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EMC Dermatite-De-Contato PDF
EMC Dermatite-De-Contato PDF
529
Dermatite de contato *
Contact dermatitis *
Ida Duarte 1
Rosana Lazzarini 1
Roberta Buense 1
Mario Cezar Pires 1
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma reviso atualizada sobre essa dermatose. Sua
classificao foi baseada nos mecanismos etiopatognicos, presentes nos vrios tipos de dermatite de
contato. Em relao ao quadro clnico, alm do quadro clssico, do tipo eczema, so descritos outros,
com manifestaes clnicas no eczematosas. No final, o tratamento da dermatite de contato foi
abordado, de acordo com os vrios mecanismos que tm papel importante em sua patognese.
Palavras-chave: Dermatites alrgicas de contato; dermatite de contato; dermatite irritante.
Summary: The objective of this work was to realize an up-to-date revision of contact dermatitis using
the etiopathogenic mechanisms to classify the various types of this dermatitis. With regard to the clinical
picture, besides the classical forms such as eczema, other types are described with non-eczematous
clinical manifestations. Finally, the treatment of contact dermatitis is reviewed with emphasis on the
various mechanisms, which play an important role in its pathogenesis.
Key words: Dermatitis, allergic contact; dermatitis, contact; dermatitis, irritant.
INTRODUO
Em 1894, Jadassohn1 apud Foussereau2 observou
uma reao eczematosa em paciente medicado com
iodofrmio, utilizado como cicatrizante. Alguns dias aps,
j com a melhora da dermatose, Jadassohn reaplicou
iodofrmio no tegumento do paciente, obtendo intensa
reao eczematosa. Em 1895, no V Congresso Alemo de
Dermatologia de Graz, Jadassohn comunicou sua
observao, demonstrando, assim, pela primeira vez, outra
grande fonte de eczemas: os agentes externos, chamados de
contactantes.
A partir de ento, grande nmero de substncias
foram identificadas como agentes da dermatite de contato.
INTRODUCTION
In 1894, Jadassohn1 apud Foussereau2 observed an
eczematous reaction in a patient being administered
iodoform as a cicatrizant. Some days later, once the
dermatitis had improved, he reapplied the iodoform on the
patient's tegument, obtaining again an intense eczematous
reaction. In 1895, at the Fifth German Congress of
Dermatology held at Graz, Jadassohn reported his
observation, thereby demonstrating for the first time
another major source of eczema: the external agents
denominated contactant.
Since then, a large number of substances have been
identified as agents of contact dermatitis. With the advances
Membro do Departamento de Alergia Dermatolgica, Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia. / Member of the Dept. of Dermatological Allergy, Brazilian society of Dermatology.
530
CLASSIFICAO
Dermatite de contato dermatose de etiologia
exgena. causada por agentes externos que, em contato
com a pele, desencadeiam reao inflamatria.
Clinicamente, a dermatite de contato se manifesta, na
maioria das vezes, como eczema.
Com relao etiopatogenia, a dermatite de contato
classificada em: 1. dermatite de contato por irritao
primria; 2. dermatite alrgica de contato; 3. dermatite de
contato fototxica; e 4. dermatite de contato fotoalrgica.
CLASSIFICATION
Contact dermatitis is dermatitis with exogenous
etiology, i.e. caused by external agents, which on contact
with the skin trigger an inflammatory reaction. Clinically,
the majority of contact dermatitis cases are manifested as
eczema.
With regard to the etiopathogeny, contact dermatitis
is classified into: 1. primary irritant contact dermatitis; 2.
allergic contact dermatitis; 3. phototoxic contact
dermatitis; and 4. photoallergic contact dermatitis.
531
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533
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536
Durante a infncia, a pele menos reativa aos sensibilizantes de contato; a competncia das clulas T mediadas
na resposta imune controversa. A menor resposta seria
devida exposio limitada aos alrgenos e no deficincia imunolgica.17,18 Os idosos tambm apresentam DAC
com freqencia, sendo sua causa mais comum medicamentos tpicos normalmente utilizados em lceras de estase.
Sexo
Sex
Cor
Race
Profisso
A DAC corresponde a percentual que varia de 25% a
30% de todas as dermatoses ocupacionais.21 As condies
de trabalho e seus meios de proteo esto diretamente
relacionadas s chamadas sensibilizaes ocupacionais.
Dependendo do contato com substncias em seu ambiente
de trabalho, o indivduo pode estar exposto s sensibilizaes. comum o trabalhador da construo civil
sensibilizar-se por substncias como o cromo e o cobalto
(pelo contato com cimento) e posteriormente pelos componentes da borracha (devido ao uso de luvas para proteo).
Profession
Localizao
Por se tratar de uma dermatite de contato exgena,
as principais localizaes so as correspondentes s partes
do corpo com maior exposio aos materiais que compem
o ambiente: em primeiro lugar, as mos, seguidas da face,
do pescoo, dos ps e do tronco. O local envolvido
corresponde quele da exposio principal ao alrgeno.
Entretanto, as leses podem ultrapassar o local de contato e
at se estender para reas distantes (auto-sensibilizao). A
localizao da dermatose direciona a histria, orienta o
diagnstico e auxilia a interpretao do quadro.
Localization
Since this is an exogenous contact dermatitis, the
principal localizations are those corresponding to the parts
of the body subject to the greatest exposure to materials in
the environment: with the hands in the first place and
followed by the face, neck, feet and trunk. The skin involved
corresponds to the principal area exposed to the allergen.
However, the lesions may spread from the site of contact
and even extend to distant locations (self-sensitization). The
site of the dermatitis provides guidance for the diagnosis
and interpretation of the clinical picture.
Quadro clnico
O aspecto clnico da DAC varia de acordo com
sua localizao e durao. A fase inicial corresponde a
eczema agudo: eritema, edema, ppulas, vesculas e at
Clinical picture
The clinical aspect of ACD varies according to its
localization and duration. The initial phase corresponds to
acute eczema: erythema, edema, papules, vesiculae and
537
538
539
DIAGNSTICO
O diagnstico da dermatite de contato feito por
meio de:
1. Histria clnica detalhada, observando tempo de
aparecimento das leses (que varivel de acordo com o
tipo de dermatose), o nmero de surtos apresentados,
histrias anteriores relacionadas, atividades profissionais,
outras atividades habituais e contato com substncias
qumicas.
2. Quadro clnico manifestado na maioria das vezes como
eczema agudo, subagudo ou crnico, tendo como
localizaes principais as j referidas.
3. Exame histopatolgico, indicado para auxiliar no
diagnstico diferencial de dermatoses no eczematosoas,
indicando as seguintes alteraes:26
a. eczema agudo: estrato crneo normal. Epiderme
normal ou espessada com a presena de edema entre
queratincitos, progredindo para a formao de vesculas
intra-epidrmicas. Presena de exocitose de linfcitos.
Infiltrado linfo-histiocitrio ao redor dos vasos
superficiais. Eosinfilos podem estar presentes tanto no
infiltrado como nas reas de espongiose (mais freqente
nas DAC). Na DCIP pode ocorrer ulcerao extensa,
necrose, acantlise, dependendo do agente irritante;
b. eczema subagudo: epiderme acanttica, com
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnosis of contact dermatitis is reached
through the following:
1. Detailed clinical record: observing the time taken for the
lesions to appear (which varies according to the type of
dermatitis), the number of outbreaks presented, previous
reported cases, professional activity, other habitual
activities and any contact with chemical substances.
2. Clinical picture: in the majority of cases it is manifested
as acute, subacute or chronic eczema, with the principal
localizations as mentioned above.
3. Histopathological examination: this is necessary for the
differential diagnostics between the non-eczematous
dermatoses, according to the following indications:26
a. acute eczema: normal stratum corneum. Normal or
thickened epidermis with the presence of edema
between the keratinocytes, progressing to the formation
of intraepidermal vesiculae. Presence of exocytosis
of the lymphocytes. Lymphohistiocytosis around the
superficial vessels. Eosinophiles may be present in
either the infiltrate or spongy areas (more frequent
in ACD). In PICD there may be extensive ulceration,
necrosis or acantholysis, depending on the irritating
agent;
b. subacute eczema: acanthotic epidermis, with
540
Teste de contato
O teste de contato ou teste epicutneo o mtodo
mais eficiente para confirmar o diagnstico etiolgico da
dermatite alrgica de contato. A presena de teste positivo a
certa substncia, relacionada com a histria clnica do
paciente, possibilita identificar os materiais que, em contato
com sua pele, podem desencadear um quadro eczematoso.
O mecanismo etiopatognico dos testes de contato
o mesmo da dermatite alrgica de contato. Ao se aplicar um
teste epicutneo, objetiva-se induzir no paciente a segunda
fase da dermatite alrgica de contato, ou seja, a via eferente
da reao imunolgica do tipo IV. Com isso, frente a um
teste positivo, espera-se encontrar, no local da aplicao do
teste, uma reao eczematosa de intensidade varivel de
acordo com a resposta do indivduo.
Os testes de contato tambm podem auxiliar na
distino entre dermatite alrgica de contato e dermatite de
contato por irritao primria. A ausncia de testes positivos
em pacientes com quadro de dermatite de contato pode
confirmar a hiptese de quadro eczematoso ocasionado pela
ao custica da substncia na pele.
A eficcia de um teste epicutneo em auxiliar o
mdico assistente no diagnstico correto do tipo de
dermatite de contato e/ou na etiologia da dermatite alrgica
de contato depende de trs fatores principais: a indicao da
realizao dos testes, a tcnica de aplicao e a interpretao dos resultados obtidos com a leitura dos testes.
Contact test
The contact test or epicutaneous test is the most
efficient method to confirm the etiological diagnosis of
allergic contact dermatitis. A positive test for a certain
substance together with the case history enables the
identification of those materials responsible for the
eczematous picture.
The etiopathogenic mechanism of the contact
tests is the same as that of allergic contact dermatitis. On
applying the epicutaneous test, the objective is to induce
the patient to present the second phase of ACD, or
that is, the efferent via of the type IV immunological
reaction. Thus faced with a positive test, at the site it was
applied, one would expect to see an eczematous reaction
with intensity varying according to the individuals immune
response.
Contact tests may also aid in the distinction between
allergic contact dermatitis and primary irritation contact
dermatitis. The absence of positive tests in patients with a
picture of contact dermatitis could confirm the hypothesis
of an eczematous picture caused by the caustic action of the
substance on the skin.
The efficacy of the epicutaneous test for reaching a
correct diagnosis of contact dermatitis and/or in the
etiology of ACD depends on three principal factors: the
necessity to perform the tests, the application technique
and interpretation of the test results.
541
Teste aberto
Utilizado para materiais irritantes no teste
fechado (teste epicutneo padro). O material aplicado
sobre a pele normal (geralmente regio retroauricular) duas
vezes ao dia durante dois dias.
Open test
Used for materials that prove to be irritants in the
closed test. The material is applied on normal skin
(generally in the retroauricular region) twice daily for two
days.
Fototeste de contato
Para substncias fotossensibilizantes. A tcnica a
mesma do teste fechado. As substncias so aplicadas em
ambos os lados do dorso, e, aps 48 horas, os testes so
retirados, sendo realizada a primeira leitura. A seguir, um
dos lados irradiado com radiao ultravioleta A na dose de
10mJ/cm2, enquanto o outro lado coberto para proteo
apenas durante a irradiao do primeiro. A segunda leitura
realizada 96 horas depois, comparando-se os resultados
entre o local irradiado e o no irradiado.
Photopatch test
For photosensitizing substances. The technique
is the same as the closed test. The substances are applied
to both sides of the dorsum, and, after 48 hours, the tests
are removed and the first reading taken. Then one of the
sides is irradiated with 10mJ/cm2 ultraviolet A light, while
the other side is protected against the irradiation. The
second reading is realized 96 hours afterwards and the
results from the irradiated and non-radiated sides are
compared.
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543
Anti-histamnicos
A histamina no est envolvida diretamente na patognese da DAC. Os anti-histamnicos so usados sobretudo
em funo de seus efeitos antipruriginosos e sedativos. Dse preferncia aos anti-histamnicos clssicos, tal como a
difenidramina, meclastina ou hidroxizina.29,34
Anti-histamines
Histamine is not directly involved in the
pathogenesis of ACD. The antihistamines are used above all
due to their antipruriginous and sedative effects. Hence the
preference for the classical antihistamines, such as
diphenydramine, meclastine or hydroxyzine.29,34
Imunossupressores convencionais
A azatioprina e a ciclosfosfamida no so
drogas usuais para o tratamento da DAC devido a seus
efeitos mielotxicos, embora interfiram na patognese
da dermatose. A azatioprina inibe funes dos
linfcitos T, imunidade mediada por clulas, funes de
clulas B e vrias outras funes linfocitrias. A fase
efetora da resposta imune inibida, mas no a fase
indutora. Por outro lado, a ciclofosfamida suprime tanto
a fase de indutora como a efetora. A nica indicao
dessas medicaes seria na dermatite actnica crnica, em
que o quadro eczematoso, principalmente em reas
expostas ao sol, persiste mesmo aps a retirada do
alrgeno.35
Conventional immunosuppressants
Azathioprine and cyclophosphamide are drugs that
are not usually used in the treatment of ACD due to their
myelotoxic effects, even though they do interfere in the
pathogenesis of the dermatitis. Azathioprine inhibits the
function of the T lymphocytes, the immunity mediated by
cells, the B cell function and various other lymphocytic
functions. The effector phase of the immune response is
inhibited, but not the inductor phase. On the other hand,
cyclophosphamide suppresses both the inductor and
effector phases. Thus, these medications are only indicated
in chronic actinic dermatitis, in which the eczematous
picture, principally in areas exposed to the sun, persists
even after removal of the allergen.35
Ciclosporina
A
ciclosporina
tem,
em
relao
aos
imunossupressores, a vantagem de no ser mielotxica e
seletivamente afetar as clulas T com poucos efeitos
sobre outras clulas do sistema imune. Assim, os riscos
de infeco e malignidade so menores. No entanto, a
ciclosporina nefrotxica, e sua segurana a longo
prazo ainda no est estabelecida. A ciclosporina inibe a
produo de citocinas, especialmente IL-2 e IFN-g,
resultando em diminuio da ativao de clulas T,
moncitos/macrfagos e ceratincitos. A maioria
dos linfcitos T presentes no infiltrado inflamatrio
das leses de DAC expressa em sua membrana o antgeno
LFA -1 (antgeno de funo leucocitria). Uma vez que a
migrao de linfcitos realizada por intermdio das
molculas de adeso, como Icam-1, sua inibio
pode resultar na diminuio da migrao de linfcitos
portadores do antgeno de funo leucocitria (LFA-1) e
clulas apresentadoras de antgenos para a epiderme.
A funo de linfcitos T supressores no inibida
pela ciclosporina. A via de ao da ciclosporina
relacionada inibio dos processos clcio-dependentes,
por sua ligao ciclofilina e calmodulina, duas
protenas envolvidas no sinal dos processos de transduo,
ou seja, participam de reaes qumicas fundamentais
para a realizao das funes celulares.36 Recentemente
foi relatado o sucesso do tratamento de paciente
portador de DAC grave com ciclosporina.36 No entanto,
Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine when compared to the immunosuppressants has the advantage of not being myelotoxic and
selectively affects the T cells with little effect on the other
cells of the immune system. Thereby reducing the risks of
infection and malignancy. However, cyclosporine is
nephrotoxic and its long-term safety has yet to be established.
Cyclosporine inhibits the production of cytokines and
especially IL-2 and IFN-g, resulting in a reduction in the
activation of T cells, monocytes/macrophages and
keratinocytes. The majority of the T lymphocytes present in
the inflammatory lesions of ACD express the antigen LFA-1
(leukocytic function antigen) in their membrane. Since the
lymphocyte migration is realized through the intermediation
of the adhesion molecules, such as Icam-1, its inhibition may
result in a reduction in the migration of lymphocytes carrying
the leukocytic function antigen (LFA-1) and cells presenting
antigens for the epidermis. The function of suppressor T
lymphocytes is not inhibited by the cyclosporine. The action
of the cyclosporine is related to the inhibition of the calciumdependent processes, through its link with the cyclophillin
and calmodulin, two proteins involved in the signal of the
transduction processes, or that is, participate in the
fundamental chemical reactions necessary to realize the
cellular functions.36 There has been a recent work reporting
the successful treatment of a patient with serious ACD using
cyclosporine.36 However due to the nephrotoxicity and high
cost, this not the drug of choice for the majority of ACD
544
FK 506 (tacrolimus)
O FK 506 (tacrolimus), um produto do fungo
FK 506 (tacrolimus)
FK 506 (tacrolimus), is a product derived from the
fungus Streptomyces tsukubaensis, and represents a new
class of immunosuppressant macrolides. Despite their
structural differences in relation to cyclosporine, both
drugs have similar immunosuppressant similarities, with
FK 506 being the most potent. FK 506 inhibits the
calcineurin, a protein which acts as a signaler in the
activation of the T cells after binding with an intracellular
protein called FK BP12. FK 506 selectively inhibits
production of T cell cytokines and macrophages; that is the
production of IL-2 (and the expression of its receiver), IL-3,
IL-4, IL-5, IFN-g, TNF-a and GM-CSF (granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factor). The production of
IL-6 and IL-10 is not affected. The results from the use of the
FK 506 cremes in the inhibition of ACD have been
promising.32 The major obstacle for the large-scale use of
506 is its current high cost.
Fototerapia
A induo e elicitao da DAC pode ser bloqueada pela
terapia com UVB por vrios mecanismos. O nmero de
clulas de Langerhans HLA-DR positivas diminui
significativamente. Clulas apresentadoras de antgeno no
Langerhans tambm so inibidas. A hiperplasia epidrmica
induzida, o que contribui para a inibio da ligao do
antgeno s clulas de Langerhans. A modulao da expresso
de Icam-1 uma nova propriedade imunossupressora recemdescrita, da luz UV, de grande contribuio para a efetividade
teraputica da fototerapia nas doenas inflamatrias da pele.34
Phototherapy
The induction and elicitation of ACD may be blocked
with UVB therapy by various mechanisms. The number of
HLA-DR positive Langerhans cells reduces significantly.
Non Langerhans type antigen presenters are also inhibited.
Epidermic hyperplasia is induced, which contributes to the
inhibition of the binding of the antigen to the Langerhans
cells. The modulation of the Icam-1 expression by UV light
is a recently reported finding and this immunosuppressant
property offers a great contribution towards the efficacy of
phototherapy in inflammatory skin diseases.34
Pentoxifilina
A pentoxifilina inibe a formao de RNA mensageiro
de TNF-a. Sendo esse um importante mediador na fase de
elicitao
da
hipersensibilidade
de
contato,
sua inibio uma estratgia promissora no controle da
DAC. Um estudo sobre a inibio do teste de contato
com pentoxifilina mostrou inibio em dois pacientes
alrgicos ao nquel. No entanto, ainda no existem estudos
clnicos controlados que mostrem a eficcia da droga na
DAC.34
Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline inhibits the formation of TNF-a RNA
messenger, which is an important mediator in the elicitation
phase of contact hypersensitivity, its inhibition is a
promising strategy in the control of ACD. A study regarding
the inhibition of the contact test with pentoxifylline
demonstrated inhibition in two patients that were allergic
to nickel. However, to date there are no controlled
clinical studies that demonstrate the efficiency of the drug
in ACD.34
Derivados da vitamina D3
Os derivados da vitamina D3 so compostos
investigados principalmente para o tratamento da psorase.
Derivatives of vitamin D3
The derivatives of vitamin D3 are compounds under
investigation principally for the treatment of psoriasis.
545
Hipossensibilizao
Vrios estudos de hipossensibilizao foram
realizados, sugerindo benefcio no controle da DAC. A
hipossensibilizao que parece ser eficaz apenas para
alguns alrgenos, especfica e de curta durao. Prrequisito para seu uso a condio de que o alrgeno no
seja txico e seja bem absorvido pelo trato gastrointestinal.
O nquel e o urushiol so exemplos positivos de estudos
clnicos. O princpio deste tratamento a utilizao do
antgeno ou de um composto relacionado por via oral ou
subcutnea em doses crescentes, na tentativa de obter
tolerncia. Essa modalidade de tratamento bastante usada
em reaes de hipersensibilidade tipo I respiratrias, como
a asma e a rinite alrgicas. Na DAC de contato, no entanto,
os relatos sobre hipossensibilizao so raros, e os
resultados, variados e nem sempre confirmados por outros
autores. Os mecanismos hipotticos incluem: ativao de
macrfagos, depleo de linfcitos T reativos, bloqueio de
receptores e induo de linfcitos T supressores especficos.
A limitao do uso a falta de eficcia a longo prazo,
pois na maioria dos relatos a melhora obtida s ocorre
durante o uso de agente hipossensibilizante. Foi encontrado
apenas um estudo com hipossensibilizao com nquel
por via sublingual que apresenta bons resultados a longo
prazo.34
Hyposensitization
Various studies regarding hyposensitization have
been realized, suggesting benefits in controlling ACD.
Hyposensitization while appearing to be effective for just a
few allergens is specific and of short duration. A
prerequisite for its use is that the allergen is not toxic and
can be well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Nickel
and urushiol are positive examples clinical studies. The
principal of this treatment is the use of antigen or related
compound orally or subcutaneously in progressively higher
doses in an attempt to obtain tolerance. This modality of
treatment is frequently used in type I respiratory
hypersensitivity reactions, such as asthma and allergic
rhinitis. In contact ACD, however, the reports regarding
hyposensitization are rare, and the results are
controversial. The hypothetical mechanisms include:
activation of macrophages, depletion of reactive T
lymphocytes, blocking of receptors and induction of specific
suppressor T lymphocytes. The limitation for their use is the
lack of efficacy in the long term, since in the majority of
reports, an improvement was only obtained with the use of
a hyposensitizing agent. Only one article was found in the
literature, regarding hyposensitization with nickel by
sublingual via which presented good results in the long
term.34
Outras drogas
Um estudo comparou a eficcia de um composto
tpico com extrato de Ginkgo biloba e b-glucana com
placebo em 22 pacientes com DAC. Em 68,2% dos paciente
tratados com a formulao a DAC foi inibida.39
A ascomicina (SDZ ASM 981) um novo produto
antiinflamatrio derivado de um fungo que foi usado em
modelos experimentais de DAC com resultados
promissores. A potncia desse composto semelhante do
clobetasol.40
Recentemente foi descrita a ao do sulfato de zinco
em pacientes sensveis ao sulfato de nquel. De 15 pacientes
testados, houve negativao do teste de contato ao sulfato
de nquel em 12.41
q
Other drugs
A study compared the efficacy of a topical compound
comprising Ginkgo biloba extract against b-glucan
with placebo in 22 patients with ACD. The ACD was
inhibited in 68.2% of the patients treated with the active
formulation.39
Ascomycin (SDZ ASM 981) is a new antiinflammatory product derived from a fungus that was used
in experimental models of ACD with promising results. The
potency of this compound is similar to that of clobetasol.40
Recently the action of zinc sulfate has been
described in patients sensitive to nickel sulfate; following
its use, 12 out of 15 patients presented negativity to the
contact test with nickel sulfate.41
q
546
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Gabarito
Pele 2000;75(4):393-420
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. e
6. c
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. a
11. d
12. e
13. c
14. d
15. a
16. e
17. d
18. d
19. b
20. b