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RADIAÇÃO: PROCESSOS E
PRORIEDADES
12.1 CONCEITOS FUNDAMENTAIS
Considere a figura abaixo na qual se encontra um sólido a
temperatura Ts, enquanto a vizinhança se encontra a Tviz (Ts>Tsur).
c
O termo espectral
O termo monocromático
O termo direcional
Ângulo plano (rd) Ângulo sólido (sr)
Ângulos de zênite
e azimutal e
dA n
Ângulo sólido: d 2 sendd
r
Intensidade espectral associada a emissão I,e
dq
I ,e (, , ) W/m2.sr.m
dA1 cos .d.d
dq
dq (W/m)
d
"
dq I ,e (, , ). cos .d I ,e (, , ). cos .sen.dd
Fluxo de calor espectral associado com a emissão para um
hemisfério hipotético acima de dA1.
" 2 / 2
q ( ) 0 I ,e (, , ).cos .sen.dd
0
" "
q q ( ) d (W/m2)
0
Relação com a Emissão
dq
I ,i (, , )
dA1 cos .d.d
2 / 2
G ( ) 0 I ,i (, , ).cos .sen.d.d
0
2 / 2
J ( ) 0 I ,er (, , ).cos .sen.d.d
0
A Distribuição de Planck
2hc02
I , b ( , T ) 5 ( hc0 kT )
[e 1]
E ,cn (, T ) I ,cn (, T )
C1
E ,cn (, T )
5[e( C2 T )
1]
max T C 3
C1
E b (T ) 5 ( C 2 T )
d
0 [e 1]
4
E b (T ) T
Onde =5,670 x 10-8 W/m2.K4
I b (T ) E b
Emissão em uma banda
F( 0 )
E d E ,bd
0 ,b
0
T E , b
d(T) f (T)
4 5
0 E ,bd T T
0
A fração da radiação que se encontra entre dois
comprimentos de onda 1 e 2 é dada por:
2 1
F( 1 2 )
0
E ,bd E ,bd
0
F( 0 2 ) F( 01 )
4
T
Exemplo 12.3
Exemplo 12.4
Emissão de Superfícies Reais
a) Emissividade espectral direcional, , (, , , T)
I , (, , , T)
, (, , , T )
I , b (, T )
E ( , T )
(, T )
E ,b ( , T )
d) Emissividade espectral hemisférica, (, T )
2 / 2
(, T )
0 0
I ,e (, , , T). cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
0 0 I,b (, T).cos .sen.d.d
Se 2 / 2
( , T ) 0 0
, (, , , T ). cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
0 0 cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
( )
0 0
, (, , )I ,i (, , ). cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
0 0 I ,i (, , ).cos .sen.d.d
Se a radiação incidente for difusa e , independente de
/2
( ) 2 , (, ).cos .sen.d
0
G abs
0
( ) G ( ) d
ou
G
0 G ()d
A distribuição espectral da radiação solar é
praticamente proporcional à de um corpo negro a 5800 K
s
0
() E ,b (,5800 K )d
0 E,b (,5800 K )d
Refletividade
G ,ref () ou
( )
G ( )
2 / 2
( ) 0 0
, (, , )I ,i (, , ). cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
0 0 I ,i (, , ).cos .sen.d.d
Refletividade total hemisférica,
G ref
ou
() G ()d
0
G
0 G ()d
Transmissividade
Transmissividade espectral hemisférica, ()
G ,tr ()
( )
G ( )
Transmissividade total hemisférica,
G tr
ou () G ()d
0
G
0 G ()d
Considerações especiais
1
1
1
1
Exemplo 12.7
Exemplo 12.8
Lei de Kirchhoff
Corpos pequenos
Lei de Kirchhoff.
E1 (Tsup ) E 2 (Tsup )
....... E b (Tsup )
1 2
1 2
......... 1
1 2
De onde se conclui que para qualquer superfície no interior do
recipiente:
i i
Para qualquer superfície no interior do recipiente,
segue-se que:
(eq. aplicada quando a superfície é
i i difusa ou a irradiação é difusa)
,,i ,,i
0 0
, . cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
0 0 cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
0 0
, I ,i . cos .sen.d.d
2 / 2
0 0 I,i .cos .sen.d.d
A igualdade ocorre quando:
?
0 E ,b (, T)d
0
( ) G ( ) d
=
E b (T ) 0 G ()d
Quando uma das condições abaixo for satisfeita:
a) A irradiação corresponde a emissão de um corpo negro com
temperatura superficial T. Isto implica que G() =E,b (,T) e
G=Eb (T)
4
() G ()d () G ()d
0 3
,0
0 G ()d 0 G ()d
2
E ,b (, T)d E , b ( , T ) d
0
1
,0
E b (T ) E b (T )
Caso em que
,0 ,0
Exemplo 12.9
Exemplo 12.10
Radiação ambiental
O sol: 1,39 x 109 m de diâmetro e se encontra a
1,50 x 1011 m de distância da Terra.
G S,0 Sc .f . cos
Sc=1353 W/m2
0,97 f 1,03
A radiação solar está concentrada entre 0,2 3,0 m do
espectro térmico.
Espalhamento (difusão) de Rayleigh (ou molecular)
4
E T
A emissividade da água é aproximadamente 0,97.
KNOWN: Flux and intensity of direct and diffuse components, respectively, of solar
irradiation.
ANALYSIS: Since the irradiation is based on the actual surface area, the contribution due to
the direct solar radiation is
cos .
G dir q dir
Hence
cos Idif
G G dir G dif qdir
Problem: Solar Irradiation
or
G 1000 W / m 2 0.866 sr 70 W / m 2 sr
G 866 220 W / m 2
G 1086 W / m 2 .
COMMENTS: Although a diffuse approximation is often made for the non-direct component
of solar radiation, the actual directional distribution deviates from this condition, providing
larger intensities at angles close to the direct beam.
Problem 12.18: Determination of the sun’s emissive power, temperature
and wavelength of maximum emission, as well as the
earth’s temperature, from knowledge of the sun/earth
geometry and the solar flux at the outer edge of the earth’s
atmosphere.
FIND: (a) Emissive power of sun, (b) Surface temperature of sun, (c) Wavelength of
maximum solar emission, (d) Earth equilibrium temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Sun and earth emit as blackbodies, (2) No attenuation of solar
radiation enroute to earth, (3) Earth atmosphere has no effect on earth energy balance.
ANALYSIS: (a) Applying conservation of energy to the solar energy crossing two concentric
spheres, one having the radius of the sun and the other having the radial distance from the edge
of the earth’s atmosphere to the center of the sun, it follows that
2
2
Es Ds 4 R s e
De
2 q s .
Hence
2
4 1.5 10 m 0.65 10 m 1353 W / m 2
11 7
Es 6.302 107 W / m 2 .
1.39 10 m
9 2
E e De2 qS De2 / 4 .
Hence, from the Stefan-Boltzmann law,
1/ 4 1/ 4
q 1353 W / m 2
Te S 278 K.
4 4 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4
COMMENTS: The average earth temperature is higher than 278 K due to the shielding effect
of the earth’s atmosphere (transparent to solar radiation but not to longer wavelength earth
emission).
Problem 12.49: Determination of the solar absorptivity and total emissivity
of a diffuse surface from knowledge of the spectral
distribution of and the surface temperature.
FIND: (a) Solar absorptivity, (b) Total, hemispherical emissivity for Ts = 340K.
Problem: Surface Emissivity and Absorptivity (cont)
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface is opaque, (2) = , (3) Solar spectrum has G = G,S
proportional to E,b (, 5800K).
Hence,
S 0 0.0355 0.9 0.8805 0.0335 0.11 0.8805 0.774.
(b) The total, hemispherical emissivity for the surface at 340K may be expressed as
E ,b ,340K d / E b 340K .
0
With = , the integral can be written in terms of the F(0 ) function. However, it is readily
recognized that since
F 0 1.5 m, 340K 0.000 at T 1.5 340 510 m K
It follows that
0.1
KNOWN: Vertical plate of height L 2 m suspended in quiescent air. Exposed surface with
diffuse coating of prescribed spectral absorptivity distribution subjected to simulated solar
irradiation, GS,. Plate steady-state temperature Ts 400 K.
Problem: Energy Balance for an Irradiated Surface (cont)
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Ambient air is extensive, quiescent, (3)
Spectral distribution of the simulated solar irradiation, GS, , proportional to that of a blackbody at
5800 K, (4) Coating is opaque, diffuse, and (5) Plate is perfectly insulated on the edges and the
back side, and (6) Plate is isothermal.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (Tf 350 K, 1 atm): 20.92 10-6 m2s, k = 0.030 W/mK,
= 29.90 10-6 m2/s, Pr 0.700.
Problem: Energy Balance for an Irradiated Surface (cont)
ANALYSIS: (a) Perform an energy balance on the plate as shown in the schematic on a per unit
plate width basis,
E in E out 0
G T 4 h T T L 0
s s
where and are determined from knowledge of and h is estimated from an appropriate
correlation.
Plate total emissivity: Expressing the emissivity in terms of the band emission factor, F(0 - T),
1F 0 T 2 1 F0 T
1 s 1 s
where, from Table 12.1, with ,Ts 1m 400 K 400 mK, F(0-T) 0.000.
Problem: Energy Balance for an Irradiated Surface (cont)
Plate absorptivity: With the spectral distribution of simulated solar irradiation proportional to
emission from a blackbody at 5800 K,
1F 0 T 2 1 F 0 T
1 s 1 s
where, from Table 12.1, with 1Ts 5800 mK, F(0 -T) 0.7202.
Estimating the free convection coefficient, h : Using the Churchill-Chu correlation with
properties evaluated at Tf (Ts + T )2 350 K,
g Ts T L3
Ra L
3
9.8 m s 2 1 350 K 100 K 2 m
Ra L 3.581 1010
6 2 6 2
20.92 10 m s 29.90 10 m s
2
1/ 6
0.387Ra L
Nu L 0.825
8 27
=377.6
1 0.492 Pr 9 16
KNOWN: Dimensions and construction of truck roof. Roof interior surface temperature. Truck
speed, ambient air temperature, and solar irradiation.
FIND: (a) Preferred roof coating, (b) Roof surface temperature, (c) Heat load through roof,
(d) Effect of velocity on surface temperature and heat load.
Problem: Heat Load on Food Delivery Truck (cont)
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Turbulent boundary layer development over entire roof, (2) Constant
properties, (3) Negligible atmospheric (sky) irradiation, (4) Negligible contact resistance.
ANALYSIS: (a) To minimize heat transfer through the roof, minimize solar absorption relative
to surface emission. Hence, from Table A.12, use zinc oxide white for which S = 0.16
and0.93.
(b) Performing an energy balance on the outer surface of the roof, S GS q conv
E q cond 0,
it follows that
4
S GS h(T Ts,o ) Ts,o (k t)(Ts,o Ts,i )
Problem: Heat Load on Food Delivery Truck (cont)
where it is assumed that convection is from the air to the roof. With
VL 30 m s(5 m)
Re L 107
15 106 m 2 s
Substituting numerical values in the energy balance and solving by trial-and-error, we obtain
Ts,o = 295.2 K.
(d) From parametric calculations based on the foregoing model, the following results are
obtained.
Problem: Heat Load on Food Delivery Truck (cont)
300 700
295 650
Temperature, Tso(K)
285 550
500
280
5 10 15 20 25 30
5 10 15 20 25 30
Velocity, V(m/s)
Velocity, V(m/s)
The surface temperature and heat load decrease with decreasing V due to a reduction in the
convection heat transfer coefficient and hence convection heat transfer from the air.