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1 5 2 6 1 3 −5 4 −1
𝐷 − 𝐸 = [−1 0 1] − [ −1 1 2 ] = [ 0 −1 −1]
3 2 4 4 1 3 −1 1 1
Então:
−5 0 −1
(𝐷 − 𝐸)𝑇 = [ 4 −1 1 ]
−1 −1 1
b)
4 0
𝐵𝑇 = [ ]
−1 2
Então:
4 −1 4 0 0 −1
𝐵 − 𝐵𝑇 = [ ]−[ ]=[ ]
0 2 −1 2 1 0
c)
1 5 2
1 4 2
𝐶𝐷 = [ ] ∙ [−1 0 1]
3 1 5
3 2 4
1(1) + 4(−1) + 2(3) 1(5) + 4(0) + 2(2) 1(2) + 4(1) + 2(4)
𝐶𝐷 = [ ]
3(1) + 1(−1) + 5(3) 3(5) + 1(0) + 5(2) 3(2) + 1(1) + 5(4)
3 9 14
𝐶𝐷 = [ ]
17 25 27
Então fazemos (CD)E, produto que também existe pois o número de colunas
6 1 3
3 9 14
(𝐶𝐷)𝐸 = [ ] ∙ [−1 1 2]
17 25 27
4 1 3
(𝐶𝐷)𝐸
(𝐶𝐷)𝐸 = [ 65 26 69
]
185 69 182
d)
Temos:
2 −3 5
𝐴 = [9 −1 1]
1 5 4
𝑥1
𝑥
𝑥 = [ 2]
𝑥3
𝑛
𝑏 = [𝑛 − 3]
𝑛−2
Portanto:
2 −3 5 𝑥1 𝑛
[9 −1 1] ∙ [𝑥2 ] = [𝑛 − 3]
1 5 4 𝑥3 𝑛−2
b)
1 −1 3
2 1 0
𝐴=[ ]
0 −3 4
1 0 3
𝑥1
𝑥
𝑥 = [ 2]
𝑥3
−𝑛
𝑛−3
𝑏=[ ]
𝑛−2
𝑛+3
Portanto:
1 −1 3 𝑥1 −𝑛
2 1 0 𝑛−3
[ ] ∙ [𝑥2 ] = [ ]
0 −3 4 𝑛−2
𝑥3
1 0 3 𝑛+3
a)
b)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 =2
{2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 =2
5𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥3 = −9
Efetuando o primeiro produto:
1 1 0
[𝑘 1 1 1 0 2 ] = [𝑘 + 1 𝑘 + 2 2 − 3] = [𝑘 + 1
] ∙ [ 𝑘 + 2 −1]
0 2 −3
𝑘
[𝑘 + 1 𝑘 + 2 −1 1] = [𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + 𝑘 + 2 − 1]
] ∙ [
1
Ou seja:
𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + 𝑘 + 2 − 1 = 0
𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1) = 0
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 1) = 0
(𝑘 + 1)2 = 0
𝑘+1=0
𝑘 = −1
b)
1 2 0
[2 ] ∙
2 𝑘 2 0[ 3] = [2 + 4 4 + 3𝑘 6 + 𝑘] = [6 4 + 3𝑘 6 + 𝑘]
0 3 1
2
[6 4 + 3𝑘 6 + 𝑘 ∙ [2] = [12 + 2(4 + 3𝑘) + 𝑘(𝑘 + 6)]
]
𝑘
Ou seja:
12 + 8 + 6𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 = 0
𝑘 2 + 12𝑘 + 20 = 0
Portanto:
−12 − 8 20
𝑘= =− = −10
2 2
Ou
−12 + 8 4
𝑘= = − = −2
2 2
a)
𝑎=4
𝑎 + 𝑏 = −2 ∴ 𝑏 = −2 − 𝑎 = −2 − 4 = −6
𝑑 − 2𝑐 = 3 ∴ 𝑑 = 2𝑐 + 3
𝑑 + 2𝑐 = −1 ∴ 𝑑 = −2𝑐 − 1
2𝑐 + 3 = −2𝑐 − 1
2𝑐 + 2𝑐 = −3 − 1
4𝑐 = −4
𝑐 = −1
Então:
𝑑 = 2(−1) + 3 = 1
b)
𝑎−𝑏 = 8∴ 𝑎 = 8+𝑏
𝑏+𝑎 = 1∴ 𝑎 = 1−𝑏
8+𝑏 = 1−𝑏
𝑏+𝑏 = 1−8
7
2𝑏 = −7 ∴ 𝑏 = −
2
Então:
7 7 2 7 9
𝑎 = 1 − (− ) = 1 + = + =
2 2 2 2 2
3𝑑 + 𝑐 = 7 ∴ 𝑐 = 7 − 3𝑑
2𝑑 − 𝑐 = 6 ∴ 𝑐 = 2𝑑 − 6
Igualando as expressões:
2𝑑 − 6 = 7 − 3𝑑
2𝑑 + 3𝑑 = 7 + 6
13
5𝑑 = 13 ∴ 𝑑 =
5
Então:
13 26 30 4
𝑐 = 2( )−6= − =−
5 5 5 5
a) y = x2 e y = 4x-x2
𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
As soluções são x=0 e x=2, portanto esses são os limites de integração. Para
2
𝐴 = ∫ [(4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥
0
do Cálculo:
2 2 2
2) 2 ]𝑑𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2 2𝑥 3
𝐴 = ∫ [(4𝑥 − 𝑥 −𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 2𝑥 =[ − ]
0 0 2 3 0
O esboço da região é:
2
𝐴 = ∫ [(9 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 + 1)]𝑑𝑥
−1
a regra da potência:
2 2 2
2) 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3
𝐴 = ∫ [(9 − 𝑥 − (𝑥 + 1)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (8 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 = [8𝑥 − − ]
−1 −1 2 3 −1
30
1 1 30 𝑡
𝑇̅ = ∫ 𝑇(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (20 + 75𝑒 −50 ) 𝑑𝑡
30 − 0 0 30 0
30 𝑡 30 30 𝑡
−
∫ (20 + 75𝑒 50 ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 20𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 75𝑒 −50 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0
substituição da forma:
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥=− ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∴ 𝑑𝑡 = −50𝑑𝑥
50 50
Também:
𝑆𝑒 𝑡 → 0, 𝑥 → 0
{ 30
𝑆𝑒 𝑡 → 30, 𝑥 → − = −0.6
50
Assim, temos:
30 𝑡 −0.6
∫ (20 + 75𝑒 −50 ) 𝑑𝑡 = [20𝑡]30
0 +∫ 75𝑒 𝑥 (−50𝑑𝑥)
0 0
30 𝑡 0
−
∫ (20 + 75𝑒 50 ) 𝑑𝑡 = [20(30) − 20(0)] + 3750 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 −0.6
30 𝑡
∫ (20 + 75𝑒 −50 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 600 + 3750[𝑒 𝑥 ]0−0.6 = 600 + 3750[𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −0.6 ]
0
30 𝑡
∫ (20 + 75𝑒 −50 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 600 + 3750(1 − 𝑒 −0.6 )
0
1 30 𝑡 1
𝑇̅ = ∫ (20 + 75𝑒 −50 ) 𝑑𝑡 = [600 + 3750(1 − 𝑒 −0.6 )] = 20 + 125(1 − 𝑒 −0.6 )
30 0 30
Resolvendo, temos:
𝑇̅ ≈ 76.4℃
Fazemos:
L
100
1000-x
O tamanho do fio a ser utilizado fora da água é x metros (sendo 0 < x < 1000),
𝐿 = √1010000 − 2000𝑥 + 𝑥 2
1
𝐶 = 5√1010000 − 2000𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 5(1010000 − 2000𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 3𝑥
Para minimizar o custo, temos que ter C’(x)=0:
1 1
𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 5 ( ) (1010000 − 2000𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2000 + 2𝑥) + 3
2
5𝑥 − 5000
𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = +3=0
√1010000 − 2000𝑥 + 𝑥 2
2
(5𝑥 − 5000)2 = (−3√1010000 − 2000𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
As soluções são:
10
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 10 ∴ ℎ =
𝜋𝑟 2
As áreas são:
𝐴𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜 = 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 2
10 20
𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟 ( 2
)=
𝜋𝑟 𝑟
Ou seja:
20
𝐶(𝑟) = 5𝜋𝑟 2 + 3 ( ) + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟
60
𝐶(𝑟) = 7𝜋𝑟 2 + = 7𝜋𝑟 2 + 60𝑟 −1
𝑟
60
14𝜋𝑟 =
𝑟2
60
𝑟3 =
14𝜋
3 30
𝑟 = √ ≈ 1,109 𝑚
7𝜋
E:
10
ℎ= ≈ 2,588 𝑚
𝜋(1,109)2
a.
0 = 72000 − 2000𝑡 2
2000𝑡 2 = 72000
72000
𝑡2 = = 36
2000
Então
𝑡 = √36 = 6 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠
b.
Taxa média:
Δ𝑉 𝑉(6) − 𝑉(3)
=
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡
Assim:
Δ𝑉 0 𝐿 − 54000 𝐿 𝐿
= = −18000
Δ𝑡 6h−3h ℎ
c.
𝐿
𝑉 ′ (𝑡) = −4000(3) = −12000
ℎ
a.
Em 2023, temos
𝑡 = 2023 − 1990 = 33
b.
−6𝑥 − 7
𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 2
𝑢 ′ 𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣 ′
( ) = ; (𝑢𝑛 )′ = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑢′
𝑣 𝑣2
Então:
′ (𝑥)
(3𝑥 2 )(−6 ∙ 1 + 0) − (−6𝑥 − 7)(3 ∙ 2𝑥)
𝑓 =
(3𝑥 2 )2
2.
𝑓(𝑥) = (2 − 𝑥 4 )(𝑥 − 4)
(𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
Então:
3.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + ln(5𝑥)
cadeia:
Então:
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 )(𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 )(2𝑥) + ∙ (5)
5𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) +
𝑥
4.
1 3 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −2 + 5𝑒 𝑥 − + √𝑥 + sen(6𝑥) = 𝑥 −2 + 5𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 3 + sen(6𝑥)
𝑥
temos:
1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 −3 + 5𝑒 𝑥 − (−1)𝑥 −2 + ( ) 𝑥 −3 + cos(6𝑥) ∙ (6)
3
2 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − + 5𝑒 𝑥
+ + + 6 cos(6𝑥)
𝑥3 𝑥 2 3√𝑥
3 2
5.
𝑒𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 +1
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 )(2𝑥 + 0) 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)2
Lista de Exercícios – Integrais
3
a) ∫−2(𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
a regra da potência:
3 3
𝑥6 𝑥4 𝑥3
∫ (𝑥 5 −𝑥 +𝑥3 2 )𝑑𝑥
=[ − + ]
−2 6 4 3 −2
Desenvolvendo e simplificando:
729 81 27 64 16 8 243 81 32 8
=[ − + ]−[ − − ]= − +9− +4+
6 4 3 6 4 3 2 4 3 3
3𝑥−2
b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
3𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 2 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 1 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (3𝑥1−2 − 2𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
Assim:
3𝑥 − 2 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
3 1
= 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝐶 = 2√𝑥 3 − 4√𝑥 + 𝐶
cosseno:
2
d) ∫ (𝑦 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
∫ (𝑦 3 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 −3 )𝑑𝑥
𝑦3
2 𝑦 4 2𝑦 −2 𝑦4 𝑦4 1
∫ (𝑦 3 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝐶 = − 𝑦 −2
+ 𝐶 = − +𝐶
𝑦3 4 −2 4 4 𝑦2
e) ∫ 𝑡(𝑡 3 + 1)𝑑𝑡
𝑡4 𝑡2
∫ 𝑡(𝑡 3 + 1)𝑑𝑡 = + +𝐶
4 2
1
f) ∫0 (1 − 𝑢9 )𝑑𝑢
a regra da potência:
1 1
9 )𝑑𝑢
𝑢10 110 010 1 10 − 1 9
∫ (1 − 𝑢 = [𝑢 − ] = (1 − ) − (0 − )= 1− −0= =
0 10 0 10 10 10 10 10
1
g) ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)9 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 =1−𝑥
Assim:
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢
E, também:
𝑆𝑒 𝑥 → 0, 𝑢 → 1
{
𝑆𝑒 𝑥 → 1, 𝑢 → 0
Então temos:
1 0
∫ (1 − 𝑥)9 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢9 (−𝑑𝑢)
0 1
Sabemos que ao inverter os limites de integração o sinal da integral muda,
então:
1 0 1 1
∫ (1 − 𝑥)9 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢9 (−𝑑𝑢) = ∫ −𝑢9 (−𝑑𝑢) = ∫ 𝑢9 𝑑𝑢
0 1 0 0
1 1
9
𝑢10 110 010 1
∫ (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = − =
0 10 0 10 10 10
Exercício 1
a) lim𝑥→−4− 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
b) lim𝑥→−4+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 9
d) lim𝑥→0 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
e) lim𝑥→3 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
f) 𝑓(−4) = 6
g) 𝑓(3) = ∄
h) 𝑓(6) = 0
Exercício 2
A equação lim𝑥→2 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 significa que a função f(x) tem comportamento tal
que quanto mais nos aproximemos de x=2 no eixo das abcissas, mais o valor
aproximação ser pela esquerda ou pela direita. Esta definição tem a ver com a
Exercício 3
Esboço do gráfico:
Exercício 4
𝑥 2 −2𝑥
Tomando a função 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 e calculando f(x) para cada um dos valores de
x abaixo, temos:
x f(x) x f(x)
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2
A tendência mostrada pelos resultados é de que: lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 = = 0,666 …
3
Exercício 5:
1+𝑥 𝑠𝑒 𝑥 < −1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2−𝑥 𝑠𝑒 𝑥≥1
e) Esboço do gráfico:
a)
t x y
Esboço
b)
t x y
−𝜋 −𝜋 + sen(−𝜋) = −𝜋 cos(−𝜋) = −1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− − + sen (− ) = − − 1 cos (− ) = 0
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 + sen(0) = 0 cos(0) = 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+ sen ( ) = + 1 cos ( ) = 0
2 2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 + sen(𝜋) = 𝜋 cos(𝜋) = −1
Esboço
a) Tangente horizontal:
𝑑𝑦
= 0 ∴ 2𝑡 = 0 ∴ 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
Ponto correspondente:
Tangente vertical:
𝑑𝑥
= 0 ∴ 3𝑡 2 − 3 = 0 ∴ 𝑡 2 − 1 = 0 ∴ 𝑡 = −1 𝑜𝑢 𝑡 = 1
𝑑𝑡
Pontos correspondentes:
Curva no Geogebra:
b) Tangente horizontal:
𝑑𝑦
= 0 ∴ 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 = 0 ∴ 3𝑡(𝑡 − 2) = 0 ∴ 𝑡 = 0 𝑜𝑢 𝑡 = 2
𝑑𝑡
Pontos correspondentes:
Tangente vertical:
𝑑𝑥
= 0 ∴ 3𝑡 2 − 3 = 0 ∴ 𝑡 2 − 1 = 0 ∴ 𝑡 = −1 𝑜𝑢 𝑡 = 1
𝑑𝑡
Pontos correspondentes:
Curva no Geogebra:
a)
𝑟=2
𝑟2 = 4
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
b)
𝑟 = 5 cos(𝜃)
𝑥
Sabemos que 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃) ∴ cos(𝜃) = 𝑟
5𝑥
𝑟=
𝑟
𝑟 2 = 5𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 = 0
a)
𝑦=2
𝑟 sen(𝜃) = 2
2
𝑟=
sen(𝜃)
𝑟 = 2 cossec(𝜃)
b)
𝑦 = 1 + 3𝑥
𝑟 sen(𝜃) = 1 + 3𝑟 cos(𝜃)
𝑟 sen(𝜃) − 3𝑟 cos(𝜃) = 1
𝑟[sen(𝜃) − 3 cos(𝜃)] = 1
1
𝑟=
sen(𝜃) − 3 cos(𝜃)
a)
b)
c)
a)
𝑑𝑟
= −2 sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
Inclinação:
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 sen(𝜃) + 𝑟 cos(𝜃)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟 cos(𝜃) − 𝑟 sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 [−2 sen(𝜃)] sen(𝜃) + [2 cos(𝜃)] cos(𝜃)
=
𝑑𝑥 [−2 sen(𝜃)] cos(𝜃) − [2 cos(𝜃)] sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝑦 2 cos(2𝜃)
= = − tg(2𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 −2 sen(2𝜃)
𝜋
Para 𝜃 = :
3
𝑑𝑦 2𝜋
= − tg ( ) = −(−√3) = √3
𝑑𝑥 3
b)
𝑑𝑟
= −2 sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
Inclinação:
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 sen(𝜃) + 𝑟 cos(𝜃)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟 cos(𝜃) − 𝑟 sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝜋
Para 𝜃 = 3 :
2𝜋 𝜋 1 1 1
𝑑𝑦 2 cos ( ) + cos ( ) 2 (− ) + −
= 3 3 = 2 2 = 2 = 1 ∙ √3 = √3
𝑑𝑥 −2 sen (2𝜋) − sen (𝜋) √3 √3 √3 3√3 √3 9
3 3 −2 ( 2 ) − 2 −3 2
Tangente horizontal:
𝑑𝑟
sen(𝜃) + 𝑟 cos(𝜃) = 0
𝑑𝜃
cos(2𝜃) = 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3√2 3√2 𝜋
2𝜃 = ∴ 𝜃 = → 𝑟 = 3 cos ( ) = → 𝑃( , )
2 4 4 2 2 4
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3√2 3√2 3𝜋
2𝜃 = ∴𝜃= → 𝑟 = 3 cos ( ) = − → 𝑃 (− , )
2 4 4 2 2 4
Tangente vertical:
𝑑𝑟
cos(𝜃) − 𝑟 sen(𝜃) = 0
𝑑𝜃
−6 sen(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 0
−3 sen(2𝜃) = 0
sen(2𝜃) = 0
2𝜃 = 0 ∴ 𝜃 = 0 → 𝑟 = 3 cos(0) = 3 → 𝑃(3,0)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2𝜃 = 𝜋 ∴ 𝜃 = → 𝑟 = 3 cos ( ) = 0 → 𝑃 (0, )
2 2 2
b)
Tangente horizontal:
𝑑𝑟
sen(𝜃) + 𝑟 cos(𝜃) = 0
𝑑𝜃
cos(𝜃) [1 − 2 sen(𝜃)] = 0
1
cos(𝜃) = 0 𝑜𝑢 1 − 2 sen(𝜃) = 0 ∴ sen(𝜃) =
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃= → 𝑟 = 1 − sen ( ) = 0 → 𝑃 (0, )
2 2 2
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃= → 𝑟 = 1 − sen ( ) = 2 → 𝑃 (2, )
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 1 𝜋
𝜃= → 𝑟 = 1 − sen ( ) = → 𝑃 ( , )
6 6 2 2 6
5𝜋 5𝜋 1 1 5𝜋
𝜃= → 𝑟 = 1 − sen ( ) = → 𝑃 ( , )
6 6 2 2 6
Tangente vertical:
𝑑𝑟
cos(𝜃) − 𝑟 sen(𝜃) = 0
𝑑𝜃
2 sen2(𝜃) − sen(𝜃) − 1 = 0
Fazendo 𝑥 = sen(𝜃)
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + ) = 0
2
1
sen(𝜃) = 1 𝑜𝑢 sen(𝜃) = −
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃= → 𝑟 = 1 − sen ( ) = 0 → 𝑃 (0, )
2 2 2
7𝜋 𝜋 3 3 7𝜋
𝜃= → 𝑟 = 1 − sen ( ) = → 𝑃 ( , )
6 6 2 2 6
𝑟 = 4 sin(𝜃)
𝜃 ∈ ℝ, 𝑟 ∈ [0,4]
Description:
A circle of equation r = a sin(θ) has diameter equal to a, so in this case the diameter is 4.
The figure is symmetric with respect to the axis θ=π/2 (shown below) and since a>0, it
occupies the first and second quadrants. Its center is located at (0, a/2), that is, at (0,2).
Symmetry tests:
To test if the function is symmetric with respect to the polar axis, we replace θ by –θ
So the function is not symmetric with respect to the polar axis. To test if the function is
symmetric with respect to the axis θ=π/2, we replace θ by –θ and r by –r and see if we
So the function is symmetric with respect to θ=π/2. To test if the function is symmetric
with respect to the pole, we replace r by –r and see if we obtain an equivalent equation:
𝜃 𝑟 = 4 sin(𝜃) Point
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√6 − √2 ( , 1.0)
12 𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4 ( ) = √6 − √2 ≈ 1.0 12
12 4
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4 ( ) = 2 ( , 2)
6 6 2 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√2 ( , 2.8)
4 𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4 ( ) = 2√2 ≈ 2.8 4
4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√3 ( , 3.5)
3 𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4 ( ) = 2√3 ≈ 3.5 3
3 2
5𝜋 5𝜋 √6 + √2 5𝜋
𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4( ) = √6 + √2 ≈ 3.9 ( , 3.9)
12 12 4 12
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4(1) = 4 ( , 4)
2 2 2
2𝜋 2𝜋 √3 2𝜋
𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4 ( ) = 2√3 ≈ 3.5 ( , 3.5)
3 3 2 3
3𝜋 3𝜋 √2 3𝜋
𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4 ( ) = 2√2 ≈ 2.8 ( , 2.8)
4 4 2 4
5𝜋 5𝜋 1 5𝜋
𝑟 = 4 sin ( ) = 4( ) = 2 ( , 2)
6 6 2 6
We obtained more points for the “first half” because the overall shape is determined by
the graph symmetry (with respect to θ=π/2). So, knowing well the behavior of the first
𝑟 = 1 + cos(𝜃)
𝜃 ∈ ℝ, 𝑟 ∈ [0,2]
Description:
A curve of equation r = a + b cos(θ) with a>0 and b>0 is a limacon. Since b>0, the
graph is located to the right of the y-axis (that is, θ=π/2) and in this special case with
a=b, we have a type of limacon called cardioid, so it does not have an internal loop, but
a cusp is located at (0,0) instead. The curve is symmetric with respect to the polar axis
(shown below).
Symmetry tests:
𝑟 = 1 + cos(−𝜃) ∴ 𝑟 = 1 + cos(𝜃)
So the function is symmetric with respect to the polar axis. Now replacing θ by –θ and r
by –r:
So the function is not symmetric with respect to θ=π/2. Now replacing just r by –r:
𝜃 𝑟 = 1 + cos(𝜃) Point
0 𝑟 = 1 + cos(0) = 1 + 1 = 2 (0,0)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√3 ( , 1.9)
6 𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + ≈ 1.9 6
6 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√2 ( , 1.7)
4 𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + ≈ 1.7 4
4 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + = 1.5 ( , 1.5)
3 3 2 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + 0 = 1 ( , 1)
2 2 2
2𝜋 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + (− ) = 0.5 ( , 0.5)
3 3 2 3
3𝜋 3𝜋 √2 3𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + (− ) ≈ 0.3 ( , 0.3)
4 4 2 4
5𝜋 5𝜋 √3 5𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + (− ) ≈ 0.1 ( , 0.1)
6 6 2 6
4𝜋 4𝜋 1 4𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + (− ) = 0.5 ( , 0.5)
3 3 2 3
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( )=1+0=1 ( , 1)
2 2 2
5𝜋 5𝜋 1 5𝜋
𝑟 = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 + = 1.5 ( , 1.5)
3 3 2 3
2𝜋 𝑟 = 1 + cos(2𝜋) = 1 + 1 = 2 (2𝜋, 0)
Once again we obtained more points for the “first half” in order to establish the shape of
the curve and the second half is taken as a consequence of the behavior of the first half.
Graph with the points:
𝑟 = 3 cos(2𝜃)
𝜃 ∈ ℝ, 𝑟 ∈ [−3,3]
Description:
A curve of equation r = a cos(nθ) with n as integer and n>1 is a rose. Since in this case n
is an even number, this rose has a total of 2n = 2(2) = 4 petals. With this information,
we can also find the angle between the petals, given by 2π/4 = π/2. The curve is
Symmetry tests:
𝑟 = 3 cos(−2𝜃) ∴ 𝑟 = 3 cos(2𝜃)
So the function is symmetric with respect to the polar axis. Now replacing θ by –θ and r
by –r:
So the function is not symmetric with respect to θ=π/2. Now replacing just r by –r:
𝜃 𝑟 = 3 cos(2𝜃) Point
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 3 𝜋 3
6 𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3 ( ) = ( , )
6 3 2 2 6 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3(0) = 0 ( , 0)
4 4 2 4
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 1 3 𝜋 3
3 𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3 (− ) = − ( ,− )
3 3 2 2 3 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos(𝜋) = 3(−1) = −3 ( , −3)
2 2 2
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 1 3 2𝜋 3
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3 (− ) = − ( ,− )
3 3 3 2 2 3 2
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3(0) = 0 ( , 0)
4 4 2 4
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 1 3 5𝜋 3
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3 ( ) = ( , )
6 6 3 2 2 6 2
4𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 1 3 4𝜋 3
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3 (− ) = − ( ,− )
3 3 3 2 2 3 2
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos(3𝜋) = 3(−1) = −3 ( , −3)
2 2 2
5𝜋 5𝜋 10𝜋 1 3 5𝜋 3
𝑟 = 3 cos [2 ( )] = 3 cos ( ) = 3 (− ) = − ( ,− )
3 3 3 2 2 3 2
Once again we obtained more points for the “first half” in order to establish the shape of
the curve and the second half is taken as a consequence of the behavior of the first half.
Graph with the points:
𝜋
First Graph – Point ( 6 , 2)
𝜋 √3
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃) = 2 cos ( ) = 2 ( ) = √3
6 2
𝜋 1
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝜃) = 2 sin ( ) = 2 ( ) = 1
6 2
𝜋
Second Graph – Point ( 2 , 1)
𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃) = 1 cos ( ) = 1(0) = 0
2
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝜃) = 1 sin ( ) = 1(1) = 1
2
𝑥𝑦 4 (𝑎𝑦 4 )𝑦 4 𝑎𝑦 8
lim = 4 lim = 4 lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 8 (𝑦 ,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑎𝑦 4 )2 + 𝑦 8 (𝑦 ,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑎 2 𝑦 8 + 𝑦 8
𝑎𝑦 8 𝑎
= 4 lim = 2
(𝑦 ,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑎 + 1)𝑦
2 8 𝑎 +1
𝑥𝑦 4 1 1
a=1: lim(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) = =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 8 12 +1 2
𝑥𝑦 4 2 2
a=2: lim(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 8 = 22 +1 = 5
𝜕𝑓
= −3𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 5𝑦 4 − 3𝑥
𝜕𝑦
1
𝑧 = ln [(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑤 2 )2 ]
Então:
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑤
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑡
As derivadas são:
𝜕𝑧 1 1 2 2
1
2 )−2 (2𝑥)
𝑥
= 1 ∙ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑤 ∙ =
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑤2
+ 𝑦 2 + 𝑤 2 )2
𝜕𝑧 1 1 1 𝑦
= 1 ∙ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑤 2 )−2 ∙ (2𝑦) = 2
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑤2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑤 2 )2
𝜕𝑧 1 1 2 2
1
2 )−2 (2𝑤)
𝑤
= 1 ∙ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑤 ∙ = 2
𝜕𝑤 (𝑥 2 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑤2
+ 𝑦 2 + 𝑤 2 )2
Sabemos que:
Então:
𝜕𝑧 cos(𝑡)
= = cos3 (𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 sec 2 (𝑡)
𝜕𝑧 sen(𝑡)
= = sen(𝑡) cos2 (𝑡)
𝜕𝑦 sec 2 (𝑡)
𝜕𝑧 tg(𝑡) sen(𝑡)
= = cos2 (𝑡) = sen(𝑡) cos(𝑡)
𝜕𝑤 sec 2(𝑡) cos(𝑡)
𝑑𝑥
= − sen(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= cos(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤 1
= sec 2 (𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡 cos2 (𝑡)
Então:
𝑑𝑧 1
= [cos 3 (𝑡)][− sen(𝑡)] + [sen(𝑡) cos 2 (𝑡)][cos(𝑡)] + [sen(𝑡) cos(𝑡)] [ 2 ]
𝑑𝑡 cos (𝑡)
𝑑𝑧 sen(𝑡)
= − sen(𝑡) cos 3 (𝑡) + sen(𝑡) cos 3 (𝑡) +
𝑑𝑡 cos(𝑡)
𝑑𝑧
= tg(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑓 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2𝑥 2
= 1 ∙ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )−1 + 𝑥 ∙ (−1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )−2 (2𝑥) = 2 −
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
= = 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝜕𝑓 2𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥 ∙ (−1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )−2 (2𝑦) = − 2
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
Direção da derivada:
3√34 5√34
𝑢
⃗ =( , )
34 34
Gradiente de f(x,y)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 2𝑥𝑦
⃗ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , ) = (
∇ ,− 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
2 2 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
No ponto (1,2)
Portanto:
3√34 5√34 3 4
𝐷𝑢⃗ 𝑓(1,2) = ⃗∇𝑓(1,2) ∙ 𝑢
⃗ =( , ) ∙( ,− )
34 34 25 25
3√34 3 5√34 4
𝐷𝑢⃗ 𝑓(1,2) = ( )∙( )+( )∙(− )
34 25 34 25
Derivadas:
𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 24𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 8
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 24
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 2
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0
Pontos críticos:
𝑓𝑥 = 0 ∴ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 24𝑥 = 0
𝑓𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 3 − 8 = 0
Da segunda equação:
𝑥3 − 8 = 0
𝑥3 = 8
3
𝑥 = √8 = 2
3(2)2 𝑦 + 24(2) = 0
12𝑦 = −48
48
𝑦=− = −4
12
Neste ponto: D = -9(2)4 = -144 < 0, portanto temos um ponto de sela, com
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 = 6
⃗ 𝑓 = 𝜆∇
∇ ⃗𝑔
𝑓𝑥 = 𝜆𝑔𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = 𝜆𝑔𝑦
𝑓𝑧 = 𝜆𝑔𝑧
{𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 6
𝑦𝑧 = 𝜆(2𝑥)
𝑥𝑧 = 𝜆(4𝑦)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝜆(6𝑧)
{𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 = 6
2
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧
=𝜆=
2𝑥 4𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
=
2𝑥 4𝑦
2𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 2
𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2
Isolando λ na equação (3) e comparando com a equação (2):
𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
=𝜆=
4𝑦 6𝑧
𝑧 𝑦
=
4𝑦 6𝑧
4𝑦 2 = 6𝑧 2
2𝑦 2 = 3𝑧 2
3 2
𝑦2 = 𝑧
2
3 2
𝑦 = ±√ ∙ 𝑧
2 2
√6
𝑦=± 𝑧
2
Portanto:
𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2 = 3𝑧 2
𝑥 = ±√3𝑧
Assim, temos:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 = 6
3𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 2 = 6
9𝑧 2 = 6
(3𝑧)2 = 6
3𝑧 = ±√6
√6
𝑧=±
3
Portanto:
√6 √18 3√2
𝑥 = ±√3 ( )=± =±
3 3 3
𝑥 = ±√2
E:
2
√6 √6 (√6)
𝑦=± ( )=±
2 3 6
𝑦 = ±1
√6
pontos da forma: 𝑃 (±√2, ±1, ± 3
).
xyz, portanto o valor mínimo será o negativo, enquanto o valor máximo será o
positivo. Assim:
√6 √12 2√3
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +(√2)(1) ( )= =
3 3 3
√6 √12 2√3
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −(√2)(1) ( ) = − =−
3 3 3
d)
Completando os quadrados:
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
2(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 2(𝑦 2 − 𝑦) − 5 = 0
1 1 1 1
2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) + 2 (𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + ) − 5 − 2 ( ) − 2 ( ) = 0
4 4 4 4
1 2 1 2 1 1
2 (𝑥 + ) + 2 (𝑦 − ) − 5 − − = 0
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 (𝑥 + ) + 2 (𝑦 − ) = 6
2 2
1 2 1 2
(𝑥 + ) + 2 (𝑦 − ) = 3
2 2
1 2 1 2 2
(𝑥 + ) + 2 (𝑦 − ) = (√3)
2 2
Esboço:
m)
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 16𝑥 − 44 = 0
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 − 4 + 16𝑥 − 44 = 0
(𝑦 + 2)2 + 16𝑥 − 48 = 0
(𝑦 + 2)2 = −16𝑥 + 48
(𝑦 + 2)2 = −16(𝑥 − 3)
(𝑦 + 2)2 = 4(−4)(𝑥 − 3)
Parábola com vértice em (3,-2) e p=-4, ou seja, paralela ao eixo x e aberta para
x=7.
g)
ambos forem iguais a zero, portanto temos y=0 e z=0, então a equação
representa o eixo-x:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧 = 0
𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
positiva. Esboço:
𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 > 0
𝑦 > 2𝑥 2
Ou seja:
Esboço:
Pelo esboço, percebe-se que as curvas de nível são elipses. A forma das
𝑘 = −4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 1
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑘
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑘
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
1−𝑘 (1 − 𝑘)
( 4 )
𝑥2 𝑦2
2+ 2 =1
√1 − 𝑘 (√1 − 𝑘)
(
2 )
√1−𝑘
a=√1 − 𝑘 e b= .
2
𝑥2 𝑦2
2 + 2 =1
√1 − 0 (√1 − 0)
( )
2
𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2+ = 1 → 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 =
1 12 2
(2)
𝑥2 𝑦2
2 + 2 =1
√1 − (−3) (√1 − (−3))
( 2 )
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 → 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1
(1)2 22
𝑥2 𝑦2
2 + 2 =1
√1 − (−15) (√1 − (−15))
( 2 )
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 → 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 2
(2)2 42
Esboço das curvas de nível:
g)
Esboço:
Pelo esboço, percebe-se que as curvas de nível são parábolas. A forma das
𝑘 = 𝑥 − 4𝑦 2
𝑥 = 4𝑦 2 + 𝑘
𝑥 = 4𝑦 2
𝑥 = 4𝑦 2 + 1
Interseções:
𝑥 2 − 11 = 3 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 3 + 11
2𝑥 2 = 14
𝑥 2 = 7 ∴ 𝑥 = ±√7
Então:
√7 3−𝑥 2 √7 √7
2
∬ 1𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑦]3−𝑥
𝑥 2 −11 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
[(3 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 2 − 11)]𝑑𝑥
𝐷 −√7 𝑥 2 −11 −√7 −√7
√7
√7
2 )𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 3
∬ 1𝑑𝐴 = ∫ (14 − 2𝑥 = [14𝑥 − ]
𝐷 −√7 3 −√7
2 3 2 3
∬ 1𝑑𝐴 = [14√7 − (√7) ] − [14(−√7) − (−√7) ]
𝐷 3 3
2 42 14 2 56√7
∬ 1𝑑𝐴 = 2 [14√7 − (7√7)] = 2 [ √7 − √7] = (28√7) =
𝐷 3 3 3 3 3
Esboço da região:
6𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 6
𝑦 2 = 6 − 6𝑥 2
𝑦 = ±√6 − 6𝑥 2
Com -1 < x < 1.
Portanto, temos:
1 √6−6𝑥 2 1
2
∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫2
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 [𝑦]√6−6𝑥
−√6−6𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝐷 −1 −√6−6𝑥2 −1
1 1
∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 [√6 −
2 2
6𝑥 2 − (−√6 − 6𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 2 √6 − 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 −1 −1
1 1
2
∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 2𝑥 2 √6(1
− 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2√6 ∫ 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 −1 −1
1
2 2√ 2
∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 2√6 [∫ 𝑥 1− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝐷 −1
𝑥 = sen(𝜃) ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = cos(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
Então:
𝑥 2 = sen2 (𝜃)
Assim:
∫ 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[sen(𝜃) cos(𝜃)]2 𝑑𝜃
Sabemos que
sen(2𝜃)
sen(2𝜃) = 2 sen(𝜃) cos(𝜃) ∴ sen(𝜃) cos(𝜃) =
2
2
2√
sen(2𝜃) 1
∫𝑥 1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[ ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sen2(2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 4
Sabemos que:
1
sen2 (𝑢) = [1 − cos(2𝑢)]
2
Então:
1
sen2 (2𝜃) = [1 − cos(4𝜃)]
2
1 1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sen2 (2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [1 − cos(4𝜃)]𝑑𝜃
4 4 2
1 1 1 𝜃 sen(4𝜃)
∫ 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[1 − cos(4𝜃)]𝑑𝜃 = [𝜃 − sen(4𝜃)] = −
8 8 4 8 32
Por definição:
Como
𝑥 = sen(𝜃) 𝑒 √1 − 𝑥 2 = cos(𝜃)
Então:
2√
arcsen(𝑥) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 [1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ]
∫𝑥 1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −
8 8
arcsen(𝑥) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 )
∫ 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −
8 8
Assim:
1
2
arcsen(𝑥) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 )
∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 2√6 [ − ]
𝐷 8 8 −1
arcsen(1) − arcsen(1)
∬ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = 2√6 {[ − 0] − [ − 0]}
𝐷 8 8
2 arcsen(1) √6 arcsen(1)
∬ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = 2√6 [ ]= ≈ 1,92382475
𝐷 8 2
Temos então:
10𝑥 + 19𝑦 = 17 ∴ 𝑢 = 17
10𝑥 − 19𝑦 = 17 ∴ 𝑣 = 17
jacobiano:
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 1
=
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 10 19
= |𝑣 𝑣𝑦 | = |10 | = (10)(−19) − (10)(19) = −380
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥 −19
Então:
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 1
=−
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 380
(10𝑥 + 19𝑦)2 𝑢2
=
10𝑥 − 19𝑦 + 18 𝑣 + 18
através da transformação:
(10𝑥 + 19𝑦)2 17 17
𝑢2 1
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ |− | 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝐷 10𝑥 − 19𝑦 + 18 −17 −17 𝑣 + 18 380
(10𝑥 + 19𝑦)2 17 17
1 𝑢2
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝐷 10𝑥 − 19𝑦 + 18 380 −17 −17 𝑣 + 18
(10𝑥 + 19𝑦)2 1 17
2𝑢 𝑢=17
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑣
𝐷 10𝑥 − 19𝑦 + 18 380 −17 𝑣 + 18 𝑢=−17
17
(10𝑥 + 19𝑦)2 1 2(17 − (−17)) 68 17 𝑑𝑣
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
𝐷 10𝑥 − 19𝑦 + 18 380 −17 𝑣 + 18 380 −17 𝑣 + 18
(10𝑥 + 19𝑦)2 68
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = [ln(𝑣 + 18)]𝑣=17
𝑣=−17
𝐷 10𝑥 − 19𝑦 + 18 380
(10𝑥 + 19𝑦)2 17 17
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = [ln(17 + 18) − ln(−17 + 18)] = [ln(35) − ln(1)]
𝐷 10𝑥 − 19𝑦 + 18 95 95
Esboço da região
Vemos claramente que -3 < y < 0, enquanto x é limitado à esquerda pela reta
que passa por (0,0) e (-9,-3) e pela direita pela reta que passa por (0,0) e (4,-3).
3𝑥 4𝑦
𝑦=− ∴𝑥=−
4 3
Assim:
4𝑦
0 −
3
0
−
4𝑦 0
4𝑦 2
∬ 2𝑥𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [𝑥 2 ]3𝑦3 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [(− ) − (3𝑦)2 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 −3 3𝑦 −3 −3 3
0 0 0
16𝑦 2 2
16𝑦 2 81𝑦 2 65𝑦 2
∬ 2𝑥𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [ − 9𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ − ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 −3 9 −3 9 9 −3 9
0
65 0 65 𝑦 3 65 (0)3 (−3)3 65
∬ 2𝑥𝑑𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = − [ ] = − [ − ] = − (9) = −65
𝐷 9 −3 9 3 −3 9 3 3 9
a)
2𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝐴=∫ [2 sen(𝜃)]2 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫ sen2 (𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0 2 0
tabela de integrais:
n (𝑥)
𝑛−1 n−2 (𝑥)
cos(𝑥) senn−1(𝑥)
∫ sen 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sen 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑛 𝑛
Portanto:
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃 cos(𝜃) sen(𝜃)
𝐴 = 2 ∫ sen 2 (𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 = 2 [ − ] = [𝜃 − cos(𝜃) sen(𝜃)]2𝜋
0
0 2 2 0
𝐴 = 2𝜋
b)
2𝜋
1 1 2𝜋
𝐴=∫ [1 + 5 sen(𝜃)]2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [1 + 10 sen(𝜃) + 25 sen2(𝜃)]𝑑𝜃
0 2 2 0
1 2𝜋 2𝜋
25 2𝜋 2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + 5 ∫ sen(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ sen (𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 0 0 2 0
1 2𝜋 25
𝐴= [𝜃]0 + 5[− cos(𝜃)]2𝜋
0 + 𝜋
2 2
1 25𝜋
𝐴 = (2𝜋 − 0) + 5[− cos(2𝜋) + cos(0)] +
2 2
25𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋 + 5[−1 + 1] +
2
2𝜋 25𝜋 27𝜋
𝐴= + =
2 2 2
a)
2𝜋
𝑑𝑟 2
𝐿=∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟
= −2 sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟 2
2
𝑟 + ( ) = [2 cos(𝜃)]2 + [−2 sen(𝜃)]2 = 4[cos 2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃)] = 4
𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐿 = ∫ √4𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 2(2𝜋 − 0) = 4𝜋
0 0
b)
2𝜋
𝑑𝑟 2
𝐿=∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟
= −2 sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟 2
𝑟 + ( ) = [2 + 2 cos(𝜃)]2 + [−2 sen(𝜃)]2
2
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟 2
𝑟 + ( ) = 4 + 8 cos(𝜃) + 4 cos2 (𝜃) + 4 sin2(𝜃)
2
𝑑𝜃
2
𝑑𝑟 2
𝑟 + ( ) = 4 + 8 cos(𝜃) + 4 = 8 + 8 cos(𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐿 = ∫ √8 + 8 cos(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √8[1 + cos(𝜃)]𝑑𝜃
0 0
Sabemos que
𝜃
cos(2𝑥) + 1 = 2 cos 2 (𝑥) ∴ 1 + cos(𝜃) = 2 cos 2 ( )
2
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝐿=∫ √8 [2 cos2 ( )] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √16 cos2 ( ) 𝑑𝜃 = 4 ∫ cos ( ) 𝑑𝜃
0 2 0 2 0 2
𝜃 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐿 = 4 [2 sin ( )] = 8 [sin ( ) − sin(0)] = 8(1 − 0) = 8
2 0 2
Podemos escrever a integral como:
3 2 2𝑥 3 2
𝑚 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (6 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (6 + 4𝑥 2 )[𝑧]2𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1 1 0 1 1
3 2 3 2
𝑚 = ∫ ∫ (6 + 4𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 − 0)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (12𝑥 + 8𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1 1 1 1
3 2
3
12𝑥 2 8𝑥 4
𝑚=∫ [ + ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 ]12 𝑑𝑦
1 2 4 1 1
3 3
𝑚=∫ [6(2)2 4 2
+ 2(2) − 6(1) − 2(1) 4 ]𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 48𝑑𝑦 = 48[𝑦]13
1 1
𝑚 = 48(3 − 1) = 96 𝑘𝑔
Como 𝛿 é constante:
𝐸 = 𝛿 ∭ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
Em z=0:
0 = 25 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 52 ∴ 𝑟 2 = 52 ∴ 𝑟 = 5
Portanto:
0≤𝑟≤5
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
O limite superior é:
𝑧 = 25 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 25 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 25 − 𝑟 2
Portanto:
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 25 − 𝑟 2
2𝜋 5 25−𝑟 2 2𝜋 5
2
𝐸 = 𝛿∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝛿 ∫ ∫ 𝑟[𝑧]25−𝑟
0 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0 0 0 0
2𝜋 5 2𝜋 5
𝐸 = 𝛿∫ ∫ 𝑟(25 − 𝑟 2 − 0)𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝛿 ∫ ∫ (25𝑟 − 𝑟 3 )𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0 0 0
2𝜋 52𝜋
25𝑟 2 𝑟 4 25(5)2 (5)4
𝐸 = 𝛿∫ [ − ] 𝑑𝜃 = 𝛿 ∫ [ − − 0] 𝑑𝜃
0 2 4 0 0 2 4
2𝜋
625 625𝛿 2𝜋 625𝛿 625𝛿
𝐸 =𝛿∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = [𝜃]2𝜋
0 = (2𝜋 − 0)
0 4 4 0 4 4
625𝜋𝛿
𝐸=
2
Substituindo o valor de 𝛿:
625𝜋(6,6 × 10−11 )
𝐸= = 6,47953485 × 10−8
2
5 6 4 5 6 𝑥=4
2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑥2𝑧
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 =∫ ∫ [ − 𝑥𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 1 0 0 1 2 𝑥=0
5 6 (4)2 (0)2 𝑧 5 6
𝑧
𝐼=∫ ∫ [ − (4)𝑦 2 − + (0)𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ (8𝑧 − 4𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 1 2 2 0 1
5 5 𝑦=6
4𝑦 3 4(6)3 4(1)3
𝐼 = ∫ [8𝑦𝑧 − ] 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ [8(6)𝑧 − − 8(1)𝑧 + ] 𝑑𝑧
0 3 𝑦=1 0 3 3
5
4 1 5 4
𝐼 = ∫ (48𝑧 − 288 − 8𝑧 + ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 3 (48𝑧 − 288 − 8𝑧 + ) 𝑑𝑧
0 3 3 0 3
1 5 1 5
𝐼= ∫ (144𝑧 − 864 − 24𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (120𝑧 − 860)𝑑𝑧
3 0 3 0
𝑧=5
1 120𝑧 2 1 𝑧=5
1
𝐼= [ − 860𝑧] = [60𝑧 2 − 860𝑧]𝑧=0 = [60(5)2 − 860(5) − 0]
3 2 𝑧=0
3 3
2800
𝐼=− ≈ −933,33
3
−3 𝑥 𝑥𝑧 −3 𝑥
2 𝑦=𝑥𝑧
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥 sen(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 [− cos(𝑦)]𝑦=0 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0 0
−3 𝑥 −3 𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 [− cos(𝑥𝑧) + cos(0)]𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 [1 − cos(𝑥𝑧)]𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0
−3 𝑥 −3 𝑥
2
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 cos(𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0
−3 𝑥 −3 𝑥2
2
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ∫ 𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑧) 𝑑(𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0
−3 −3
2
𝑥𝑧=𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2 [𝑧]0𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥[sen(𝑥𝑧)]𝑥𝑧=0 𝑑𝑥
0 0
−3 −3
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 0)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥[sen(𝑥 2 ) − sen(0)]𝑑𝑥
0 0
−3 −3
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sen(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
−3 −3
3
𝑥4 (−3)4 04 81
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = − =
0 4 0 4 4 4
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑥 2 ∴ 𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥
−3 9
𝑑𝑣 1 9 1
∫ 𝑥 sen(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 sen(𝑣) = ∫ sen(𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 = [− cos(𝑣)]90
0 0 2𝑥 2 0 2
1 cos(9) 1
= [− cos(9) + cos(0)] = − +
2 2 2
Portanto, temos:
−3 −3
81 cos(9) 1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sen(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − [− + ]
0 0 4 2 2
81 + 2 cos(9) − 2 79 + 2 cos(9)
𝐼= = ≈ 19.29
4 4
Writing everything using spherical coordinates, we have R as:
𝜋
𝑅 = {(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) ∈ ℝ3 : 0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 𝜋}
3
3 3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 = (𝜌2 )2 = 𝜌3
And dV is:
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜌2 sin(𝜑) 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
So:
3 2𝜋 𝜋 1
∭ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 +𝑧 2 2 )2
𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝜌3 )𝜌2 sin(𝜑) 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑅 0 0
3
3 2𝜋 𝜋 1
∭ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 +𝑧 2 2 )2
𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝜌5 sin(𝜑) 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑅 0 0
3
3 2𝜋 𝜋 1
∭ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 +𝑧 2 2 )2
𝑑𝑉 = (∫ 𝑑𝜃) (∫ sin(𝜑) 𝑑𝜑) (∫ 𝜌5 𝑑𝜌)
𝜋
𝑅 0 0
3
2𝜋
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = [𝜃]2𝜋
0 = 2𝜋 − 0 = 2𝜋
0
𝜋
𝜋 1 3
∫ sin(𝜑) 𝑑𝜑 = [− cos(𝜑)]𝜋𝜋 = − cos(𝜋) + cos ( ) = −(−1) + =
𝜋 3 3 2 2
3
1 1
5
𝜌6 16 06 1
∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 = [ ] = − =
0 6 0 6 6 6
So:
3 3 1 𝜋
∭ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 𝑑𝑉 = (2𝜋) ( ) ( ) =
𝑅 2 6 2
We have the function f(x,y) so that:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
〈 , 〉 = 〈cos(𝑦) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 , −𝑥 sin(𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 〉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cos(𝑦) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 cos(𝑦) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑔
= 𝑥 sin(𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑔
𝑥 sin(𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 + = 𝑥 sin(𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑔
=0
𝑑𝑦
Therefore, we can assume g(y) as a constant, because the derivative is zero, that is,
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 cos(𝑦) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
b.
Since we can write the vector field F as the gradient of a potential function f, this vector
field is a conservative one. And, by definition, a line integral over a closed region of a
conservative field whose derivatives are defined at all points within the region enclosed
∫ 𝐹̂ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̂ = 0
𝐶𝑅
Using Green’s Theorem:
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We have:
𝜕𝑃
𝑃 = 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 ∴ = 2𝑦 − 3𝑥
𝜕𝑦
2 𝜕𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑒𝑦 ∴ =0
𝜕𝑥
The line that passes through (1,0) and (0,2) is defined by: y= 2 – 2x, so:
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 − 2𝑥}
Therefore:
1 2−2𝑥
2
∫ (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ [0 − (2𝑦 − 3𝑥)]𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (3𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 0 0
1
2 𝑦=2−2𝑥
∫ (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ]𝑦=0 𝑑𝑥
𝐶 0
1
2
∫ (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [3𝑥(2 − 2𝑥) − (2 − 2𝑥)2 − 0]𝑑𝑥
𝐶 0
1
2
∫ (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [6𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − (4 − 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )]𝑑𝑥
𝐶 0
1
2
∫ (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (−10𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥
𝐶 0
1
𝑦2
10𝑥 3 10(1)3
∫ (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = [− + 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥] = − + 7(1)2 − 4(1)
𝐶 3 0
3
2 1
∫ (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −
𝐶 3
The parameterization of the surface is:
𝑟̂𝑥 = 〈1,0,3𝑥 2 − 𝑦〉
So:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑟̂𝑥 × 𝑟̂𝑦 = |1 0 3𝑥 − 𝑦|
2
0 1 −𝑥
𝑟̂𝑥 × 𝑟̂𝑦 = 〈𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 , 𝑥, 1〉
This vector has upward orientation because the z-coordinate is 1 > 0. Then:
So we have:
1 2
∬ 〈𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦〉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆̂ = ∫ ∫ (𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑆 0 0
1 2
𝑦3 𝑥𝑦 2
∬ 〈𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦〉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆̂ = ∫ [ 2 2 4
− 2𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑆 0 3 2 0
1 (2)3
𝑥(2)2
∬ 〈𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦〉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆̂ = ∫ {[ − 2𝑥 2 (2)2 + 𝑥 4 (2) + ] − 0} 𝑑𝑥
𝑆 0 3 2
1
8
∬ 〈𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦〉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆̂ = ∫ (2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑆 0 3
1
2𝑥 5 8𝑥 3 8𝑥
∬ 〈𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦〉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆̂ = [ − + 𝑥2 + ]
𝑆 5 3 3 0
2 8 8 7
∬ 〈𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦〉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆̂ = − +1+ =
𝑆 5 3 3 5
Questão 1
3. Como ela está neste plano, sua coordenada y será constante e igual a 0,
seja, positiva.
Assim:
2𝜋
∬ 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐹⃗ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ (𝑟⃗(𝑡)) ∙ 𝑟⃗ ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑆 𝐶 0
Com
2
𝐹⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 〈𝑧, 𝑥 sin(𝑦) 𝑒 −𝑦 , 𝑦〉
Então:
2
𝐹⃗ (𝑟⃗(𝑡)) = 〈 3 sin(𝑡) , (10 + 3 cos(𝑡)) sin(0) 𝑒 −(0) , 0〉
= 〈 3 sin(𝑡) , 0, 0〉
E:
Assim:
Portanto:
2𝜋 2𝜋
∬ 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐹⃗ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = ∫ −9 sin2(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = −9 ∫ sin2(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑆 0 0
1 − cos(2𝑡)
sin2(𝑡) =
2
Temos
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 − cos(2𝑡)
∬ 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐹⃗ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = −9 ∫ sin2(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = −9 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑆 0 0 2
9 2𝜋
= − ∫ [1 − cos(2𝑡)]𝑑𝑡
2 0
Fazendo
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 2𝑡 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑡 ∴ 𝑑𝑡 =
2
9 4𝜋 𝑑𝑢 9 4𝜋
∬ 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐹⃗ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = − ∫ [1 − cos(𝑢)] = − ∫ [1 − cos(𝑢)]𝑑𝑢
𝑆 2 0 2 4 0
9 9
∬ 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐹⃗ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = − [𝑢 − sin(𝑢)]4𝜋
0 = − [4𝜋 − sin(4𝜋) − 0 + sin(0)]
𝑆 4 4
9
= − (4𝜋) = −9𝜋 ≈ −28.2743339
4
Portanto:
𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 25𝑦 2 ≤ 0
Completando quadrados:
𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4 + 25𝑦 2 ≤ 4
(𝑧 − 2)2 + 25𝑦 2 ≤ 4
(𝑧 − 2)2 25𝑦 2
+ ≤1
4 4
(𝑧 − 2)2 𝑦2
+ ≤1
22 2 2
( )
5
2𝑢
𝑦= , 𝑧 − 2 = 2𝑣 ∴ 𝑧 = 2 + 2𝑣
5
Assim:
2𝑢 2
(2𝑣)2 ( )
+ 5 2 ≤1
22 2
( )
5
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ≤ 1
de raio 1.
Temos então:
Temos
2 2 2
2𝑢 2
𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧) = 9𝑧 + 4𝑦 ∴ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣), ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)) = 9(2 + 2𝑣) + 4 ( )
5
2
16𝑢2
𝑓(𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣), ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)) = 9(4𝑣 + 8𝑣 + 4) +
25
2
16𝑢2
𝑓(𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣), ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)) = 36𝑣 + 72𝑣 + 36 +
25
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= , = 0, = 0, =2
𝜕𝑢 5 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Então:
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
2
𝐽 = |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 | = | 0| = (2) (2) − 0 = 4 ∴ |𝐽| = 4
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 5 5 5 5
0 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Então:
16𝑢2 4
𝑉 = ∬ (9𝑧 2 + 4𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∬ (36𝑣 2 + 72𝑣 + 36 + ) ( ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑅 𝑆 25 5
𝑢 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃)
𝑣 = 𝑟 sen(𝜃)
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Então
4 2𝜋 1 16
𝑉= ∫ ∫ (36𝑟 2 sen2 (𝜃) + 72𝑟 sen(𝜃) + 36 + 𝑟 2 cos2 (𝜃)) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
5 0 0 25
4 1129𝜋 4516𝜋
𝑉= ( )= ≈ 113.499459
5 25 125
Resposta: 113.49945938889
Questão 3
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑅2
𝜖𝑄 𝜖𝑄 𝜖𝑄
𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 3
〈𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧〉 = 3
〈𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧〉 = 〈𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧〉
𝑅3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 (𝑅 2 )2
Assim:
3𝜖𝑄 3𝜖𝑄
∬ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = ∭ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐸⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝐺 𝐺 𝑅3 𝑅3 𝐺
4𝜋𝑅 3
𝑉=
3
Portanto:
Questão 4
3
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
∭ √ 2 + 2 𝑑𝑉 = (∫ 𝑑𝑧) (∬ √ 2 + 2 𝑑𝐴)
𝐸 7 6 2 𝑅 7 6
Sendo agora R a região do plano-xy dada por
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ ≤ 32
72 62
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ ≤1
72 32 62 32
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ ≤1
212 182
integral dupla.
Fazemos:
𝑥 = 21𝑢, 𝑦 = 18𝑣
Então:
(21𝑢)2 (18𝑣)2
+ ≤1
212 182
212 𝑢2 182 𝑣 2
+ ≤1
212 182
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ≤ 1
𝑥2 𝑦2 (21𝑢)2 (18𝑣)2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √ + ∴ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣), ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣)) = √ +
72 62 72 62
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 21, = 0, = 0, = 18
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Então:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝐽 = |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣| = |21 0 | = (21)(18) − 0 = 378 ∴ |𝐽| = 378
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 0 18
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Portanto:
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑟 2
Então:
2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 1134 ∫ ∫ √𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 1134 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅 0 0 0 0
Novamente, podemos fazer
2𝜋 1
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 1134 (∫ 𝑑𝜃) (∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟)
𝑅 0 0
2𝜋
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = [𝜃]2𝜋
0 = 2𝜋 − 0 = 2𝜋
0
1 1
2
𝑟3 13 03 1
∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = [ ] = − =
0 3 0 3 3 3
Portanto:
𝑥2 𝑦2 1
∬ √ 2
+ 2 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 1134(2𝜋) ( ) = 756𝜋
𝑅 7 6 𝑅 3
3
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
∭ √ 2 + 2 𝑑𝑉 = (∫ 𝑑𝑧) (∬ √ 2 + 2 𝑑𝐴)
𝐸 7 6 2 𝑅 7 6
A outra integral é:
3
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = [𝑧]32 = 3 − 2 = 1
2
Portanto:
𝑥2 𝑦2
∭ √ 2 + 2 𝑑𝑉 = (1)(756𝜋) = 756𝜋 ≈ 2375.044
𝐸 7 6
a)
𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑧 = 3 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑧 = 3 − 𝑟2
0 = 3 − 𝑟2
𝑟2 = 3
𝑟 = √3
𝜋
𝐸 = {(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3 − 𝑟 2 ; 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ √3; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ }
2
Neste caso, θ vai apenas até π/2 pois estamos considerando apenas o primeiro
octante.
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Então:
𝜋
2 √3 3−𝑟 2
A integral interna é:
3−𝑟 2 3−𝑟 2
𝑧=3−𝑟 2
2 [cos(𝜃)
𝑟𝑧 2
= {𝑟 + sen(𝜃)]𝑧 + }
2 𝑧=0
2 [cos(𝜃) 2)
𝑟(3 − 𝑟 2 )2
= {𝑟 + sen(𝜃)](3 − 𝑟 + }−0
2
3−𝑟 2
1
= {[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)](6𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 4 ) + (9𝑟 − 6𝑟 3 + 𝑟 5 )}
2
Assim:
𝜋
2 √3 3−𝑟 2
𝜋
2 √3
1
= ∫ ∫ {[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)](6𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 4 ) + (9𝑟 − 6𝑟 3 + 𝑟 5 )}𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2
0 0
√3
𝑟=√3
6𝑟 3 2𝑟 5 9𝑟 2 6𝑟 4 𝑟 6
= {[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] ( − )+( − + )}
3 5 2 4 6 𝑟=0
𝑟=√3
𝑟3 𝑟2
= { (10 − 2𝑟 )[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] + (27 − 3𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 )}
2
5 6 𝑟=0
3 2
(√3) 2 (√3) 2 4
={ (10 − 2(√3) ) [cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] + (27 − 3(√3) + (√3) )} − 0
5 6
3
(√3) 3
= (10 − 6)[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] + (27 − 9 + 9)
5 6
2
(√3)(√3) 1 12√3 27
= (4)[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] + (27) = [cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] +
5 2 5 2
Assim:
∭ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑉
𝐸
𝜋
2 √3
1
= ∫ ∫ {[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)](6𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 4 ) + (9𝑟 − 6𝑟 3 + 𝑟 5 )}𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2
0 0
𝜋
2
1 12√3 27
= ∫{ [cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] + } 𝑑𝜃
2 5 2
0
𝜋
2
1
= ∫{24√3[cos(𝜃) + sen(𝜃)] + 135}𝑑𝜃
20
0
𝜋
1 𝜃=
= {24√3[sen(𝜃) − cos(𝜃)] + 135𝜃}𝜃=02
20
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= {24√3 [sen ( ) − cos ( )] + 135 ( ) − 24√3[sen(0) − cos(0)] + 135(0)}
20 2 2 2
1 135𝜋
= {24√3[1 − 0] + − 24√3[0 − 1]}
20 2
b)
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝐴(𝐸) = ∬ √1 + ( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝐴
𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Assim, com
𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
Temos:
𝜕𝑧
= −2𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= −2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Então:
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
√1 + ( ) + ( ) = √1 + (−2𝑥)2 + (−2𝑦)2 = √1 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= √1 + 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
Então:
𝜋
𝐸 = {(𝑟, 𝜃)|0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ √3; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ }
2
A função do integrando é:
√1 + 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = √1 + 4𝑟 2
E o diferencial é:
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Portanto:
𝜋
2 √3
A integral interna é:
√3
∫ √1 + 4𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟
0
Resolvemos por substituição fazendo:
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 1 + 4𝑟 2 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑟𝑑𝑟 ∴ 𝑟𝑑𝑟 =
8
√3 13 13 3 𝑢=13 3
𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 𝑢2 1 2 3 𝑢=13 132 − 1
∫ √1 + 4𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟 = ∫ √𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = [ ] = ∙ [𝑢2 ] =
8 8 8 3 8 3 𝑢=1 12
0 1 1 2 𝑢=1
Assim:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 √3 2 3 3 2
132 −1 132−1
𝐴(𝐸) = ∫ ∫ √1 + 4𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃 = ( ) ∫ 𝑑𝜃
12 12
0 0 0 0
3 3
𝜋
132 − 1 𝜃= 132 − 1 𝜋
𝐴(𝐸) = ( ) [𝜃]𝜃=02 = ( ) ( − 0)
12 12 2
3
𝜋 (132 − 1)
𝐴(𝐸) =
24
a)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Os pontos críticos ocorrem quando 𝜕𝑥 = 0 e 𝜕𝑦 = 0, então:
2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 0 (𝐼)
𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 (𝐼𝐼)
𝑦(2𝑥 + 3) = 0
Isso significa que ou y=0 ou 2x+3=0, isto é, x=-3/2. Aplicamos cada um desses
Se y=0:
𝑥 2 + 3(0)2 + 3𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 0
Então x=0 ou x+3=0, isto é, x=-3. Portanto, temos dois pontos críticos: P1(0,0) e
P2(-3,0).
Se x=-3/2:
3 2 3
(− ) + 3𝑦 2 + 3 (− ) = 0
2 2
9 9
+ 3𝑦 2 − = 0
4 2
9 9
3𝑦 2 = −
2 4
9
3𝑦 2 =
4
3
𝑦2 =
4
3
𝑦 = ±√
4
√3
𝑦=±
2
3 √3 3 √3
Então temos pontos críticos em P3(− 2 , − 2
) e P4(− 2 , 2
).
𝜕2 𝑓
Para testar cada um desses pontos críticos, usamos o Hessiano e 𝜕𝑥 2 :
𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦|
𝐻(𝑥, 𝑦) = || 2
𝜕 𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 |
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2𝑓
= 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2𝑓
= 6𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 2𝑓
= 2𝑥 + 3
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Então:
2𝑦 2𝑥 + 3
𝐻(𝑥, 𝑦) = | | = 12𝑦 2 − (2𝑥 + 3)2
2𝑥 + 3 6𝑦
Ponto P1(0,0):
Ponto P2(-3,0):
3 √3
Ponto P3(− 2 , − 2
):
2 2
3 √3 √3 3
𝐻 (− , − ) = 12 (− ) − (2 (− ) + 3) = 9 − 0 = 9 > 0
2 2 2 2
𝜕 2𝑓 3 √3 √3
(− , − ) = 2 (− ) = −√3 < 0
𝜕𝑥 2 2 2 2
3 √3
Ponto P4(− 2 , ):
2
2 2
3 √3 √3 3
𝐻 (− , ) = 12 ( ) − (2 (− ) + 3) = 9 − 0 = 9 > 0
2 2 2 2
𝜕 2𝑓 3 √3 √3
(− , ) = 2 ( ) = √3 > 0
𝜕𝑥 2 2 2 2
b)
e, portanto, tem como domínio todos os números reais. Sendo assim, a curva
c)
resolvendo o sistema:
⃗ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜆∇
∇ ⃗ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
{
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑘
Ou seja:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
〈 , 〉 = 𝜆〈 , 〉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2 2
5
{ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = − 4
〈2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦, 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥〉 = 𝜆〈2𝑥 + 3,2𝑦〉
{ 5
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = −
4
Então temos:
2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 𝜆(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 = 𝜆(2𝑦)
2 2
5
{ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = − 4
Da primeira equação:
𝑦(2𝑥 + 3) = 𝜆(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 2 + 3(𝜆)2 + 3𝑥 = 𝜆(2𝜆)
5
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = −
4
5
(−𝜆2 ) + (𝜆)2 = −
4
5
0=−
4
teríamos:
3 2 3 5
(− ) + 3 (− ) + 𝑦 2 = −
2 2 4
9 9 5
− + 𝑦2 = −
4 2 4
9 5
− + 𝑦2 = −
4 4
5 9
𝑦2 = − +
4 4
4
𝑦2 = =1
4
𝑦 = ±√1 = ±1
3 3
𝑃𝑎 (− 2 , −1) e 𝑃𝑏 (− 2 , 1).
a)
nem toda sequência limitada é convergente, uma vez que, por exemplo,
não convergem.
b)
Portanto:
(𝑥 − 5)𝑛 (𝑥 − 5)
𝑎𝑛+1 𝑛 2 + 2𝑛 + 2 (𝑥 − 5)𝑛 (𝑥 − 5) 𝑛2 + 1
lim | | = lim | | = lim | 2 ∙ |
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ (𝑥 − 5)𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 2𝑛 + 2 (𝑥 − 5)𝑛
𝑛2 + 1
𝑎𝑛+1 (𝑥 − 5)(𝑛2 + 1) 𝑛2 + 1
lim | | = lim | 2 | = lim |𝑥 − 5| ∙ lim | 2 |
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 2𝑛 + 2 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 2𝑛 + 2
lim |𝑥 − 5| = |𝑥 − 5|
𝑛→∞
E o segundo:
𝑛2 1 1
𝑛 +12 + 2 1+ 2
lim | 2 | = lim | 2 𝑛
2 𝑛 | = | lim ( 𝑛 )| = | 1 + 0 | = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 2𝑛 + 2 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2𝑛 2 𝑛→∞ 2 2 1+0+0
+ + 1+ + 2
𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛
Portanto:
𝑎𝑛+1
lim | | = |𝑥 − 5|(1) = |𝑥 − 5|
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑛+1
lim | |<1
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
Ou seja:
|𝑥 − 5| < 1
Resolvendo:
−1 < 𝑥 − 5 < 1
−1 + 5 < 𝑥 − 5 + 5 < 1 + 5
4<𝑥<6
Em x=4 temos:
∞ ∞ ∞
(𝑥 − 5)𝑛 (4 − 5)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
∑ 2 =∑ 2 =∑ 2
𝑛 +1 𝑛 +1 𝑛 +1
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
Podemos comparar esta série com a série p alternada para p=2, isto é:
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
<
𝑛2 + 1 𝑛2
Ou seja:
∞ ∞
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
∑ 2 <∑
𝑛 +1 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
Como a série p alternada é convergente para qualquer valor de p>0, temos que
que a série da direita, esta também deve ser convergente para que essa
Em x=6 temos:
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(𝑥 − 5)𝑛 (6 − 5)𝑛 1𝑛 1
∑ 2 =∑ 2 =∑ 2 =∑ 2
𝑛 +1 𝑛 +1 𝑛 +1 𝑛 +1
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞ ∞
1 1
∑ 2 <∑ 2
𝑛 +1 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
p>1, temos que a série da direita é convergente, então de forma similar ao que
(𝑥−5)𝑛
Sendo assim, podemos concluir que a série ∑∞
𝑛=1 é absolutamente
𝑛2 +1
lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝐿
𝑛→∞
sequência converge
𝜋
lim 𝑥𝑛 = lim 𝑛 sen ( )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
𝑢= ∴𝑛=
𝑛 𝑢
𝜋 𝜋 sen(𝑢)
lim 𝑥𝑛 = lim 𝑛 sen ( ) = lim sen(𝑢) = 𝜋 lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑢→0 𝑢 𝑢→0 𝑢
Portanto:
sen(𝑢)
lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝜋 lim = 𝜋(1) = 𝜋 = 𝐿
𝑛→∞ 𝑢→0 𝑢
𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
𝑦𝑛 = sen ( ) = ( ) [𝑛 sen ( )] = 𝑧𝑛 ∙ 𝑥𝑛
2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛
Analisando zn:
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 1 1 1
lim 𝑧𝑛 = lim = lim = lim = = =𝐿
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 1 1
2+𝑛 2+0 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑛 +𝑛
1 𝜋
lim 𝑦𝑛 = lim (𝑧𝑛 ∙ 𝑥𝑛 ) = lim 𝑧𝑛 ∙ lim 𝑥𝑛 = ( ) (𝜋) = = 𝐿
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2 2
∞ 𝑡 𝑡
−𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑥 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = lim [∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥]
1 𝑡→∞ 1 𝑡→∞ 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = −𝑥 2 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = −
2𝑥
Ou seja:
2 𝑑𝑢 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑢 (− ) = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
2𝑥 2 2
2 1 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
2 2 1 2 1 2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = [− 𝑒 −𝑥 ] = − (𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −(1) )
1 1 2 1 2
𝑡
2 1 2 1 1 1 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (𝑒 −𝑡 − ) = ( − 𝑒 −𝑡 )
1 2 𝑒 2 𝑒
Portanto:
∞ 𝑡
2 2 1 1 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim [ ( − 𝑒 −𝑡 )]
1 𝑡→∞ 1 𝑡→∞ 2 𝑒
O exponencial de um número muito grande com sinal negativo tende a zero,
por isso:
∞
2 1 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( − 0) =
1 2 𝑒 2𝑒
2
Como a integral imprópria converge, podemos dizer que a série ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛𝑒
−𝑛
também converge.
a)
1 + cos(2𝑥) 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = cos2 (𝑥) = = + cos(2𝑥)
2 2 2
∞
𝑔(𝑛) (0) 𝑛
𝑔(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥
𝑛!
𝑛=0
Se fôssemos calcular g(4)(0) obteríamos o mesmo valor de g(0)(0) uma vez que
retornamos para sen(x). Podemos perceber, então que esta série só terá os
termos pares, uma vez que os termos ímpares serão todos nulos. E esses
termos pares terão sinais alternados, uma vez que g(2n)(0) = 1 ou g(2n)(0) = -1.
∞
(−1)𝑛 2𝑛
𝑔(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0
Portanto:
∞ ∞
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 22𝑛 2𝑛
𝑔(2𝑥) = cos(2𝑥) = ∑ (2𝑥)2𝑛 = ∑ 𝑥
(2𝑛)! (2𝑛)!
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 (−1)𝑛 22𝑛 2𝑛 1 (−1)𝑛 22𝑛−1 2𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = + cos(2𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑥 = +∑ 𝑥
2 2 2 2 (2𝑛)! 2 (2𝑛)!
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
b)
série é tratado como uma constante, assim como o primeiro termo da série,
que terá a potência x0. Como a derivada de constantes é igual a zero, a série
∞ ∞
′ (𝑥)
(−1)𝑛 22𝑛−1 2𝑛−1
(−1)𝑛 22𝑛−1
𝑓 =∑ (2𝑛)𝑥 =∑ (2𝑛)𝑥 2𝑛−1
(2𝑛)! (2𝑛)(2𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞
(−1)𝑛 22𝑛−1 2𝑛−1
=∑ 𝑥
(2𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛=1
Temos:
𝑍 = 10 − 10𝑗
Então:
𝑈 𝑈 𝑍̅
𝑈 = 𝑍𝑖 ∴ 𝑖 = = ∙
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍̅
Ou seja:
Portanto:
𝑖 = (11 + 11𝑗) 𝐴
a)
As derivadas são:
𝜕𝑣
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sen(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2𝑣
= −𝑒 −𝑥 sen(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑣
= −𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑣
2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sen(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Portanto:
𝜕 2𝑣 𝜕 2𝑣
+ = −𝑒 −𝑥 sen(𝑦) + 𝑒 −𝑥 sen(𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
b)
Riemann ficam:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑦) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑒 −𝑥 sen(𝑦) = −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
0,01ℒ { } + ℒ{𝑖(𝑡)} = ℒ{sen(100𝑡)}
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
ℒ{ } = 𝑠𝐼(𝑠) − 𝑖(0) = 𝑠𝐼(𝑠)
𝑑𝑡
100 100
ℒ{sen(100𝑡)} = =
𝑠 2 + 1002 𝑠 2 + 10000
Portanto temos:
100
0,01𝑠𝐼(𝑠) + 𝐼(𝑠) =
𝑠 2 + 10000
10000
𝑠𝐼(𝑠) + 100𝐼(𝑠) =
𝑠2 + 10000
10000
(𝑠 + 100)𝐼(𝑠) =
𝑠2 + 10000
10000
𝐼(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 100)(𝑠 2 + 10000)
10000 𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶
= + 2
(𝑠 + 100)(𝑠 + 10000) 𝑠 + 100 𝑠 + 10000
2
Então:
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 ∴ 𝐴 = −𝐵
100𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ∴ 𝐶 = −100𝐵
1
∴𝐵=−
2
Então:
1
𝐴= , 𝐶 = 50
2
Portanto:
1 1
10000 2 − 2 𝑠 + 50
𝐼(𝑠) = = +
(𝑠 + 100)(𝑠 2 + 10000) 𝑠 + 100 𝑠 2 + 10000
1 1 1 𝑠 1
𝐼(𝑠) = ( )− ( 2 ) + 50 ( 2 )
2 𝑠 + 100 2 𝑠 + 10000 𝑠 + 10000
1 1 1 𝑠 1
ℒ −1 {𝐼(𝑠)} = 𝑖(𝑡) = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { 2 } + 50ℒ −1 { 2 }
2 𝑠 + 100 2 𝑠 + 10000 𝑠 + 10000
Pela tabela:
1 1
ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = 𝑒 −100𝑡
𝑠 + 100 𝑠 − (−100)
𝑠 𝑠
ℒ −1 { 2 } = ℒ −1 { 2 } = cos(100𝑡)
𝑠 + 10000 𝑠 + 1002
1 1 −1 100 1
ℒ −1 { }= ℒ { 2 }= sen(100𝑡)
𝑠2 + 10000 100 𝑠 + 1002 100
Assim:
1 1 1
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒 −100𝑡 − cos(100𝑡) + 50 [ sen(100𝑡)]
2 2 100
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑖(𝑧 6 − 𝑧 4 𝑒 𝑧 )
Então:
II)
Fazendo w=x+iy:
𝑒𝑤 = 𝑖
𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖
𝑒 𝑥 [cos(𝑦) + 𝑖 sen(𝑦)] = 𝑖
𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦) + 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 sen(𝑦) = 0 + 𝑖
Portanto temos:
𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦) = 0
Como ex>0:
𝜋
cos(𝑦) = 0 ∴ 𝑦 = + 𝑛𝜋
2
Então:
𝜋
sen(𝑦) = sen ( + 𝑛𝜋) = ±1
2
Mas devemos ter exsen(y)=1, então há duas possibilidades:
Então:
𝑒𝑥 = 1 ∴ 𝑥 = 0
Então:
𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(4𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝑤 = 0+𝑖[ ]
2
(4𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝑤= 𝑖→𝑉
2
III)
𝑦
ln(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = ln (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖 arctg ( )
𝑥
Portanto:
1
ln(1 + 𝑖) = ln (√12 + 12 ) + 𝑖 arctg ( ) = ln(√2) + 𝑖 arctg(1)
1
𝜋
ln(1 + 𝑖) = ln(√2) + 𝑖→𝑉
4
IV)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 ln(𝑧)
Então:
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑧 ( ) + (1) ln(𝑧) = 1 + ln(𝑧) → 𝑉
𝑧
𝑥4
𝑦=
16
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 3 𝑥 3
= =
𝑑𝑥 16 4
Então:
1
1 𝑥4 2 𝑥2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥( ) = 𝑥( ) = =
16 4 4 𝑑𝑥
Portanto: V
II)
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)𝑒 𝑥
Portanto:
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 1 = (𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0
Portanto: F
III)
1
𝑦= +1
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Portanto:
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 (− 2 ) + + 1 = − + + 1 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Portanto: V
IV)
𝑦 = 5𝑥 4
𝑦 ′ = 20𝑥 3
Portanto
Portanto: V