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INGLS TCNICO
SENAI
PETROBRAS
CTGS-ER
INGLS TCNICO
Natal / RN
2010
2010 CTGS-ER
Qualquer parte desta obra poder ser reproduzida, desde que citada a fonte.
Diretor Executivo
Rodrigo Diniz de Mello
Diretor de Tecnologias
Pedro Neto Nogueira Digenes
Diretor de Negcios
Jos Geraldo Saraiva Pinto
Coordenadora
Maria do Socorro Almeida
Elaborao
Ramss Alexandre Andrade Guimares.
Diagramao
Ana Cristina Paula de Oliveira
FICHA CATALOGRFICA
SUMRIO
A WOMANS PLACE......................................................................................................62
WATER ..........................................................................................................................63
VENICE AND THE BIG SHIPS ......................................................................................63
PERSONAL FINANCE ...................................................................................................64
MDULO 9 ....................................................................................................................65
MAIN POINTS COMPREHENSION (Compreenso dos Pontos Principais) .............65
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING......................................................................................67
HURRICANES................................................................................................................68
FAMOUS SCHOOL FAILURES ...................................................................................68
A CHRISTMAS STORY .................................................................................................68
MDULO 10 ..................................................................................................................70
PRESENTE CONTNUO ................................................................................................70
SINGULAR E PLURAL...................................................................................................71
FALSOS COGNATOS....................................................................................................72
exerccio .........................................................................................................................75
THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM ..................................................................................76
THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE.....................................................................................78
EXEMPLO DE TRADUO: ..........................................................................................81
Sabemos ainda que apesar das tcnicas facilitarem a compreenso dos textos,
em nosso estudo dedicaremos ateno especial aos conhecimentos mnimos
necessrios para compreendermos o idioma Ingls, sendo estes relacionados a
vocabulrio tcnico, vocabulrio do cotidiano e assuntos de carter gramatical.
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 1
INTRODUO
Awareness of Strategies
Concincia de Estratgias
TEXTO 1
Texto em Dinamarqus
Smelt farin, sirup or margarine i en gryde. Tag den af varmen. Kot krydderier og
natron i. Kol massen helt af. Ker mel or aeg i hold lidt mel tilbage. Aelt dejen
sammen. Lad den hvile i koleskab til naeste dag eller laengere. Temperer dejen et par
timer og aelt den ignnem inden brug.
Rul dejen ud i em tykkeise og stik eller skaer figurer ud husk et hul til
silkebander.
Bag ved 200C i ca. 8 mim. Lad kagerne sta et ojeblik pa pladen, ior de lae ggest
til afsvaling pa en bageris.
Glasur:
Kei aeggevide og flomelis sammen til em stiv masse. Fyld den i en lilie pose af
plast. Klip et fint hul i en hjorne og dekorer kagerne med nayne eller monster. Traek
et rodt silkeband gennem huliet of haeng kagen op. Smager bedst efter et dogn.
EXERCCIO 1:
ATENO: S FAA O EXERCCIO APS E LEITURA DO TEXTO.
a. Qual o assunto do texto?
_________________________________________________________
b. Em quantas partes est dividido o texto?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Em nosso estudo vamos fazer uso de tcnicas como esta para analisarmos
nossos textos, e tirarmos dele o maior nmero de informaes possveis.
Neste primeiro texto voc agiu intuitivamente e mesmo sem saber voc
utilizou tcnicas que sero abordadas em nosso estudo e de agora em diante
falaremos de cada uma delas.
Nosso estudo, propriamente dito, inicia-se neste ponto quando vamos conhecer
os Nveis de Compreenso da Leitura.
COMPREENSO GERAL
Este o primeiro passo que devemos dar quando nos deparamos com um
texto em um idioma diferente do nosso. E para atingirmos este objetivo devemos usar
alguns recursos. So eles:
Palavras cognatas
Palavras repetidas
Marcas tipogrficas
Disposio grfica
VEJA O EXEMPLO:
Voc necessitaria de um dicionrio para traduzir estas palavras que esto
escritas em Ingls?
Example
Nature
Program
Information
Technology
Mechanics
Motor
Banana
EXERCCIO 1:
Traduza as palavras acima.
DICA:
Para facilitarmos nossa vida quando precisarmos analisar um texto, devemos conhecer
bem os COGNATOS.
18 - Prosperity - prosperidade
19 - Admire - admira
20 Apprecirte - apreciar
21 - Dance - danar
22 - Paint - pintar
23 - Move - mover
24 - Introduce - introduzir
25 - Angel - anjo
26 - Banana - banana
27 - Normal - normal
28 - Alphabet - alfabeto
29 - Chocolate - chocolate
30 - Coffee - caf
ATENO:
O conhecimento destas palavras um grande auxlio na interpretao dos
textos. Portanto estude e aprenda os COGNATOS da lista.
DICA:
Perceba que muitos sufixos em ingls esto relacionados com sufixos em
portugus.
Observe os COGNATOS a seguir com seus respectivos sufixos:
INGLS PORTUGUS
Sufixo Palavra Sufixo Palavra
AL internationAL AL internacionAL
naturAL naturAL
ATE apreciATE AR ApreciAR
simulATE SimulAR
ABLE expotABLE VEL exportVEL
comfortABLE confortVEL
Definition
Solenoid control valves are electromagnetic valves that are used with both gas
and liquid, and are controlled by the starting and stopping of electrical current through a
solenoid. A solenoid is the coil in a wire that changes the state of the value. Solenoid
control valves dictate the flow of water or air, and are used in fluidics. Fluidics uses fluid
to perform both digital and analog operations. Solenoid control valves are designed to
release, distribute or mix different fluids.
Function
Solenoid control valves are broken up into two main parts; they are the solenoid
and the valves. The solenoid works to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
This allows the valves to open and control mechanically. Solenoid control valves have
metal seals that allow the electrical interfaces to be easily controlled. When the valves
are not activated, a spring is used to hold the valve open or closed.
EXERCCIO 2:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Analisando as palavras cognatas que voc identificou, responda qual o assunto
do texto?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Neste ponto queremos apenas que atravs das palavras Cognatas que voc
identificou voc tente agora identificar de que trata o texto, ou seja, qual a principal
informao trazida pelo texto.
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 2
INTRODUO
PONTOS GRAMATICAIS
Antes de tudo vamos observar o que segue e iniciar este mdulo com uma dica.
DICA:
Voc j percebeu como so dados NOMES AOS VERBOS em Portugus e
Ingls?
Em Portugus: os nomes dos verbos so sempre terminados em AR, ER, IR e
OR
Ex: cantAR, corrER, partIR, compOR
Note tambm que quando o verbo est com as terminaes AR, ER, IR ou OR
(em portugus) ou quando o verbo est acompanhado da partcula TO (em ingls),
dizemos que o VERBO EST NO INFINITIVO (na forma Infinitiva), ou seja, o verbo no
esta conjugado.
OBS:
1. Conforme a dica acima o TO no se traduz, serve apenas para indicar que o
verbo est no infinitivo, ou seja, no est conjugado, ou ainda, o verbo est na
sua forma original.
2. Poderamos dizer ento que se trata do verbo BE, porm em ingls sempre se
diz TO BE (sER ou estAR)
TO BE = ser ou estar
We will be
You will be
They will be
EXERCCIO 1:
d) Solenoid control valves are broken up into two main parts; they are the solenoid
and the valves
ADJETIVOS
ATENO:
Diferentemente do idioma Portugus, em Ingls os adjetivos sempre vm antes
dos substantivos como podemos observar nos exemplos acima.
EXERCCIO 2:
Com o auxlio de um dicionrio traduza os seguintes termos compostos por
adjetivo(s) + substantivo:
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 3
INTRODUO
PALAVRAS REPETIDAS
Pumps are machines designed to add energy to fluids. They typically do this by
using a rotating element to push the fluid in one direction.
Types of Pumps
While there are several types of pumps in existence, there are two types of
pumps discussed here in detail, and two more are mentioned in passing. One type is
called a centrifugal pump, the other is called an axial flow pump. The functional
difference between the two is in the direction that flow goes through the pump.
In an axial pump, the flow into (called "suction") and the flow out from (called
"discharge") both go in the same direction as the axis of rotation of the blades. Similar to
a fan1 , axial pumps are usually used to make fluid go faster without increasing its
pressure. Submarine propellers are used in this way, though their purpose is more to
move the boat than the water.
the fluid does now have more energy than it did when entering, it gets discharged with
more pressure than it entered.
Peristaltic pumps work in a similar way to intestines, in that liquid is run through a
tube which is squeezed in such a way as to push the liquid along. The advantage of
these pumps is that nothing touches the fluid except the tubing, so this sort of system is
often used to move bodily fluids, as during open-heart surgery.
Piston pumps use a rotating bar with a notch cut out of one area. As the piston
rotates in a chamber, the notch passes the inlet hole and "catches" a precise amount of
liquid. As the piston rotates, the notch passes the discharge hole and "releases" the
liquid. The advantage here is that very precise amounts of liquid can be released.
There are many other types of pumps available, though they are not mentioned
here for the sake of brevity.
Glossario:
Merry-go-round = carrossel
EXERCCIO 1:
DISPOSIO GRFICA
EXERCCIO 2:
Axial - Intestine -
Flow - Piston -
Function - Area -
Functional - Precise -
Difference - Brevity -
OBS: se tiver alguma dvida quanto traduo de algum dos cognatos acima, voc
pode recorrer a um dicionrio, porm s faa isto em ltimo caso, pois estas
palavras so similares ao portugus e com um pouco de dedicao e interesse elas
sero traduzidas sem dificuldade.
MARCAS TIPOGRFICAS
EXERCCIO 3:
Com base em nossos estudos resolva o seguinte exerccio:
1. Identifique no texto as marcas tipogrficas:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Nome do quadro
vendido?
Valor?
Ano?
Destino?
Nome? Valor?
Lugares
onde viveu
Ano?
Texto 3
Paper
Paper was invented in China in about A.D. 100, but papermaking process was
kept secret for over Five hundred years. The secret was discovered by the Japanese in
the seventh century and then by the Arabs in the city of Samarkand
in 751. From there the technique passed to Europe.
For another thousand years all paper was made by handuntil,
in 1798, a machine for making a continuous roll of paper
was invented in France. The process which is used today is very
similar to the process which was used by Louis Roberts 1798
machine: wood is cut into very small pieces; it is mixed into a pulp with water and
chemicals; the pulp is carried along on a belt and pressed and dried by big hot rollers, the
paper is then usually treated with more chemical to make it smooth and white.
Today, almost all paper is made from wood, but high-quality paper can be cotton
and linen fibers (for example, from old rags).
(TAYLOR, James; ROGERS, Mickey; STANLEY, Nancy; KNIVETON, Julie e
LUNA, Manoel. Reflectons, Macmillian, 1994, p.102.)
EXERCCIO 4:
Identifique as palavras repetidas e preencha o quadro abaixo:
Papel
Invertor?
________________
poca? poca?
____________ ____________
Perodo de sigilo
do processo de
fabricao? Inventor? Matria-prima utilizada?
_____________________________
INGLS TCNICO
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 4
INTRODUO
GRAMTICA
What is this?
O que isto?
WHERE onde
Ex: Where is this part to be fixed?
Onde para fixar esta pea?
WHEN quando
Ex: When will the meeting be?
Quando ser (to be) a reunio?
Who quem
Ex: Who is that technician?
Quem aquele tcnico?
How como
Ex: How is the job?
Como o emprego?
ATENO:
Nem sempre estas palavras sero usadas em sentenas interrogativas.
Elas tambm podem vir em sentenas Afirmativas.
EXERCCIO 1:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Neste mesmo pargrafo existe outra frase que usa WHEN. Copie e faa sua
traduo:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. No pargrafo que fala da Bomba Peristltica, copie e traduza a frase que contm
a palavra WHICH.
OBS: Neste caso WHICH = o (a) qual.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
IMPORTANTE:
Note que estas palavras so itens CHAVE para uma boa compreenso, pois
elas fazem a ligao de sentenas no texto e sem elas o texto no tem coeso.
Verbo THERE TO BE
Este outro verbo bsico que muito encontramos em qualquer tipo de texto, seja
ele Tcnico, literrio, cientfico, etc. Da a necessidade de conhecermos o seu uso.
DICA:
Observe a semelhana deste verbo com verbo TO BE, do qual ele deriva,
conseqentemente sua conjugao ser semelhante.
PRESENTE SIMPLES:
THERE IS singular (existe, haver)
THERE ARE plural (existem, havero)
FUTURO SIMPLES:
THERE WILL BE singular OU plural (existe, existem, haver, havero)
FORMA NEGATIVA:
THERE ISNT para o presente simples singular
THERE ARENT para o presente simples plural
THERE WONT BE para o futuro simples singular ou plural
EXEMPLOS:
THERE IS a screw on the cover. H um parafuso na tampa.
THERE ARE two screws on the plate. Existem 2 parafusos na chapa.
THERE WILL BE a machine for this process Haver uma mquina para este
processo.
EXERCCIO 2:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
USO DE:
THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE
IMPORTANTE:
necessrio que percebamos que o THAT nem sempre tem esses significados.
THAT tambm pode ser um pronome relativo e ser traduzido como QUE.
EXERCCIO 3:
The functional difference between the two is in the direction that flow goes through the
pump.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Peristaltic pumps work in a similar way to intestines, in that liquid is run through a tube...
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
The advantage here is that very precise amounts of liquid can be released.
______________________________________________________________________
THE = o , a , os , as
A = um , uma
AN = um , uma
OBSERVAO IMPORTANTE:
Tanto A como AN possuem o mesmo significado.
O que vai definir o uso de um ou de outro a palavra que o segue.
REGRA:
Usarmos o artigo indefinido A antes de uma palavra iniciada com:
Consoante: a screw um parafuso
a nut uma porca
ou
Y: a yard um jardim
a young man um jovem
EXERCCIO 4:
Retire dos trs textos do mdulo anterior exemplos do uso dos artigos indefinidos
e faa suas tradues:
Estude e APRENDA cada uma das palavras a seguir, pois estas so palavras de
extrema importncia para a compreenso de textos devido a sua grande maioria ser do
tipo de ligao, ou seja, palavras que LIGAM:
NOTE:
ATENO:
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 5
INTRODUO
SKIMMING
Devemos, ento, fazer uma leitura rpida para captar os conceitos e as idias
principais, ou seja, quando fazemos isto estamos na realidade buscando a idia geral
do texto.
datas,
nmeros,
nomes, etc.
DICA:
Voc sabe o que significa o verbo TO SKIM?
Este verbo significa retirar leo, gordura, nata, etc de uma superfcie, ou seja,
to skim the Milk = retirar a nata do leite
EXERCCIO 1:
Leia os textos a seguir usando a tcnica de SKIMMING e complete os espaos
com as informaes solicitadas.
Texto 1
Be careful with tools
Hospital emergency departments across the United States report more than 330,000
emergency room visits a year for injuries from home workshop equipment, including more
than 180,000 accidents involving ladders, the Home Safety Council says.
"We see a significant number of falls resulting in head, neck, back and extremity injuries,"
says Jennifer Elliot, director of emergency services at Baptist Hospital in Nashville. "We also
see a number of lacerations, electrical injuries and fume inhalation."
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________ e ________________________________________
Among the top mistakes many folks make: Not wearing safety glasses or protective gear; not
securing ladders on firm ground; and not reading directions on use of equipment.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Many homeowners also fail to unplug power tools when they're not in use. Perhaps the
biggest error, says the council, is letting children play around a work site.
(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20090420/ai_n31578248/)
Texto 2
Power transmission
Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not
be axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and
pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission system are large and this has led to
many variations on the theme. They run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion
motor and bearings against load changes, albeit with less strength than gears or chains.
However, improvements in belt engineering allow use of belts in systems that only
formerly allowed chains or gears.
Belt drive, moreover, is simple, inexpensive, and does not require axially aligned
shafts. It helps protect the machinery from overload and jam, and damps and isolates
noise and vibration. Load fluctuations are shock-absorbed (cushioned). They need no
lubrication and minimal maintenance. They have high efficiency (90-98%, usually 95%),
high tolerance for misalignment, and are inexpensive if the shafts are far apart. Clutch
action is activated by releasing belt tension. Different speeds can be obtained by step or
tapered pulleys.
The angular-velocity ratio may not be constant or equal to that of the pulley
diameters, due to slip and stretch. However, this problem has been largely solved by the
use of toothed belts. Temperatures ranges from 31 F (35.0 C) to 185 F (85 C).
Adjustment of center distance or addition of an idler pulley is crucial to compensate for
wear and stretch.
Fonte: Wikipedia
EXERCCIO 2:
Usando a Tcnica de SKIMMING identifique de que trata:
1. O Primeiro pargrafo
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. O Segundo pargrafo
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. O Terceiro pargrafo
___________________________________________________________________
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 6
INTRODUO
SCANNING
DICA:
Sempre que se for fazer um SCANNING faa primeiramente um SKIMMING!
Texto 1
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OBS: Note que na primeira vez que lemos este texto, nossa inteno era
apenas identificar o assunto principal atravs da observao das palavras
cognatas e repetidas. Agora pretendemos identificar informaes especficas no
texto.
Responda:
a. Para que finalidade as bombas so desenvolvidas?
______________________________________________________
b. Apesar do texto mencionar que existem vrios tipos de bombas,
quantas bombas o texto trata em detalhes?
______________________.
c. Quais tipos de bombas o texto trata em detalhe?
______________________________________________________.
d. Quantos e quais tipos de bombas o texto trata de passagem
(superficialmente)? ___________________.
OBSERVAO:
Note que na primeira vez que voc analisou o Texto sobre BOMBAS, esta anlise
foi superficial. Agora que estamos usando a tcnica de SCANNING queremos localizar
informaes especficas.
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 7
INTRODUO
TEMPOS VERBAIS
FUTURO SIMPLES
Sendo o tempo verbal de estrutura mais simples, iniciaremos o nosso estudo por
ele. Para se formar o futuro simples de um verbo basta usarmos a partcula WILL.
OBSERVAO:
O Futuro Simples refere-se uma ao que vai acontecer (com certeza).
Forma AFIRMATIVA
I will work eu trabalharei to WORK = trabalhar
You will study voc estudar to STUDY = estudar
He will pay ele pagar to PAY = pagar
She will buy ela comprar to BUY = comprar
It will sit ele sentar (ele=animal) to SIT = sentar
We will travel ns viajaremos to TRAVEL = viajar
You will exit vocs sairo to EXIT = sair
They will come eles(as) viro to COME = comer
FUTURO CONDICIONAL
(futuro do pretrito)
DICA:
Perceba que tanto no Futuro Simples como no Condicional a conjugao do
verbo IGUAL PARA TODAS AS PESSOAS (eu, tu ele, ns, . . ), diferentemente do
portugus.
Ex: Eu comprarEI I WILL BUY
Voc comprar you WILL BUY
Ns comprarEMOS we WILL BUY
DICA:
Note que a conjugao se repete para todas as pessoas, EXCETO, para a 3
pessoa do singular (HE , SHE , IT)
IMPORTANTE:
Note que estas alteraes, quando conjugamos verbos no Presente Simples, S
OCORREM NA FORMA AFIRMATIVA, quando conjugamos os verbos nas Formas
Interrogativas e Negativas o verbo permanece inaltervel, apenas acrescenta-se
sentena as partculas DOES e DOESNT e no o Do e o DONT como nas demais
pessoas.
PASSADO SIMPLES
Conjugao do verbo TO WORK (trabalhar) no Passado Simples
DICA:
Observe que nas 3 formas (Afirmativa, Interrogativa e Negativa) a conjugao se
repete de forma exatamente igual para todas as pessoas, independentemente de ser
1, 2 ou 3 pessoa do singular ou do plural.
Note tambm que para qualquer que seja o verbo as formas Interrogativa e
Negativa SERO SEMPRE da forma demonstrada no exemplo acima.
OBSERVAO:
Os verbos Regulares = so aqueles em que a sua conjugao no Passado
obedece a regras pr-estabelecidas conforme o exemplo apresentado.
Os verbos Irregulares = NO possuem regra para a conjugao do Passado.
Cada verbo possui sua forma de passado independente de regras.
VERBOS REGULARES
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 8
INTRODUO
PREDICTION
(PREDIO)
a) A WOMANS PLACE
b) PERSONAL FINANCE
c) WATER
d) VENICE AND THE BIG SHIPS
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. De acordo com as figuras apresentadas e com os ttulos de cada texto diga que
tipo de informao se espera (imagina) encontrar em cada um deles:
a) A WOMANS PLACE
Sua predio sobre este texto:
b) PERSONAL FINANCE
Sua predio sobre este texto:
c) WATER
Sua predio sobre este texto:
Texto 1
A WOMANS PLACE
Forty years ago the celebrated French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir declared
that The free woman is just being born. Its been a difficult birth, but today a womans
place is not in the home.
Women are now more independent, more self-reliant, more confident and more
powerful than ever before. After generation s of subservience and oppression they now
have official, if not always actual, equality and liberty. Just look around: women are
found in almost every profession and walk of life. There are women doctors, professors,
fire-fighters, and carpenters. In the north of England there is an assosiation of women
truck drivers; in America there are groups of women farmers. A detective agency in
Turin is composed entirely of female investigators; a car showroom in London is staffed
by a female sales team. And, of course, Britain had a woman prime minister.
But wait a minut we do indeed find women in all sorts of jobs, but just how
many? We are not talking of a minority group here; women make up more than 50 per
cent of the population. There shouldnt be just a handful of female politicians, there
should be thousands. Not just one detective agency but hundreds.
(Speak Up, March, 1991, by Alan rice)
Glossary
1. self-relliant autnomo 9. farmer agricultor
2. confident seguro de si, confiante 10. female do sexo feminino
3. subservience submisso, subservincia 11. sales team vendedores
4. actual real, de fato 12. indeed realmente
5. walk of life carreira, ocupao 13. sort tipo
6. fire-fighter bombeiro 14. to make up constituir
7. carpenter carpinteiro 15. handful punhado
8. truck driver motorista de caminho
Texto 2
WATER
More than 65% of your body is water. If you dont have water you die. You usually
have about two litres of water every day. You drink about one litre and you get another
litre from food. Your body loses water when its hot or when you do exercise. So, drink
more water if you do a lot of exercise!
(HILTON, Michael e SELGSON, Paul. Mosaic, book 2, Nelson, 1993, p.43)
Texto 3
VENICE AND THE BIG SHIPS
Archaeologists and historians are more worried every year about the Italian city of
Venice, one of the worlds most important historical sites. Venice, built in the
seventeenth century by the Doges (or princes) of Venice, is visited by more than one
million people a year.
But Venices buildings are in danger. Their foudations are shaken by the
vibrations from passing ships. Many parts of the city are ofen flooded and these floods
cause damage too.
Worried residents and experts from all over the world are looking for ways to stop
the damage and preserve Venice, one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
(HARMER, Jeremy e ELSWORTH, Steve. Meridian Plus.)
Texto 4
PERSONAL FINANCE
Money becomes really important as soon as you earn it. Then the technical terms
you have heard in conversations at home begin to take on a new meaning. You realise
that unless you control your expenditure and live wythin your income you may get into
debt. What you have to spend, of course, in net income, not gross income, because
your employers normaly dedut income tax and social security payments from your
wages (or if you are paid every month, salary) before you receive them. Peolple who are
careful with their money usually work out a budget for themselves in order to set aside
sums for holidays and accumulate savings. These days most people consider it safer to
keep money in a bank, rather than under the bed or even in a safe at home. It is more
convenient to pay by cheque , instead of paying in cash, so most people have a banck
account. The bank gives them a cheque book, and they keep a record of what they pay
in and draw out. Without this record, you can easily become overdraw, and owe the
bank money, or the bank may not honour your cheque.
(FOWLER, W. S. Systhesis Advanced, Nelson, 1992, p. 97)
INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 9
INTRODUO
Estudaremos neste mdulo os dois nveis de compreenso de texto restantes,
suas caractersticas e utilidades. Pois dos trs nveis mencionados no incio de nosso
estudo j aprendemos a compreenso geral do texto.
Outro ponto importante que o leito deve tentar saber qual a atitude ou ponto
de vista do autor no que concerne ao tema proposto. Pode-se ento, at mesmo,
fazer anotaes ou um resumo do assunto.
TPICO FRASAL
OBS:
1. O Tpico frasal indica o que o pargrafo VAI DISCUTIR.
2. O Tpico Frasal encontra-se no incio do pargrafo e todas as outras sentenas
derivam dele.
DESENVOLVIMENTO
DICA:
Para termos uma boa compreenso de um texto devemos:
1. Identificar o Tpica Frasal
2. Analisar o desenvolvimento do pargrafo observando os detalhes que
complementam a idia principal.
Texto 1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the industrial revolution in
Europe in the 19th century; however, its development can be traced back several
thousand years around the world. The field has continually evolved to incorporate
advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing
developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology.
Mechanical engineering overlaps with Aerospace engineering, Civil engineering,
Electrical engineering, and Petroleum engineering to varying amounts.
TF:
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Texto 2
HURRICANES
Hurricanes, which are also called cyclones, exert tremendous power. These
violent storms are often a undred miles in diameter, and their winds can reach velocities
seventy-five miles per hour or more. Furthermore, the strong winds and heavy rainfall
that accompany them can completely destroy a small town in a couple of hours. The
energy that is released by a hurrycane in one day exceeds the total energy consumed
by humankind throuout the world in one year.
TF:
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Texto 3
FAMOUS SCHOOL FAILURES
Albert Einstein, one of the worlds geniuses, failed his unversity entrance
examinations on him first attempt. William Faulkner, one of Americas noted writers,
never finished college because he because he could not pass his Enghish courses. Sir
Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, had to
have special tutoring in English during elementary school. These few examples show
that failure in school does not always predict failure in life.
TF:
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Texto 4
A CHRISTMAS STORY
Charles Dickens (1812-70), one of the greatest English novelists, was very
influential in creating the traditions connected with the English celebration of Christmas.
He did this through his immensely popular Christmas books and stories. One of these, A
Christmas Carol, published in 1843, has became a Christmas classic. It tells of a mean
and meserable old man called Scrooge, who has a series of visions on Christmas
morning a different man and joins in the festivities that everyone should have at
Christmas.
TF:
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INGLS TCNICO
MDULO 10
INTRODUO
PRESENTE CONTNUO
Exemplos:
SINGULAR E PLURAL
FALSOS COGNATOS
ATENO:
To importante quanto identificarmos os cognatos sabermos que existem
FALSOS COGNATOS, ou seja, palavras que se assemelham com nosso idioma,
porm, possuem significados completamente diferentes.
Note ainda que esto grifados os que provocam mais dvidas e que so mais
vistos, porm TODOS so importantes e voc poder se deparar com qualquer um
deles a qualquer momento!
EXERCCIO:
LEIA O TEXTO A SEGUIR E UTILIZANDO-SE DOS RECURSOS E TCNICAS
QUE ESTUDAMOS AT AGORA RESPONDA:
1. Assinale no texto TODAS as palavras cognatas
2. Qual a idia principal do texto (sobre o que trata o texto):
3. Qual o assunto principal do 4 e do quinto pargrafo
4. Traduza do primeiro ao 5 pargrafo (Veja o exemplo de traduo do 6
pargrafo no final do texto)
The Evaporator
The purpose of the evaporator is to remove unwanted heat from the product, via
the liquid refrigerant. The liquid refrigerant contained within the evaporator is boiling at a
low-pressure. The level of this pressure is determined by two factors:
- The rate at which the heat is absorbed from the product to the liquid refrigerant
in the evaporator
- The rate at which the low-pressure vapour is removed from the evaporator by
the compressor
To enable the transfer of heat, the temperature of the liquid refrigerant must be
lower than the temperature of the product being cooled. Once transferred, the liquid
refrigerant is drawn from the evaporator by the compressor via the suction line.
When leaving the evaporator coil the liquid refrigerant is in vapour form.
The Compressor
The purpose of the compressor is to draw the low-temperature, low-pressure
vapour from the evaporator via the suction line. Once drawn, the vapour is compressed.
When vapour is compressed it rises in temperature. Therefore, the compressor
transforms the vapour from a low-temperature vapour to a high-temperature vapour, in
turn increasing the pressure. The vapour is then released from the compressor in to the
discharge line.
The Condenser
The purpose of the condenser is to extract heat from the refrigerant to the outside
air. The condenser is usually installed on the reinforced roof of the building, which
enables the transfer of heat. Fans mounted above the condenser unit are used to draw
air through the condenser coils.
The temperature of the high-pressure vapour determines the temperature at which the
condensation begins. As heat has to flow from the condenser to the air, the
condensation temperature must be higher than that of the air; usually between -12C
and -1C. The high-pressure vapour within the conde nser is then cooled to the point
where it becomes a liquid refrigerant once more, whilst retaining some heat. The liquid
refrigerant then flows from the condenser in to the liquid line.
pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant also decreases to a level below the
surrounding air. This low-pressure, low-temperature liquid is then pumped in to the
evaporator.
The Refrigerant
The type of refrigerant used will depend on the pressure capabilities of the
system and the temperatures that have to be achieved during refrigeration. The
following brief table shows the relationship between temperature and pressure, given in
bara, for two common refrigerants.
EXEMPLO DE TRADUO:
6 PARGRAFO
1 PASSO:
Assinale todos os cognatos: no texto eles foram grifados de amarelo.
The Expansion Valve
Within the refrigeration system, the expansion valve is located at the end of the liquid
line, before the evaporator. The high-pressure liquid reaches the expansion valve,
having come from the condenser. The valve then reduces the pressure of the refrigerant
as it passes through the orifice, which is located inside the valve. On reducing the
pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant also decreases to a level below the
surrounding air. This low-pressure, low-temperature liquid is then pumped in to the
evaporator.
2 PASSO:
Assinale todas as palavras conhecidas: no texto elas foras grifadas de verde:
The Expansion Valve
Within the refrigeration system, the expansion valve is located at the end of the liquid
line, before the evaporator. The high-pressure liquid reaches the expansion valve,
having come from the condenser. The valve then reduces the pressure of the refrigerant
as it passes through the orifice, which is located inside the valve. On reducing the
pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant also decreases to a level below the
surrounding air. This low-pressure, low-temperature liquid is then pumped in to the
evaporator.
3 PASSO:
Procuremos no dicionrio as palavras desconhecidas e finalizamos nossa
traduo:
Within the refrigeration system, the expansion valve is located at the end of the liquid
line, before the
Dentro do sistema de refrigerao, a vlvula de expanso est localizada no fim da
linha do lquido, antes do
evaporator. The high-pressure liquid reaches the expansion valve, having come from
the condenser. The
evaporador. O lquido a alta-presso alcana a vlvula de expanso, tendo vindo do
condensador. A
valve then reduces the pressure of the refrigerant as it passes through the orifice, which
is located inside the
vlvula ento reduz a presso do refrigerante quando ele passa atravs do orifcio, que
est localizado dentro da
valve. On reducing the pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant also decreases to a
level below the
Aps analisar o exemplo acima, a sua vez. Faa a traduo solicitada e boa
sorte!