
10.5
9.04
5.74
5.1
2.92
1.7
1
alfa(i,i-C5) numerador denominador

2.8745645 65308853 2155408.7
1.8292683 107806.7 1189.6071
1.5749129 14970.75 100.01293
1 6.362967
1.05263
0.8885017 1.565603 1.0073954
0.5087108
8.42E-05 1.0000007
0.2961672
1.39E-08
1
0.174216
1.59E-12
1
di
30.30
90.62
149.69
6.04
1.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
278.21
bi
0.00
0.08
1.51
114.86
210.15
119.30
156.30
119.60
721.79
with xi,D
. This set
and xi,D
simplify
use the
values of
her than
bar with a
n given in
t recovers
ane in the
1.
ve
ij
5
5
04
bi = fi di
= 30.30 30.30
1
= 0 kmolh
and so 16,6
on,f for
the other components to obtain the results in
0,5263
ij
i
Table
di = 9.2. 16,6
1 + ij 0,5263
Table 9.2 Distribution of components for Example 9.1.
Component
di
bi
xi,D
xi,B
Propane
i-Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
30.30
90.62
149.69
6.05
1.55
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.08
1.51
114.86
210.15
119.30
156.30
119.60
0.1089
0.3257
0.5380
0.0217
0.0056
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0001
0.0021
0.1591
0.2911
0.1653
0.2165
0.1657
Total
278.21
721.80
0.9999
0.9999
c. To calculate minimum reflux ratio, first solve Equation 9.50.

A search must be carried out for the root that satisfies
Nmin
AB
xA
xB
Nmin =
(9.33)
log LH
(9.
The Fenske Equation can be used to estimate the com

number of theoretical
stages
sition of the products. Equation 9.35 can be written i
latility between A and B
form:
log(ij)9.33 predicts
log(di/bi)
e distillate. Equation
# $
# $
dj
d
i
6.33352943
al stages C3
for a1.217483944
specified binary
= Nmin log ij + log
(9.
log
bi
bj
x and isiC4
known
as the Fenske
1.021189299
3.075038321
nC4
0.95616843
1.995691902
Equation 9.40 indicates that a plot of log [di /bi ] will b
t of the equation does not include
iC5 0.758911892 1.27876663
linear function of logCurvaajustada
ij with a gradient of Nmin . This
the number of components in the

0.707570176 2.131039121
be rewritten as:
tten for anC5
multicomponent
system
nC6
6.15134871
mponents
i and0.465382851
j 1,6 8 :
nC7
Nmin xi,B
ij nC8
xj,B
0.230448921 10.05125195
."
%"
peloExcel
log
di
bi
= A log ij + B
(9.
!"#"$%&%'"("$)&*+"
(9.34)
13.87670404
)"
where/" A and B are constants. The parameters A and
by applying
relationship
/"
/&-"
/&0"
/&%" the /&*"
$"
$&-"to the
$&0" light
on of Component i in the distillate are obtained
()"
heavy
key components. This allows the compositions of
on of Component i in the bottoms
(%"
nonkey components to be estimated, and this is illustra
on of Component j in the
(."
in Figure
9.14. Having specified the distribution of the li
($-"
on of Component j in the bottoms and heavy key components, knowing the relative volatili
($," other components allows their compositions to
of
the
!"#$+!,+-&.)*
latility between Components i and
estimated. The method is based on total reflux conditio
It assumes that the component distributions do not dep
number of stages
!"#$%&'(&)*
(A)B
(A)BCD
(A)BCD
(a) Binary system.
(b) Multicomponent
(c) Multicomponent (d
system with all
system with one
components
or more heavy
distributing.
components not
c) Calculearazodereuxomnimousandoasequaesde
distributing.
Underwood.
Figure 9.15 Pinch location (zones of constant composition) for binary and multico
remainingComooscomponenteschavessoadjacentes,noh
in a product stream due to incomplete recovery.
componentesnochavesentreeleseoclculopodeser
simplicadocalculandoapenasumaraizpelaequaoAde
To solve Eq
referred to
other sources for the details of the derivation1,7,9 .
Underwood.
The equations
assume that the relative volatility and molar
Araizestarentreosvaloresdasvola*lidadesrela*vasdos
overflowcomponenteschaves,ouseja,entre5,74e9,04
are constant between the zones of constant composition. There are two equations. The first is given by9 :
NC
!
ij xi,F
=1q

i=1 ij
(9.50)
where ij = relative volatility

xi,F = mole fraction of Component i in the feed
= root of the equation
of not only
each compo
values at th
solution of t
of compone
be solved f
values of
is then writ
in which th
xi,D for the
9.04
A search must be carried out for the root that satisfies
1,7,9
5.74
Tonosolve
Equationbetween
9.51, it is
to know
other
sources for the details
of the9.50.
derivation
. are
Equation
Since there
components
thenecessary
key
of not only and but also xi,D . The values
ons5.10
assume that the relative
volatilitythere
and molar
components,
is only one root, and i,j
the root will have a
each
component
in the distillate in Equation 9
2.92
are constant between
thevalue
zonesbetween
of constant
and
.
This
involves
trial
and error to
L comH
values at the minimum reflux and are unknow
1.70
There
are two equations. The first is given by9 :
satisfy the summation to be solution
equal toofzero,
as summarized in
the Underwood Equations, without a
1.00 NC
! ij xi,F Table 9.3.
of component distribution, thus requires Equa
=1q
(9.50)
for (NC 1 ) values of lying b
Table 9.3 Solution for the rootbeofsolved
the Underwood
Equation.
i=1 ij
values
of
of
the
different components. Eq
i,j
ng the Fenske
= relative volatility
is then written
(NC 1 ) times to give a set o
ij xi,F
xF,i
ij i in
ij xi,F
= mole fraction of Component
the
feed
in which the
are Rmin and (NC 2
ij unknowns
and bottoms
xi,D for the nonkey components. These equatio
= root of the equation
this way, in add
= 7.0be solved
= 7.3simultaneously.
= 7.2 =In7.2487
= feed condition
he Underwood
heat required to vaporize one mole of feed
calculation of Rmin , the Underwood Equations
=
to estimate
the distribution
0.0303
16.5
0.5000
0.0538
0.0540 of nonkey com
molar latent heat
of vaporization
of feed 0.0526used0.0543
conditions0.2929
from a specification
10.50 for0.9524
0.2721minimum
0.2796reflux
0.2886
= 1 for a saturated0.0907
liquid feed,
a
0.1512
9.04 1.3668
0.6700component
0.7855 separation.
0.7429 This0.7630
is analogous to the
saturated vapor feed
0.1209
5.74 0.6940 0.5508Fenske
0.4449
0.4753
0.4600
Equation
to determine
the distribution at
= number of components
0.2117
5.10 1.0797 0.5682Although
0.4908there
0.5141
0.5025
is often not
too much difference
5749
in
Equave Equation 9.50, start
by
assuming
a
feed
0.1193
2.92 0.3484 0.0854estimates
0.0795at total
0.0814
0.0805reflux, the true
and minimum
such that q can be fixed.
Saturated
feed (i.e.
0.1563
1.70liquid
0.2657
0.0501is more
0.0474
0.0483
0.0479
likely
to
be
between
the two estimates
"
normally assumed in0.1196
an initial 1.00
design0.1196
as it tends
0.0199 0.0190 0.0193
0.0191
However, this calculation can be simplified s
e the minimum reflux ratio relative to a vaporized
by making some reasonable assumptions reg
id feeds are also preferred because the pressure
0.2797component
0.0559 distributions
0.0532
to0.0000
approximate xi,D . I
the column operates can easily be increased
good approximation to assume all of the lighte
d by pumping the liquid to a higher pressure.
components
go summarized
to the overheads
Now feed
substitute
= more
7.2487 inkey
Equation
9.51, as
in and all of
the pressure of a vapor
is much
than heavy key components go to the colum
Table 9.4.
as it requires a compressor
rather than a pump.
process.
9.50 can be written for all NC components
d and solved for the necessary values of .
NC 1) real
positive values of that satisfy
50, and each lies between the s of the
. The second equation is then written for each
Comovalorencontrado
obtained
to determine the minimum
reflux
Table
9.4 ratio,
Solution
de=7,2487
Rmin
NC
!
ij xi,D
+1=

i=1 ij
Rmin+1=3,8655
Rmin=2,8655
Assumindoquexi,Da
mesmacalculadapelas
equaesdeFenske
error for the single value of

the relative volatilities of the k
of can then be substituted in
Rmin directly, as all Total
xi,D are
and kn
M
If the assumption is mainta
than light key components go
of
Underwood
of the
the second
heavier
than heavy k
Equation.
SoluodasegundaequaodeUnderwood
column bottoms, for cases whe
components are not
in
ij xadjacent
i,D
(9.51)
xD,i
ij
ij xi,D
is required
than
ijthere
are com
0.1089
0.3257
0.5380
0.0217
0.0056
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.5
10.5
9.04
5.74
5.10
2.92
1.70
1.00
1.7970
3.4202
4.8639
0.1247
0.0285
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1942
1.0520
2.7153
0.0827
0.0133
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.8655
The Underwood Equation is based on the assumption

that the relative volatilities and molar overflow are constant
AequaodeUnderwoodestbaseadanasuposiodequeas
vola*lidadesrela*vaseasvazesmolaressoconstantesentreas
zonasdecomposiesconstantes,apesardenorepresentara
realidade.
Avola*lidaderela*vapodeserdeterminadabaseadanamdiadas
informaesdotopoefundocomofoiindicadoparaousocoma
equaodeFenske.
Noentanto,comoaszonasdecomposiesconstantesnormalmente
estoprximasdopontodealimentao,costumaseusaras
informaesdaalimentaoparaoclculodavola*lidaderela*vados
componentes.
AsequaesdeUnderwoodtendemasubes*marovalordarazo
mnimadereuxo
ProgramadoMdulo
3. Des*lao
i. Des*laoBinria
iv. CasosLimites
vi. Vantagens
vii. Limitaes
i. ReuxoTotal
ii. ReuxoMnimo
or both variation in relative volatility and molar overflow.

for N
both
in relative
and molar
=variation
actual number
ofvolatility
theoretical
stagesoverflow.
dmponent
Nmin = minimum number of theoretical stages
able
9.5.
y
RREFLUX
= actual reflux
ratio
late
x
9.5
FINITE
CONDITIONS
FOR
i,
e
9.5
FINITE
REFLUX
CONDITIONS
FOR
Rmin = minimum reflux ratio
given in
MULTICOMPONENT
MIXTURES
MULTICOMPONENT
MIXTURES
Various
attempts have been made to represent the
CondiesFinitasdeRazodeReuxoparaMisturasMul%componentes
Havingcorrelation
obtained
theobtained
minimum
from
algebraically.
Fornumber
exampleof11number
:stages of
Having
the
minimum
stages from
he Fenske the
Equation
minimum
ratio
fromratio from
Fenskeand
Equation
and reflux
minimum
reflux
0.2910
Y =
0.2788 the
1.3154X
+ the
0.4114X
he Underwood
Equations,
empirical
relationship
of
the Underwood
Equations,
empirical
relationship
ofCorrelao
"
#
10
10 to determine the number of stages.
Gilliland can
be used
1
Gilliland
can be used to determine the number
of stages.
algbricada
+
0.8268
ln
X
+
0.9020
ln
X
+
10 (9.60) 10
The original The
correlation
presented
graphicalinform
originalwas
correlation
wasinpresented
graphical
.
X . formapresentaoda
formagrcade
Two parameters
and Y ) were
used
correlate
data: the data:
Two(X
parameters
(X and
Y )towere
used tothe
correlate
Gilliland
Equation 9.60 allows an estimate of the number of
N N
Rmin R Rmin
N R
N
mincolumn
min
theoretical
stages
the
requires.
Y =
(9.59)
Y =, X =
,X =
(9.59)
N +R
1 +1
R+1
N +1
Example 9.3 Assuming that the distillation column in Examwhere

X,uses
Y =aparameters
correlating
parameters
where ples
X, Y9.1=
correlating
and
9.2
total
condenser,
estimate the number of
onde:
N = actual
number of stages
theoretical stages
N = actual number
of theoretical
Y,X Nsoparmetrosdecorrelao
d liquid
minimum
number of stages
theoretical stages
number
of theoretical
Nmin = minimum
min =
N onmerorealdepratostericos
enthalpy
R = actual
R = actual reflux
ratio reflux ratio
tate (see
Nmin Ronmeromnimodepratostericos
minimum
min =
reflux
ratio reflux ratio
Rmin = minimum
R arazodereuxoreal
Various
attempts
made to the
represent the
Rmin
arazodereuxomnima
Various attempts
have
been have
madebeen
to represent
11 example11 :
correlation
algebraically.
For
orrelation algebraically. For example :
Y = 0.2788 1.3154X 0.2910
+ 0.4114X0.2910
Finite Reflux Conditions for Mu
Exemplo:
Finitemin
Reflux
Conditions
forofM
=
1.1
for
the
values
retical stages required if R/Rmin =theoretical
1.1 for the stages
values required
of Rmin if R/R
where EO = overall stage ef
obtained
in
Examples
9.1
and
9.2
Assumindoqueacolunadoexemploanterioroperecomum
ined in Examples
9.1 and 9.2
= relative volatili
LH
condensadortotal,determineonmerodepratostericosrequeridos
components
al stages required if R/Rmin = 1.1
for the values of Rmin
where
E
=
overall
stage e
Solution
O
ution
seR/Rmin=1,1eRmincomodeterminadonoexemploanterior.
L = viscosity of the
in Examples 9.1 andR9.2 = 2.866
=
2.866
R
min
min
LH = relative volatil
conditions (mN
components
en R/Rmin = 1.1
Given R/Rmin = 1.1
Equation
9.61
is only approx
=
viscosity
of th
doexemplo
L
R
=
3.153
Rmin = 2.866
R trays
= 3.153
with long
flow paths
a
conditions
(mN
anterior
Equation 9.61 tends to undere
m/REquation
9.59
From Equation 9.59
min = 1.1
Equation
9.61
is
only approx
It
should
be
emphasized
th
R =R3.153
Rmin
trays
with
long9.61
flowshould
pathso
R
Rmin
from
Equation
X=
X = Equation 9.61 tends to undere
R
+
1
quation 9.59
estimate
R + 1 of the actual numbe
It should
be emphasized
th
3.153 2.866
elaborate
methods
are
availab
3.153
2.866
= Rmin
R
= from
Equation
should
3.153 + 1
of
this
text.
In 9.61
practice,
the o
X=
3.153
+
1
R+1
estimate
of to
thecomponent,
actual numb
component
an
= 0.0691
= 0.0691
3.153 2.866
elaborate
methods
availa
require much
more are
informatio
=
stitute X = 0.0691 in Equation
3.153 + 9.60
1 Substitute X = 0.0691 in Equation
andthis
physical
properties
of the
of
text. In
practice,
9.60
In practice,
the numberan
component
to component,
= 0.0691
Y = 0.2788 1.3154
0.0691 + 0.4114 0.06910.2910
0.2910
3.545. It should be emphasized that this value

R + of
1 3.545
R + accounts
1
for both variation in relative volatility and
molar
overflow.
3.153
2.866
3.153 2.866
=
=
3.153 + 13.153 + 1
9.5
= 0.0691 = 0.0691FOR
FINITE REFLUX CONDITIONS
MULTICOMPONENT
MIXTURES
= Equation
0.0691
in Equation
9.60
Substitute XSubstitute
= 0.0691X in
9.60
0.2910
Y=1.3154
0.2788number
0.0691
1.3154of
0.2910
0.0691
Having obtained
the minimum
stages
Y = 0.2788
+0.0691
0.4114+from
0.4114
0.0691
!
" 1 "
!
the Fenske Equation and minimum reflux ratio
from
1+
+
0.8268
ln 0.0691
+ 0.9020 ln of0.0691
the Underwood Equations,
the
empirical
relationship
+ 0.8268 ln 0.0691 + 0.9020 ln 0.0691 +
0.0691
10
0.0691
Gilliland can be used to determine the number of stages.
= 0.5822
The original correlation
was
presented in graphical form10 .
= 0.5822
Two parameters (X and
Y ) were
to correlate
the9.59
data:
Substitute
Y =used
0.5822
in Equation
Substitute Y = 0.5822 in Equation 9.59
N Nmin
R Rmin
N 16.6
0.5822
=
Y =
,X =
(9.59)
N
16.6
N +1
N +1
0.5822R=+ 1
NN
+=
1 41.1
where X, Y = correlating parameters
N = 41.1
N = actualThus,
number
of
theoretical
42 theoretical stagesstages
are needed.
Portanto,sonecessrios42pratostericos
Repeat
the calculation
for Rstages
minimum
number
ofare
theoretical
NThus,
min = 3.095
min = 42
theoretical
stages
needed.
RRepeat
= actual
ratio for Rmin = 3.095
thereflux
calculation
R = 3.405
Rmin = minimum reflux ratio
R = 3.405
X = 0.0703
Various attempts have been made to represent the
11 0.0703
Y = 0.5805
X=
correlation algebraically. For example
:
estimate
o
estima
elaborate
elaborm
of this
of tex
thi
component
compo
requir
require
mu
and ph
and physic
In
In pract
by 5byto 51
The The
heighh
multip
multiplying
spacin
spacing.
T
or 0.6
or 0.6given
m,
givensimple
the
simple
sie
needs
needsdiseng
to b
disengagem
vapor
a liqu
vaporliqu
for as
a liquid
for ainto
colum
fr
into be
multi
be ab
be free
s
must
be able t
the lo
Onmerodepratosreaissempremaiorqueonmerodepratos
tericosdevidoaofatodelimitaesdetransfernciademassa
impedirqueoequilbriosejaa*ngidoemcadaprato;
Onmerodepratosreaisdeterminadodividindoonmerode
pratostericospelaecinciaglobaldoprato,aqualnormalmente
estentreoslimitesde70e90%(existemmtodosparasua
determinao);
Aalturadacolunatambmpodesergrosseiramentees*mada
considerandoonmerodepratosreaiseoespaamentoentreos
pratos(normalmente45cm)+1a2mparaovaporsairlivrede
lquidonotopoenofundo(aquelequeretornadoreboiler),almda
retenodolquidonofundo(existemmtodosespeccos);
Odimetrodacolunatambmpodeserdeterminadobaseadono
pontodeinundaodacoluna.

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AnliseeO*mizao

The largest root corresponds to

liquid flowrate from the separator (kmols

The vaporliquid equilibrium relationship can be defi

components between the vapor and liquid is dictated by

yi = mole fraction of Component i in vapor ()

The vaporliquid equilibrium relationship can be defined

f Separator for Homogeneous Fluid

to cope with a wider variety of liquid and v

tive Area Active Area

with corrugations and holes and then joined together to

13.12. TRAY TOWERS

13.12. TRAY TOWERS

456 DISTILLATION AND GAS ABSORPTION

Figure 9.4 A general equilibrium stage for distillation. (From

Figure 9.4 A general equilibrium stage for distillation. (From

3. Summation equations (one for each stage):

develop a rigorous approach to distillation

decisions have been made, a detailed simulation needs to

The reflux ratio, R, is defined to be:

Science, Academic Press; reproduced by permission).

For a saturated liquid feed q = 1, and for

A component balance gives:

nal line at xi,D . N

feed q = 0. The flowrate of feed entering the column

partially vaporized, saturated vapor or superheated vapor.

partially vaporized, saturated vapor or superheated vapor.

Mole Fraction in Vapor, y

introduced, defined as:

For a saturated liquid feedFigure

he correct feed stage, that is, the feed stage necessary

(a) The optimum feed location.

(b) Feed loctaion below the

Combining the rectifying and stripping sections.

(c) Feed loctaion abo

The optimum feed location.

the rectifying and stripping sections.

(a) The optimum feed location.

(b) Feed loctaion below the

(c) Feed loctaion above th

(a) Total condenser.

However, to fully understand the design of the column,

(b) Partial condenser.

(a) Total condenser.

(b) Partial conde

Figure 9.10 Total and partial condensers in the McCabeThiele Diagram.

and all the bottoms liq

and compositions of the liquid and vapor in the rectifying

Mole Fraction A in Vapor, y

relates the vapor entering and liquid flows leaving Stage

Mole Fraction A in Vapor, y

mixtures, such as many mixtures of alcohol and water.

Mole Fraction A in Vapor, y

Mole Fraction A in Vapor, y

mogeneous Fluid Mixtures I Distillation

Mole Fraction A in Vapor, y

(b) Minimum reflux

increase as more reboiling and condensation are required,

Figure 9.18 The capitalenergy trade-off standalone distillation columns.

Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibrium

tures, such as many mixtures of alcohol and water.

Mole Fraction in Vapor, y

Mole Fraction A in Vapor, y