Civilizaçoes Astecas PDF
Civilizaçoes Astecas PDF
australiana
poca da
conquista
Em 1650
4 milhes
Colmbia
8 milhes
600 mil
Imprio Inca
15 milhes
2,6
milhes
OS ASTECAS
A religiosidade Asteca
inclua a prtica de
sacrifcios humanos ou de
animais.
Agradavam tambm aos
deuses, mortificando-se
com torturas ou praticando
o canibalismo, com o
intuito de adquirir as
qualidades da vtima.
Calendrio Asteca,
gravado em uma
pedra, que
simboliza o deus
sol.
Os astecas desenvolveram
muito as tcnicas agrcolas:
terraos nas encostas das
montanhas para conter a
eroso, represas, drenagens
e as chinampas (ilhas de
cultivo), onde plantavam e
colhiam
milho, pimenta,
tomate, cacau, feijo, tabaco,
abbora, algodo, etc.
onde o campons
deveria trabalhar como forma de tributo.
OS MAIAS
Cidades Maias de
destaque:
1 Palenque
2 Copan
3 Tikal
4 Chichen-Itz
5 Uxmal
6 Mayapn
7 Uaxactn
8 Piedras Negras
9 Tulum
AS CIDADES MAIAS
A Civilizao Maia organizou-se como uma federao de cidadesestados e atingiu seu apogeu no sculo IV. Nesta poca,
comeou a expanso Maia, a partir das cidades de Uaxactn e
Tikal. Os Maias fundaram Palenque, Piedras Negras e Copn.
Entre os sculos X e XII, destacou-se a Liga de Mayapn,
formada pela aliana entre as cidades de Chichn Itz, Uxmal e
Mayapn. Esta tripla aliana constituiu um imprio, que durou
cerca de 200 anos e teve sob o seu domnio outras doze cidades.
Chegou ao fim devido as rivalidades poltico-econmicas.
Evidncias
arqueolgicas mostram
que os maias
comearam a edificar a
sua arquitetura
cerimonial h
3 000 anos. Entre os
estudiosos h um certo
desacordo entre os
limites e diferenas
entre a civilizao maia
e a cultura mesoamericana pr-clssica
vizinha dos
OLMECAS.
Os Olmecas e os Maias
antigos, parecem ter-se
influenciado
mutuamente.
Tikal foi um grande centro religioso, poltico e comercial, que sustentou uma
populao de quase 50.000 pessoas em seu apogeu, durante o final do
perodo clssico (600-900 d.C.). Outros pesquisadores afirmam uma
populao entre 100 a 200 mil hab.
Chichn Itz uma cidade arqueolgica maia localizada no estado mexicano de Yucat.
Chichn Itz, a mais famosa Cidade Templo Maia, funcionou como centro poltico e
econmico da civilizao maia.
Os maias acreditavam
descender de um totem e
eram politestas.
Adoravam a natureza, em
particular os animais, as
plantas e as pedras.
Cuidavam de seus mortos,
colocando-os em urnas de
cermica.
Realizavam sacrifcios de
animais e humanos.
Avanos na Astronomia:
- Previso de eclipses;
- Conheciam o movimento dos planetas;
- Elaborao de 02 calendrios sobrepostos (solar):
Tzolkin (260 dias Ano Sagrado: 20 meses de 13 dias cada) ;
Haab ( 365 dias Ano astronmico : 18 meses de 20 dias e um ms de
apenas 5 dias).
Os Maias desenvolveram um
calendrio mais preciso do que
qualquer outra cultura,
mistrio que at hoje perturba
os pesquisadores.
OS INCAS
A Civilizao INCA
floresceu nos sculos
XII a XVI e atingiu
15 milhes de habitantes
MACHU PICCHU
Velha Montanha
PECURIA:
Domesticaram a lhama (animal da famlia do camelo) e
utilizaram como meio de transporte, alm de retirar a l ,
carne e leite deste animal. Alm da lhama, alpacas e
vicunhas tambm eram criadas.
LHAMA
ALPACAS
VICUNHAS
AGRICULTURA:
Era extremamente desenvolvida:
aquedutos,
drenagem de pntanos, plantavam nos chamados
TERRAOS (degraus formados nas costas das
montanhas).
- Construram canais de irrigao, desviando o curso dos
rios para as aldeias.
- Plantavam e colhiam feijo, milho (alimento sagrado) e
batata.
CHASQUI Sistema de
entrega de mensagens,
com postos ao longo dos
caminhos.
Viracocha
A chegada dos
Espanhis
Ilustrao de Theodore
de Bry para a obra de
Frei Bartolomeu de Las
casas (sculo XVI). Esse
monge dominicano
denunciou monarquia
espanhola as
barbaridades
cometidas pelos
espanhis contra os
ndios. Pouco ou nada
adiantou.
A destruio do
Imprio Asteca
1485-1547
Montezuma II
Corts
O cerco a Tenochtitln
A fome, a falta de gua e uma epidemia de varola, dizimaram a
populao da cidade.
Com base em relatos de Corts, mais de 60 mil pessoas morreram
durante o cerco e acredita-se que mais de 50 mil, em
conseqncia da fome, falta de gua e doenas.
Os espanhis derrubaram os muros da cidade em 13 de
agosto de 1521.
A dizimao Asteca
Como to poucos espanhis puderam destruir um Imprio?
A superioridade dos armamentos e recursos, canhes, espadas de
ferro, arcabuzes, cavalos, foi um dos responsveis pela destruio
do Imprio Asteca.
Povos dominados pelos Astecas, que lhes tinham dio; aliaram-se
aos espanhis, recebendo-os como libertadores;
A demora na resistncia por parte dos Astecas.
Eles no lutavam a mesma guerra: Astecas (carter religioso) x
Espanhis (guerra total);
As doenas e a baixa imunidade Asteca.
A destruio
dos Maias
Hernn Corts ou
Fernando Cortez
(1485 1547)
A Decadncia Maia
A desorganizao poltica, o abandono dos grandes
centros e a diviso de Yucatan em pequenas provncias,
vivendo em lutas constantes;
As desavenas internas;
Calamidades provocadas pela natureza: Furaco de
1464; abalos ssmicos; mudana climtica que alterou o
regime de chuvas e dificultou a produo agrcola;
Epidemia de peste em 1480;
Mortandade provocada pela guerra com os espanhis.
A destruio
dos Incas
Conquista
facilitada
pela
disputa interna do poder entre
os
irmos
Atahualpa
e
Huscar.
Populao Inca explorada pelo
sistema de Mita.
Os Incas conquistados entre
1532-1572.
Francisco Pizarro
(c. 1475 - 1541)
Aps a morte de
Capac, o Imprio Inca
foi dividido entre seus
filhos: Atahualpa e
Huscar.
Os irmos iniciaram
uma Guerra Civil.
Atahualpa mandou
assassinar o irmo Huascar,
mas foi aprisionado pelos
espanhis.
Conhecendo a fome de ouro
espanhol, ofereceu como
resgate, todo o metal precioso
que coubesse no aposento que
lhe servia de priso, at a
altura de um homem.
Os espanhis aceitaram a
oferta, e Atahualpa mandou
trazer ouro de todo o imprio,
mas ...
Atahualpa
Pizarro
The Spanish conquest had a detrimental impact on the preservation and transmission of Aztec scientific knowledge. Upon conquering the Aztecs, the Spanish destroyed many codices containing critical historical and scientific information, aiming to eradicate what they deemed paganism and replace it with Christian doctrines . This loss significantly impeded the transmission of the Aztecs' advanced understanding of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine, much of which was intertwined with their cultural and religious practices . Although some aspects of knowledge survived through oral traditions and surviving codices interpreted by Spanish priests and chroniclers, the broader scientific contributions of the Aztecs were severely compromised .
Both the Aztec and Maya civilizations had agriculture as the cornerstone of their economies but with distinct approaches and emphases. The Aztecs had an economy heavily reliant on tribute collection from subordinate cities, which provided resources from various regions . They also engaged in extensive farming, emphasizing the cultivation of maize as a staple crop and utilizing chinampas, or floating gardens, to increase agricultural yield . On the other hand, the Maya economy was primarily based on agriculture, with advanced irrigation techniques enabling the cultivation of crops like maize, beans, and squash . Additionally, the Maya engaged in a vibrant trade network, exchanging goods such as jade, cacao, textiles, and obsidian across Mesoamerica . While both societies valued trade and agricultural output, the Aztec economy was more centralized due to its imperial structure, whereas the Maya had a more decentralized economy with local city-states controlling trade and agriculture .
Religion served as a critical unifying factor within the Inca Empire through its integration into both governance and daily life. The worship of Inti, the Sun God, as the supreme deity, helped consolidate the power of the Sapa Inca, who was regarded as Inti's earthly representative . This theocratic governance model facilitated centralized control and legitimization of the Sapa Inca's rule . The ritual calendar, religious festivities, and shared beliefs helped cohere the diverse ethnic groups within the empire, promoting social cohesion and cultural integration . Moreover, the cult of the Sun required pilgrimages to Cuzco, reinforcing the city's status as the empire's spiritual and political center .
The downfall of the Aztec Empire can be attributed to various factors: the superior technological weaponry and resources of the Spanish, such as canons, swords made of iron, and horses ; alliances made by the Spanish with tribes oppressed by the Aztecs who saw the Spanish as liberators ; the delay in Aztec resistance ; and the impact of European diseases like smallpox, to which the Aztecs had no immunity . Additionally, the Aztec’s perception of the invaders being possibly divine led to initial hesitations in combating them .
The Inca's advancements in mathematics significantly contributed to their society's administrative and agricultural capabilities. They utilized a decimal numeric system, which facilitated precise accounting and management of resources, crucial for their expansive empire . The use of quipus, a system of knotted strings, allowed for recording information such as census data, crop yields, and tax obligations, which was vital for maintaining control over their vast territories and populations . These mathematical tools enabled them to efficiently organize labor for significant engineering projects, like their extensive road and canal systems, showcasing the interrelation between mathematical understanding and societal development .
The Inca civilization developed advanced agricultural practices that maximized productivity in their challenging Andean environment. They used terracing on mountain slopes to prevent erosion and capture rainfall, which increased arable land area . The Incas also constructed extensive irrigation systems, including aqueducts and drainage systems, to divert water from rivers to their terraced fields . These innovations allowed them to successfully cultivate crops such as maize and potatoes, which were essential to their diet .
The Spanish used several political strategies to conquer the Inca Empire. They exploited the internal conflict resulting from the civil war between Atahualpa and Huáscar, leading to the weakened state of the Empire . They also manipulated indigenous politics by liberating the slaves of the Empire and forming alliances with local tribes that resented Inca rule . Additionally, the Spanish employed a combination of persuasion and betrayal, as seen in Francisco Pizarro's dealings with Atahualpa, whom they captured and executed despite receiving his ransom .
Cultural practices significantly influenced the Maya civilization's downfall by exacerbating internal divisions and resource depletion. Their rigid class structure and emphasis on elaborate construction projects, often for ceremonial purposes, placed a heavy burden on resources and labor . Competing city-states, each striving to outdo the other in grandeur, led to political fragmentation and warfare, making them susceptible to external threats . Cultural reliance on slash-and-burn agriculture may have led to soil depletion over time, contributing to agricultural challenges . Additionally, the emphasis on religious rituals, including human sacrifices, may have intensified social strains during periods of environmental stress or political instability .
Aztec religious beliefs were deeply intertwined with their cultural practices and societal structure. Their polytheistic religion involved the worship of numerous deities associated with natural elements, such as Huitzilopóchtli, the god of war, and Tlaloc, the god of rain . This belief system influenced their societal structure, as priests held significant authority, controlling education and religious rituals . Cultural practices such as human sacrifices, which were made to appease and gain favor from the gods, were central to their religious observances . Additionally, their art, literature, and architecture reflected religious themes, with grand pyramidal temples built for religious ceremonies and sacrifices .
Education in Aztec civilization played a pivotal role in maintaining its social hierarchy by distributing knowledge in a manner that reinforced existing class structures. Special schools, calmecas, were reserved for the nobility to train young men for roles in the state or religious offices . In contrast, commoners attended telpochcalli, schools focused on practical skills needed for military service, craftsmanship, and agriculture, underscoring their roles in society . This educational system ensured that societal roles were clearly defined and perpetuated, with nobility receiving comprehensive education to prepare them for governance and commoners receiving occupational instruction to maintain the economic base .