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O diagrama de Fe-C na Fig. 1 de origem experimental. O conhecimento dos princpios termodinmicos e dados termodinmicos modernos agora permitem que clculos muito precisos desse diagrama. Isto particularmente til quando os limites de fase deve ser extrapolados e a baixas temperaturas, onde o equilbrio experimental so extremamente lentos para se desenvolver. Se os elementos de liga so adicionados liga de ferrocarbono (ao), os limites de solubiliade e da composio eutetide so alteradas. Todos os elementos de liga importantes diminuem o ponto eutetide.Os elementos de liga adicionados tais como Mangans promovem uma estabilizao da Austenita e de maneira geral o Nquel, Tungstnio, Molibdnio e o Cromo aumentam a temperabilidade (a ser detalhado nas curvas CCT) Pag. 8 FACENS
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O desenvolvimento da microestrutura com o tempo pode ser obtido processando seguidamente, tratanado espcimes pequenos em um banho de chumbo um de cada vez aps aumentar tempos de reteno e medindo a quantidade de fases formadas na microestrutura com o auxlio de um microscpio. Pag. 12 FACENS
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D I A G R A M A S T T T E
C C T Pag. 15 d
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Abstract: Princpios de Tratamento Trmico The structures formed during the continuous cooling of steel from above Ac3 can be understood best by studying the constant-temperature (isothermal) transformation of austenite, thus separating the two variables: time and temperature.One method consists of heating small specimens above Ac3 to form austenite, then quenching into a suitable bath (e.g. liquid tin) at some constant subcritical temperature. After holding for selected periods of time, the specimens are withdrawn from the bath and rapidly quenched in cold water. This converts any untransformed austenite into martensite the volume of which can be estimated microscopically. Another method consists in measuring length changes caused by the decomposition of austenite at the constant temperature by means of a dilatometer. Pag. 18 FACENS
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The TTT-curve is most useful in presenting an overall picture of the transformation behaviour of austenite. This enables the metallurgist to interpret the response of steel to any specified heat-treatment, to plan practical heat-treatment operations and to control limited hardening or softening and the time of soaking. The decomposition of austenite occurs according to three separate but sometimes overlapping mechanisms and results in three different reaction products: pearlitic, bainitic, martensitic.
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Bainitic Princpios de 350 Tratamento Trmico Between about 500 and C initial nuclei are ferrite which is coherent with the austenite matrix. Cementite then precipitates from the carbon-enriched layer of austenite, allowing further growth of the ferrite as shown in Fig. 2c. The carbides tend to lie parallel to the long axis of the bainite needle to form the typical open feathery structure of upper bainite. Below 350C coherent ferrite, supersaturated with carbon, forms first and is then followed by the precipitation of carbide within the ferrite needle, transversely at an angle of 55. A proportion of the carbide is Fe2,4C and the ferrite contains a little dissolved carbon. This lower bainite structure is somewhat similar to lightly tempered martensite (Fig. 2d). Pag. 23 FACENS
Martensitic In quenching down to about 250C, the temperature Princpios de Tratamento Trmico drops rapidly through the interval in which "nucleation" could take place, to a temperature so low that the molecular mobility, i.e. diffusion, becomes too small for the formation of nuclei. In the third stage, therefore, the austenite changes incompletely into a distorted body-centred structure, with little or no diffusion of the carbon into particles of cementite, to form martensite the plates of which are formed at a high speed (less than 0,002 sec). This suggests that the mechanism of formation of this structure is not nucleation and growth but a shearing process. This resembles the process of mechanical twinning and involves very little atomic movement, but considerable internal stress due to the shear and to the position of the carbon atoms. Pag. 24 FACENS
Princpios de Tratamento Trmico As the temperature decreases the elastic energy increases and eventually causes a shear in a part of the matrix, which stabilises the rest. Further shear can only occur when the temperature is lowered and more energy gained. The amount of martensite formed, therefore, is practically independent of time and depends principally on the temperatures at which the steel is held. Hence a proportion of austenite is usually retained in quenched steel which can be reduced in amount by a decrease in temperature. This fact is used in sub-zero quenching.
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The temperature at which martensite begins to form (Ms) is progressively lowered as the carbon content of the steel increases, e.g.
C% Ms C
0,02 520
The temperature is also affected by the alloy content, but the following empirical formula (Steven and Haynes) can be used for calculating Ms from the chemical analyses, provided all carbides have been dissolved in the austenite: Ms in C = 561 - 474 (% C) - 33 (% Mn) - 17 (% Ni) - 17(% Cr) - 21 (% Mo). Mf is about 215C below the Ms. Plastic and elastic stresses promote the formation of martensite, but it is retarded when cooling is interrupted. When cooling is resumed after such a stabilisation arrest martensite only begins to form again after cooling to a lower temperature. The rate and extent of stabilisation (depression) depend on the temperature and time of holding, amount of prior transformation and alloy content.
Two forms of martensite have been identified depending on carbon content. In low carbon steels laths containing many dislocations are found, while in high carbon steels the plates are heavily twinned, Fig. 3(a) and (b).
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